ad

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ada, adh

ada

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, adh

adh

conjunction. and

ad-

prefix. back, again, re-

canad

cardinal. four

The Sindarin word for “four” based on the root √KANAT of the same meaning (PE17/95; VT42/24; VT48/6; Ety/KÁNAT).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. cant “four” (GL/25). Some rough notes from the 1960s had a variant form cened “four”, but this seems to have been a ephemeral concept according to Patrick Wynne (VT47/41 note #69).

-ad Archaic

suffix. dual

The Sindarin dual was almost certainly derived from the same primitive form ✶ata as the Quenya dual ending -t, indicating this ending was ancient in form. The other Quenya dual, -u, would not have been active in Sindarin since final vowels were lost.

Tolkien stated (Let/427) that this ending was archaic and lost, but did not state when it disappeared. The ending may have still been active in the First Age. The ending appears in the day-name Orgaladhad “Day of the Two Trees”. Since the Sindar had no direct experience with the trees, this word was likely adopted from its Quenya cognate Aldúya when the Noldor and Sindar were reunited.

tadui

ordinal. second

The Sindarin word for “second”, an adjectival form of tâd “two” in notes from the late 1960s using the adjectival suffix -ui (VT42/25).

Conceptual Development: Earlier in these same 1960s notes, Tolkien had tadeg as the colloquial word for “second” but this word was deleted (VT42/10).

Sometime around 1950, the King’s Letter in the unpublished epilogue to The Lord of the Rings had a word edwen “second” in the phrase egor ben genediad Drannail __erin Gwirith edwen__ “or in the Shire-reckoning the second day of April” (SD/129). The preceding phrase had dolothen “eighth”, clearly a mutated form of tolothen which was an adjectival form of toloth “eight” with the adjectival suffix -en rather than later -ui. The same suffix can be seen in edwen, and its initial element might be related to adu (adw-) “double”.

The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. obin “second, next” based on G. ob “after, close behind” (GL/62).

-ad

suffix. noun-suffix

-ad

suffix. gerund

tadeg

ordinal. second

tadui

ordinal. second

ad

again

(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

ad

against

(prep.) 1) ad (probably followed by soft mutation), 2)

ad

back

(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "second, again, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

ad

re-

(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "back, again, second"

ad

second

(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "back, again, re-", e.g. aderthad "Reunion", and also in the term for

ad

again

also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

ad

back

also meaning "second, again, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

ad

second

also meaning "back, again, re-", e.g. aderthad "Reunion", and also in the term for

ad

against

(probably followed by soft mutation)

ad

re

also meaning "back, again, second"

aduial

second twilight

(evendim, the time of evening when the stars come out), pl. aduiail.

a

and

conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> ad, ada, adh

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, ada

a

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

a

and

conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

a

conjunction. and

conj. and. Pedo mellon a minno! 'Say friend and enter'. Q. ar

ah

conjunction. and

ar

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

ar

conjunction. and, and, [G.] too, besides

Ídh

and

{ð}_ conj. _and. It was not mutated before vowels. >> a

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

tadui

second

(adjective) 1) tadui (lenited dadui; no distinct pl. form), 2) edwen (pl. edwin).

tadui

second

(lenited dadui; no distinct pl. form)

lathr(ad)a-

verb. to listen in, eavesdrop

a

conjunction. and; †by, near, beside

In The Lord of the Rings, the Sindarin conjuction for “and” was a, as seen in the famous phrase from the Moria Gate Inscription: pedo mellon __a__ minno “speak, friend, and enter” (LotR/305).

Conceptual Development: In Tolkien’s earlier writings, the word for “and” was usually ar, consistent with the usual Quenya form of this word: Q. ar. The first appearance of this form of the word was in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, which had G. ar “and, too” (GL/20). This version of “and” appeared in numerous phrases from the 1920s-50s, that latest being the Sindarin version of the Lord’s Prayer: Ae Adar Nín from the mid-1950s (VT44/21).

In Lord of the Rings drafts of the 1940s, however, Tolkien introduced a “and” in the initial versions of the gate inscription (TI/182). He gradually transitioned to the a version over the next few years.

Possible Etymologies: It is not obvious what Tolkien intended the etymology of S. a “and” to be when he first introduced it. He did revisit the question in notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s, where he considered two primitive forms: ✶as(a) and ✶ad(a) (PE17/41). In both cases, the consonant of the primitive word would vanish if the following word began with a consonant, either as > ah > a or ad > að > a. However, there would be remnants of the primitive consonant before words beginning with a vowel, such as ah Edhel or að Edhel “and an Elf”. This is similar to how the English indefinite article “a” is “a” before a consonant but “an” before a vowel.

In the previously mentioned note Tolkien eventually settled on a(ð), and this was also the etymology of “and” in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 (PE17/145). In writings elsewhere Tolkien seems to have used a(h). For example, ah appeared in the phrase Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth “The Debate of Finrod and Andreth” written around 1959 (MR/329). In notes from 1968, Tolkien had Common Eldarin as “and” producing S. ah which became a before consonants (VT43/30).

Possible Mutations: In notes from 1969, Tolkien said that conjunctions like “and, or” induced mutation in Sindarin (PE23/142). The exact mutation would depend on the etymology of the word. The a(ð)-variant would induce stop mutation and the a(h)-variant would induce sibilant mutation, as described in Tolkien’s notes on the etymology of this word mentioned above (PE17/41).

One complication for the etymology of a was the phrase Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn “Frodo and Sam, princes of the west” (LotR/953). Here the name Perhael “Samwise” clearly undergoes soft mutation. Tolkien noticed this in his notes on the phrase, saying: “a·Berhael. ‘And’ cannot therefore be [derived from] arĭ! aŋa. ā̆. {an >>} ŋ̃a [and later in the same context] ‘And’ ad(a). Q ar. N [sic., should be S] a(ð). a, að before vowel. with soft mutation” (PE17/102).

However, there are no signs of soft mutation after a in other phrases like pedo mellon __a__ minno [rather than vinno] (LotR/305) or si loth __a__ galadh lasto dîn [rather than ’aladh] (LB/354). The earlier ar-variant also seems not to have induced mutation in some documents, such as the King’s Letter [ar Hîr; ar Meril] (SD/128) or Ae Adar Nín [ar díheno] (VT44/21, 28-29).

In the previously mentioned notes on Daur a Berhael, Tolkien seems to have considered another explanation where Daur “Frodo” was also a mutation, with an unmutated form Taur (PE17/102). If so, it may be that the mutations in Daur a Berhael are the result of some other grammatical operation rather than the normal mutation of a “and”.

Other than Daur a Berhael, the only clear example of consonant mutation after the conjunction “and” is ar·phent Rían... “✱and Rían said” from the Túrin Wrapper from the early 1950s (VT50/5). This seems to be an example of liquid mutation for the ar-version of this word.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I prefer the a(h)-variant for Sindarin “and”, with sibilant mutation before consonants and ah before vowels. This variant appears in notes from 1968 (VT43/30) and the sibilant mutation occurs only before words beginning with p, t, c, h (→ ph, th, ch, ch) and l, r (→ lh, rh). That means conflict with unmutated examples is minimized. In earlier versions of Eldamo I recommended ignoring mutation entirely for a(h), but since PE23 made it clear that conjunctions induce mutation I now recommend the “least disruptive” mutation: sibilant mutation.

This means a separate explanation is required for Daur a Berhael. For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I assume that soft mutation is used as a marker for Sindarin direct objects, even when those objects do not immediately follow the verb. Thus I assume Daur a Berhael are soft mutations of Taur “Frodo” and Perhael “Samwise” because they are the objects of the verb eglorio “glorify” in the phrase Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn, eglerio “Frodo and Sam, princes of the west, glorify (them)”.

There is some evidence that a “and” is omitted in lists of items in Sindarin; see Vyacheslav Stepanov’s article on How to List the Children of Master Samwise Properly for discussion.

Bear in mind that this system is based on a very small number of examples, and could be overturned by new publications.

a

and

a, or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

a

and

or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

ah

preposition/conjunction. and, with

The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a.1 , ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT/43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)

-ed

suffix. gerund

athrabeth finrod ah andreth

The Debate of Finrod and Andreth

edwen

ordinal. second

naur dan i ngaurhoth

*fire [be] against the wolf-horde

@@@ for gloss, compare to naur an edraith ammen “fire [be] for rescue/saving us” (PE17/38).

dan

preposition. against

dan

preposition. etym. back

edwen

ordinal. second

taid

adjective. second (in the sense of supporting, second in command)

dan

back

(prep.) dan (lenited nan) (again, against);

dan

again, against

(lenited nan) (back). As prep. maybe followed by soft mutation.

dan

back

(lenited nan) (again, against);

eden

begun again

(new), pl. edin

edwen

second

(pl. edwin).

ad

preposition. *against

ad-

prefix. back, again, re-

ad-

prefix. back, again, re-

-ad

suffix. gerund

gann(ad)a-

verb. to play a harp

lhathr(ad)a-

verb. to listen in, eavesdrop

naur ad i gaurhoth

*fire [be] against the wolf-horde

a

conjunction. and

ar

conjunction. and

-ed

suffix. gerund

and

and

a (2) conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song (that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna "and northwards" in a late text, VT49:26). According to PE17:41, "Old Quenya" could have the conjunction a (as a variant of ar) before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw (f is not mentioned), PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r, þ, s. See ar #1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen "he ran with his speed" (i.e. as quickly as he could) is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is "he ran and [did so] with his speed" (PE17:58).

ar

conjunction. and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but

The word ar was the Quenya word for “and” for much of Tolkien’s life. It was related to (and originally identical with) Q. ar(a) “beside” (PE17/70). The word ar was always used between sentences, but in sets of items sometimes yo and ta were used instead.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s ᴱQ. ar(a) was glossed “but” under the early root ᴱ√ƷARA “spread, extend sideways” (QL/32). In this earliest period the word for “and” was ᴱQ. ya(n) (QL/104). By the end of the 1920s when Tolkien composed the Nieninqe and Earendil poems, he consistently translated ar as “and” (MC/216; PE16/100). The translation “but” reappeared in a few phrases from the 1940s (PE22/124; PE23/74), but it is not clear if these were genuine shifts in meaning or loose translations.

By the time Tolkien wrote The Etymologies of the 1930s, ᴹQ. ar “and” was derived from the root ᴹ√AR “beside, outside” (Ety/AR²). This seems to have remained the case up through most of the 1950s, with the possible exception of a couple phrases in the 1930s where Tolkien used a “and” instead (LR/61, 72). In this period the usual Noldorin/Sindarin word for “and” was also ar.

At some point while writing drafts of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien decided that the Sindarin word for “and” should a in the famous phrase pedo mellon a minno “speak, friend, and enter”. His motivations for this change are unclear, but he noticed the problem in notes written between the first and second edition of The Lord of the Rings, saying “a·Berhael. ‘And’ cannot therefore be [derived from] arĭ!” (PE17/102). From this point forward, Tolkien considered two possible roots serving as the basis for “and”: √AD(A) and √AS, both meaning “beside” (PE17/145; VT48/25). In his later writings, Tolkien seems to favor √AS which appeared in a few different notes from 1968 (VT47/31; VT48/25), though ada reappeared in notes from 1969 (VT49/25).

Assimilations: In the notes written between both the 1st and 2nd edition of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien considered what kind of assimilations ar might have before consonants if it were derived from √AS or √AD (PE17/41). For √AS it became a before the consonants f, h, hw, hy, became as before t, k, p, q, s, and became al before l. For √AD it became a before the consonants n, m, became as before s, and became al before l. In notes from around 1964 Tolkien said:

> It is not necessary here to specify all the assimilations that could have occurred at these different stages, since in fact few have left traces in the forms of “and” ... Later after development to ar, only as survived as an occasional form before t, and as the usual form before s (of any origin); while al appeared before l. But in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases, though the pronunciation of ar-s, ar-l as as-s, al-l remained usual (PE17/71).

In this particular discussion, ar as derived from √AD. However, the system Tolkien described was that all the older assimilations were abandoned, and the only ones that survived were based on later assimilations involved r of any origin: *rs* > *ss* and *rl* > *ll*. These sound shifts only affected pronunciation, not spelling. Thus the same arguments would be apply if ar was derived from √AS.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would write ar “and” in all cases, and would assume it was derived from derived from √AS, but would further assume that the Tarquesta pronunciations before s and l were as-s, al-l.

-yë

conjunction. and

-yë (4) conj. "and" as a suffix added to the second of a pair, as Menel Cemenyë "Heaven and Earth" (VT47:30, 31, VT49:25). Other "pairs" are mentioned as examples but not actually translated into Quenya by Tolkien: Sun and Moon (*Anar Isilyë), Land and Sea (*Nór Eäryë), fire and water (*nárë nenyë, or *úr nenyë).

ar

and

ar (1) conj. "and" (AR2, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40). The older form of the conjunction was az (PE17:41). Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s (PE17:41, 71), but "in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases" (PE17:71). In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar "and raiments" to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation(PE17:175). More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in "Old Quenya", the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant (PE17:41, 71). An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" (VT43:31, cf. VT48:14). In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ar(a) (VT45:6). In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar "as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and" (PE17:145); compare ara.

ar

and

o (1) conj. "and", occurring solely in SD:246; all other sources give ar.

arë

and

arë conj. "and", longer form of ar, q.v. (VT43:31)

az

and

az, archaic form of the conjunction ar "and"; see ar #1.

yo

and

yo conj. "and", "often used between _two _items (of any part of speech) that were by nature or custom clearly associated, like the names of spouses (Manwë yo Varda), or "sword and sheath" (*macil yo vainë*), "bow and arrows" (quinga yo pilindi), or groups like "Elves and Men" (Eldar yo Fírimor but contrast eldain a fírimoin [dative forms] in FS, where Tolkien joins the words with a, seemingly simply a variant of the common conjunction ar). In one source, yo is apparently a preposition "with" (yo hildinyar* = "with my heirs", SD:56).

ar(a)

preposition. beside, next [to]; out, beside, next [to], *by; out, [ᴹQ.] outside

A word that, as a preposition, generally means “beside, next [to]” (PE17/71; VT49/25), which became the basis for the conjunction ar “and” (see that entry for discussion).

Conceptual Development: The preposition ar(a) had a long history in Tolkien’s writings. ᴱQ. ar (as-) “to, against, next, on (wall)” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√ASA (QL/33). The Etymologies of the 1930s has ᴹQ. ara under the root ᴹ√AR “beside, outside” (Ety/AR²). This ara at first had the glosses “without, outside, beside”, and then “without” and “out” were struck through, with a hard-to-read modification written above “out”, perhaps “hard by” according to the editors, so that the final gloss might have been “hard by side, beside” (EtyAC/AR²).

The preposition ar “beside, next” appeared in notes from 1957 as a derivative of √ADA “beside, alongside, by”, where Tolkien said ar “and” was a related adverb (PE17/145). The preposition ar appeared in the first version of the Löa Yucainen from 1958 in the phrase Yénion yukainen nunn’ ar anduine lútie “Years ten and ten have down the Long River floated”, but its exact function is unclear (CPT/1296).

In notes on comparison from around 1964, Tolkien used ar as an alternative to epë “before” in comparative phrases. For example A anamelda na ep’ ilya “A is [dearer] than all others” could also be written A anamelda na __ar__ ilyan (PE17/57); this could be “A is very-bright beside all”, or it could be a variant of superlative ar(i)-. In the same set of notes Tolkien described √ADA as the basis for ar “and”, saying:

> This was in origin a preposition from the √ADA meaning “alongside, by the side of”. In Quenya the simple form ad(ă), ad had ceased to be used as a preposition with this full (physical) sense, except as a prefix (equivalent more or less to English “by-”), as in Arvernien “(the land) beside the Verna” (PE17/71).

Despite the claim that it has “ceased to be used as a preposition”, ara appeared in notes associated with the Ambidexters Sentence from 1969, again derived from ✶ad(a) “beside(s)” (VT49/25). It was part of a prepositional paradigm giving its combination with various pronouns, including arni “✱beside me” and arse “✱beside him”. In a note from 1968, arse appeared in the sentence: (qui)quie menin coaryanna / __arse__ “whenever I arrive at his house/come to/get to, he is out” (VT49/23). This sense “out” might be connected to its gloss “outside” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, or it might be in a privative sense “✱without him” as suggested by Patrick Wynne (VT49/35-36 note #34).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume ar(a) as a preposition means “beside, ✱by”, as opposed to conjunctional ar “and”, for example: i atan ar i elda tarne ar i nauco “the man and the elf stood beside the dwarf”. Where the two uses are ambiguous, the longer form ara “beside” can be used. I would not use ara for “outside” except in the limited sense “just outside = next to”; see the prefix ar- for more discussion.

attëa

ordinal. second

The usual Quenya word for “second”, an adjectival form of atta “two” (VT42/25).

Conceptual Development: The word ᴱQ. potsina appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with the glosses “rearward, back, rear, hinder”, and based on ᴱQ. pote “after, behind (of place)” under the early root ᴱ√POT-I (QL/75). In the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s it had the added meaning “second” along with “next, following” (PE14/51, 82).

The Etymologies of the 1930s had ᴹQ. neuna “second” derived from ᴹ✶ndeu̯na under the root ᴹ√NDEW “follow, come behind” (Ety/NDEW). Neuna was thus semantically similar to ᴱQ. potsina where “second” = “✱following”. The word neuna has a variant nyûna that Tolkien marked with a “?” (EtyAC/NDEW).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use attëa as the usual word for “second”, but I would retain neuna for “second” in the sense “✱immediately following, next”.

an-

re

an- (3) prefix "re" in antúlien, q.v. (LotR-style Quenya shows en- instead.)

ata

again

ata adv. "again", also prefix ata-, at- "back, again, re-; second time, double" (AT(AT), PE17:166, cf. ataquanta-, ataquetië) or "two" (PE17:166), also "ambi-" as in ataformaitë, q.v.

atya

second

#atya (1) adj. "second" in Atyarussa "Second russa" (VT41:10)

neuna

second

neuna adj. "second" (NDEW)

yuitë

adjective. dual

An adjective for “dual”, a combination of yu- “both” and the suffix -itë arising out of a conversation in Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) in 2019-08-24. Also used as a grammatical term.

tatya Archaic

ordinal. second

An archaic word for “second”, replaced in modern Quenya by attëa (VT42/25). The archaic word appeared as the ancient name of the tribe of the Noldor: Tatyar “Seconds” (WJ/380, 420). There was another variant atya appearing in a few archaic names like Atyarussa “Second-russa” (VT41/10) and (probably) Atyamar “✱Second Home” (NM/51).

catta

noun. back

A neologism for “back” coined by Paul Strack in 2022 specifically for Eldamo, based on Q. ca(ta) “behind, at back of place”. This word can refer to the back of body as well as the back of other things.

attëa

second

attëa ordinal "second", replacing the archaic form tatya (VT42:25)

atya

ordinal. second

nan

adverb. again

opto

noun. back

pontë

back, rear

pontë (ponti-) noun "back, rear" (QL:75)

re

re

[re, possibly a 3rd person singular emphatic pronoun, struck out by Tolkien (VT49:49)]

tanta-

verb. to play a harp

tatya

second

tatya archaic ordinal "second". Nominal pl. Tatyar "Seconds, Second Ones", the original name of the Noldor as the Second Clan of the Elves (or rather the direct Quenya descendant of the original name, which was probably Tatjāi). (WJ:380) Later, tatya as an ordinal was replaced by attëa (VT42:25).

anat

preposition. against

A neologism for “against” coined by Yitzik based on primitive ✶anak, see: gilruin.gitlab.io.

ad(a)

root. by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite

ad(a)

preposition. and, alongside

barad

root. lofty, high, height combined with strength/size/majesty

as(a)

preposition. and

-ū

suffix. dual

khan

root. back

tō/oto

root. back

The earliest appearance of this root was ᴹ√TOTO- “repeat” from Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/109). The root appeared as √TŌ/OTO in a discussion of prefixes for “back” from around 1959, where Tolkien specified its meaning as “back as an answer, or return by another agent to an action affecting him, as in answering, replying, avenging, requiting, repaying, rewarding”; Tolkien also considered the forms √UTU/TŪ (PE17/166). In this 1959 note Tolkien crossed √TŌ/OTO through and seems to have replaced it with √KHAN. Tolkien mentioned the root √OT in a discussion of numbers from the late 1960s, but only to specify that “there was no primitive base OT-” (VT47/16).

we

root. dual

A primitive “dual” element mentioned in notes on numbers from the late 1960s, contributing to the forms of primitive ✶enekwe “six” and ✶yun(e)kwe “twelve” in the Quenya branch of Elvish, as well as the ancient 1st person inclusive pronoun ✶ñwe (VT48/10). It was probably related to the ancient dual suffix ✶-ū (Let/427). It was also likely a later iteration the dual root ᴱ√WI from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s which was likewise connected to dual U (QL/33). This early root was mentioned in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon as ᴱ✶u̯i (GL/45).

-ada

preposition. to, toward, into, against, -ward

A prepositional suffix variously translated as “(in)to” or “(to)ward”, and in one place “against” (SD/247, SD/429). It can appears as either -ada or -ad (SD/429), but in most examples it is -ada, the one exception being Gimlad “Starwards”.

agh

conjunction. and

tatya

ordinal. second