Quenya 

-o

person, somebody

-o (2), also -ó, "a person, somebody", pronominal suffix (PM:340)

-o

of goodness

-o (1) genitive ending, as in Altariello, Oromëo, Elenna-nórëo, Rithil-Anamo, Rúmilo, Lestanórëo, neldëo, omentielvo, sindiëo, Valinórëo, veryanwesto, q.v. In words ending in -a, the genitive ending replaces this final vowel, hence atto, Ráno, Vardo, vorondo as the genitive forms of atta, Rána, Varda, voronda (q.v.) Following a noun in -, the ending can have the longer form -no, e.g. *máriéno "of goodness" (PE17:59, but contrast sindiëo "of greyness" in PE17:72). Where the word ends in -o already, the genitive is not distinct in form, e.g. ciryamo (q.v.) = "mariner" or "mariners". Pl. -ion and -ron, q.v.; dual -to (but possibly -uo in the case of nouns that have nominative dual forms in -u rather than -t). The Quenya genitive describes source, origin or former ownership rather than current ownership (which is rather covered by the possessive-adjectival case in -va). The ending -o may also take on an ablativic sense, "from", as in Oiolossëo "from (Mount) Oiolossë" (Nam), sio "hence" (VT49:18). In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the genitive ending was -n rather than -o, cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren "Annals of Valinor" becoming Yénië Valinórëo (MR:200).

-o

suffix. of; genitive ending

Cognates

  • Ad. “from”
  • T. -o “of” ✧ WJ/369

Derivations

  • “from, coming from, as described by a genitive” ✧ WJ/368
    • HO “from, coming from” ✧ WJ/361
  • “genitive” ✧ WJ/407
    • HO “from, coming from”

Variations

  • ✧ WJ/368
Quenya [WJ/368; WJ/369; WJ/407] Group: Eldamo. Published by

o

preposition. from

Derivations

  • ăwă “from” ✧ PE17/148
    • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/148
  • “from, coming from, as described by a genitive” ✧ PE22/168
    • HO “from, coming from” ✧ WJ/361

Variations

  • ō ✧ PE22/168
Quenya [PE17/148; PE22/168] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-a

it is said

-r nominative plural ending regularly used on nouns ending in -a, -i, -, -o, -u, e.g. Ainur, Valar, tier. Occasionally it is added also to nouns ending in -ë (that normally take the ending -I in the pl.). This seems to regularly happen in the case of nouns in - (see #fintalë, mallë, tyellë), sometimes also otherwise (see Ingwë, wendë, essë #1). This plural ending was ("it is said") first used by the Noldor (PM:402).

-nna

to

-n (1) dative ending, originating as a reduced form of - "to", related to the allative ending -nna (VT49:14). Attested in nin, men, ten, enyalien, Erun, airefëan, tárin, yondon (q.v.) and also added to the English name Elaine (Elainen) in a book dedication to Elaine Griffiths (VT49:40). The longer dative ending -na is also attested in connection with some pronouns, such as sena, téna, véna (q.v.), also in the noun mariéna from márië "goodness" (PE17:59). Pl. -in (as in hínin, see hína), partitive pl. -lin, dual -nt (Plotz). The preposition ana (#1) is said to be used "when purely dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that it can replace the dative ending, e.g. *ana Eru instead of Erun for "to God". In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the ending -n (or -en) expressed genitive rather than dative, but he later decided that the genitive ending was to be -o (cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren becoming Yénië Valinórëo, MR:200).

ana

to

ana (1) prep. "to" (VT49:35), "as preposition _ana _is used when purely _dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that the preposition ana can be used instead of the dative ending -n (#1, q.v.) Also as prefix: ana- "to, towards" (NĀ1); an (q.v.) is used with this meaning in one source (PE17:127)_

ho

from

ho prep. "from" (3O); cf. -

-lma

our

-lma pronominal ending "our", 1st person pl. exclusive (VT49:16), also attested (with the genitive ending -o that displaces final -a) in the word omentielmo "of our meeting" (nominative omentielma, PE17:58). Tolkien emended omentielmo to omentielvo in the Second Edition of LotR, reflecting a revision of the Quenya pronominal system (cf. VT49:38, 49, Letters:447). The cluster -lm- in the endings for inclusive "we/our" was altered to -lv- (VT43:14). In the revised system, -lma should apparently signify exclusive "our".

-lwa

our

-lwa, possessive pronominal ending, 1st person pl. inclusive "our" (VT49:16), later (in exilic Quenya) used in the form #-lva, genitive -lvo in omentielvo (see -lv-).

-mma

our

-mma "our", 1st person dual exlusive possessive ending: *"my and one others" (VT49:16). At an earlier conceptual phase, Tolkien apparently intended the same ending to be plural inclusive "our" (VT49:55, RS:324), cf. Mélamarimma "Our Home" (q.v.) In the latter word, Tolkien slips in i as a connecting vowel before this ending; elsewhere he used e, as in Átaremma "our Father" (see atar).

-ngwa

our

-ngwa "our", 1st person dual inclusive possessive pronominal ending: *"thy and my", corresponding to the ending -ngwë for dual inclusive "we" (VT49:16)

-va

from

-va possessive ending, presumably related to the preposition va "from". In Eldaliéva, Ingoldova, miruvóreva, Oroméva, rómeva, Valinóreva (q.v. for references), Follondiéva, Hyallondiéva (see under turmen for references). Following a consonant, the ending instead appears as -wa (andamacilwa "of the long sword", PE17:147, rómenwa *"of the East", PE17:59). Pl. - when governing a plural word (from archaic -vai) (WJ:407), but it seems that -va was used throughout in late Exilic Quenya (cf. miruvóreva governing the plural word yuldar in Namárië). Pl. -iva (-ivë*), dual -twa, partitive pl. -líva**.

-wë

person

- a suffix occurring in many personal names, generally but not exclusively masculine (Elenwë is the sole certain example of a fem. name with this ending); it is derived from a stem simply meaning "person" (PM:340, WJ:399). In Etym, - is simply defined as an element that is frequent in masculine names, and it is there derived from a stem (WEG) having to do with "(manly) vigour".

from

, lo (2) prep. "from", also used = "by" introducing the agent after a passive construction: nahtana ló Turin *"slain by Túrin" (VT49:24). A similar and possibly identical form is mentioned in the Etymologies as being somehow related to the ablative ending -llo, but is not there clearly defined (VT45:28). At one point, Tolkien suggested that lo rather than the ending -llo was used with proper names (lo Manwë rather than Manwello for "from Manwë"), but this seems to have been a short-lived idea (VT49:24).

menya

our

menya (pl. menyë is attested) possessive pron. "our", 1st person pl. exclusive independent possessive pronoun (VT43:19, 35). Evidently derived from the dative form men "for us" by adding the adjectival ending -ya. Compare ninya, q.v.

sio

hence

sio adv. "hence" (from here), also silo (VT49:18)

sio

adverb. hence

thence

2) adv. "thence" (for *tao, the pronoun ta "that, it" with the genitive ending -o, here used in an ablativic sense). Also talo, with -lo as a short form of the ablative ending -llo. (VT49:29, 11)

adverb. thence

-nna

to, at, upon

-nna "to, at, upon", allative ending, originating from -na "to" with fortified n, VT49:14. Attested in cilyanna, coraryanna, Endorenna, Elendilenna, númenórenna, parma-restalyanna, rénna, senna, tielyanna, q.v. If a noun ends in -n already, the ending -nna merges with it, as in Amanna, formenna, Elenna, númenna, rómenna as the allative forms of Aman, formen, elen, númen, rómen (q.v.). Plural -nnar in mannar, valannar, q.v.

esto

even the two of them

esto emphatic pronoun (?), apparently 3rd person dual, "even the two of them" (VT49:48). The word comes from a conceptual phase where Tolkien let dual pronouns end in the vowel -o, an idea that was apparently abandoned; also, -st- is associated with the second rather than the third person dual in later sources (see -stë). The ending may have been conceived as -sto at an earlier stage (VT49:49).

silo

hence

silo adv. "hence" (from here), also sio (VT49:18). The words seem to incorporate -lo, a shorter version of the ablative ending -llo, and -o, the genitive ending that may also be used in an ablativic sense. Compare talo, "thence".

silo

adverb. hence

Variations

  • sio ✧ VT49/18

talo

thence

talo adv. "thence". Also . Basically these are simple ablative/genitive forms of ta (#1) "that"; compare silo, sio. (VT49:11)

talo

adverb. thence

Element in

  • Q. náto “it is that; *yes (emphatic)” ✧ VT49/29
  • Q. uito “it is not that” ✧ VT49/29

Variations

  • ✧ VT49/11; VT49/29
  • tălo ✧ VT49/11
Quenya [VT49/11; VT49/29] Group: Eldamo. Published by

va

from

va prep. "from" (VT43:20; prefixed in the form var- in var-úra "from evil", VT43:24). In VT49:24, va, au and o are quoted as variants of the stem awa "away from".

Námo

person, somebody

námo (2) noun "a person, somebody" (PM:340 writers may prefer the synonym quén to avoid confusion with # 1)

sundo

noun. base

base

Quenya [PE 18:33, 60 PE 18:84, 95] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

sundo

base, root, root-word

sundo (þ) noun "base, root, root-word" (SUD), sc. a Quendian consonantal "base". According to VT46:16, Tolkien changed the root to STUD, thereby implying that sundo was earlier þundo (compare Sindarin thond "root"). PE18:95 gives the pl. form as sundur, seemingly implying a stem-form sundu-. It is not, however, used in the compound sundocarmë "base-structure" (PE18:84 not **sunducarmë), a term used in the description of the structure of the various Quendian "bases" or roots.

Melkor

mighty-rising

Melkor (spelt Melcor in VT49:6, 24, MR:362), masc. name: the rebellious Vala, the devil of the Silmarillion mythos. Older (MET) form Melkórë "Mighty-rising" (hence the interpretation "He that arises in power"), compare órë #2. Oldest Q form *mbelekōro (WJ:402). Ablative Melkorello/Melcorello, VT49:7, 24. Compounded in Melkorohíni "Children of Melkor", Orcs ("but the wiser say: nay, the slaves of Melkor; but not his children, for Melkor had no children") (MR:416). The form Melkoro- here occurring may incorporate either the genitive ending -o or the otherwise lost final vowel of the ancient form ¤mbelekōro. For Melkors later name, see Moringotto / Moricotto (Morgoth) under mori-.

armaro

neighbour

armaro noun "neighbour"; also asambar, asambaro (VT48:20, VT49:25)

Valinor

the land (or people) of the valar

Valinor place-name "the land (or people) of the Valar", *"Vali-land" (Vali = Valar), land of the Gods in the West (BAL, NDOR); cf. Valandor. Full form Valinórë (BAL; Vali-nórëunder NDOR).Said to be "the true Eldarin name of Aman", the latter name being explained as a borrowing from Valarin in some versions of the linguistic scenario (VT49:26). In the early "Qenya Lexicon", Valinor, Valinórë is glossed "Asgard", the name of the city of the gods in Norse mythology (LT1:272). It seems that in such more restricted use, Valinor is not the entire Blessed Realm but rather the specific region beyond the Pelóri where (most of) the Valar dwelt, with Val(i)mar as the chief city. Thus it is said of Eärendil that he "went into Valinor and to the halls of Valimar" only after he had already left his ship and ventured as far as Tirion (Silmarillion, chapter 24). Possessive Valinóreva in Nurtalë Valinóreva, the "Hiding of Valinor", the possessive case here assuming the function of object genitive (Silm); genitive Valinórëo in Yénië Valinórëo "Annals of Valinor" (MR:200; the last word was changed from Valinóren, Tolkien revising the genitive ending from -n to -o)

ciryamo

mariner

ciryamo noun "mariner", nominative and genitive are identical since the noun already ends in -o, cf. Indis i-Ciryamo "the Mariner's Wife" (UT:8)

ciryamo

noun. mariner

Element in

Elements

WordGloss
cirya“(sharp-prowed) ship; swift gliding, (sharp-prowed) ship, [ᴹQ.] boat; [Q.] swift gliding”
-mo“agental suffix”

Fëanáro

spirit of fire

Fëanáro masc. name "Spirit of Fire", in Sindarized form Fëanor(SA:nár, PHAY, MR:206). The word apparently includes the masculine ending -o. Compare fëa, nár.

Núaran

west-king

Núaran noun "West-king"; Núaran Númenoren "West-king of Númenor"; changed (according to LR:71) to Núraran Númenen, *"West-king of the West" (all of this is "Qenya" with genitive in -n instead of -o, as in Tolkien's later Quenya) (LR:60)

asambar

neighbour

asambar, asambaro noun "neighbour"; also armaro (VT48:20). Since the ending -o is associated with the masculine gender, the form asambar may be gender-neutral whereas the other forms are gender-marked as masculine.

omentielvo

we/our

-lv- element in pronominal endings for inclusive plural "we/our" (VT43:14). Iincludes the old 1st pl. inclusive stem we (VT48:10). Omentielvo "of our meeting" (q.v.) includes the ending #-lva "our" with the genitive ending -o attached. The corresponding ending for inclusive "we" is perhaps normally -lvë in late exilic Quenya; the variant form -lwë occurs in the verbs carilwë "we do" (VT49:16), navilwë "we judge" (VT42:34); according to VT48:11 this may simply be the older (pre-Exilic) form of *-lvë (VT49:51 lists the ending for "we" as "-lwe, -lve", apparently the older and the younger form).

Ilúvatar

all-father

Ilúvatar masc. name "All-father", God (SD:401, FS, IL; Ilúv-atar, ATA, Iluvatar with a short u, SD:346). Often in combination with the divine name as Eru Ilúvatar, "Eru Allfather", cf. MR:112. "Qenya" genitive Ilúvatáren "of Ilúvatar" in Fíriel's Song, LR:47 and SD:246, the genitive ending is -en instead of -o as in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. the later genitive Ilúvataro in the phrase Híni Ilúvataro (see "Children of Ilúvatar" in the Silmarillion Index)

Kementári

earth-queen

Kementári noun "Earth-queen", title of Yavanna (SA:tar). The Kemen- of this name was at one stage intended as the genitive of kén, kem- "earth", so that Kementári meant "Earth's Queen", but Tolkien later changed the Quenya genitive ending from -(e)n to -o. Apparently so as to maintain the name Kementári, he turned kemen into the nominative form; see cemen.

na

to, towards

na (2) prep. "to, towards", possibly obsoleted by #1 above; for clarity writers may use the synonym ana instead (NĀ1). Originally, Tolkien glossed na as "at, by, near"; the new meaning entered together with the synonyms an, ana (VT45:36).

númeheru

lord of the west

#númeheru noun "Lord of the West" (númë + heru), attested in these inflected forms: 1) númeheruen "of [the] Lord of the West" (Manwë) (SD:290); this is "Qenya" with genitive in -en instead of -o as in LotR-style Quenya; 2) pl. númeheruvi "Lords-of-West" ("West-lords" = Valar) in SD:246.

nassë

person, an individual

nassë (1) "a person, an individual" (VT49:30). Also translated "true-being" (pl. nasser is attested), the inner "true" being of a person. With a pronominal suffix in the form nassentar "their true-being" (PE17:175, cf. -nta #2), in the source referring to the "true" spiritual nature of the Valar, as hidden within their visible shapes. The word nassentar would seem to be plural, *"their true-beings". Not to be confused with the verb nassë/násë "he/she is"; see #1.

talma

base, foundation, root

talma noun "base, foundation, root" (TALAM), also translated "bottom" in the expression "top to bottom", see below.% Talmar Ambaren (place-name, *"Foundations of the World" - this is pre-classical "Qenya" with genitive in -en instead of -o as in LotR-style Quenya) (TALAM). Allative talmanna in the phrase telmello talmanna** "from hood to base**, top to bottom" _(VT46:18; notice misreading "telmanna" in the Etymologies as printed in LR, entry TEL-, TELU-)_

#Valariandë

beleriand

#Valariandë place-name "Beleriand" (genitive in the phrase Nyarna Valarianden "the annals of Beleriand" in LR:202; Tolkien later changed the genitive ending from -n to -o; hence read *Nyarna Valariandëo) In the essay Quendi and Eldar, Heceldamar turns up as another Quenya term for Beleriand.

Veleriande

place name. Beleriand

Quenya [PE 22:126] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

nár

flame

nár noun "flame", also nárë (NAR1).Translated "fire" in some names, see Aicanár(o), Fëanáro (where nár apparently has the masculine ending -o added to it). According to PE17:183, nár- is "fire as an element" (a concrete fire or blaze is rather called a ruinë).

nárë

flame

nárë, also short nár, noun "flame" (NAR1, Narqelion). Translated "fire" in some names, see Aicanáro, Fëanáro (where nár apparently has the masculine ending -o, though in the latter name it may also be the genitive ending since Fëa-náro** is translated "Spirit of Fire"). At one point, Tolkien mentioned "nār-" as the word for "fire (as an element)" (PE17:183). Cf. ruinë** as the word for "a fire" (a concrete instance of fire) in the same source.

velca

flame

velca ("k") noun "flame" (LT1:260; nár, nárë would be the normal word in Tolkien's later Quenya)

Sindarin 

-o

imperative ending

_ suff. _imperative ending.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:54] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

-o

suffix. imperative

Cognates

  • Q. á “imperative particle” ✧ PE17/040

Derivations

  • ā “imperative” ✧ WJ/365; WJ/372

Element in

  • S. ped- “to say, speak” ✧ PE17/040

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ā > ō > o[ā] > [ǭ] > [au] > [o]✧ WJ/365
ā > -o[ā] > [ǭ] > [au] > [o]✧ WJ/372

Variations

  • o ✧ PE17/040; WJ/365
Sindarin [PE17/040; WJ/365; WJ/372] Group: Eldamo. Published by

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

Sindarin [Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-3] Group: SINDICT. Published by

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from, of. In older S. o had the form od before vowels. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:20-1:42:54] < _au(t) _< stem_ awa_. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from. . This gloss was rejected.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:148] < AWA, WĀ go, move (from speaker), go away, depart. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

an

to

_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath  'glory to all the Halflings'.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:38:102:147] < _ana _< ANA/NĀ to, towards – added to, plu-. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

na

to

e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:147] < _nā _< ANA/NĀ to, towards – added to, plu-. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

na

preposition. to

prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:20-1:25] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

nan

preposition. of

od

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

Sindarin [Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-3] Group: SINDICT. Published by

-enc

suffix. our

_1st pl. poss. suff. _our.Maybe the incl. form of this suff. See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:46] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

-main

suffix. our

_1st pl. poss. suff. our.Maybe the excl. form of this suff. See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -em_. >> -em, -men

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:46] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

-men

suffix. our

_1st pl. poss. suff. our.Maybe the excl. form of this suff. See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -em_. >> -em, -main

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:46] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

min

adjective. our

Sindarin [VT/44:21,22,28] Group: SINDICT. Published by

mín

adjective. our

Sindarin [VT/44:21,22,28] Group: SINDICT. Published by

mín

pronoun. our

Changes

  • minvin ✧ VT44/24
  • mínvín ✧ VT44/28

Element in

Variations

  • min ✧ VT44/22 (min)
Sindarin [VT44/22; VT44/24; VT44/28] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lacho

verb. flame!

Sindarin [UT/65] Group: SINDICT. Published by

lacha-

verb. to flame

Sindarin Group: SINDICT. Published by

uin

preposition. of the

Sindarin [SD/129-31] o+i. Group: SINDICT. Published by

ahamar

noun. neighbour

Sindarin [VT/48:20] "one who dwells beside" = OE. neah+gebur. Group: SINDICT. Published by

sammar

noun. neighbour

Sindarin [VT/48:20] "one who dwells beside" = OE. neah+gebur. Group: SINDICT. Published by

samarad

noun. two neighbours

Sindarin [VT/48:20] Group: SINDICT. Published by

lach

noun. (leaping) flame

Sindarin [S/433, X/LH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

an

preposition. to, towards, for

With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath

Sindarin [LotR/II:IV, UT/39, SD/129-31] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beleriand

noun. the land of Balar

Balar (the name of the island, from PQ *balāre) + iand (-and commonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries)

Sindarin [Tolkiendil] Group: Tolkiendil Compound Sindarin Names. Published by

Beleriand

Beleriand

topon. -.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:29] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

Beleriand

Beleriand

Beleriand translates to "The Country of Balar" with the ending -ian(d) for places and countries. The OS form could have been *Balariande (a slid to e because of the following i). The element Beler/Balar is believed to refer to the Maia Ossë, who often dwelt at the shores of the island. In the The Book of Lost Tales Part One, there is also the Quenya name "Valariandë".

Sindarin [Tolkien Gateway] Published by

lach

flame

(noun) 1) lach (leaping flame), pl. laich; 2) naur (in compounds nar-, -nor) (fire, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath, 3) rill (construct ril) (brilliance, glittering reflected light), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rill).

lach

flame

(leaping flame), pl. laich;  2) naur (in compounds nar-, -nor) (fire, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath, 3) rill (construct ril) (brilliance, glittering reflected light), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rill).

lacha

flame

(verb) *lacha- (i lacha, i lachar). Only the imperative form lacho is attested.

lacha

flame

(i lacha, i lachar). Only the imperative form lacho is attested.

naur

noun. flame

Sindarin [Ety/374, S/435, LotR/II:IV] Group: SINDICT. Published by

naur

noun. fire

Sindarin [Ety/374, S/435, LotR/II:IV] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ruin

red flame

(no distinct pl. form except with article: idh ruin) (blazing fire). Also used as an adj. ”fiery red, burning”. (Silm app, entry ruin; PM:366)

o

of

(od), followed by hard mutation. With article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by ”mixed” mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366). Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning”.

o

from

(od), followed by hard mutation; with article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by mixed mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366) Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning” (q.v. for this meaning of ”of”). 2) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 3)

an

to

(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

to

(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)

vín

our

vín; see WE

vín

our

; see

en

of the

e- (sg. genitival article)

sammar

neighbour

sammar (i hammar, o sammar), pl. semmair (i semmair). Also ahamar (pl. ehemair). Dual samarad, 2 neighbours (VT48:20)

lachenn

flame-eyed

pl. lachinn *(WJ:384, there cited in archaic form lachend)*.

Beleriand

The Country of Balar

Beleriand translates to "The Country of Balar" with the ending -ian(d) for places and countries. The OS form could have been *Balariande (a slid to e because of the following i).

In the The Book of Lost Tales Part One, there is also the Quenya name "Valariandë".

Sindarin [Tolkien Gateway "Beleriand"] Published by

Telerin 

-o

suffix. of

Cognates

  • Q. -o “of; genitive ending” ✧ WJ/369

ho

preposition. from

Derivations

  • ʒō “from” ✧ PE21/78

Black Speech

u

preposition. to

Element in

Black Speech [LotR/0445; PE17/078; PM/083] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Adûnaic

suffix. genitive (draft)

The suffix used for the draft-genitive case, with a plural form -ōm (SD/438). In a later conceptual stage, it became the ordinary prepositional suffix .

Variations

  • ō ✧ SD/438

preposition. from

A prepositional suffix translated “from” (SD/429). In a few places, the suffix appears with the glide-consonant v (pronounced [w]) between it and a preceding u-vowel (SD/247, 249). It is likely related to the Quenya genitive inflection Q. -o.

Conceptual Development: At an earlier conceptual stage, this suffix was a grammatical inflection, the draft-genitive (SD/438).

Cognates

  • Q. -o “of; genitive ending”

Element in

Variations

  • -o ✧ SD/365
  • ō ✧ SD/429
Adûnaic [SD/247; SD/249; SD/365; SD/382; SD/429] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Khuzdûl

-ul

suffix. of

Element in

  • Kh. Azanulbizar “Dimrill Dale, (lit.) Rills of the Shadows” ✧ RC/269

Variations

  • |ul ✧ PE17/047
Khuzdûl [PE17/047; RC/269] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Primitive elvish

suffix. genitive

Changes

  • āō ✧ PE17/097
  • i+āmiōm ✧ PE17/097

Derivations

  • HO “from, coming from”

Derivatives

  • Q. -o “of; genitive ending” ✧ WJ/407
  • S. -a “[old] genitive suffix” ✧ PE17/097; PE17/097

Variations

  • ō ✧ PE17/097
  • ā ✧ PE17/097 (ā)
  • i+ām ✧ PE17/097 (i+ām)
Primitive elvish [PE17/097; WJ/370; WJ/407] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-ō̆

suffix. pronominal suffix

Element in

  • Q. eo “person, somebody (unnamed)” ✧ PM/340
Primitive elvish [PM/340] Group: Eldamo. Published by

preposition. from

Primitive elvish [VT47/35] Group: Eldamo. Published by

noun. person

Derivatives

  • Q. mo “one, anyone, someone, somebody”

Element in

Primitive elvish [VT47/35] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ʒō

preposition. from

Derivatives

  • T. ho “from” ✧ PE21/78

Variations

  • ʒō̆ ✧ PE21/78
Primitive elvish [PE21/78] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-āga

suffix. genitive

Derivatives

  • S. -a “[old] genitive suffix” ✧ NM/355; NM/355
Primitive elvish [NM/355] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ăwă

preposition. from

Derivations

  • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/148

Derivatives

  • Q. o “from” ✧ PE17/148
  • S. o “from, of” ✧ PE17/148
Primitive elvish [PE17/148] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ā

particle. imperative

Derivatives

  • Q. á “imperative particle”
  • S. -o “imperative” ✧ WJ/365; WJ/372

Element in

Primitive elvish [PE22/139; PE22/140; WJ/365; WJ/371; WJ/372] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

Noldorin [Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-3] Group: SINDICT. Published by

an

preposition. of

Element in

Noldorin [WR/287; WR/379; WR/388] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nan

preposition. of

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14

Noldorin [Ety/386, VT/46:14] Group: SINDICT. Published by

lhach

noun. (leaping) flame

Noldorin [S/433, X/LH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

cûl

noun. flame

A word for “flame” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KUL “golden-red”, but this word was deleted (EtyAC/KUL).

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. kulo “flame” ✧ EtyAC/KUL

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KUL “golden-red” ✧ EtyAC/KUL

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√KUL > cûl[kūl]✧ EtyAC/KUL
Noldorin [EtyAC/KUL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

naur

noun. flame

Noldorin [Ety/374, S/435, LotR/II:IV] Group: SINDICT. Published by

naur

noun. fire

Noldorin [Ety/374, S/435, LotR/II:IV] Group: SINDICT. Published by

naur

noun. flame

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. nár(e) “flame” ✧ Ety/NAR¹

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire” ✧ Ety/NAR¹

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NAR¹ > naur[nār] > [nǭr] > [nour] > [naur]✧ Ety/NAR¹
Noldorin [Ety/EK; Ety/NAR¹; PE22/034; TI/187] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

-o

suffix. *genitive ending

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶ʒō “partitive; away from, from among” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆
    • ᴹ√ƷO “from, away, from among, out of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆; Ety/WŌ

ho

preposition. from

Changes

  • oho ✧ PE21/60
  • hoo ✧ PE21/60

Cognates

  • Ilk. go “from, away; patronymic” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆
  • N. o “from, of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ƷO “from, away, from among, out of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆
  • ᴹ✶ʒō “partitive; away from, from among” ✧ PE21/60
    • ᴹ√ƷO “from, away, from among, out of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆; Ety/WŌ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ƷŌ̆ > ho[ɣo] > [ho]✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆
ᴹ✶ʒō̆ > o[-ɣo] > [-o]✧ PE21/60
ᴹ✶ʒō̆ > ho[ɣo] > [ho]✧ PE21/60

Variations

  • o ✧ PE21/60; PE21/60 (o)
Qenya [Ety/ƷŌ̆; PE21/60] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kulo

noun. flame

A word for “flame” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KUL “golden-red”, but this word was deleted (EtyAC/KUL).

Cognates

  • N. cûl “flame” ✧ EtyAC/KUL

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KUL “golden-red” ✧ EtyAC/KUL

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√KUL > kulo[kulo]✧ EtyAC/KUL

nár(e)

noun. flame

Cognates

  • N. naur “flame” ✧ Ety/NAR¹

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire” ✧ Ety/NAR¹

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NAR¹ > nár[nār]✧ Ety/NAR¹

Variations

  • nár ✧ Ety/NAR¹
  • náre ✧ Ety/NAR¹

Doriathrin

-a(n)

suffix. genitive

The Ilkorin genitive suffix (Ety/NAUK), attested in Dor. Tor Tinduma “King of Twilight” (Ety/TIN). It might have developed from the root ᴹ√NĀ/ANA, which is the source of the Quenya genitive suffix ᴹQ. -n and the Noldorin preposition N. na “of”. Helge Fauskanger suggested instead that it developed from a suffixal form of ᴹ✶ʒō (AL-Ilkorin/-a). This second derivation seems more plausible given its plural form -ion, though the plural could also have developed from (plural) ✶ī + (genitive) ✶āna > ✱✶-iān(a) > -iōn > -ion. See the entry on the genitive inflection for further discussion.

Conceptual Development: This suffix and its plural are the same as the Gnomish genitive suffix -a with plural -ion (GG/10). The derivation of the Gnomish genitive is closer to Mr. Fauskanger’s suggested etymology of the Ilkorin genitive, giving further support to his theory.

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. -n “genitive suffix”

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶ʒō “partitive; away from, from among”
    • ᴹ√ƷO “from, away, from among, out of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆; Ety/WŌ
Doriathrin [Ety/NAUK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

-o

suffix. old partitive

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ƷO “from, away, from among, out of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ƷŌ̆ > -o[-ɣō] > [-ō] > [-o]✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆
Old Noldorin [EtyAC/ƷŌ̆] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

o

preposition. from

a

preposition. of

a(n)

preposition. of

Derivations

  • ᴱ✶ā ✧ PE13/108

Element in

Variations

  • ✧ GG/07; GL/17; GL/49; LT1A/Uolë Kúvion; LT1I/Gilfanon
  • an ✧ GG/11; GL/26; GL/26; LT2A/Cûm an-Idrisaith
  • a ✧ GG/11; GL/34; GL/46; GL/64; LT1A/Cûm a Gumlaith; LT2A/Falasquil; LT2A/Teld Quing Ilon; LT2A/Tôn a Gwedrin; PE13/093; PE13/108
Gnomish [GG/07; GG/11; GG/12; GL/17; GL/26; GL/34; GL/46; GL/49; GL/64; LT1A/Cûm a Gumlaith; LT1A/Uolë Kúvion; LT1I/Gilfanon; LT2A/Cûm an-Idrisaith; LT2A/Falasquil; LT2A/Teld Quing Ilon; LT2A/Tôn a Gwedrin; PE13/093; PE13/108] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nan

preposition. of

a

preposition. from

Cognates

  • Eq. ô “from” ✧ GL/17

Derivations

Element in

Variations

  • a ✧ GG/11
  • a(n·) ✧ GL/17
  • o ✧ PE13/115
Gnomish [GG/11; GL/17; PE13/115] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mu

preposition. from

Variations

  • mu ✧ GL/58

cantha

noun. flame

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “flame” (GL/25), probably based on the early root ᴱ√KṆŘṆ [KṆÐṆ] “shine” (QL/47).

Element in

Elements

WordGloss
KṆÐṆ“shine”
-tha“noun or adjective suffix”

to

proper name. To

Cognates

  • Eq. Tombo “Gong (of the Children)” ✧ PE15/07

Early Noldorin

na

preposition. of

Element in

Early Noldorin [LB/275; SM/026] Group: Eldamo. Published by

hin

preposition. from

Element in

Early Noldorin [MC/217] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nebmerion

noun. neighbour

Early Noldorin [PE13/164] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nebweb

noun. neighbour

Early Noldorin [PE13/164] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lhacha

noun. flame

Early Noldorin [PE13/148] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

suffix.

Derivatives

  • Eq. -o “genitive ending” ✧ GG/10; GG/10
  • Eq. ô “from”
  • G. -a “genitive suffix” ✧ GG/10; GG/10

Variations

  • ō ✧ GG/10
Early Primitive Elvish [GG/10] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

-o

suffix. genitive ending

Cognates

  • G. -a “genitive suffix” ✧ GG/10; GG/10
  • G. -n “genitive suffix” ✧ GG/10

Derivations

  • ᴱ✶ ✧ GG/10; GG/10

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ✶-i + ō + n > ion[-iōn] > [-ion]✧ GG/10
ᴱ✶ō > -o[-ō] > [-o]✧ GG/10
Early Quenya [GG/10] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ô

preposition. from

Cognates

  • G. a “from” ✧ GL/17

Derivations

Early Quenya [GL/17] Group: Eldamo. Published by

velka

noun. flame

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “a flame” derived from the early root ᴱ√(M)BELEKE (GL/22).

Cognates

Derivations

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√melek/mbelek/belek > velka[βelkā] > [βelka] > [velka]✧ GL/22
Early Quenya [GL/22; LT1A/Melko] Group: Eldamo. Published by

veniel

noun. mariner

Derivations

  • ᴱ√VENE “shape, cut out, scoop” ✧ QL/100

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√VENE > veniel[βeniel] > [veniel]✧ QL/100
Early Quenya [QL/100] Group: Eldamo. Published by