ontar

begetter, parent

ontar noun prob. *"begetter, parent" (a gender-neutral term, applied to a woman in the source; compare the various gender-specific forms below) (VT44:7). Dual ontaru "(two) parents" (see ontani above).

ontarë

begetter, parent

ontarë noun "begetter, parent" (fem); the pl. ontari or dual ontaru (see ontani) covers both sexes. (ONO, VT46:7)

ontarië

begetter, parent

ontarië noun "begetter, parent" (fem.) (VT44:7)

ontaro

begetter, parent

ontaro noun "begetter, parent" (evidently masc.); pl. ontari or dual ontaru (see ontani) covers both sexes. (ONO, VT46:7)

ontar

noun. parent (gender neutral)

as

with

as prep. "with" (together with), also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with thee" (VT47:31, VT43:29). The conjunction ar "and" may also appear in assimilated form as before s; see ar #1.

as

with

o (2) prep. "with" (MC:216; this is "Qenya"; WJ:367 states that no independent preposition o was used in Quenya. Writers may rather use as.) See ó- below.

as

preposition. with

car-

with

#car- (2) prep. "with" (carelyë "with thee"), prepositional element (evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien) (VT43:29)

lé

with

lé (2) prep. "with" (PE17:95)

lé

preposition. with

The preposition lé “with” was mentioned in a (rejected) etymology of S. di “with” in Tolkien’s notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/94), from the phrase le nallon sí di’nguruthos (LotR/729), usually translated “here overwhelmed in dread of Death, I cry”. In this note, Tolkien eventually decided that S. (n)di actually meant “beneath”, and its Quenya equivalent was Q. nî.

Conceptual Development: Prepositional ᴹQ. le also appeared in the Lament of Atalante from the 1940s, in the phrase ᴹQ. Númeheruvi arda sakkante lenéme Ilúvatáren “the Lords of the West broke the world by [or with] leave of Ilúvatar” (SD/246, 310). Here “with” seems to be used in the instrumental sense “by means of”. The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. le “with (accompaniment)” under the early root ᴱ√LĒ (QL/52). Le was also mentioned in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon as the equivalent of G. li “with (of accompaniment only)”, but also used to mean “and” between nouns GL/54().

Neo-Quenya: I would retain ᴺQ. lé for purposes of Neo-Quenya as a rarely-used instrumental preposition meaning “with, by (means of)”, reconceived as a derivative of √LEÑ “✱way, method, manner” (PE17/74).

yó(m)

preposition. [together] with

A preposition appearing as yó(m) “with” in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) written in 1969 (PE22/168). Earlier in the same set of documents, it appeared in a sentence vá meninye {yó >>} ó le “I won’t come with you” (PE22/162), but there it was replaced by ó. These were probably based on primitive forms ✶jō(m) “together (plural)” and ✶wō “together (two things)” from the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 (WJ/361). If so, Tolkien may have revised {yó >>} ó in the sentence above because “you and I” is a pair rather than a group.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume yó meant “[together] with” when applied to groups of things, as opposed to ó for two things together, though I would also assume ó was the default and yó was only used when plurality needed to be emphasized.

ó

with, accompanying

ó

preposition. [together] with

The preposition ó “with” appeared in draft versions of the Aia María prayer from the 1950s, in the phrase i Héru olesse “the Lord is with thee” (VT43/27), along with a chart for this preposition having pronominal suffixes (VT43/29). Prepositional ó is clearly related to the prefix o- “together”. In the third version of the prayer, it was revised to carelye (VT43/27), apparently a variant of the preposition ca as suggested by Wynne, Smith, and Hostetter (VT43/29). In the fourth and final version of the prayer it became aselye (VT43/28), using an otherwise unattested preposition possibly related to √AS “beside”.

In the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, Tolkien said of primitive WO “together” that it “does not remain in Q as an independent word” (WJ/367). However, the preposition ó “with” reappeared in a phrase from 1969: vá meninye {yó >>} ó le “I won’t come with you” (PE22/162). Based on the revision of {yó >>} ó and the meaning of the related prefixes, it is likely that ó more specifically means “with (one other individual)” as opposed to yó(m) for “with (a group)”. However, I think ó could be used in most cases, and yó(m) is only used when accompanying a group is being emphasized.

Neo-Quenya: It seems likely that ó specifically means “[together] with”, and other senses of “with” would use other prepositions such as lé “with, by (means of)” or the instrumental suffix -nen.