ma

adverb. interrogative particle

malinalda

proper name. Malinalda

mardil

masculine name. Mardil

malli(ni)

how many

The correlatives ᴹQ. mallini or malli “how many” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/108), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. -lli(ni) “many”.

makse

noun. meat

A noun for “meat” appearing in the Quenya Verbal System written in 1948.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I stick to the better-known word ᴹQ. apsa “meat” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/AP). This help avoids a conflict with ᴹQ. makse “dough”, also from The Etymologies (Ety/MASAG).

makar

noun. tradesman

A noun appearing as ᴹQ. makar “tradesman” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, an agental formation based on the root ᴹ√MBAKH “exchange” (Ety/MBAKH). The initial element mak- may reflect an alternate (earlier?) form of the root ✱√MBAK; compare G. bag- and ᴱN. bag- “trade” from the 1910s and 20s (GL/21; PE13/138), and N. {bagor >>} bachor “pedlar” from The Etymologies itself (EtyAC/MBAKH).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. vaktelear “merchant” based on ᴱQ. vaktele “trade” under the early root ᴱ√VAKA (QL/99), the likely precursor to ᴹ√MBAKH.

Neo-Quenya: Since mak- cannot be a direct derivation of ᴹ√MBAKH, I would instead adapt this word as ᴺQ. mahar “tradesman, ✱trader, merchant”. Luinyelle and Vyacheslav Stepanov instead suggested ᴺQ. mancaro in a 2022-10-03 post to the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), based on the verb ᴹQ. manka- “trade”. I personally would also use ᴺQ. manco “tradesman” as an adaptation of ᴱQ. vanko.

malle

noun. street, (made or stone) road

A word for “street” appearing in Tolkien’s writings of the 1910s-40s. ᴱQ. malle “street” first appeared [albiet marked with “?”] in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√MALA “crush, squeeze, pulp” (QL/58), and in early names from this period such as ᴱQ. Olóre Malle “Path of Dreams” (LT1/18) and ᴱQ. Kúne Malle “Road of Arches” (PE13/105). ᴱQ. malle “street” reappeared in several charts of Qenya Declensions from the 1920s (PE16/112-115) and in contemporaneous Early Qenya Word-lists (PE16/143).

ᴹQ. malle was more fully defined as “made road, stone-road, street” in Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s (PE21/24) and also appeared in some contemporaneous declension charts (PE21/44-45). In The Etymologies from around 1397, ᴹQ. malle “street” was derived from the root ᴹ√MBAL (Ety/MBAL). This word also appeared with the gloss “road” in various iterations of the ᴹQ. Lament of Atalante from the 1930s and 40s, in the phrases ᴹQ. malle téna lende númenna “a road [once] went straight westward” and ᴹQ. ilya sí maller raikar “now all roads (are) bent” (LR/47, 56; SD/310). There is no sign of this word in the 1950s and 60s, but that could be a coincidence.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use this word for constructed roads, particularly those that are paved or are city streets.

mandos

noun. doomsman, judge

man(an)

adverb. when

The correlatives manan or man “when” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/109), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. -n(an) “time”.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would stick to ᴹQ. mallume, since I think -n(an) was abandoned.

masse

adverb. where

A correlatives meaning “where” appearing in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/111), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and the locative suffix ᴹQ. -sse. It also appeared in several places in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from this same period (PE22/124-126). In DRC, it had a longer variant manas(se) based on mana “what” (PE23/111).

mallo

adverb. whence

A correlatives meaning “whence” appearing in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/112), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and the ablative suffix ᴹQ. -llo. It also appeared in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from this same period (PE22/124).

manna

adverb. whither

A correlatives meaning “whither” appearing in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/112), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and the allative suffix ᴹQ. -nna. It also appeared in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from this same period (PE22/124).

manka-

verb. to trade

A verb given as ᴹQ. {mahta- >> māka- >>} manka- “trade” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√MBAKH “exchange” (Ety/MBAKH).

makse

noun. dough

A word for “dough” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶mazgē under the root ᴹ√MASAG “knead” (Ety/MASAG), where zg unvoiced to sk and then the sk underwent metathesis to ks.

malo

noun. pollen, yellow powder

A noun in The Etymologies from around 1937, glossed “pollen, yellow powder” and derived from the root ᴹ√SMAL “yellow” (Ety/SMAL).

Conceptual Development: In Tolkien’s earlier writings, ᴱQ. malo was “rust”, first appearing in the Early Qenya Grammar and Early Qenya word-lists of the 1920s (PE14/42, 44, 71, 74; PE15/77; PE16/111) and later as ᴹQ. malo “rust” in the Declension of Nouns of the early 1930s where it had a stem form of malu- (PE21/12). Most likely these earlier forms were based on the early root ᴱ√MALA “yellow” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/63), though in QL itself the word ᴱQ. malo was “moth” from the distinct root ᴱ√MALA “crush” (QL/63).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I think the “pollen” and “rust” meanings for malo (malu-) can co-exist, with both originally considered a form of “yellow powder”.

mapa-

verb. to grasp, seize, to grasp, seize, [ᴱQ.] take; to ravish, seize and carry off forcibly

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “grasp, seize” derived from the root ᴹ√MAP “lay hold of with hand, seize” (Ety/MAP).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. map- “seize, take” under the early root ᴱ√MAPA “seize” (QL/59). The verb form mapa “seize” also appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, but there it was deleted (GL/55). The verb mapa or mapta was translated “ravish, seize and carry off forcibly” in the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s (PE15/76), while map- “take” appeared in other Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/133).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would use this verb in its 1930s senses “grasp, seize”. For “take” I would use ᴹQ. tuvu-, and for “ravish” the elaborated verb form [ᴱQ.] amapta-.

martalmar

place name. Roots of the Earth

The “veins of the world” in some cosmological notes from the 1930s (SM/241-2, 255), also appearing in The Etymologies as combination of mar “world” and the plural of talma “root” (Ety/TAL).

masta-

verb. to bake

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “bake” derived from the root ᴹ√MBAS of similar meaning (Ety/MBAS; PE17/51).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s instead had ᴱQ. mas- “bake, cook” from the early root ᴱ√M(B)ASA “cook, bake” (QL/59). In that 1910s document it coexisted with ᴱQ. toro- “bake” under the early root ᴱ√TORO (QL/94), but it seems this other root was abandoned. Early Qenya Word-lists had only ᴱQ. mas- with a single gloss “bake” (QL/94). The verb became masta- “bake” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, as noted above.

mankale

noun. commerce, commerce, *trade [as an activity]

A noun given as ᴹQ. {mahtale >>} mankale “commerce” in The Etymologies of the 1930s based on ᴹQ. {mahta- >>} manka- “trade” (Ety/MBAKH).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. vaktele “trade” based on ᴱQ. vakt- “wares” (QL/99).

mar(dar)

adverb. homewards

An “old short allative” form appear in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s with suffixal -r, with both monosyllabic mar and longer mardar (PE21/25, 27). Tolkien said the longer for mardar was “less usual” (PE21/27), but it is more distinct from már “home”. This allative variant is probably related to ᴹQ. tar “thither” < ᴹ✶tad from later in the 1930s (Ety/TA; PE19/52).

maril

noun. glass, crystal, crystal, glass

A noun glossed “glass, crystal” on the cover page of The Etymologies of the 1930s where it was the basis of a possible derivation of [ᴹQ.] Silmaril (EtyAC/SIL).

Conceptual Development: A similar word ᴱQ. marilla “pearl” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa, again as the basis for [ᴱQ.] Silmaril (QL/59; PME/59).

Neo-Quenya: The word maril seems to be the best available Quenya word for “crystal”, and I would use it that way for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

marre

adverb. at home

A pair of locative variants marre, marye from the Declension of Nouns of the early 1930s, the first derived from ᴹ✶mardasē, and the second from ᴹQ. mar “house” + ᴹQ. ye “at” (PE21/27).

Neo-Quenya: In Tolkien’s later writing, the sound changes producing marre from ᴹ✶mardasē are rather dubious, but I think ᴺQ. maryë “at home” might remain viable as an abstract adverbial form. I would also use maryë in the sense “✱indoors”, inspired by ᴱQ. indoite “at home, indoors” (QL/43).

mat

noun. food, meal, meal, [ᴱQ.] meal time; [ᴹQ.] food

A noun glossed “food, meal” in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s with a stem form matt- (PE21/27), clearly based on ᴹ√MAT “eat”. Tolkien specified that as the suffix -mat, it was the basis of names for meals (PE21/32). The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s also had ᴱQ. mat (matt-) “meal, meal time” under the early root ᴱ√MATA “eat” (QL/59).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would use this word only for “meal”, and would instead use Q. matta for “food”.

matie

noun. eating

The gerund form of the verb mat- “eat” appearing in the (1948) 3rd. sg. possessive form matietta “his eating” (PE22/119); in later Quenya this would be matierya.

mahta-

verb. to handle, wield; to deal with, treat; to stroke, feel; to wield a weapon, fight

maite

adjective. handy, skilled

manwe

masculine name. on Taniqetil

marya

adjective. pale, fallow, fawn [light yellowish tan colour]

má

noun. hand

mahtya

?. [unglossed]

mai(y)a

noun. [unglossed]

man

pronoun. what

mane

pronoun. who

masse

noun. handful, share, just portion (in distribution), measure or capacity (of a person)

má

noun. land, region

mahtar

noun. warrior, warrior, [ᴱQ.] soldier

makalaure

masculine name. Gold-cleaver

makil

noun. sword

maksa

adjective. soft, pliant

malarauko

proper name. Balrog

malina

adjective. yellow

malta

noun. gold (as metal)

malwa

adjective. fallow, pale, fallow, pale, [ᴱQ.] yellowish, *wan

manar

noun. doom, final end, fate, fortune; final bliss

mandos

masculine name. (Dread) Imprisoner

manu

noun. departed spirit

mat-

verb. to eat

maure

noun. need

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “need” and derived from the root ᴹ√MBAW “compel, force, subject, oppress” (Ety/MBAW).

mauya-

verb. to compel

maile

noun. lust

mailea

adjective. lustful

maiwe

noun. gull

makso

noun. sticky substance, mire

malle téna lende númenna

a road [once] went straight westward

mallo le, aiano?

whence (come) you, stranger?

malo

noun. rust

man-ie, atto?

what is it, father?

mana le·qente

what did you say?

manar i·ennor/lie i me·kenner

who (are or were) the persons/people that we saw?

manda

noun. prison, *duress

mandu

noun. lord

manna lé sinar?

whither (are) you (going) this morning?

man táre antáva nin ilúvatar, ilúvatar?

what will the Father, O Father, give me

mar

noun. home, dwelling, house, habitation; earth

mar-

verb. to abide

maranwe

noun. destiny

marta

adverb. home

marta

noun/adjective. fated, fey; fate

martan(o)

masculine name. Earth-smith, Earthbuilder

martya-

verb. to destine

mar vanwa tyaliéva

place name. Cottage of the Lost Play

masse i·lótin nóloa?

where are the flowers of yesteryear?

masse lante veleriande, masse láta sí?

where did Beleriand lie, where lies it now?

masse le enta/enar/elloa?

where (will) you be then (fut.)/tomorrow/next year?

masta

noun. bread

mattima

adjective. edible

mausta

noun. compulsion

makal

noun. sword

malda

noun. gold (as metal)

maldo

noun. [unglossed]

malka aldar ólar

*how much do trees grow

malkar i·aldar i·ólar nóressella

how great are the trees that grow in your land?

malta launen

gold abounded to me, I had lots of gold

mammata-

verb. to gobble up, devour, gorge

mande

noun. doom, final end, fate, fortune; final bliss

manima i lie?

(and) of what sort are the people?

manwe háma taniqetildesse

on Taniqetil M. has his hall

marye

adverb. at home

masse akime aldar

where are the trees (to be found)

matie ye mára

eating is (a) good (thing)

hríma

adjective. many, very numerous (great in number or quantity)

An adjectival form of ᴹQ. hrim- appearing in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/106).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would use ᴹQ. rimba “numerous” from The Etymologies, since this is more compatible with Tolkien’s usual form the root: ᴹ√RIM.

tyulma

noun. mast

morimando

masculine name. Dark Mando

A name for Mandos appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/MBAD, MOR), a compound of more “dark” and Mandos.

ilmarin

place name. Ilmarin

talmar ambaren

place name. Roots of the Earth

Another name for Martalmar in cosmological notes from the 1930s (SM/241), a combination of the plural of talma “root” and the genitive of Ambar “world” (Ety/TAL).

ereáma

?. [unglossed]

toróma

noun. [unglossed]

óma

noun. voice

hyarmaite

adjective. left-handed

hyelma

?. [unglossed]

lamma

noun. sound

le·qente mana?

what did you say?

lunguma

masculine name. Heavy Hand

melko mardello lende: márie

Melko has gone from Earth: it is good.

vanima

adjective. fair

alama

noun. [unglossed]

amaldume

noun. [unglossed]

karpalimaite

noun. [unglossed]

tama

pronoun. thing

éma

?. [unglossed]

-no

suffix. male

A masculinizing suffix for pronominal forms in Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s (PE23/102), so that for example mane “who (neutral)” could become mano “who (male)” and ane “someone” could become ano “someone (male)”. It is probably based on the contemporaneous masculine primitive suffix ✶-owo.

ferna

noun. mast, beechnuts

A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “mast, beechnuts” under the root ᴹ√PHER(EN) “beech” (Ety/BERETH). Most likely the gloss “mast” refers to the fallen nuts or acorns used in ancient times to feed pigs, which was one of the senses of the Old English word “mæst”. The mast of a ship would instead be tyulma (PE21/80; Ety/TYUL).

hanu

noun. male, man (of Men or Elves), male animal

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “a male, man (of Men or Elves), male animal” derived from the root ᴹ√ƷAN “male” (Ety/ƷAN). The first version of this entry gave it the gloss “male (of all creatures)” (EtyAC/ƷAN).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s this word appeared as ᴱQ. anu “a male” (QL/31), also appearing in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa with the gloss “man” (PME/31).

In drafts for the first version of Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s, Tolkien had various adjectival forms based on the root ᴹ√NŌ/ONO “beget” (vs. ᴹ√RÉ “bear, produce”), including ᴹQ. noa, nóna, or ᴹQ. noito “male (of any kind)” (PE23/87), but the relevant sections were rejected and elsewhere √NŌ is not specifically masculine.

hanwa

adjective. male

A word appearing in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the gloss “male” (Ety/INI), an adjectival form of the noun ᴹQ. hanu “male” (Ety/ƷAN).

Conceptual Development: In drafts for the first version of Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s, Tolkien had various adjectival forms based on the root ᴹ√NŌ/ONO “beget” (vs. ᴹ√RÉ “bear, produce”), including ᴹQ. noa, nóna, or ᴹQ. noito “male (of any kind)” (PE23/87), but the relevant sections were rejected and elsewhere √NŌ is not specifically masculine.

karaste

noun. making, manufacture, construction

A noun appearing as ᴹQ. karaste “making, manufacture, construction” in the Quenya Verb Structure of the 1940s, a combination of kar- “do, make, build” with the general action verbal suffix -ste (PE22/110).

Neo-Quenya: In Tolkien’s later writing, this verbal suffix became -sta (PE22/137), so I would update this noun form to ᴺQ. carasta “making, manufacture, construction”, which aligns nicely with the later verb carasta- “to build”.

neríte

adjective. manly

An adjective for “manly” based on √NER “man” in notes written in the late 1940s (PE23/87).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. nerevoite “manly”, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. ner “man” (QL/65). This word reappeared in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s with the gloss male and a variant form neríte (PE16/135). The form neríte reappeared as an adjectival form of nēr in a set of Qenya Declensions from the 1920s (PE13/113). The 1940s notes mentioned above also had ᴹQ. yonda “manly, masculine” < √YON, but this was deleted and presumably replaced by neríte (PE23/87 note #82).

vesta

noun. matrimony, matrimony, [ᴱQ.] state of marriage

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “matrimony” derived from the root ᴹ√BES “wed” (Ety/BES). The same word ᴱQ. vesta appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with the gloss “state of marriage”, but there it was based on the early root ᴱ√VEŘE [VEÐE] (QL/101). It was also mentioned as a cognate of ᴱN. gwedhw “matrimony” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, but there it was a derivative of ᴱ√wed- (PE13/146).

vie

noun. manhood, vigour, manhood, vigour; [ᴱQ.] teors, *penis

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “manhood, vigour” derived from primitive ᴹ✶weʒē under the root ᴹ√WEG “(manly) vigour” (Ety/WEG). Here the vowel development was egē > eʒē > eı̯e > ie; compare tie < ✶tegē (PE19/70).

Conceptual Development: The word ᴱQ. vie was glossed “teors” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/135, 143), and it also appeared with the same gloss in the Early Noldorin Dictionary from the same period (PE13/162). The word “teors” is Old English for “penis”. It is possible that it could still have this same meaning euphemistically in The Etymologies of the 1930s, in much the same way that “manhood” is a euphemism for “penis” in English.

turambar

masculine name. Master of Fate, Conqueror of Fate

-we

suffix. masculine suffix

karie

noun. making

las

interjection. mark you, I tell you, if you can believe me

li(n)-

prefix. many

lótesse

noun. May, *(lit.) Flower-ness

noa

noun/adjective. male (of any kind)

noite

adjective. male, masculine

noito

noun. male (of any kind)

nolfine

noun. magical skill

súlime

noun. March

tehta

noun. mark (in writing), sign, diacritic

turo

noun. master, victor, lord

túre

noun. mastery, victory

vende

noun. maiden, maid

veo

noun. man

wé

noun. man, warrior

yonda

adjective. manly, masculine

-on

suffix. masculine suffix

-tur

suffix. master, victor, lord

atan

noun. Man

ella karie nye te

making it for me (would be kind) of you

ha le·nye karite

making it for me (would be kind) of you

karie kirya

making a certain ship

karie kiryali

making some ships

karie nyé·te

making it for me (would be kind)

karie ye mólome

making (things) is hard work

karina

adjective. made

linin-

prefix. many

nókoire

noun. March, *After-stirring

nótuile

noun. May, *After-spring

wende

noun. maiden, maid

-nie

suffix. female

A feminizing suffix for pronominal forms in Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s (PE23/102), so that for example mane “who (neutral)” could become manie “who (female)” and ane “someone” could become anie “someone (female)”. It is probably based on the contemporaneous feminine primitive suffix ✶-eye. The suffix -nie replaced a rejected variant -re (PE23/102 note #37).

fire

noun. mortal man

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “mortal man” derived from the root ᴹ√PHIR (Ety/PHIR).

héra

adjective. chief, principal, chief, principal, *main

@@@ gloss “main” suggested by Tamas Ferencz

inya

adjective. female

An adjective for “female” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√INI “female” (Ety/INI).

Conceptual Development: In Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, Tolkien gave a similar form ᴱQ. qinya “female”, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. qin “woman” (PE16/135).

In drafts for the first version of Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s, Tolkien had various adjectival forms based on the root ᴹ√(G)ERE/(G)RÉ “bear, produce” such as ᴹQ. rea “female”, réna, or ᴹQ. ríte “female [of any kind]” (PE23/87), but the relevant sections were rejected and there are no signs of the root ᴹ√RÉ in the revised text.

veru

collective noun. husband and wife, married pair

A noun appearing as ᴹQ. veru “husband and wife, married pair” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶besū under the root ᴹ√BES “wed” (Ety/BES). It seems to be an intrinsically dual word. It also appeared as an element in the name ᴹQ. Are Veruen “Day of the Spouses”, but under the entry where this word appeared the form was derived from ᴹ✶Bedū, reflecting a variant (and apparently abandoned) root ᴹ√BED (Ety/LEP).

Conceptual Development: The dual form ᴱQ. veringwi “husband and wife” appeared in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (PE14/77). The same form appeared in the English-Qenya Dictionary of the same period with the gloss “married pair, husband and wife”, where it was apparently related to the adjective ᴱQ. verin “married” (PE15/75).

Neo-Quenya: ᴹQ. veru “married pair” collides with the later word Q. veru “husband”, so for purposes of Neo-Quenya I would adapt the Early Quenya form as ᴺQ. verinu “married pair” to reflect later Quenya dual formations.

vesta-

verb. to wed, to wed, *marry

Tolkien used a variety of similar verbs for “to marry” throughout his life. The earliest of these was ᴱQ. vesta- “to wed” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√VEŘE [VEÐE] (QL/101). This verb reappeared in the English-Qenya Dictionary with the gloss “join (others) in marriage”, where Tolkien said it could be used reflexively to mean “get married”, and reflexively with the ᴱQ. va preposition to mean “get married with ...” (PE15/75). The verb ᴹQ. vesta- “to wed” reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root {ᴹ√BED >>} ᴹ√BES of the same meaning (Ety/BES).

Up until this stage, all the primitive “marry” roots produce vesta- in combination with the verbal suffix -ta: all of VEÐ+tā, BED+tā, BES+tā > vesta-. At some point in the late 1960s, Tolkien decided the root for “marriage” words was √BER, and he coined a new pair of “marry” verbs based on this root: transitive Q. verta- “to give in marriage (a) to (b), or to take as husband or wife to oneself” and intransitive Q. verya- “to marry (of husband and wife), be joined to” (VT49/45). The form verta- rather than ᴱQ./ᴹQ. vesta- is a consequence of this new version of the root.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I prefer to retain the 1930s form of the root ᴹ√BES in order to keep attested Sindarin/Noldorin forms. As such I would use the 1930s verb form ᴹQ. vesta- for “to wed, marry”. Note that while late 1960s intransitive Q. verya- is compatible with ᴹ√BES, it clashes with 1930s ᴹQ. verya- “to dare” (< ᴹ√BER “valiant”). Therefore I would use vesta- both transitively and intransitively for “to marry”, though in the intransitive past I’d treat it as a half-strong verb: verenten “I got married” vs. vestanen verunya “I married my husband”.

hanuvoite

adjective. *masculine

An unglossed word in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing next to female ᴹQ. inimeite (Ety/INI), likely meaning “✱masculine” as an adjectival form of ᴹQ. hanu “male” (Ety/ƷAN).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had the adjective ᴱQ. anuvoite “male, masculine” as an elaboration of ᴱQ. anu “a male” (QL/31).

In drafts for the first version of Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s, Tolkien had various adjectival forms based on the root ᴹ√NŌ/ONO “beget” (vs. ᴹ√RÉ “bear, produce”), including ᴹQ. noite “male, masculine”, noina, noian(a), or nónima (PE23/85, 87), but the relevant sections were rejected and elsewhere √NŌ is not specifically masculine.

kapta-

verb. to make spring, scatter

A verb appearing in the initial drafts of Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the 1940s as ᴹQ. kapta- “make spring, scatter”, a combination of ᴹ√KAP “leap” with the causative suffix ᴹ✶-tā so more literally “make leap”, and having a variant kapsa- in the Lindarin dialect (PE19/41-43, note #79). Tolkien rejected the relevant section while exploring other possible phonetic developments of pt (PE19/41).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. kapta- was glossed {“swallow” >>} “startle” under the early root ᴱ√KAPA “leap, spring”, though Tolkien marked this word with a “?” (QL/45). In documents from the 1920s, ᴱQ. kapta- was glossed “leap” (PE14/56, 58, 66).

Neo-Quenya: Since kapta- is consistent with the phonetic rules described in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the 1950s, I would retain ᴺQ. capta- (pronounced [kaɸta]) with the senses “to make spring, scatter; to startle”. In ordinary use I would assume capta- mainly means “startle, (orig.) make leap”. To emphasize that the startled individuals actually scatter away, I would combine it with the adverb öa “away”: captalvet oa = “we scattered them, (lit.) we startled them away”.

kiryasta-

verb. to sail, to sail [a ship], *make a ship go

A verb for “to sail” appearing in the phrase ᴹQ. qe e·kárie i kirya aldaryas, ni kauva kiryasta menelyas “if he finishes the boat by Monday, I shall be able to sail on Wednesday”, from the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948 (PE22/121). It is a verb form of kirya [cirya] “ship”, so more exactly appears to mean “to sail [a ship], ✱make a ship go”.

Conceptual Development: The English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s had ᴱQ. salta- “sail, used of any smooth steady progression” (PE15/77), while the slightly later Early Qenya Word-list had ᴱQ. lut- “float, sail” (PE16/134).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would ciryasta- only for the act of making a ship go: i hesto ciryasta i cirya “the captain sails the ship”. For the movement of the ship itself, I would us lut- “float, [ᴱQ.] sail”: i cirya lute i earessë “the ship sails on the sea”.

vanta

noun. walk, walk, *hike, march

A noun for “a walk” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√BAT “tread” (Ety/BAT).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I assume ᴹ√BAT is for a “heavy walk” as opposed for √PAT for a “light walk” or “step”, so I would use vanta for an extended or serious walk, and thus including “✱hike” and “✱march”.

ahto

noun. wright, maker

ai

adverb. supposing, suppose, maybe

heru

noun. lord, master

ingole

noun. deep lore, magic

kar-

verb. to do, make, build

lilótime

adjective. *many-flowered

nai

adverb. *may it be

ninqita-

verb. to whiten, make white; to shine white

rea

noun/adjective. female

réna

noun. edge, border, margin

tankata-

verb. to make fixed or firm, confirm

tatalla-

verb. to admire, wonder at (the excellence of), marvel

tek-

verb. to write, to write, [ᴱQ.] write on; to mark

vea

adjective. adult, manly, vigorous, adult; vigorous, manly

vesta-

verb. to swear (to do something), contract, make a compact

wenda

adjective. female

alanwa

adjective. fully grown, adult, mature

karanya-

verb. to make red, redden

kirya karie

ship-making, making a ship/ships, nautical construction

nisse

noun. woman

opele

noun. walled house or village, town, walled house, *manor; village, town, *hamlet

rimba

adjective. frequent, numerous, frequent, numerous, *many

tinta-

verb. to kindle, make to spark

nangwa

noun. jaw

A noun for “jaw” The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶nakma under the root ᴹ√NAK “bite” (Ety/NAK). It was possibly displaced by anca “jaw, jaws”, which was also introduced in The Etymologies of the 1930s, but continued to appear in later documents included The Lord of the Rings Appendix E (LotR/1123). However, it might be that nangwa refers to a single “jaw” (upper or lower), while anca refers collectively to both “jaws”.

máraher

masculine name. Good Steward

The earliest name of Mardil, translated “Good Steward” (WR/153), perhaps a compound of mára “good” and heru “lord”, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/3.15).

karno

noun. wright

A word appearing in the first version of Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s (PE23/87), an agental form of ᴹQ. kar- “do, make” using a variant suffix -no rather that the more usual agental suffix -ro (PE23/87). It also had a feminine variant ᴹQ. karnóze.

narta-

verb. to kindle, to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s for “kindle” derived from the root ᴹ√NARTA of the same meaning (EtyAC/NARTA). This root is probably just a causative verb formation from ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire”, more literally “✱make fire”. Hence I think this verb can be used in the general sense of “✱ignite, inflame, set fire to”, etc.

olofantur

masculine name. Lord of Dream-cloud

A surname of Lórien as lord of dreams in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/205). In The Etymologies it was given as a compound of olor “dream” and Fantur “Lord of Cloud”, the latter of which also appeared in the surname of his brother, Nurufantur (Ety/ÓLOS, SPAN).

Conceptual Development: The name ᴱQ. Olofantur “Fantur of Dreams” first appeared in the earliest Lost Tales, already with essentially the same meaning as above (LT1/66; QL/37, 69). This name disappeared from Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s, but the term Q. Fëanturi was still used to collectively describe Mandos and Lórien.

asto

noun. dust

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “dust” derived from the root ᴹ√ÁS-AT (Ety/ÁS-AT). It was also mentioned in The Feanorian Alphabet from the late 1930s with the same form and meaning (PE22/21-22), and in the revisions of that document from the 1940s, though there it was replaced with ᴹQ. osto as a name for one of the tengwar (PE22/50). This replacement may only have to do with tengwar names, and doesn’t necessarily invalidate asto “dust”.

kulu

noun. gold (metal)

The Etymologies of the 1930s had a pair of words kulu “gold (metal)” and kulo “gold (substance)” derived from the root ᴹ√KUL of similar meaning (Ety/KUL). However Tolkien revised the meaning of this root to “golden-red” and the derivatives of the root became color words: ᴹQ. †kullo “red gold” and ᴹQ. kulda or ᴹQ. kulina “flame-coloured, golden-red”.

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. kulu “gold” under the early root ᴱ√KULU of the same meaning (QL/49). The word ᴱQ. kulu “gold” reappeared in the Early Qenya Grammar and English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s (PE14/46, 71; PE15/72) before being abandoned in The Etymologies of the 1930s, as noted above. In later writings, “gold (metal)” was Q. malta.

miue

noun. cat

A word for “cat” in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, from primitive {mauı̯ǝ >>} miuı̯ǝ (PE21/12-13), and so probably related to the root ᴹ√MIW “whine” from The Etymologies which had the derivative ᴹQ. miule “whining, mewing” (Ety/MIW). The stem form of this “cat” word is the rather unusual miuy-.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s, the word for “cat” was ᴱQ. meoi (QL/61; PME/61), as in ᴱQ. Vardo Meoita “Prince of Cats” (LT2/15), a sobriquet of ᴱQ. Tevildo. In Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, Tolkien instead gave ᴱQ. yaule “cat”, probably an onomatopoeic word as suggested by Patrick Wynne and Christopher Gilson (PE16/132).

Neo-Quenya: In PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, Terry Dock suggested the neuter, feminine and masculine neologisms for “cat”: ᴺQ. miura, ᴺQ. miurë, and ᴺQ. miuro. However, this predates the publication of ᴹQ. miue “cat”, and I would recommend just sticking with the attested form.

mál

noun. grit

A word in Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s glossed “grit” with various forms representing the inflections of nouns with lost ancient vowels: malǝ- (PE21/19, 24). It may be a later iteration of ᴱQ. mar (mard-) “grit, course grain or powder” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, a derivative of the root ᴱ√MṚŘṚ [MṚÐṚ] “grind” (QL/63). Later still Tolkien gave the primitive form ✶smalŭ with the gloss “dust, grit” in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s, though this primitive form had no derivatives.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I prefer to use ᴹ✶smalu with its 1930s sense “pollen, yellow powder”, as this form has derivatives in The Etymologies (Ety/SMAL), and its root meaning ᴹ√SMAL “yellow” is a better match to the later root √MAL “yellow, gold”. I think it is possible to retain ᴹQ. mál “grit”, however, by assuming that it is a derivative of ᴹ√MBAL “✱pound”, which is a better match with 1910s ᴱQ. mar < ᴱ√MṚÐṚ “grind”.

noldórien

place name. Beleriand

Another name for Beleriand appearing in early Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/174), a compound of the plural of Noldo and the suffix -ien “land” (Ety/ÑGOLOD).

Conceptual Development: A similar, rejected name ᴱQ. Noldórinan appeared in the list of names that Tolkien considered before adopting Beleriand (LB/160).

sak-

verb. to hurt

A verb for “to hurt” appearing only in the form sakin “hurts me” in a marginal note within the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 (PE22/93 note #6). This note was later struck through (PE22/93 note #7), but there are hints of this verb’s continued existence in the possibly-related adjective sahta “marred” from the late 1950s (MR/405).

Neo-Quenya: Given sahta “marred”, I would also retain ᴺQ. sac- “to hurt” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

toron

noun. brother

A noun for “brother” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√TOR of the same meaning, with a somewhat irregular plural torni (Ety/TOR). Its stem form is torn-, since with most inflected forms the Quenya syncope comes into play and the second o is lost.

Neo-Quenya: In notes from the late 1960s, Tolkien introduced a new word háno for “brother” (VT47/14). However, I think toron might be retained to mean a “metaphorical brother”, a close male associate who may or may not be related by blood, as with such words as melotorni “love-brother, ✱close male friend” or ᴹQ. otorno “sworn brother”. In this sense, háno would be limited to biological relationships, but toron would refer to brotherly (or brother-like) affection.

mára

adjective. good (of things), useful, fit

engwa

?. [unglossed]

mána

adjective. blessed

-iel

suffix. daughter

-ien

suffix. daughter

-ion

suffix. -son

-ite

suffix. (verbal) adjective ending

ala-

verb. to grow

alda

noun. tree

amil

noun. mother

amme

noun. mother

ampana-

verb. to build

A verb for “to build” in the Quenya Verbal System of 1948, attested only in its imperfect passive participle form {ampananta >>} ampanaina “while it was being built” (PE22/108). A longer and better attested verb of the same meaning is ᴹQ. ampanóta-.

ava-

prefix. without

elen

noun. star

harya-

verb. to possess

kantea

adjective. shapely

kuv-

verb. to bow, to bow [the body]

A verb for “bow” based on the root ᴹ√KUB, appearing in the Quenya Verbal System from 1948 (PE22/102).

lamya-

verb. to sound

laure

noun. gold

málo

noun. friend

naina-

verb. to lament, to lament, *mourn

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing as (nai)naina- “lament” derived from the root ᴹ√NAY of the same meaning (Ety/NAY). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road Christopher Tolkien gave the form as naina- (LR/375), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne corrected this to (nai)naina- in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT45/37). The ongoing validity of this verb is indicated by the noun form nainië “lament” in the title of Galadriel’s poem: Altariello nainië Lóriendesse (RGEO/58).

Conceptual Development: A likely precursor is ᴱQ. nyéna- “lament” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√NYE(NE) “bleat” (QL/68).

Neo-Quenya: In a 2024-11-03 post on the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), Luinyelle suggested this verb might also mean “✱mourn”.

nerno

?. [unglossed]

o-

prefix. together

ohta

noun. war

olombo

noun. horse

A word for horse in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√LOP (EtyAC/LOP). This root did not appear in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road, but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne reported it in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT45/28). Tolkien first gave the root as ᴹ√LOB, and it seems the form olombo was derived from this earlier form, and was not updated after {ᴹ√LOB >>} ᴹ√LOP, as pointed out by Hostetter and Wynne.

Conceptual Development: The word ᴱQ. lópa “steed, horse” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√LOPO that was the basis for “horse” words in the Qenya Lexicon (QL/56).

Neo-Quenya: Given the dubious derivation of olombo, I recommend limiting yourself to better attested Q. rocco “horse” for purposes of Neo-Quenya. If you do use it, it should probably be revised to ✱olompo.

qe

conjunction. if

sairon

noun. wizard

sauron

masculine name. Sauron

sempi

pronoun. few

A (plural) pronominal form of ᴹQ. sem(p)- appearing in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/103). Its adjective form is sempa (PE23/106). In drafts Tolkien gave it a singular form sempe (PE23/106 note #80).

seron

noun. friend

sinye

noun. evening

taura

adjective. mighty

tekil

noun. pen

tenna

noun. a letter

tyaz-

verb. to like

tyel

noun. end

umbar

noun. fate, doom

valariande

place name. Beleriand

var-

verb. to err

vestale

noun. wedding

véne

noun. girl

yen(de)

noun. daughter

yo

conjunction. and

yondo

noun. son

(nai)naina-

verb. to lament

-el

suffix. friend

-nye

suffix. I

-ser

suffix. friend

a

preposition. [unglossed]

aika

adjective. sharp

aire

noun. sea

airen

noun. sea

almárea

adjective. blessed

ambar

noun. fate

ambo

noun. hill

anaristya

noun. [unglossed]

assa

pronoun. [unglossed]

asse

pronoun. [unglossed]

asso

pronoun. [unglossed]

au-

prefix. without

earen

noun. sea

elena

noun. star

ellen

noun. star

enna

adjective. first

ente

pronoun. [unglossed]

ento

pronoun. [unglossed]

es

[unglossed]

esta

adjective. first

falasse

noun. beach

falle

noun. foam

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “foam” derived from the root ᴹ√PHAL of the same meaning (Ety/PHAL).

hana

noun. post

A word for “post” in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1940s (PE21/33) of unclear derivation, serving as an alternate name for the tengwar halla.

helde

noun. friend

heldo

noun. friend

helmo

noun. friend

hen

noun. eye

ho

preposition. from

huo

noun. dog

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “dog” derived from the root ᴹ√KHUG “bark, bay” (Ety/KHUGAN). It is probably one of the better known words for “dog” in Quenya, and was widely used in Helge Fauskanger’s NQNT (NQNT).

hyelle

noun. glass

hún

noun. earth, earth, *ground

A word in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s with stem form hun- and gloss “earth” (QL/39). It might be a later iteration of ᴱQ. han “ground, earth” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/39), and if so then hún might also be used as “✱ground”. I think it is useful to assume so for purposes of Neo-Quenya, as the other attested word for “ground”, Q. talan, is probably used more often for “floor”, including floors above the ground level.

inga

adjective. first

kaltua

?. [unglossed]

kanda

noun. [unglossed]

kantele

noun. music, music; [ᴱQ.] harping; repetition

karne

adjective. red

kurwe

noun. craft

káno

noun. chief

laqe[t]-

verb. [unglossed]

lau(w)e

?. [unglossed]

lindale

noun. music

litse

noun. sand

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “sand” derived from the root ᴹ√LIT (Ety/ERE). Its Noldorin cognate N. lith was in later writings glossed as S. lith “ash”, so it is possible this word also shifted in meaning, but Helge Fauskanger used the neologism ᴺQ. littë for “ash” in his NQNT (NQNT) to keep the two words distinct, an approach that I also advocate.

luina

adjective. pale

melin

adjective. dear, dear, [ᴱQ.] beloved

min

cardinal. one

mine

cardinal. one

minya

ordinal. first

morko

noun. bear

A noun for “bear” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶morókō under the root ᴹ√MOROK (Ety/MORÓK).

mulo

noun. dust, dust, [ᴱQ.] fine powder

A word in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s glossed “dust”, given as an example of declensions for nouns that in ancient times ended with short -ŭ: mulǔ- (PE21/10-11). It is probably a later iteration of ᴱQ. mul (muld-) “fine powder” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, a derivative of the early root ᴱ√MULU “grind (fine)” (QL/63). In notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien gave Q. mulë for “meal” = “✱coarsely ground flour”, so it seems ✱√MUL “grind” either survived or was restored. For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is appropriate to use this word with the earlier sense “fine powder” as well.

már akárielya e utúlie

*having built a house he has come

már akárielya e·tuve

he finds a house that is already built

már akárielya e·utúvie

he has found a house that is already built

már karnelya e·tulle

having built a house he came

már karnelya e·túve

he found a house that had been (already) built

nahta-

verb. to slay

naikea

adjective. cruel

nandakka-

verb. [unglossed]

nilmo

noun. friend

niule

?. [unglossed]

no

preposition. under

nu

preposition. under

nui

noun. lament

nulda

adjective. secret

nwalka

adjective. cruel

núra

adjective. deep

ohtakáro

noun. warrior

ohtatyaro

noun. warrior

olar

noun. dream

olor

noun. dream

olta-

verb. [unglossed]

oron

noun. mountain

qalin

adjective. dead, dead, [ᴱQ.] dying

An adjective for “dead” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KWAL “die (in pain)” (Ety/KWAL).

Conceptual Development: The adjective ᴱQ. qalin meant “dead” all the way back in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s where it was derived from the early root ᴱ√QALA “die” (QL/76; PME/76). In the Qenya Lexicon it has an archaic variant ᴱQ. †qalna (QL/76). In Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, qalin appeared in the stative construction qalinya {“is dead” >>} “is dying” (PE16/140).

rampa

?. [unglossed]

rista

noun. cut

A noun for “a cut” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” (Ety/RIS). It was also an element the name ᴹQ. Latimberista, Quenya equivalent of S. Imladris, in a page of rejected notes from 1948 (PE22/127). It might reappear in some later notes as well; see Q. rista- “to cut” for further discussion.

sahte

noun. [unglossed]

saira

adjective. wise

sarya

noun. [unglossed]

sermo

noun. friend

sisíria-

verb. [unglossed]

sondo

noun. friend

séra

?. [unglossed]

sóla

?. [unglossed]

tante

noun. [unglossed]

tatalta-

verb. [unglossed]

teuka

?. [unglossed]

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

timpana

noun. [unglossed]

toina

adjective. [unglossed]

tunt

noun. lump

tyue

noun. [unglossed]

ungwale

noun. torture

ungwe

noun. gloom

vainar

noun. sailor

vakse

noun. stain

varinye

noun. [unglossed]

ve

preposition. with

vea

noun. sea

veaner

noun. sailor

vinye

noun. evening

wa-

prefix. together

war-

verb. to err

ye

conjunction. and

ye

preposition. at

yelde

noun. daughter

yelme

noun. [unglossed]

yu

conjunction. and

yuale

noun. twilight

yé

noun. eye

The word ᴱQ. sé “eye, pupil” appeared in the Qenya Phonology of the 1910s derived from ᴱ✶þeχē (PE12/21), and ᴱQ. sē reappeared with the gloss “eye, eyeball” in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√SEHE [ÞEHE] (QL/82). A similar word ᴹQ. yé “eye” appeared in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s (PE21/40). Both were likely displaced by Q. hen “eye” < √KHEN.

yúkale

noun. twilight

él

noun. star

íre

conjunction. when