Quenya 

ai!

ah!

ai! interjection "Ah!", "Alas!" (Nam, RGEO:66; also twice in Narqelion, untranslated.) In one (abandoned) version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien may seem to use ai as a vocative particle: ai Ataremma ?"o our Father" (VT43:10, 13)

ai

interjection. ah, alas

Element in

Variations

  • Ai! ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58; RGEO/58
  • ai! ✧ PE17/061
Quenya [LotR/0377; PE17/061; RGEO/58] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ar

and

ar (1) conj. "and" (AR2, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40). The older form of the conjunction was az (PE17:41). Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s (PE17:41, 71), but "in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases" (PE17:71). In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar "and raiments" to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation(PE17:175). More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in "Old Quenya", the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant (PE17:41, 71). An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" (VT43:31, cf. VT48:14). In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ar(a) (VT45:6). In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar "as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and" (PE17:145); compare ara.

ar

and

o (1) conj. "and", occurring solely in SD:246; all other sources give ar.

ar

conjunction. and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but

Changes

  • araar ✧ NM/239
  • arar “and” ✧ PE17/041
  • arar ✧ PE17/041
  • aral ✧ PE17/175

Cognates

  • S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar

Derivations

  • as(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
    • AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31
  • ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/070; PE17/071; PE17/071; PE17/102
    • AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
  • AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145
  • AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ SA/ar

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
as(a) > ar[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]✧ PE17/041
ad(a) > az > ar[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]✧ PE17/041
ad > ar[ad] > [að] > [ar]✧ PE17/041
ad(a) > ar[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]✧ PE17/041
as(a) > ar[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]✧ PE17/041
ad > ar[ad] > [að] > [ar]✧ PE17/070
ad(ă)/ad > ar[ad] > [að] > [ar]✧ PE17/071
ad > > > ar[ad] > [að] > [ar]✧ PE17/071
ada > ar[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]✧ PE17/102
ADA > ar[ad] > [að] > [ar]✧ PE17/145
ar- > ar[ar]✧ SA/ar
as > ar[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]✧ VT47/31

Variations

  • Ar ✧ NM/239
  • ara ✧ NM/240 (ara)
  • a ✧ PE17/071 (a)
  • as ✧ PE17/071 (as); PE17/071
  • al ✧ PE17/071; PE17/175
  • are ✧ VT43/31 (are); VT43/34 (are); VT47/04
Quenya [LotR/0377; LotR/0967; Minor-Doc/1955-CT; NM/239; NM/240; PE16/096; PE17/041; PE17/070; PE17/071; PE17/072; PE17/102; PE17/103; PE17/145; PE17/174; PE17/175; PE22/147; PE22/154; PE22/158; PE22/162; RGEO/58; RGEO/59; S/190; SA/ar; UT/305; VT43/17; VT43/18; VT43/21; VT43/31; VT43/34; VT43/36; VT44/10; VT44/34; VT47/04; VT47/31; VT49/25; VT49/27; VT49/40; WJ/166] Group: Eldamo. Published by

az

and

az, archaic form of the conjunction ar "and"; see ar #1.

-yë

conjunction. and

- (4) conj. "and" as a suffix added to the second of a pair, as Menel Cemenyë "Heaven and Earth" (VT47:30, 31, VT49:25). Other "pairs" are mentioned as examples but not actually translated into Quenya by Tolkien: Sun and Moon (*Anar Isilyë), Land and Sea (*Nór Eäryë), fire and water (*nárë nenyë, or *úr nenyë).

and

and

a (2) conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song (that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna "and northwards" in a late text, VT49:26). According to PE17:41, "Old Quenya" could have the conjunction a (as a variant of ar) before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw (f is not mentioned), PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r, þ, s. See ar #1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen "he ran with his speed" (i.e. as quickly as he could) is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is "he ran and [did so] with his speed" (PE17:58).

arë

and

arë conj. "and", longer form of ar, q.v. (VT43:31)

yo

and

yo conj. "and", "often used between _two _items (of any part of speech) that were by nature or custom clearly associated, like the names of spouses (Manwë yo Varda), or "sword and sheath" (*macil yo vainë*), "bow and arrows" (quinga yo pilindi), or groups like "Elves and Men" (Eldar yo Fírimor but contrast eldain a fírimoin [dative forms] in FS, where Tolkien joins the words with a, seemingly simply a variant of the common conjunction ar). In one source, yo is apparently a preposition "with" (yo hildinyar* = "with my heirs", SD:56).

Sindarin 

ah

preposition/conjunction. and, with

The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a.1 , ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT/43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)

Sindarin [MR/329] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ah

conjunction. and

ai

interjection. ah!

Though attested in LotR, this word might relate to ae.1 , with the regular change from ai to ae between Noldorin and Sindarin

Sindarin [LotR/I:XII] Group: SINDICT. Published by

adh

conjunction. and

a

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

Sindarin [LotR/II:IV, LotR/VI:IV, S/428, SD/129-31, LB/354] Group: SINDICT. Published by

a

and

conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> ad, ada, adh

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:102] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

a

and

conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:145] < ADA beside, alongside, by. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

a

conjunction. and

conj. and. Pedo mellon a minno! 'Say friend and enter'. Q. ar

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:41] Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

a

conjunction. and; †by, near, beside

Changes

  • aa “and” ✧ PE17/041
  • a “and” ✧ PE17/041
  • aa ✧ PE17/041

Cognates

  • Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar

Derivations

  • as(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31
    • AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31
  • ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102
    • AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
  • AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145
  • AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ SA/ar

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ad(a) > > a[ada] > [aða] > [að] > [a]✧ PE17/041
as(a) > a(h) > a[asa] > [aha] > [ah] > [a]✧ PE17/041

Variations

  • ar ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; MR/373; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; VT44/28; VT50/18; VT50/19
  • a ✧ LB/354; Let/448; LotR/0305; LotR/0953; PE17/041 (a); PE17/041; PE17/041 (a); PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar; VT47/31
  • ah ✧ MR/329; VT43/30
  • ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/145
  • ath ✧ PE17/041 (ath)
  • a(ð) ✧ PE17/102
  • að- ✧ PE17/145
  • Ar ✧ SD/129; VT50/20
  • A ✧ VT50/20 (A)
Sindarin [AotM/062; LB/354; Let/448; LotR/0305; LotR/0953; MR/329; MR/373; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar; SD/129; VT43/30; VT44/28; VT47/31; VT50/18; VT50/19; VT50/20] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ad

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ada, adh

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:102] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

ar

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

Sindarin [LotR/II:IV, LotR/VI:IV, S/428, SD/129-31, LB/354] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ar

conjunction. and, and, [G.] too, besides

ada

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, adh

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:102] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

Ídh

and

{ð}_ conj. _and. It was not mutated before vowels. >> a

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:41] < O.S. _ath_. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, ada

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:102] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:145] < ADA beside, alongside, by. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

alae!

ah

! (interjection) alae!

alae!

ah

a

and

a, or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

a

and

or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

Primitive elvish

as(a)

preposition. and

Changes

  • as(a)ad(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041

Derivations

  • AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31

Derivatives

  • Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
  • S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31

Variations

  • as ✧ VT43/30; VT47/31
Primitive elvish [PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

a

conjunction. and

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. ar “and; but”

Element in

ar

conjunction. and

Derivations

  • ᴹ√AR “beside, outside”

Element in


Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

yo

conjunction. and

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶yu
    • ᴹ√ “two, both”

Element in

Variations

  • yu ✧ PE22/125
Qenya [PE22/125; SD/056] Group: Eldamo. Published by

yu

conjunction. and

Gnomish

le

preposition. and

Early Quenya

ya(n)

conjunction. and

Derivations

  • ᴱ√YA “*and” ✧ QL/104

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√YA > ya(n)[jan]✧ QL/104

Variations

  • ya ✧ LFC/030; PE15/69 (ya); VT40/08
  • yan ✧ PE15/69 (yan); QL/043
Early Quenya [LFC/030; PE15/69; QL/043; QL/104; VT40/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by