lé (2) prep. "with" (PE17:95)
Quenya
lé
way
lé
with
lé
preposition. with, with, [ᴹQ.] by, [ᴱQ.] with (accompaniment)
Cognates
- S. di “with” ✧ PE17/095
Derivations
- ✶dē “with” ✧ PE17/095
Element in
- ᴺQ. letinwessë “constellation”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶dē > lē > lé [dē] > [lē] ✧ PE17/095 Variations
- lé ✧ PE17/095 (lé)
lé
noun. way, method, manner
Derivations
- √LEÑ “*way, method, manner” ✧ PE17/074
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √LEŊ > lé [lēŋ] > [lēɣ] > [lē] ✧ PE17/074 Variations
- lé ✧ PE17/074
le
you
le, pronominal element "you", (originally) the "reverential 2nd person sing" (RGEO:73, VT49:56). However, singular le was apparently altered to lye (q.v.), and le took on a plural significance (le for pl. "you" is apparently derived from de, the ancient 2nd person pl. stem, VT49:50-51). Stressed lé (VT49:51), dual let "the two of you" (ibid.). At certain points in Tolkiens conception, le was still sg. "thou" rather than pl. "you". It is attested as an ending in the imperative form antalë "give thou" (VT43:17); see anta-. The form ólë in VT43:29 apparently means *"with thee"; according to Tolkiens later system, it would rather mean "with you" (pl.) Compare aselyë "with thee" (sg.) in a later source (see as).
le
pronoun. you (plural)
Derivations
- ✶de “you (pl.)” ✧ VT49/51
Element in
- ᴺQ. lenya “yours (plural)”
- Q. mélima yondion, lenna antanyes mélio cenwa “*dear [one] of sons I give it to be read with love” ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT
- Q. vá meninyë ó le “I won’t come with you” ✧ PE22/162
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶de > lé [dē] > [lē] > [le] ✧ VT49/51 Variations
- lé ✧ VT49/51
-ldë
you
-ldë (1) pronominal suffix "you", 2nd person pl. (VT49:51; carildë *"you do", VT49:16). This ending Tolkien revised from -llë in earlier sources (VT49:48, cf. PE17:69).
-ldë
suffix. you (plural)
Derivations
- ✶de “you (pl.)” ✧ VT49/51
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶de > -lde [-lde] > [-lðe] > [-lde] ✧ VT49/51 Variations
- -lde ✧ PE17/057; PE17/190; VT49/16; VT49/51
-llë
you
-llë (2) abandoned pronominal ending "you", 2nd person pl. (VT49:48); Tolkien later revised this ending to -ldë.
-llë
suffix. you (plural)
Variations
- -lle ✧ PE17/057; PE17/069; PE17/075; PE17/075; VT49/48
-lyë
you, thou
-l or -lyë (VT49:48, 51), pronominal endings for 2nd person sg. polite/formal "you, thou": caril or carilyë *"you do" (VT49:16), hamil "you judge" (VT42:33), anel "you were" (see ná #1); see -lyë for further examples. These endings may also be added to pronouns (etel/etelyë or mil, milyë; see et, mi). In one source, -l is rather used as a reduced affix denoting plural "you"; see heca! (WJ:364)
alyë
you
alyë imperative particle with ending -lyë "you"; see a #3.
ilcë
you
ilcë ("k") (2) *"you", emphatic pronoun of the 2nd person pl. familiar, apparently a form abandoned by Tolkien. An alternative form incë was also listed; a query appears between the forms (VT49:48).
men
way
men (2) noun "way" (SA) or "place, spot" (MEN)
men
noun. way, way; [ᴹQ.] place, spot
Cognates
- S. men “road, way, road, way; [N.] *place”
Derivations
- √MEN “go, move, proceed (in any direction); make for, go towards; have as object, (in)tend; direction, object, point moved toward; region”
Element in
- ᴺQ. catamen “background, milieu”
- Q. formen “north, north, [ᴹQ.] right-hand [direction]” ✧ SA/men
- Q. hyarmen “south, (lit.) left-hand direction” ✧ SA/men
- Q. Ilmen “*Place of Starlight”
- ᴺQ. mancamen “market, (lit.) trade-place”
- ᴺQ. menessë “instead, (lit.) in place”
- Q. mentië “passage, journey, direction of travel”
- ᴺQ. mótamen “office”
- ᴺQ. natsemen “website, (lit.) web-spot”
- Q. númen “west, direction or region of the sunset, occident, (lit.) going down” ✧ SA/men
- ᴺQ. parmen “school, place of study”
- ᴺQ. quermen “a turning, turn, corner (of a street)”
- Q. rómen “east, uprising, sunrise” ✧ SA/men
- ᴺQ. tirmen “theater”
- ᴺQ. tungwemen “tax-office”
tye
you, thou, thee
tye pron. "you, thou, thee", 2nd person intimate/familar (LR:61, 70, Arct, VT49:36, 55), corresponding to formal/polite lye. According to VT49:51, tye was used as an endearment especially between lovers, and (grand)parents and children also used it to address one another ("to use the adult lye was more stern"). Tyenya "my tye", used = "dear kinsman" (VT49:51). The pronoun tye is derived from kie, sc. an original stem ki with an added -e(VT49:50). Stressed tyé; dual tyet "the two of you" (VT49:51 another note reproduced on the same page however states that tye has no dual form, and VT49:52 likewise states that the 2nd person familiar "never deleloped" dual or plural forms). Compare the reflexive pronoun intyë "yourself". Possibly related to the pronominal stem KE (2nd person sg.), if tye represents earlier *kye.
-llo
you
[-llo (2) "you", dual; abandoned pronominal ending. Also written -illo. (VT49:49)]
-ndë
you
[#-ndë (2) pronominal suffix for dual "you", as in carindë *"you (two) do". Tolkien changed the ending to -stë (VT49:33)]
-stë
you
-stë "you", 2nd person dual pronominal ending (VT49:51, 53), e.g. caristë "the two of you do" (VT49:16). Tolkien first wrote carindë, but changed the ending (VT49:33). The ending -stë is derived from earlier -dde (VT49:46, 51). An archaic ending of similar form could also be the third person dual, "the two of them" (but see -ttë #1).
-tyë
you
-t (3) reduced pronominal affix of the 2. person, "you" (sg.), the long form being -tyë (both endings are listed in VT49:48). See heca regarding the example hecat (WJ:364). However, in a later source, Tolkien denies that -tyë has any short form (VT49:51, 57). The status of the ending -t is therefore doubtful.
-tyë
you, thou
-tyë pronominal ending "you, thou" (VT49:48, 51), 2nd person familiar/intimate: carityë *"you do" (VT49:16; the corresponding formal/polite ending is -l, -lyë, cf. PE17:135 where Tolkien states that hiruvalyë "thou shalt find" from Namárië would be hiruvatyë if the polite pronoun were replaced by the familiar one). Compare the independent pronoun tye. In VT49:51, Tolkien denies that the ending -tyë has any short form (see, however, -t # 3). Cf. natyë "you are"; see ná #1. Compare tye, -tya.
incë
you
incë ("k") *"you", emphatic pronoun for 2nd person pl. familiar, apparently a form abandoned by Tolkien. It is listed as an alternative to ilcë in the source, a query appearing between the forms (VT49:48, 49). The word could also be read as intë (VT49:49)
per-
prefix. half, half, [ᴹQ.] semi
Cognates
- S. per- “half”
Derivations
- √PER “half, half; [ᴹ√] divide in middle, halve”
Element in
Variations
- Per- ✧ Let/386 (Per-)
-ntyë
you
[-ntyë "you", abandonded pronominal ending for 2nd person pl. familiar (VT49:49)]
as
with
as prep. "with" (together with), also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with thee" (VT47:31, VT43:29). The conjunction ar "and" may also appear in assimilated form as before s; see ar #1.
as
with
o (2) prep. "with" (MC:216; this is "Qenya"; WJ:367 states that no independent preposition o was used in Quenya. Writers may rather use as.) See ó- below.
as
preposition. with
Derivations
- √AS “beside”
Element in
- Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/29
car-
with
#car- (2) prep. "with" (carelyë "with thee"), prepositional element (evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien) (VT43:29)
vand-
way, path
vand- noun "way, path" (LT1:264; a final vowel would seem to be required, but in Tolkien's later Quenya, the words tië or mallë are to be preferred)
ó
with, accompanying
ó
preposition. with
Changes
yó→ ó ✧ PE22/162Element in
- Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/29
- Q. vá meninyë ó le “I won’t come with you” ✧ PE22/162
Variations
- yó ✧ PE22/162 (
yó)- ó- ✧ VT43/29
lé (1) noun "way" = "method, manner" ("as in that is not As way"). Not to be confused with lé as a stressed form of le = plural "you"; Tolkien was himself dissatisfied with this clash (PE17:74).