-or

ending referring to persons or animals used after n

pl1. -yr suff. masc. ending referring to persons or animals used after n. >> -on

egor

conjunction. or

egor

conjunction. or

egor

or

egor

egor

or

**

celebrin

adjective. like silver (in hue or worth), like silver (in hue or worth), [G.] of silver

An adjectival form of celeb “silver”. In notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien described it as: “celebrin, adj. from celeb ‘silver’, not implying ‘made of silver’ but ‘like silver’ in hue, or worth” (PE17/42).

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, G. celebrin meant “of silver” while G. celebriol meant “like silver” (GL/25). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s the form became ᴱN. celebren “of silver” (PE13/140). In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien first equated N. celebren with ᴹQ. telpina “of silver” (Ety/KYELEP) but he revised the entry and updated its gloss to “like silver” (EtyAC/KYELEP). This new gloss did not appear in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road (LR/367), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne provided it in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT45/25). This new gloss is consistent with the meaning of celebrin in Tolkien’s later writings (see above).

hû

noun. hound (or ?heart), hound, [N.] dog; S. ?heart

A noun appearing as N. hû “dog” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KHUG “bark, bay” (Ety/KHUGAN). The same form hû appeared in rough notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s with a gloss that might be “hound” or might be “heart”, according to Christopher Gilson (PE17/86). This later hû form was derived from ✶khōgo, which makes me think “hound” is the more likely meaning given the primitive form’s resemblance to ᴹ√KHUG.

Conceptual Development: G. hû “dog” also appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/49), but in this period was probably derived from the early root ᴱ√SAẆA (QL/82).

rond

noun. (vaulted or arched) roof; vaulted chamber or cavern; heavens [as a roof of the world]

A noun for a vaulted or arched roof, as well as chambers with such a roof, both constructed and natural. Tolkien’s most complete description of this word appeared in the Quendi and Eldar essay:

> S rond, Q rondo are from ✱rono “arch over, roof in”. This could be applied both to natural and to artificial structures, but its view was always from below and from the inside ... CE ✱rondo meant “a vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside)”, or “a (large) hall or chamber so roofed”. It was still often applied pictorially to the heavens after the Elves had obtained much greater knowledge of star-lore. Cf. the name Elrond “Star-dome“ (WJ/414).

Thus this word was sometimes also applied (metaphorically) to describe the dome of heaven. This definition of rond as both a roof and a cavern appeared elsewhere in Tolkien’s writings as well (RC/421; EtyAC/ROD).

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor to this word was G. grûd(a) “cavern” (archaic †rûda) from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√roto “hollow” (GL/42, 45, 66; QL/80). This was followed by a word ᴱN. gorod “cave” in the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s (PE13/123), and ᴱN. gronn (archaic †grond) in contemporaneous Early Noldorin Word-lists with glosses like “cave” (PE13/145) or “cavern” (PE13/162).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s it was N. rhonn (archaic †rhond) “roof, cave” from the root ᴹ√ROD of the same meaning (Ety/ROD). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road Christopher Tolkien gave the gloss “cave” (LR/384), but in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies, Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne corrected this to “roof, cave” (EtyAC/ROD). In this document it was already the basis of N. Elrond = “Starry-dome” (Ety/EL). In the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60, Tolkien seems to have kept the basic definition from The Etymologies of the 1930s but updated its form and etymology, deriving it from a new root √RON “arch over”.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I prefer the earlier root form ᴹ√ROD as this lets us retain more of the 1930s forms.

imrad

noun. path or pass between mountains or trackless forest, *(lit.) valley path

A noun appearing in notes from the late 1960s for “a path or pass between mountains, hills or trackless forest”, a combination of (archaic) S. †im “valley” and S. râd “path” (VT47/14). It is probably the clearest Sindarin word for a mountain pass.

-es

ending referring to persons or animals used after dh [= ð]

pl1. -is suff. fem. ending referring to persons or animals used after dh [= ð], th. >> -eth, -on

-eth

ending referring to persons or animals

pl1. -ith suff. fem. ending referring to persons or animals. -es after dh [=ð], th. >> -es, -on

-on

ending referring to persons or animals

pl1. -yn suff. masc. ending referring to persons or animals. -or after n. >> -eth, -or

-rim

suffix. general or group plural ending

pl. suff. general or group plural ending. >> -ath

-waith

suffix. often used of regions in proper names or peoples

_suff. _often used of regions in proper names or peoples. >> gwaith, -weith

-weith

suffix. often used of regions in proper names or peoples

_suff. _often used of regions in proper names or peoples. >> -waith

Caladriel

noun. Interpreted or altered to Galadriel to reflect Galadrim

_ prop. n. _Interpreted or altered to Galadriel to reflect Galadrim. >> Galadriel

Míriel

adjective. or quasi-adverb like a jewel

_adj. or quasi-adverb _like a jewel, shining jewel-like. In origin a participial form of verb míria-. silivren penna míriel lit. 'glittering slants-down sparkling (as jewels)'. >> míria-

ast

noun. light or heat of sun

_n. _light or heat of sun. >> Asfaloth

caras

noun. built fort or dwelling surrounded by bulkwarks

_ n. _built fort or dwelling surrounded by bulkwarks. Q. carasse. >> Caras Galadon

faran

noun. any growing thing or plant

_ n. _any growing thing or plant. Q. farne/pharne. >> farn-

farn-

noun. any growing thing or plant

_ n. _any growing thing or plant. Q. farne/pharne. >> faran

fergenol

adjective. quick to see or perceive

adj. quick to see or perceive, sharpsighted (or **witted), etc. >> fair, feir, fergar, feria-, ferui

hoth

host (nearly always used in evil or at least unfriendly sense in S

_ n. _host (nearly always used in evil or at least unfriendly sense in S.). host << host, mob. Q. ñauro. >> glamhoth, Lossoth, ngaur

lî

noun. a people of one kind or origin

_n. _a people of one kind or origin. >> gwaith, rim

mâf

noun. pile or mass of rock or earth

A noun from 1967 notes on the comparative, glossed “a pile or mass of rock or earth” (PE17/93). It appeared underneath the root √MBŎNO, but was almost certainly actually derived from √MAB “lump, mass” appearing earlier in the same notes (PE17/90). Both these roots were considered as a new basis for the words Q. ambo and S. amon “hill” when Tolkien repurposed the root √AM “up” as √AMA “addition, increase, plus” in order to serve as a new basis for Quenya comparative forms, with √MAB &gt;&gt; √MBŎNO.

Neo-Eldarin: Given the evolution of its roots, this Sindarin word is pretty dubious, but I don’t have a good alternative for it at the moment.

ogron

noun. a wicked or evil person

_ n. _a wicked or evil person. >> oew, ogol

rasg

a drag or any large

pl1.#resg _n. _a drag or any large, flat vehicle on wheels or rollers for hauling stone or other weighty material. Q. raxa. >> Nan Gondresgion

rim

a people of one kind or origin

_n. _a people of one kind or origin. >> gwaith, lî

sirion

place name. properly 'the Vale or lands about the River Síre' or 'the Great Stream'

_ topon. _properly 'the Vale or lands about the River Síre' or 'the Great Stream'. >> -ion

teitha-

verb. make marks or signs

_ v. _make marks or signs, write, inscribe. >> taith, teith, teithant

ast

noun. light or heat of the sun

leb-

verb. to pick, pluck, take or feel or touch with fingers, cull

lhoss

noun. whispering or rustling sound

fân

noun. cloud (applied to clouds, floating as veils over the blue sky or the sun or moon, or resting on hills)

lanc

noun. sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end (as a cliff-edge, or the clean edge of things made by hand or built)

plad

noun. palm, flat of the hand, hand held upwards or forwards, flat and tensed (with fingers and thumb closed or spread)

urug

noun. "bogey", anything that caused fear to the Elves, any dubious shape or shadow, or prowling creature

Achad Tarlang

place name. The long narrow 'col' or passage over the long spur of the mountains that separated Lamedon from the plain of Erech

topon. The long narrow 'col' or passage over the long spur of the mountains that separated Lamedon from the plain of Erech. It is not certain whether this was named after some ancient man with the Sindarin name Tarlang ('stiff-neck', sc. 'proud') or was due to the obsolescence of Tarlang 'the stiff, tough passage' to which S. ached had been prefixed in explanation, so that Achad Tarlang 'the crossing called Tarlang' was interpreted as 'Tarlang's Neck'. The neck was not the name of the passage but of the lower, narrower ridge (crossed by the road) between the main mountains, and the mountainous region at southern end of the spur. Fachad, lang

Fingon

noun. Tolkien proposed revision of this name: Finion or Fingorn

_prop. n. _Tolkien proposed revision of this name: Finion or Fingorn (PE17:112). . This gloss was rejected.

aran

'high or noble person'

pl1. erain n. 'high or noble person', king, chief.

curu

noun. craft; applied to all cunning things or [wily?] things

_ n. _craft; applied to all cunning things or [wily?] things, esp. when intended as mysterious or secret.

ephel

outer wall or fence

_ n. _outer wall or fence. . This gloss was rejected.

fain

vague shape or fleeting glimpse

n. vague shape or fleeting glimpse, esp. of 'apparitions' or figures seen in dreams.

fergenol

adjective. quick to see or perceive, sharp-sighted or witted

galad

noun. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water)

glaur-

prefix. golden colour of sunshine or golden-flowers

_ pref. _golden colour of sunshine or golden-flowers. The application to gold of the stem was poetic and referred primarily to colour (as esp. of laburnum) not to material (Q. malta).

imrad

noun. a path or pass (between mountains, hills or trackless forest)

minlamad

noun. 'first voiced' or 'first-echoing', alliterative (?) verse mode (minlamad thent/estent)

The word is not translated by Tolkien. For a discussion of its probable meaning, refer to Tolkien's Legendarium p. 121-122

morben

noun. one of the Avari or Easterlings in Beleriand

mâf

noun. a pile or mass of rock or earth

n. a pile or mass of rock or earth.

ogron

noun. wicked or evil person

ost

noun. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art

penedh

historical form obsolete as specific 'tribal' or general

{ð} n. historical form obsolete as specific 'tribal' or general, except as element in certain proper-names.

rond

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

sant

noun. garden, field, yard (or other place in private ownership whether enclosed or not)

Teler

person or thing at the rear

teler (i deler), pl. telir (i thelir), coll. pl. telerrim (when used of the people of the Teleri, PM:385)

abor

adjective. following, succeeding, close behind (of place), next behind or after (time or place)

anu

noun/adjective. male (person or animal)

auth

spectral or vague apparition

auth (dim shape), pl. oeth. Note: a homophone means "war, battle".

auth

vague or spectral apparition

auth (dim shape), pl. oeth. Note: a homophone means "war, battle".

auth

spectral or vague apparition

(dim shape), pl. oeth. Note: a homophone means &quot;war, battle&quot;.

auth

vague or spectral apparition

(dim shape), pl. oeth. Note: a homophone means &quot;war, battle&quot;.

gardh

bounded or defined place

gardh (i **ardh) (region), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh** = i ñerdh).

gardh

defined or bounded place

gardh (i **ardh) (region), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh** = i ñerdh)

gardh

bounded or defined place

gardh (i **ardh) (region), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh** = i ñerdh);

gardh

bounded or defined place

(i ’ardh) (region), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh =  i ñerdh).

gardh

defined or bounded place

(i ’ardh) (region), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh)

gobel

walled house (or village)

gobel (i **obel) (enclosed dwelling, ”town”), pl. gebil (i ngebil** = i ñebil). Archaic pl. *göbil.

gobel

walled house (or village)

gobel (i **obel) (enclosed dwelling, ”town”), pl. gebil (i ngebil** = i ñebil). Archaic pl. *göbil.

hadron

thrower/hurler of spears or darts

(warrior) hadron (i chadron, o chadron), pl. hedryn (i chedryn), coll. pl. hadronnath

leutha

pick up or out

leutha- (VT47:10, 23; the diphthong eu seems unusual for Sindarin):

othronn

underground city or stronghold

*othronn (pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (fortress in a cave or caves). Cited in archaic form othrond in the sources (WJ:414, VT46:12)

othronn

underground stronghold or city

*othronn (pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (fortress in a cave or caves). Cited in archaic form othrond in the sources (WJ:414, VT46:12)

othronn

underground stronghold or city

*othronn (pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (fortress in a cave or caves). Cited in archaic form othrond in the sources (WJ:414, VT46:12)

othronn

underground stronghold or city

(pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (fortress in a cave or caves). Cited in archaic form othrond in the sources (WJ:414, VT46:12)

pendrad

passage up or down slope

pendrad (i bendrad, o phendrad) (stairway), pl. pendraid (i phendraid). A side-form ends in -rath instead of -rad.

pendrad

passage up or down slope

pendrad (i bendrad, o phendrad) (stairway), pl. pendraid (i phendraid). A side-form ends in -rath instead of -rad.

pendrad

passage up or down slope

(i bendrad, o phendrad) (stairway), pl. pendraid (i phendraid). A side-form ends in -rath instead of -rad.

rim

cold pool or lake

rim; no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”crowd, great number, host”.

rim

noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)

-r Archaic

suffix. motion to or towards a point, motion to or towards a point, *archaic allative

A fossilized allative suffix derived from primitive ✶-da appearing a few adverbs like öar “away from” and tar(a) “thither” (WJ/366; PE19/104).

hya

conjunction. or

hela

or

hela conj. "or", apparently an ephemeral form, replaced by hya (VT49:14-15). The editor theorizes that hela literally meant "other than" (VT49:15)

hya

or

hya conj. "or" or noun "other thing" (VT49:14)

var

or

var (1) conj. "or" (QL:100). In Tolkiens later Quenya, the word hya appears for "or". A phrase involving a double var…var may mean "either…or" in one early (untranslated) text, according to Christopher Gilsons interpretation (PE15:32, 39)

ecar

conjunction. or

herca

conjunction. or

maica

noun. blade of a cutting tool or weapon (especially sword-blade)

A noun appearing in notes associated with the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, glossed “blade of a cutting tool or weapon, especially sword-blade” derived from the root √MAK “cut, hew” (VT39/11). The Elves were somewhat uncertain of the ancient origin of this noun and Tolkien said:

> By some loremasters it was brought into relation with a small group of supposed ancient “desiderative” formations with intruded i ... Maika would [in ancient Elvish] thus be interpretted as “eager, fit, ready to cut”, and it might well be brought into relation with the idea often found in ancient tales that swords were greedy and thirsty (VT39/11).

Conceptual Development: Earlier “blade” words in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s include ᴱQ. valke (valki-) “edge, sharp blade” under the early root ᴱ√VḶKḶ (QL/101) and ᴱQ. hyanda “blade, share” under the early root ᴱ√HYAŘA [HYAÐA] “plough through” (QL/41). Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱQ. tále as a cognate to ᴱN. dail “axe-blade”, both derived from primitive ᴱ✶daglé (PE13/141). The Early Qenya Phonology of the 1920s had the similar noun ᴱQ. taila “blade” derived from primitive ᴱ✶dagla (PE14/66).

hú

noun. hound (or ?heart)

A Quenya word hú glossed as either “hound” or “heart” (according to Christopher Gilson) appearing in rough notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s exploring the possible origins of S. huorn (PE17/86). This was followed by an unglossed variant form Q. hó, apparently derived from khōgo. Tolkien seems to have vacillated between primitive roots √KHUG/KHOG (the former being the basis for “dog” words in The Etymologies) or √KHON (the basis for “heart” words in The Etymologies), connections that were also pointed out by Christopher Gilson.

Neo-Quenya: Giving the tenuous nature of this word, I’d stick to better defined ᴹQ. huo “dog” from The Etymologies for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

luppo

noun. clumsy piece or lump

A noun appearing in both the Outline of Phonetic Development from the 1940s (OP1: PE19/45) and the Outline of Phonology from the 1950s (OP2: PE19/92) with the gloss “a clumsy piece or lump” derived from primitive ✶lubbu and illustrating how combinations of voiced stops were unvoiced in (Ancient) Quenya: bb &gt; pp.

nessa

feminine name. she that has manlike valour or strength

Spouse of Tulkas and one of the Valier (S/29). Her name was most likely an adaptation of her Valarin title (WJ/404), though some interpreted it as a development from ancient ✶Neresā meaning “she that has manlike valour or strength” (WJ/416).

Conceptual Development: Her name ᴱQ. Nessa had already appeared in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/75), though its derivation and meaning at this early stage is unclear. In The Etymologies, the name ᴹQ. Nessa appeared as a derivative of the root ᴹ√NETH “young” (Ety/NETH). The derivation above did not appeared until the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60.

nor-

verb. to run (or leap, of animals or men), to run (of animals or men); to leap

A verb translated “run (or leap: of animals, men etc.)” in notes from around 1965, derived from the root √NOR (PE17/94, 168). It also appeared in its past form norne “ran” in Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/58).

Conceptual Development: A similar verb ᴱQ. nyor(o)- “run” appeared in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/132, 134). In earlier writings the root had a slightly different meaning: ᴱ√NORO “run, go smoothly, ride, spin” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/67), and ᴹ√NOR “run as of wheels, roll along” in a rejected page of verbal roots in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948 (PE22/127). The latter document had a distinct verb ᴹQ. rohta- based on the root ᴹ√ROK “run on foot”; in later writings from the 1950s and 60s this root was only used for “horse” words.

Earlier still, the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had several unrelated verbs for “run”: ᴱQ. loqo- “run (of human beings)” under the early root ᴱ√LOQO (QL/56), ᴱQ. pelte- “run” under the early root ᴱ√PELE having to do with revolving things (QL/73), and ᴱQ. yurin [yuru-] “runs” under the early root ᴱ√ẎURU “run” (QL/106). The last of these reappeared as a (Noldorin-only?) root ᴹ√YUR “run” in The Etymologies of the 1930s.

By the 1950s and 60s, the only surviving root for running on legs seems to be √NOR, as described above.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d use Q. nor- only to mean “run (of animals and men)”. For “leap” I would use [ᴹQ.] cap-.

telpina

adjective. like silver (in hue or worth), like silver (in hue or worth), [ᴹQ.] of silver

An adjective implied by the name Q. Telpinquar “Silver-fist”, the Quenya equivalent of S. Celebrimbor in notes from the mid-1960s (PE17/42). In other writings Tolkien gave this name as (archaic) Tyelpinquar (PM/318; VT47/8). It is conceivable that this adjective is t(y)elpin, but both The Etymologies of the 1930s and the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, Tolkien had ᴹQ. telpina (Ety/KYELEP) and ᴱQ. telpina “of silver” (QL/91), so I think the late form of this adjective is more likely telpina as a combination of telpë “silver” with the adjective suffix -ina “silver”.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon, ᴱQ. telpina was glossed “of silver” and had variants ᴱQ. telpea, telpia and {telpeksa}, the last of which was deleted (QL/91). In The Etymologies of the 1930s ᴹQ. telpina was equated to ᴹQ. telepsa “of silver”, but telepsa was deleted and no gloss was provided after these revisions (Ety/KYELEP). In the mid-1960s note mentioned above, Tolkien said of S. celebrin that it was “not implying ‘made of silver’ but ‘like silver’ in hue, or worth” (PE17/42), but it is not clear whether the same applies to Q. telpin[a].

Finally, there was a longer Quenya name Telperinquar for S. Celebrimbor in the mid-1960s note (PE17/42), implying a variant Quenya adjective telperin that was a more direct equivalent of S. celebrin. This alterate adjective form may be a loan for Telerin telperin since Quenya mostly uses -rin as a language suffix and not a general adjective suffix as in Telerin/Sindarin; hat-tip to Parmandil for this suggestion.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume telpina is a general adjective “silver” than can mean either “made of silver” or “like silver”, while longer telperin more specifically means “like silver in hue or worth”.

saucarë

noun. doing or making a thing very badly

A word for “doing or making a thing very badly” appearing in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959, illustrating the use of the prefix sau- “badly”. It can be contrasted with loikare “mistaken action” and uskare “doing wrong” from the same document. These probably all function as nouns, but likely originate as infinitives of the verb car- “do”.

Valinor

the land (or people) of the valar

Valinor place-name "the land (or people) of the Valar", *"Vali-land" (Vali = Valar), land of the Gods in the West (BAL, NDOR); cf. Valandor. Full form Valinórë (BAL; Vali-nórëunder NDOR).Said to be "the true Eldarin name of Aman", the latter name being explained as a borrowing from Valarin in some versions of the linguistic scenario (VT49:26). In the early "Qenya Lexicon", Valinor, Valinórë is glossed "Asgard", the name of the city of the gods in Norse mythology (LT1:272). It seems that in such more restricted use, Valinor is not the entire Blessed Realm but rather the specific region beyond the Pelóri where (most of) the Valar dwelt, with Val(i)mar as the chief city. Thus it is said of Eärendil that he "went into Valinor and to the halls of Valimar" only after he had already left his ship and ventured as far as Tirion (Silmarillion, chapter 24). Possessive Valinóreva in Nurtalë Valinóreva, the "Hiding of Valinor", the possessive case here assuming the function of object genitive (Silm); genitive Valinórëo in Yénië Valinórëo "Annals of Valinor" (MR:200; the last word was changed from Valinóren, Tolkien revising the genitive ending from -n to -o)

anessë

given (or added) name

anessë noun "given (or added) name" (encompassing both epessi and amilessi) (MR:217)

nor-

verb. run (or leap: of animals, men etc.)

nor- vb. "run (or leap: of animals, men etc.)", pa.t. nornë (PE17:58, 168); cf. nórima, nornoro-

ruc-

verb. feel fear or horror

#ruc- (1) ("k")vb. "feel fear or horror" (1st pers. aorist rucin "I feel fear or horror"); the verb is said to be constructed with "from" (sc. the ablative case, or prepositions like ho or va?) of the object feared. _(WJ:415) _Hence e.g. *rucin i ulundollo* (or, rucin ho/va i ulundo**) for "I fear the monster"?

ó-

used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units

ó- (usually reduced to o- when unstressed) a prefix "used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units". In omentië, onóna, ónoni, q.v. _(WJ:367, PE17:191; in the Etymologies, stem WŌ, the prefix _o-, ó- is simply defined as "together".) In VT43:29 is found a table showing how pronominal endings can be added to the preposition ó-; the resulting forms are onyë or óni "with me", ómë "with us" [also in VT43:36, where "us" is said to be exclusive], ólyë or ólë "with you" (olyë only sg. "you", whereas ólë can be either sg. or pl.), ósë "with him/her", ótë *"with them" (of animates where "them" refers to non-persons, óta [or shortened ót] is used, though the conceptual validity of ta as a pl. pronoun is questionable), ósa (or shortened ós) "with it". (Two additional forms, ótar and ótari, presumably mean "with them" of inanimate things; see VT49:56 for a possible second attestation of tar as the word for plural inanimate "they".) However, Tolkien's later decision to the effect that ó- refers to two parties only may throw doubt upon the conceptual validity of some of these forms, where at least three persons would be implied (like ótë "with them", where one person is "with" two or more others though Tolkien indicates that two groups may also be involved where the preposition ó- is used). The explicit statement in WJ:367 that the prepostion o (variant of ó) did not exist independently in Quenya is however difficult to get around, so instead using the preposition ó/o (with or without endings) for "with", writers may rather use as, the form appearing in the last version of Tolkien's Quenya Hail Mary (also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with you").

quëatarwa

noun. vegetable or kitchen garden

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo to replace ᴱQ. laukien of the same meaning, a combination of quëa “vegetable” and [ᴱQ.] tarwa “garden”.

lantalca

noun. boundary post or mark

sahtië

noun. pressure or force (to do something against one’s will or conscience)

an

adverb/conjunction. for, but, then, or; moreover, furthermore

ava-

prefix. negation (refusing or forbidden)

carassë

noun. built fort or dwelling surrounded by bulwarks

-ula Reconstructed

suffix. likelihood or aptitude

námië

noun. single judgment or desire

russë

noun. head or pelt of red hair

únat

noun. thing impossible to be or to be done

-ite

suffix. {habit or special association with the verbal action}

-ā, -ă

suffix. common or inanimate

common or inanimate (neuter)

Arfanyaras

variant or close equivalent

Arfanyaras, Arfanyarassë place-name, a "variant or close equivalent" of Taniquetil (WJ:403)

Canafinwë

strong-voiced or ?commanding finwë

Canafinwë masc. name "strong-voiced or ?commanding Finwë"; his Sindarin name was Maglor (see Macalaurë). Short Quenya name Cáno. (PM:352)

Nando

one who goes back on his word or decision

#Nando (1) pl. Nandor noun name of the Green-elves (Laiquendi). The primitive word ¤ndandō, whence Quenya Nando, implied "one who goes back on his word or decision", since the Nandor left the March from Cuiviénen to Aman. Adj. Nandorin. (WJ:412, VT48:32)

Oromë

the eldar now take the name to singify 'horn-blowing' or 'horn-blower', but to the valar it had no such meaning

Oromë noun name of a Vala, adopted and adapted from Valarin. Observes Pengolodh, "the Eldar now take the name to singify 'horn-blowing' or 'horn-blower', but to the Valar it had no such meaning" (WJ:400-401, cf. SA:rom and ROM, TÁWAR in Etym, VT14:5). Genitive Oromëo and possessive Oroméva in WJ:368. _._Loose compound Oromë róma "an Oromë horn", sc. "one of Orome's horns (if he had more than one)" (WJ:368). A deleted entry in the Etymologies cited the name as Orómë with a long middle vowel (VT45:15). Oromendil, masc. name *"Friend of Oromë" (UT:210)

aian

holy thing or object or place

aian noun "a holy thing or object or place", later form of áyan (PE17:149)

aian

noun. holy thing or object or place

attat

2 fathers or neighbours

-t (1) dual ending, on nouns denoting a _pair of something: attat "2 fathers or neighbours" (VT48:19; see _atto), máryat "her (pair of) hands" (Nam), siryat "two rivers" (VT47:11), ciriat "2 ships" (Letters:427 read ciryat as in the Plotz Letter?), maquat "group of ten" (from maqua, meaning among other things "group of five") (VT47:7), nápat "thumb and index as a pair" (VT48:5), also compare met "us two" as the dual form of me "us" (Nam, VT47:11). Other dual endings known from the Plotz letter: genitive -to, possessive -twa, dative -nt, locative -tsë, allative -nta, ablative -lto, instrumental -nten, plus -tes as a possible short locative. It may be that these endings only apply to nouns that would have nominative dual forms in -t, and that nouns preferring the alternative dual ending -u would simply add the otherwise "singular" case endings to this vowel, e.g. *Alduo rather than ?Alduto as the genitive form of "Two Trees" (Aldu). The ending -t is also used as a verbal inflection, corresponding to pl. -r (elen atta siluvat**, "two stars shall shine", VT49:45; the verb carit** "do" would also be used with a dual subject, VT49:16; cf. also the endings listed in VT49:48, 50).

avanyárima

not to be told or related

avanyárima adj. "not to be told or related" (WJ:370), "unspeakable, wahat one must not tell" (PE17:143)

camba

the whole hand, but as flexed, with fingers more or less closed, cupped, in the attitude of receiving or holding

camba noun "the whole hand, but as flexed, with fingers more or less closed, cupped, in the attitude of receiving or holding" (VT47:7)

carassë

built fort or dwelling surrounded by bulwarks

carassë noun "a built fort or dwelling surrounded by bulwarks" (PE17:84)

carcaras

row of spikes or teeth

carcaras, carcassë _("k")_noun "row of spikes or teeth" (LT2:344 - Tolkien's later Quenya has carcanë [read ?carcarë], but these words, especially carcassë, may still be valid)

cauma

protection or shelter natural or otherwise, sc. against sun, or rain, or wind or against darts; shield

cauma ("k")noun "protection or shelter natural or otherwise, sc. against sun, or rain, or wind or against darts; shield" (PE17:108)

hanu

male (of men or elves), male animal, man

hanu noun "a male (of Men or Elves), male animal, man" (3AN, VT45:16)

hecil

one lost or forsaken by friends, waif, outcast, outlaw

hecil ("k") (masc. hecilo, fem. hecilë) noun "one lost or forsaken by friends, waif, outcast, outlaw" (WJ:365)

hlapu-

blow; fly or stream in the wind

hlapu- verb "blow; fly or stream in the wind", participle hlápula "blowing" in Markirya

hrondo

corporeal form or body (especially of the elves)

hrondo noun "a corporeal form or body (especially of the Elves)" (PE17:183). Tolkien replaced this word by hroa, q.v.

hó

noun. hound (or ?heart)

lantalca

boundary post or mark

lantalca ("k")noun "boundary post or mark" (VT42:8, 28)

larmo

noun. listener (spy or scout)

laustaner

not 'roared' or 'rushed' but made a windy noise

laustaner vb. in past tense 'lausted' ("not 'roared' or 'rushed' but made a windy noise" but in MC:220, Tolkien himself translated laustanéro as "rushed") (MC:216; this is "Qenya")

lepetas

first or index finger

lepetas noun "first or index finger" (VT47:10, VT48:5, 14). Stem lepetass- (pl. lepetassi, VT47:11) Also tassa.

loctë

blossom (of flowers in bunches or clusters)

loctë ("k")noun "blossom (of flowers in bunches or clusters)" (LT1:258; this would have to become *lohtë in LotR-style Quenya)

luppo

noun. clumsy piece or lump

clumsy piece or lump

maica

blade of a cutting tool or weapon, especially sword-blade

maica (2) ("k") noun "blade of a cutting tool or weapon, especially sword-blade" (VT39:11)

masta

cake or loaf

masta noun "cake or loaf" (PE17:52), in an earlier source defined as "bread" (MBAS, PM:404; later sources have massa or massë for this meaning). Mastamma "our bread" in Tolkiens translatation of the Lords Prayer (VT43:18). In the Etymologies, Tolkien emended the gloss of masta from "dough" to "bread" (VT45:33).

naica

bitterly painful or grievous

naica (1) adj. "bitterly painful or grievous" (PE17:151)

naica

adjective. bitterly painful or grievous

naiquet-

verb. to curse or blaspheme

naiquet- vb. "to curse or blaspheme" (PE17:151)

niquis

frost-patterns; ice-flake or snowflake also petal (loose) of a white flower

niquis noun "frost-patterns; ice-flake or snowflake also petal (loose) of a white flower" (stem niquits- or niquiss-), also niquessë by association with quessë "feather" (WJ:417, PE17:168). In early "Qenya", the gloss was simply "snow" (LT1:266).

opelë

walled house or village, 'town'

opelë noun "walled house or village, 'town' " (PEL(ES) )

osto

strong or fortified building or place, strong place, fortress

osto (1) noun "a strong or fortified building or place, strong place, fortress" (MR:350, 471; WJ:414); "city, town with wall round" (OS, VT46:8)

paimeta-

exact or inflict a penalty; punish

paimeta- "exact or inflict a penalty; punish" (QL:72)

raita-

verb. make network or lace

raita- 1) vb. "make network or lace" (also rëa-)(VT42:12)

raxa

drag of any large, flat vehicle on wheels or rollers for hauling stone or other weighty material

raxa noun "a drag of any large, flat vehicle on wheels or rollers for hauling stone or other weighty material" (PE17:28)

ringwë

cold pool or lake (in mountains)

ringwë (1) noun "cold pool or lake (in mountains)" (VT46:11). The misreading ringë appears in Etym as printed in LR, entry RINGI.

rondo

vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below

rondo noun "a vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below" (and usually not visible from outside); "a (large) hall or chamber so roofed", "vaulted hall" _(WJ:414; VT39:9; in the Etymologies, stem ROD, the gloss is simply "cave" or "roof"; see VT46:12 for the latter gloss)_. Cf. *Elerondo.

russë

(a head or pelt of) red hair

russë (1) noun "(a head or pelt of) red hair" (VT41:10)

saucarë

doing or making a thing very badly

saucarë noun "doing or making a thing very badly" (PE17:183)

tecco

stroke of pen or brush (´) when not used as long mark

tecco ("k")noun "stroke of pen or brush (´) when not used as long mark" (TEK)

telperin

adjective. like silver (in hue or worth)

tengwesta

system or code of signs

tengwesta ("ñ")noun "a system or code of signs", "Language", referring particularly to structure, including morphology and grammar (VT39:15). As a technical term for "language", this includes languages not made up of sounds (WJ:394), but usually it means "spoken language" when unqualified (WJ:395). In the Etymologies, tengwesta is glossed "grammar" (TEK).

valaina

of or belonging to the valar, divine

valaina adj. "of or belonging to the Valar, divine" (BAL)

valya

having (divine) authority or power

valya adj. "having (divine) authority or power" (BAL; this word is of course etymologically connected to the Valar and should not be used with reference to the divinity of Eru.)

vehtë

life - not life in general or as a principle, but (a period of) individual activity

vehtë noun "life - not Life in general or as a principle, but (a period of) individual activity", thus also "the place where a person, people &c. lived and had their business, i.e. habitat, haunt" (PE17:189)

vá-

prefix. negation (refusing or forbidden)

vá caris i

he is not to do it (now or ever); in any case (whatever may be said, desired, or may occur to the contrary) he is not to do this

wilwarindëa

like a wilwarin or butterfly

wilwarindëa adj. "like a wilwarin or butterfly", pl. wilwarindië (PE16:96)

áyan

holy thing or object or place

áyan (later form aian) noun "a holy thing or object or place" (PE17:149)

úfanwa

not veiled or obscure, perspicuous

úfanwa adj. "not veiled or obscure, perspicuous" (PE17:176)

úmë

great collection or crowd of things of same sort

úmë (2) "great collection or crowd of things of same sort" (a struck-out note gave the rejected gloss "largeness") (VT48:32), "throng, great concourse of things without order" (PE17:115). Compare úvë.

únat

thing impossible to be or to be done

únat noun "a thing impossible to be or to be done" (VT39:26) Cf. ú- and nat.

calleva

adjective. fair (weather or complexion)

tompo-tompo

noun. noise of drums (or guns)

anw

noun/adjective. male (person or animal)

A word appearing as N. anw in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ON. anu under the root ᴹ√ƷAN “male”, where its positioning makes it appear as if it was a cognate of ᴹQ. hanu “a male (man or animal)” (Ety/ƷAN). In the original version of this entry, it was simply glossed “male”, and was initially given as (deleted) {ganw} (EtyAC/ƷAN).

Conceptual Development: Precursors to this word include G. an “person” and G. anos “man” from the Gnomish Lexicon (GL/19).

Neo-Sindarin: Most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. anu to better fit Sindarin’s phonology. In HSD (HSD), Didier Willis suggested (as originally proposed by David Salo) that this word is most likely an adjective, the cognate of adjective ᴹQ. hanwa “male” rather than the noun ᴹQ. hanu “a male (man or animal)”. This is because it is generally believed that final -u (as in ✶ʒanu) vanishes in Noldorin/Sindarin, while the final -wa (as in ✶ʒanwa) would have developed into -u (Noldorin -w). However, I think the evidence of the loss of final -u in Noldorin is ambiguous and in fact N. anw might be a counterexample, especially since the Old Noldorin form was anu; see the entry on how [[s|final [i], [u] generally vanished]] for further discussion.

In any case, I think anu “male” can be used as a both a noun and an adjective for purposes of Neo-Sindarin.

floss

noun. whispering or rustling sound

The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. thloss &gt; floss “whispering or rustling sound” based on the root ᴹ√SLUS “whisper”, along with a variant N. thross based on the related root ᴹ√SRUS (Ety/SLUS). Both these nouns reflect the 1930s phonetic development of *sl, sr* &gt; *thr, thl*, as well as initial *thl* &gt; *fl*.

Neo-Sindarin: In Sindarin of 1950s and 60s initial *sl, sr* &gt; *lh, rh*, so I would replace these 1930s nouns with ᴺS. lhoss “whispering or rustling sound”, as suggested in HSD (HSD).

Conceptual Development: Earlier words of similar meaning include G. cwithri “whisper” related to G. cwitha- “murmur, whisper” (GL/29) and G. rui “whisper” related to G. ruitha- “whisper, rustle” (GL/66), both from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s. Another possible precursor from the Gnomish Lexicon is G. suss “hush, sudden quiet” (GL/68).

rhim

noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s given as N. rhim “cold pool or lake (in mountains)” derived from the root ᴹ√RINGI “cold” (Ety/RINGI). This word is the final element of N. Mithrim “✱Grey Lake” in The Etymologies, but in later writings Tolkien explained this name differently, deriving the name from the Elves that lived around the lake, so it may have been abandoned.

Neo-Sindarin: If adapted to Neo-Sindarin, this word would be ᴺS. rim. Since √RINGI “cold” survived in later writings, this word may still be viable, though it would conflict with S. rim “host, a great number”.

thross

noun. whispering or rustling sound

brûn

adjective. old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use

ui

noun. envelope (especially of the Outer Sea or Air enfolding the world within the Ilurambar or world-walls)

ost

noun. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art

rhond

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

rhonn

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

-ôn

suffix. adjective or agental suffix

A suffix appearing only in the name Pharazôn “Golden” and possibly also in Zimrathôn. Since the element pharaz is elsewhere defined as “gold” (LotR/1114, SD/426), perhaps this suffix can be used to form adjectives from nouns in Adûnaic. Andreas Moehn suggested (EotAL/ZIM’R) it may instead be an agental suffix, a variant of -ân.

kel

root. flow (down or away), run (of water or rivers), go away, flow (down or away), run (of water or rivers), go away, [ᴹ√] run away especially downwards or at end; [ᴱ√] ooze, trickle

√KEL was established as the root for “flow” very early in Tolkien’s Elvish languages, also with the variant vocalic extension √KELU. ᴱ√KELE appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “flow, run” and also “ooze, trickle”, though the latter sense did not appear in later writing (QL/46). It also had a variant ᴱ√KELU elsewhere compared to ᴱ√QEL+U of similar meaning (QL/75). It had derivatives in both Qenya and Gnomish such as ᴱQ. kelu- “flow”, G. celu- “trickle” and ᴱQ. kelu(me)/G. celu “stream” (QL/75; GL/25).

The root ᴹ√KEL reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s where it seems to have an added connotation of “flow downwards”, given its gloss “go, run (especially of water), flow away downhill” (Ety/KEL). This more specific meaning to the root continued to appear in later writings, with glosses such as 1930s “flow, flow away, run (of rivers)” (PE18/58), 1940s “run away especially downwards or at end” (PE22/114), 1950s “go away, flow away or flow down (of water)” (PE18/103), and 1960s “flow (down)” (PE17/157). The u-extension ✶kelu with the (continuative?) sense “flow, well up” remained common throughout all these periods as well (PE18/86; PE22/98, 133, 135).

Starting with The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien compared this root with etymological variants √KWEL “fade (away), die away, grow faint” and √KYEL “come to an end, cease, run out” (Ety/KWEL, KYEL; PE18/58, 103), and indeed Tolkien used it as one of his basic examples of such etymological variations:

> There existed in Quenderin 1. √KEL “flow, flow away, run (of rivers)”. Of this simple base, since the initial variation is possible, while the sundóma is the same 2. √KJEL “cease, come to an end”, and 3. √KWEL “fade, die away, grow faint” may be regarded as differentiated variants (second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa, TQ2, circa 1950, PE18/103).

A similar note appeared in the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ1) from the 1930s (PE18/58). Likewise ✶kelu was one of his main examples of variant vocalic extensions:

> This “variant extension” always had the form i or u. It appears in many cases where its original function is no longer discoverable, if indeed that was more than to serve as a euphonic connecting link to affixes. But the added element [u] often appears as a differentiator as in kel¹-u beside kel², and some old verbs have a fixed u as the end of their base (TQ2, PE18/86).

In the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, it seems that √KYEL “end” was replaced by √TEL “close, end, come to an end” (WJ/411) as indicated by the replacement of 1930s ᴹQ. tyelma “ending” (LR/72) by later Q. telma “conclusion” (WJ/411). In a 1967 note the etymological variant √KYEL seems to have been assigned a new meaning “go down slowly”, which served as the basis for Q. tyellë “grade, a step in a stairway or ladder” (PE17/157).

To summarize, the base root √KEL meant “flow (down)” for pretty much all of Tolkien’s life, usually used with a variant vocalic extension √KELU, and starting in the 1930s it had etymological variants √KWEL and √KYEL, with √KWEL always meaning “fade (away), die” and √KYEL meaning “cease, end” from the 1930s to 40s, but changing to “go down slowly” sometime between the 1950 and 1967 (but probably before the 1st edition of LotR), with “end” being reassigned to √TEL by 1960. See the entry on √TEL for further discussion of those developments.

rem

root. entangle, snare, trap (as hunters or fishers) with lines or nets

A root appearing with forms √REB and √REM in notes from 1969 (VT42/12), first appearing as √REB alone (VT42/29 note #28). It was glossed “entangle, snare, trap (as hunters or fishers) with lines or nets” and had derivatives like Q. remi “snare”, Q. rembë/S. rem(m) “net (for catching)”, and Q. rembina/S. remmen “entangled”. The last of these appeared as an element in a couple words in The Lord of the Rings: S. galadhremmin “tree-meshed” or “tree-woven” (LotR/238, 1115; PE17/136) and S. Remmirath “Netted Stars” or “Netted Jewels” (LotR/81; PE17/24). Most of this root’s derivatives are from strengthened remb- and thus can be based on either √REB or √REM, but the forms Q. remi and Q. remma “snare” can only be derived from √REM (VT42/12).

tek

root. make a written mark, sign, write, make a written mark, sign, write, [ᴹ√] write or draw (signs or letters)

The root √TEK was the basis for Elvish words for writing for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared as ᴱ√TEKE “make marks” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. teket “letter” and ᴱQ. tekta- “to write” (QL/90). It also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. taith “letter” and G. tectha- “write” (GL/68-69). In The Etymologies of the 1930s it was ᴹ√TEK “make a mark, write or draw (signs or letters)” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tek-/N. teitha- “write” and ᴹQ. tengwa/N. tîw “letter” (Ety/TEK).

The root √TEK continued to appear in Tolkien’s writings of the 1950s and 60s with glosses like “make a written mark” (PE17/43), “sign” (PE17/44) or “write” (PE22/149). However, one of its major derivatives, Q. tengwa “letter” (originally &lt; ᴹ✶tekmā), was transferred to the root √TEÑ after Tolkien decide that *km* &gt; *kw* rather than *ngw* in Quenya phonology, as noted by Christopher Gilson (PE17/44; PE19/85-86 note #79); see the entry on √TEÑ for further discussion.

nad

root. hollow (of structures or natural features more or less concave with rising sides)

This root and ones like it were connected to the names of dales and vales for much of Tolkien’s life. A likely precursor is ᴱ√NAŘA [NAÐA] from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. nan(d) “woodland” and ᴱQ. nandin “dryad” (QL/64). Words like G. nand “field acre”, G. nandriol “rustic, rural”, and G. nandor “farmer” from the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon are probably derived from the same root, since G. nandir “fay of the country” in the same list is said to be a cognate of ᴱQ. nandin (GL/59). Another likely precursor is ᴱ√NḶDḶ or nḷřḷ [NḶĐḶ] from the Qenya Lexicon, given as nḷđ in the Gnomish Lexicon, with derivatives like ᴱQ. nal (nald-) and G. glith “dell” (QL/66; GL/40).

The unglossed root ᴹ√NAD appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. nanda “water-mead, watered plain”, N. nadhor “pasture”, and N. nann “wide grassland” and so probably meaning something like “✱plain” (Ety/NAD); it had a rejected variant ᴹ√NÁNAD as well (EtyAC/NAD). √NAD appeared in notes from 1968 with the gloss “hollow (of structures or natural features more or less concave with rising sides)” and derivatives like Q. nanwa “a (large) bowl” and S. nand “valley” (NM/351). In these notes, primitive ✶nandē was described as meaning:

> ✱nandē “a valley, bottom”, originally used only of not very large areas the sides of which were part of their own configuration. Vales or valleys of great extent, plains at the feet of mountains, etc. had other names.

The most notable names in the early legendarium using this root are ᴱQ. Tasarinan and G. Nan Tathrin “Land of Willows”, names that retained the same basic form and meaning in Tolkien’s later writings, except that the Sindarin form became S. Nan-tathren, and that Tolkien sometimes translated the name as “Valley of Willows” instead of “Land”. Indeed, the elements S. nan(d) and Q. nan(do) or nandë appeared regularly in names in Tolkien’s later writings, but almost always translated as “valley” or “vale”.

Neo-Eldarin: Since primitive ✶nandē referred as much to the plain at the bottom of the valley than the valley itself, I would assume Noldorin (and Neo-Sindarin) words having to doing with pastures could be extrapolate from that sense. For Neo-Quenya pasture words, however, I would use derivatives of ᴺ√NES; see that entry for discussion.

nay

root. have opportunity, chance or permission; be allowed by circumstance [or] way of the world

A root appearing in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as √NAYA “have opportunity, chance or permission; be allowed by circumstance [or] way of the world” giving a new etymology for Q. nai “it may be”.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would ignore this root since it conflicts with the much better established √NAY “grief, pain”, and would stick with the well established etymology of Q. nai “maybe, be it that” = Q. ná- + Q. i.

nor

root. run (or leap) of animals or men, run (or leap) of animals or men; [ᴹ√] run as of wheels, roll along, [ᴱ√] go smoothly, ride, spin

This root was the basis for Elvish words having to do with “running” and (in earlier notes) “rolling” for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared as ᴱ√NORO “run, go smoothly, ride, spin” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/67), and it had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. nor- “run, roll” (GL/61) and dronn “race, course, track” &lt; ✱n’rond- (GL/31). ᴹ√NORO “run as of wheels, roll along” reappeared in a page of roots in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948, though this page was deleted (PE22/127 note #152). √NOR “run (or leap: of animals, men etc.)” also appeared in some etymological notes associated with The Lord of the Rings, probably from the late 1950s (PE17/168).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I’d retain both senses “run” and “roll” for this root, but limit the latter to the rolling of wheels as an extrapolation from the movement of legs.

thara

adjective. tall (or long) and slender

-iti

suffix. habit or special association with the verbal action

-ū̆lā

suffix. likelihood or aptitude

ndandō

noun. one who goes back on his word or decision

hekla

proper name. any thing (or person) put aside from or left out from its normal company

keglē

noun. fence or palisade of spikes or sharp stakes

maikā

noun. blade of a cutting tool or weapon (especially sword-blade)

neresā

feminine name. she that has manlike valour or strength

nukotto

noun. a stunted or ill-shaped thing (or person)

thakta-

verb. to pressure or force ([one] to do something against one’s will or conscience)

-kā̆

suffix. adjectival or enlargement

labdē

noun. licking up (food or drink)

ostō

noun. fortress or stronghold

pharne

noun. any growing thing or plant

áyan

noun. holy thing or object or place

telperin

adjective. like silver (in hue or worth)

lammo

noun. listener (spy or scout)