ma

preposition. with instrument or by agent

mairos

noun. mane, long hair

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s for “mane, long hair”, a elaboration of G. †mair “horse” (GL/56).

mardh

masculine name. Mardh

Another name for Aule in an very early name list of the Valar (PE14/12). May be an variation of mar “Earth”, used as a name.

man

masculine name. Man

manweg

masculine name. Manweg

mavwin

feminine name. Mavwin

mablon

masculine name. Mablon

maglor

masculine name. Maglor

maidros

masculine name. Maidros

maiglos

adjective. maiglos

mal

adjective. mal

mathron

noun. herd, herdsman, shepherd

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “herd, herdsman, shepherd”, an agental form of G. moth “sheep”, with a variant mastir which is probably the feminine form “✱shepherdess” (GL/56). The gloss “herd” is reinforced by the fact that Tolkien equated it to G. nethron “herd” (GL/60).

maurin

adjective. early, betimes, up early; premature

maudrin

adjective. early, betimes, up early; premature

mavri

noun. appetite

A noun appearing as G. mavri “appetite” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an abstract noun formation based on the early root ᴱ√MAɃA “something nice” (GL/57).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I adapt this word as ᴺS. mavor “appetite”, perhaps an ancient agental formation (“that which likes”) from the Neo-Root ᴺ√MAB.

mair

noun. horse

An (archaic) word for “horse” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s given as {mairog >>} mair, cognate to ᴱQ. mairo (GL/56), which appeared as ᴱQ. mairu in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√MAẎA (QL/60).

mam

noun. grandmother, mother

A noun appearing as mam “grandmother, mother” in the Gnomish Lexicon, derived from ᴱ√maƀ or mam “something nice” (GL/57).

Neo-Sindarin: As we have no other attested alternatives, I would use ᴺS. mam for “grandmother” in Neo-Sindarin, based on a Neo-Root ᴺ√MAB (from primitive ✱mamba), but would not use it as “mother” for which we have plenty of later words.

mabwed

adjective. handed, having hands, dextrous

A word appearing as G. mabwed “handed, having hands. dexterous” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of G. mab “hand(s)” (GL/55). It also appeared with a vocalic augment: G. amabwed “having hands” (GL/19). This augmented form amabwed reappeared in the Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document (PE13/109).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would adapted this word as ᴺS. mabren using a later adjectival suffix: -ren.

mabinos

noun. plane tree

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “plane tree” [perhaps Genus Platanus], apparently an elaboration of the plural mabin of G. mô/mab “hand” (GL/55). Tolkien said it was “usually + aj. fathwed [tasselled]”, presumably ✱mabinos fathwed “tasseled plane tree”. He also said that m. gwilbriniol, presumably G. ✱mabinos gwilbriniol, was another word for “sycamore” and was equivalent to G. mavlantos.

madri

noun. food, edibles; a meal

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “food, edibles” also with the sense “a meal” (GL/55), a combination of the early root ᴱ√MATA “eat” (QL/59) with the abstract noun suffix -ri.

mal-

verb. to chew

A verb appearing as G. mal- “to chew” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/56), perhaps based on the early root ᴱ√MALA “crush” (QL/58).

Neo-Sindarin: The root became ᴹ√MBAL in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/MBAL), whose Sindarin derivatives would start with bal- conflicting with later forms like S. bal- “✱to have [divine] power” (PE17/131). For purposes of Neo-Sindarin I would use ᴺS. nadh- “to chew, gnaw” from ᴹ√NYAD “gnaw” (Ety/NYAD).

maloglin

noun. yellow song, daffodil

A noun appearing as G. maloglin or maloglin “daffodil, [lit.] yellow song” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/56). Its initial element is clearly G. malon “yellow”, and its second element is probably derived from the early root ᴱ√LIŘI [LIÐI] “sing” (QL/54).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would update this word’s elements to [N.] malen “yellow” (< ✱malina) and lind “song”. If we assume it is the result of an ancient compound, the i in ✱malina would not undergo a-affection because the element was non-final. As a result, the surviving i would induce i-affection on the a in the first syllable, changing it to e so that end result would be ᴺS. melillin “daffodil, (orig.) yellow song”: ✱malina-linde > ✱melin(a)-lind(e) > melillin.

mang

noun. butter

A word appearing as G. mang “butter” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/28), clearly related to ᴱQ. manya “butter” and thus derived from the early root ᴱ√MṆGṆ (QL/62).

Neo-Sindarin: I’d retain ᴺS. mang “butter” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin from a Neo-Root ᴺ√MANGYA, where ngy became ng in (Old) Sindarin (PE19/23).

mar

noun. Earth, ground, soil

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “Earth, ground, soil”, apparently derived from the root ᴱ√mar- (GL/56). Tolkien also had G. Môr “the Earth”, so perhaps mar mainly meant “earth” in the more ordinary senses. For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I’d use later S. ceven for “earth”.

marol

noun. sand

A noun with variants marol and mara in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “sand”, probably a derivative of the root ᴱ√MARA (GL/56); see the entry on the root for further discussion. In later writings, Tolkien used N. lith for “sand”.

maros

noun. ripe fruit

A word for a “ripe fruit” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/56), the equivalent of ᴱQ. marin “(ripe) fruit” under the early root ᴱ√MARA “ripe, yellow” (QL/59. 63).

masgar

noun. pasture

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “pasture” (GL/56), perhaps a combination of G. mast “feed” and G. gar “place”.

mast

noun. feed, food, nourishment; fodder

A noun appearing as G. mast “feed, food, nourishment; fodder” in the Gnomish Lexicon (GL/56). Its etymology is unclear; it might be derived from the early root ᴱ√MATA “eat” or from ᴱ√M(B)ASA “cook, bake”.

Neo-Sindarin: This word can easily be adapted as Neo-Sindarin ᴺS. mast based on ancient √MAT “eat” + noun suffixes ✶-dā or ✶-ta, since d + t or t + t from suffixion resulted in st in Sindarin phonology. I would limit this word to animal feed or fodder, and would use ᴺS. math for “food” in general.

maudrimad

noun. breakfast

A noun appearing as G. maudrimad “breakfast” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of G. maudri “early morn before dawn” and G. mâd “meal” (GL/57).

Neo-Sindarin: I would update this word to ᴺS. amorvad “breakfast” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin using my preferred neologism ᴺS. amor for “morning”.

maul

noun. the lowing of cattle, bellowing

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “the lowing of cattle, bellowing” (GL/57), probably cognate to ᴱQ. maule “crying, weeping” from the early root ᴱ√MAWA “cry, bleat” (QL/60).

mavlantos

noun. sycamore

A word appearing as G. mavlantos “sycamore” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, apparently a blending of G. mavlant “palm” and G. blantos “sycamore” (GL/23, 55). This word likely refers to the sycamore’s flat and palm-like leaves.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin I would adapt this word as ᴺS. mablanthos, a noun formation based on mâb and [ᴺS.] plant “flat”.

mabwedri

noun. dexterity

A word appearing as G. mabwedri “dexterity” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an abstract noun form of G. mabwed “dextrous” (GL/55).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would adapted this word as ᴺS. mabrenas “dexterity” as an abstract noun form of S. mabren “dextrous”.

malthin

noun. cream

A noun for “cream” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s apparently based on G. maltha “golden yellow, rich, mellow” (GL/56).

malthos

noun. butter cup

A noun appearing as G. malthos “buttercup” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an elaboration of G. maltha “golden yellow” (GL/56).

Neo-Sindarin: I would retain this word as ᴺS. malthos for purposes of Neo-Sindarin as an elaboration of S. malt “gold”.

maragwast

noun. earth quake

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “earth quake”, a combination G. mar “earth” and the lenited form of G. cwast “shaking” (GL/56).

masta-

verb. to feed, graze

The verb G. masta- “feed, graze” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/56). Its etymology is unclear; it is tempting to assume it is derived from the early root ᴱ√MATA “eat” (QL/31), but is not clear how the st would arise in the phonology of Gnomish. Another possible root is ᴱ√M(B)ASA, but in the Qenya Lexicon this root was glossed “cook, bake” (QL/59, 63).

Neo-Sindarin: This word can easily be adapted as Neo-Sindarin ᴺS. masta- based on an ancient causative verb = √MAT “eat” + ✶-tā, since t + t from suffixion resulted in st in the Elvish phonology of the 1930s-60s. I would limit this verb to the sense “[put to] feed, graze” for animals, while directly feeding another would be ᴺS. media-.

math

noun. dusk

maus

noun/adjective. pleasure; pleasant taste, pleasant

mav-

verb. to like

mavra

adjective. eager after

mavros

noun. desire, eager longing

mavwin

noun. wish

mab(a)

noun. mother

madheg

noun. something

madhin

adjective. some

madhir

noun. someone (f.)

madhon

noun. someone (m.)

main

adverb. better

mavrog

adjective. eager

mavwin

noun. ancestress, †mother

mab

noun. hand(s)

mablad

noun. palm of the hand

mabrin(d)

noun. wrist

macha

noun. slaughter, battle

mactha-

verb. to slay, kill

magli

noun. great sword

magron

masculine name. God of Wars

mal

noun. paved way, road

malmaurien

place name. Way of Dreams

martaglos

masculine name. Smith of the World

mathusdor

place name. *Twilight Land

mathusgi

noun. twilight

mavrin

adjective. delectable, delightful, desireable

mablui

feminine name. Hand of Snow

mad-

verb. to eat

madrin

adjective. edible, fit for food, wholesome

magrintha

masculine name. Red-handed

magru

noun. slaughter, battle

magruluib

adjective. bloodthirsty

magruluist

noun. bloodthirstiness

magrusaig

adjective. bloodthirsty

magrusaith

noun. bloodthirstiness

mai

adverb. well

maidhon

noun. midday

maien

adjective. better

maig

adjective. thirst

mais

noun. gore

An archaic noun for “gore” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s derived from primitive ᴱ✶meχse via the vocalization of the spirant χ before s: eχ > ei > ai (GL/56). It is clearly related to the early root ᴱ√MEHE “ooze‽” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon that was likewise the basis for “gore” words (QL/60).

maith

noun. rule, power, permission

maitha-

verb. to rule, govern, wield control, hold

maithog

adjective. having control

maithri

noun. control

malc

noun. lord

malc

adjective. rich, powerful

malcos

noun. lordship, power, a province or principality

malcrin

adjective. lordly, noble, mighty

malon

adjective. yellow

maltha

adjective. golden yellow, rich, mellow

manc

noun. grip, grasp, hold

mandra

adjective. noble

mani

adjective. good (of men and character only), holy

manos

noun. spirit that has gone to the Valar

mar(o)n

adjective. ripe

mart(os)

noun. fate, portion, lot

martion

adjective. fated, doomed, fey

mau

adverb. soon, early

maudra-

verb. be early, come first; to prefer, to be preferred

maudri

noun. early morn before dawn, time before first meal

maug

adjective. silent

maur

noun. dream, vision

A noun for “a dream, vision” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/57), based on the early root ᴱ√MURU “slumber” (QL/63).

maurelant

place name. Way of Dreams

mavlant

noun. *palm (of hand)

mablios

adjective. cunning

mablung

masculine name. Heavy-hand(ed)

mabol

adjective. skillful

magbar

place name. Rome

mathrin

adjective. dusk, dusky

mathwen

noun. evening

mabin glossi

white hands

mabinos gwilbriniol

noun. sycamore

mabir

noun. mother

mablod

noun. palm of the hand

mab ’loss

a white hand

madriol

adjective. edible, fit for food, wholesome

maimelion

adjective. dearly beloved

mairien

adjective. better

maivenin

adjective. shapely

maiwest

noun. welcome

maiwethrin

adjective. welcome

malcwed

adjective. lordly, noble, mighty

malogrintha

adjective. orange, tawny

manca-

verb. to grab, seize

mara

noun. sand

mara-

verb. to dwell

maroglin

noun. yellow song, daffodil

mastir

noun. *shepherdess

maudro

adverb. sooner, earlier; rather

maugli

adjective. secret, hidden

mavrothwed

adjective. delectable, delightful, desireable

mavuin

noun. ancestress, †mother

mavwen

noun. ancestress, †mother

mawr

adjective. good

elma-

verb. to marvel at, admire

amabwed

adjective. having hands

amaith

noun. mother

mail

noun. flour

A noun appearing as G. mail “flour” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√MILI which had to do with “seed” words (GL/56; QL/61). This word seems to be the result of a-fortification: the insertion of an a in ancient word forms. Tolkien marked the word with a “?” indicating he was uncertain of it.

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this word as ᴺS. maul “flour” using a-fortification of the (hypothetical) root √MUL that seems to be the basis for Q. mulë “meal” from the 1960s.

anoth

noun. manhood†; man (fullgrown), warrior

A noun appearing as G. anoth in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s originally meaning “manhood” as an elaboration of G. an “person”, but later coming to mean ”man (fullgrown), warrior” (GL/19).

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this word into Neo-Sindarin as ᴺS. anwas with the sense “manhood”, based on later N. anw “male (person or animal)” (Ety/ƷAN).

glast

noun. marble

A noun appearing as G. glast “marble” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/39), probably derived from ᴱ✶ʒalast- like its cognate ᴱQ. alas (alast-) “marble” in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/30).

Neo-Sindarin: I think this word may be salvageable in Neo-Sindarin as ᴺS. glast, reconceived as a derivative of ᴹ√GALAS “joy, be glad”, perhaps from ᴺ✶galast- originally with the sense “thing pleasant to touch”.

glastrin

adjective. marble

An adjective appearing as G. glastrin “marble” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of G. glast (GL/39).

Neo-Sindarin: If adapted to Neo-Sindarin, I think this word would become ᴺS. glathren: compare S. othrond from S. ost + S. rond.

gwethli

noun. maiden, little girl

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s given as G. {gwendi >>} gwethli “maiden, little girl”, derived from the root {ᴱ√gw̯ene >>} ᴱ√gu̯eđe, more specifically from primitive ᴱ✶gu̯eđeþlī (GL/45).

tuthli

noun. match

The word G. tuthli “match” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon as elaboration of G. tuth “tinder” (GL/72).

Neo-Sindarin: This form does not adapt gracefully to later Sindarin, so for “match” I’d use ᴺS. tudheg as a diminutive form of ᴺS. tudh “tinder”.

anos

noun. man (fullgrown), warrior

A word for “man (fullgrown), warrior” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a masculinized form of G. an “person” (GL/19).

gwegri

noun. manhood (time or state)

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “manhood” referring to both “time and state”, an abstract noun formation based on G. gweg “man” (GL/44).

gwegrin

adjective. masculine

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “masculine”, an adjectival form of G. gweg “man” (GL/44).

gwegwed

adjective. male

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “male”, an adjectival form of G. gweg “man” (GL/44).

gwegweth

noun. male sex, manhood (state)

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “male sex, manhood (state)”, an elaboration of G. gweg “man” (GL/44).

gwenniniol

adjective. maiden(ly), girlish

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as {gwend(r)iol >>} gwenniniol “maiden (aj.), maidenly, girlish”, an adjectival form of {gwen >>} G. gwennin “girl” (GL/45).

hauthwais

noun. matrimony, conjugal rights

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as G. {hauthwas (hauthos) >>} hauthwais “matrimony, conjugal rights”, a combination of G. haus “bed” and G. gwais “relation” (GL/48).

nerthi

noun. manhood, manliness; virtue

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “manhood, manliness; virtue”, an elaboration of G. nert “prowess, a feat, strength” (GL/60).

-weg

suffix. masculine suffix

bannoth

place name. Mandos

-lim

suffix. many

-os

suffix. masculine suffix

bedhwen

noun. matrimony

bros(s)

noun. mare

curu

noun. magic

gwalon

noun. male god

gweg

noun. man, male of the Elda

gwenithli

noun. maidenhood

indor

noun. master (of house), lord

lim

adjective. many

thairin

adjective. magic

thairiniol

adjective. magical

urwedhin

feminine name. Maiden of the Sun-ship

aurin

adjective. made (by craft of hand), wrought, fashioned

bageth

noun. market

broch

noun. mare

curin

adjective. magical

farn

noun. mark, boundary; shore

govedhwen

noun. matrimony

gwalion

noun. male god

gwir

noun. master, lord, possessor

innor

noun. master (of house), lord

i·weg na an fofrin

man is a foolish creature

mord

noun. man, warrior; †shepherd

thairinwed

adjective. magical

tê

noun. mark, line; track; path

tôl

noun. mantle

yrin

adjective. made (by craft of hand)

mâd

noun. meal

A noun appearing as G. mâd “a meal” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/55), clearly derived from the early root ᴱ√MATA “eat” (QL/59).

Neo-Sindarin: I would retain ᴺS. mâd “meal” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin.

anothrin

adjective. adult (of men), fullgrown; manly

A word appearing as G. anothrin “adult (of men), fullgrown; manly” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of G. anoth “manhood†; man (fullgrown)” (GL/19).

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this word into Neo-Sindarin as ᴺS. anwathren “manly, masculine” as adjectival form of ᴺS. anwas “manhood”, both based on later N. anw “male (person or animal)” (Ety/ƷAN).

cwir-

verb. to stir, stir round, make spin

A verb appearing as G. cwir- “to stir, stir round, make spin” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/29), clearly a cognate to ᴱQ. qiri- “stir (make spin)” in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon and thus derived from a variant of the early root ᴱ√QIŘI [QIÐI] (QL/77).

Neo-Sindarin: A similar root √KWER “revolve” appeared in Tolkien’s later writings (PE17/65), so I think a Neo-Root ᴺ√KWIR “stir, spin” might be used as a variant of that root. As such, I would update this Gnomish word to ᴺS. pir- “to stir, stir round, make spin”, since (unlike in Gnomish of the 1910s) [[at|[kw] became [p]]] in Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s.

tess(il)

noun. little flower; †maiden

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with forms tess and tessil and glossed “little flower”, also with an archaic or poetic sense “†maiden” (GL/70). In its “flower” sense it may be related to G. teth “bud” appearing below it on the same page. In its “maiden” sense it may be related to ᴱQ. tessa “a maid, maiden” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/91). It may also appear as a mutated element in the (deleted) phrase G. gontha li dessa “boy and girl” (GL/54).

bedhin

adjective. wedded, married

An adjective in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “wedded, married”, a combination of the early root ᴱ√Beđ- for marriage words and the adjective suffix G. -in (GL/22).

famfa-

verb. to maul

A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon given as {fampa- >>} famfa- “maul”, an elaboration of G. famp “feeling, stroking” (GL/33).

flass

noun. sea-marge, surf; foam; margin, ragged margin, fringe

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “sea-marge, surf; foam; margin, ragged margin, fringe” (GL/35), derived from the root ᴱ√fal- which was “connected with ... many words in fl–” (GL/33).

pigla-

verb. to make urine

A verb appearing as G. pigla- or pictha- “make urine” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/64), probably based on the early root ᴱ√PIQI which had Quenya derivatives having to do with bitterness (QL/74).

Neo-Sindarin: I would update this verb to ᴺS. saera- “to urinate” based on the later word [N.] saer “bitter” (Ety/SAG).

rumla-

verb. to make a noise

A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “make a noise” with variants rumla- and brumla- (GL/66), perhaps derived from a variant of the early root ᴱ√RAMA from which ᴱQ. ran (ram-) “noise” was derived (QL/78).

rûtha-

verb. to dwell, remain

A verb glossed “dwell, remain” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s listed below G. rû “dwelling, house” (GL/66), thus likely related to ᴱQ. rú “dwelling, village” derived from the early root ᴱ√RU’U (QL/80).

torc

noun. a sear, mark of a burn

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “a sear, mark of a burn” (GL/71), probably based on the early root ᴱ√TORO (QL/94).

falos

noun. sea-marge, surf, coast, line, beach; margin, fringe, edge

belectha-

verb. to extol, magnify

cartha-

verb. to finish, make

cav-

verb. to bend, make stoop

curtha-

verb. to curdle, to make cheese (tr.)

gwineth

adjective. female

gwinwed

adjective. female

hiros

noun. guardian, overseer, lord, master

lî

noun. folk, many people, ‘they’, a crowd of folk

mort

noun. warrior, champion, hero; man; †sword, †shepherd

nîr

noun. woman

taith

noun. a letter, mark, sign

-rim

suffix. *many

baba

noun. mummy, mamma

babi

noun. mummy, mamma

brumla-

verb. to make a noise

cactha-

verb. to deride, mock, make fun of, laugh at

caitha-

verb. to make to do or be, cause, compel, induce, bring about

cith

noun. affair, matter, thing

delmos

noun. beech nuts, mast [= fruit of beech, oak, chestnut]

elm(en)

noun. wonder; singular, marvelous or unique thing; something strange

faltha-

verb. to strip, despoil, rob, make bare

felectha-

verb. to make equal, equalize

finweg

noun. craftsman, man of skill

gruithog

adjective. ferocious, mad with wrath

hiron

noun. guardian, overseer, lord, master

idhril

noun. *Man (f.)

idhrog

noun. *Man (m.)

idhweg

noun. *Man (m.)

idhwin

noun. *Man (f.)

i·weg fof

*man is a fool

naitha-

verb. to lament, weep, wail for, make moan for

nath

noun. thing, affair, matter

naudra-

verb. to abash, to make ashamed

pictha-

verb. to make urine

santha-

verb. to show, declare, point out, make known or clear

suthra-

verb. to hush, to make or go quiet

tag-

verb. to fix, make firm, construct

tholos

noun. sea-marge

trantha-

verb. to cross (tr. & intr.); to mark with a cross

tulga-

verb. to make firm, confirm, settle, steady; to comfort

urtha-

verb. work, wreak, fashion, make, devise

brithla

noun. pearl

A word for “pearl” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/24), the equivalent of ᴱQ. marilla and hence derived from the early root ᴱ√MṚÐṚ “grind” (QL/63).

Conceptual Development: In Tolkien’s later writings this early Gnomish word seems to have been replaced by S./N. brith “gravel” (UT/54; Ety/BIRÍT).

bas-

verb. to bake

A verb appearing as G. bas- “bake” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/22), based on the early root ᴱ√M(B)ASA “cook, bake” (QL/59).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin I would update this verb to ᴺS. basta- “to bake” for better compatibility with the later Quenya verb [ᴹQ.] masta-. I first saw this neologism suggested by Fiona Jallings (FJNS/339).

blantos

noun. sycamore

A word for “sycamore” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, apparently noun form of G. blant “flat”, likely referring to its leaves and possibly a reduced form of G. mavlantos of the same meaning (GL/23).

brath-

verb. to cook

A verb appearing as G. brath- “cook (tr.)” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/24), marked with a “✱” indicating it was a root as well.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin I retain both ᴺS. brath- “to cook” and the Neo-Root ᴺ√BRATH of the same meaning.

goloth

noun. forest

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “forest”, derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋgua-aloþ- (GL/41). This is likely a combination of ᴱ✶ŋu̯a “together” and some elaboration of the root ᴱ√ALA “spread”, the basis of “tree” words, so probably originally “✱together spread(ing)”. In The Gnomish Grammar it had the form gôloth (GG/8) and in Gnomish Lexicon Slips the form gawlas derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋgwa-alassa (PE13/114).

moth

noun. sheep

A noun for “sheep” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s given as {mô >>} moth (GL/58), likely derived from the early root ᴱ√MAWA “cry, bleat” that was the basis for “sheep” words in Early Qenya (QL/060).

mothweg

noun. shepherd

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “shepherd”, a combination form of G. moth “sheep” and the masculine suffix G. -weg “herd” (GL/58).

bedhri

noun. wedding

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s for “a wedding”, a combination of the early root ᴱ√Beđ- for marriage words and the noun suffix G. -ri (GL/22).

hethos

noun. brother

A word for “brother” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a masculinized form of G. heth “brother or sister, ✱sibling”, along with several (archaic?) variant forms {hethweg >>} hethwig, hestron, and hethron (GL/48-49). It was ultimately derived from the early root ᴱ√HESE [HEÞE?] (QL/40).

thith

noun. dust

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “dust”, appearing below other forms like G. thisin “parched, withered” (GL/73). The latter is clearly a cognate of ᴱQ. sisin from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon, and hence is derived from the root ᴱ√SISI as it appeared in that document (QL/84), though its Gnomish derivatives make it clear the actual root was ✱ᴱ√ÞISI.

ûm

noun. voice

bara dhair haithin

place name. Cottage of the Lost Play

(m)ami

noun. mummy

a

preposition. from

a(n)

preposition. of

aith

noun. sword

aithweg

noun. warrior

amil

noun. mother

bal

noun. anguish, pain; evilness

band

noun. hell

bast

noun. bread

benna-

verb. to wed

A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “to wed” based on the early root ᴱ√Beđ (GL/22).

brith-

verb. to chance

brog

noun. horse

bruithwir

masculine name. Bruithwir

clochiol

adjective. stone

An adjective for “stone” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as an element in G. gôf·clochiol “stone-fruit” (GL/40), derived from G. cloch “a stone” (GL/26).

dinithel

masculine name. Dinithel

ectha

noun. sword

er

adjective. one

faig

adjective. cruel

gwaith

noun. people

gwennin

noun. girl

hû

noun. dog

luib

adjective. thirsty

luist

noun. thirst

minethlos

place name. Argent Isle

mora

adjective. good

mô

noun. hand

olm

noun. dream

ontha

pronoun. his

rûm

place name. Rome

saig

adjective. hungry

saith

noun. hunger

suil

noun. daughter

tectha-

verb. to write

(m)bara-

verb. to dwell

(n)gôl

noun. slaughter

A noun appearing as (n)gôl “slaughter” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/41). Its etymology is unclear.

-vran

suffix. dwelling

A suffixal form of G. brann (GL/24); see S. barthan for discussion.

-vron

suffix. dwelling

a

preposition. of

aitheb

adjective. sharp, piercing

aithi

noun. sword

aithrog

noun. warrior

aithwen

noun. sword

alm(oth)

noun. forest

alos

noun. forest

A noun for “forest” the Gnomish Lexicon with an archaic variant †aloth, apparently an elaboration of G. âl “wood” (GL/19). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s it appeared as ᴱN. aulos “forest”, but this word was deleted (PE13/137).

alwen

noun. tree

ami

noun. mummy

arn

noun. son

ausirol

noun. fortune

bada-

verb. to build

bagri

noun. wares

baldrin

adjective. mighty

banc

noun. trade

baur

noun. house

beb

adverb. [unglossed]

blaith

noun. spirit

bo(n)

noun. son

brid-

verb. [unglossed]

celeg

noun. glass

clidhron

noun. [unglossed]

climbol

noun. [unglossed]

corn

noun. loaf

crictha-

verb. to bend

crisc

adjective. sharp

cuilin

adjective. golden

culu

noun. gold

culwin

adjective. golden

curug

noun. wizard

cwelm

noun. dusk

cwist

noun. secret

cwithri

noun. whisper

cwîr

noun. cream

A noun appearing as G. cwîr “cream” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/28), clearly related to ᴱQ. qirme “cream” and thus derived from the early root ᴱ√QIŘI (QL/77).

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this word as ᴺS. pîr “cream” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin from a Neo-Root ᴺ√KWIR “stir”, with ancient kw becoming p as was usual in Sindarin.

dolc

adjective. deep

don

pronoun. who

doros

noun. throne

dos

adverb. when

dui

adverb. where

dâ

adjective. high

dôn

?. [unglossed]

egriol

adjective. excessive

erth

noun. wish

fadro(n)

adjective. too much

fagin

adjective. cut

falas

noun. beach

fanc

noun. cut

fimli

noun. skill

findel

noun. tress

fingl

noun. tress

finnil

noun. tress

finwi

noun. skill

fufril

noun. moth

A noun appearing as G. fufril “moth” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/36).

Neo-Sindarin: The etymology of G. fufril isn’t clear, but could be derived from an early root ✱ᴱ√FUVU. I prefer to adapt this as a Neo-Root ᴺ√PHUM rather than ᴺ√PHUV/PHUB, since derivatives of ᴺ√PHUM would preserve the base vowel u. Thus I would adapt this word as ᴺS. fyvril “moth” < ✱phumril with i-affection; perhaps the final element is a feminine suffix as seen in N. thlingril “spider”. Admittedly this is all a very loose adaptation.

fuior

noun. deadly nightshade

fî

noun. [unglossed]

gag

noun. jaw

gail

noun. star

galdon

noun. tree

galtha-

verb. to kindle

A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s given as {galta- >>} galtha- “kindle”, apparently a transitive or causative variant of G. gal- “shine (golden)” (GL/37).

gatha

?. [unglossed]

@@@ form does not appear elsewhere and similar forms are not relevant

gawlas

noun. forest

gling

noun. music

glôr

noun. gold

gomintha

adverb. together

gond

noun. stone

gorn

noun. dung

A noun for “dung” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s of unclear etymology (GL/41).

gothweg

noun. warrior

gothwen

noun. battle

govedhri

noun. wedding

grosgen

noun. soil

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “soil”, a combination of G. groth “earth, soil” and suffixal G. -gen from the root ᴱ√KEME (GL/42). This root was glossed “soil” in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/46), so the actual meaning of this word seems to be something like “earthy soil”.

guira-

verb. to possess

gwadh-

verb. to dwell

A verb appearing as G. gwadh- “dwell” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with a (deleted) primitive form gu̯ađ (GL/46), likely an allusion to the early root ᴱ√ẆAÐA from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/102). In that document, Tolkien gave the Gnomish form as {gwath- >>} gwar-, however, which might align with the deleted primitive form ᴱ✶gu̯ara- “dwell” from the Gnomish Lexicon (GL/38).

gwandra

adjective. beautiful

gwanin

adjective. beautiful

gwast

noun. dwelling

A noun for “dwelling” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root ᴱ√[[ep|ŋwa[ð]-]] (GL/47).

gweith

noun. people

gwinn

noun. net

gwith

noun. net

hen

noun. eye

hermon

noun. lord

inthanfog

place name. Hell

le

preposition. and

lectha-

verb. to sharpen

lemfarilt

noun. ring

lin

noun. sound

lista-

verb. to bless

los’lóriol

proper name. Golden Flower

luibri

noun. thirst

lunta

noun. ship

lôs

noun. flower

mechor

noun. gore

A noun appearing as G. mechor “gore” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/56), clearly related to the early root ᴱ√MEHE “ooze‽” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon that was likewise the basis for “gore” words (QL/60).

Neo-Sindarin: I would retain this word as ᴺS. mechor “gore” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, derived from a Neo-Root ᴺ√MEKH of similar meaning, from primitive ✱mekhār or ✱mekhrē.

mectha

noun. goal, intention

mindon

noun. tower

minthon

noun. tower

miog

noun. cat

mu

preposition. from

mugwen

adjective. secret

mui

noun. cat

mul-

verb. to low, bellow

A verb for “low, bellow” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with variants mul- and mum, related to G. mû “ox” (GL/58).

mum-

verb. to low, bellow

muthra-

verb. to veil

nabos

noun. seizure

naboth

noun. seizure

nan

preposition. of

nanwin

noun. mother

naptha-

verb. to seize

nethron

noun. herd

A noun appearing as {nestor >>} nethron “herd” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, clearly derived from the early root ᴱ√NESE “give to feed; feed, pasture; graze” (QL/66) with sr becoming thr.

Neo-Sindarin: The suffix -(r)on is mostly an agental suffix in later Sindarin, so I would adapt this word as ᴺS. nethor “herd, flock” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin from the Neo-Root ᴺ√NES and primitive ✱nes-rē; compare [N.] tathor < ᴹ✶tathrē.

nân

noun. mother

o

preposition. from

o-

conjunction. he

on

pronoun. he

orn

noun. tree

orod

noun. mountain

ort

noun. mountain

osp(a)

noun. foam

A noun “foam” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with variants osp and ospa (GL/63), probably derived from the root ᴱ√Palas (QL/72).

pad

noun. [unglossed]

polodrin

adjective. mighty

A word appearing as G. polodrin “mighty” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjective form of G. polod “power, might, authority” (GL/64). It had an archaic variant {poldurin >>} †polurin or polorin which was sometimes used as a sobriquet for Tulcus.

Neo-Sindarin: Since ᴹ√POL(OD) still had to do with “strength” in Tolkien’s later writings, I’d adapt this word as ᴺS. polodhren “mighty, ✱powerful” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin using the later Sindarin adjective -ren. Given the meanings of its base noun (including authority), I’d assume this adjective has a connotation of political power. I’d constrast it with S. belaith which I’d use for “mighty” in general (independent of authority).

praust

noun. [unglossed]

pridwir

noun. judge

prog

noun. [unglossed]

rab-

verb. [unglossed]

ranoth

noun. month

ranuin

masculine name. Month

redhos

noun. land

rui

noun. whisper

rô

noun. [unglossed]

sactha-

verb. to fight

saroth

noun. sea

sind

noun. [unglossed]

sinthi

pronoun. [unglossed]

sui

noun. daughter

suss

interjection. hush

talp

noun. glass

taura

adjective. powerful

telu

noun. end

thail

noun. [unglossed]

thegor

noun. chief

thel

noun. [unglossed]

thelg

noun. [unglossed]

thil

noun. [unglossed]

thion

noun. [unglossed]

thothweg

noun. wizard

thrim

?. [unglossed]

thû-

verb. [unglossed]

trum

?. [unglossed]

tuvrin

adjective. acceptable

tuvriol

adjective. acceptable

túrin

masculine name. Lord

tûn

noun. [unglossed]

ulthanc

noun. [unglossed]

umbart

noun. fate

umeg

?. [unglossed]

umrod

noun. fate

ûg

noun. mud

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “mud” (GL/74), possibly derived from a variant (?ᴱ√UK) of the Early Root ᴱ√LUKU from the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon which likewise had derivatives like ᴱQ. lukso “mud” (QL/56).

ûgrin

adjective. muddy

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “muddy”, simply an adjectival form of G. ûg (GL/74).

’ôs

noun. [unglossed]

to

proper name. To