pendë

slope, downslope, declivity

pendë noun "slope, downslope, declivity" (PEN/PÉNED), "steep incline, hill side" (PE17:24)

penda-

slope, incline

penda- vb. "slope, incline" (PE17:171, 173)

nendë

slope, hillside

[nendë] (2) noun "slope, hillside" (DEN, struck out; compare VT45:9)

quín

crest, ridge

quín, quínë noun "crest, ridge" (PE17:24)

quín(ë)

noun. crest, ridge

A noun glossed “crest, ridge” appearing in various notes from the late 1950s and early 60s as a derivatives of √KWIN “crest, salient or top edge”, with variants quín and quíne (PE17/24, 173).

Cognates

• S. pind “crest, ridge” ✧ PE17/024; PE17/173

Derivations

• ✶kwinde “crest, ridge” ✧ PE17/024
  • √KWIN “crest, salient or top edge”
• √KWIN “crest, salient or top edge” ✧ PE17/173

Element in

• Q. quinna “crested” ✧ PE17/024

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶kwinde > quíne	[kwīne]	✧ PE17/024
√KWIN > quíne	[kwīne]	✧ PE17/173

Variations

• quín ✧ PE17/024
• quíne ✧ PE17/024; PE17/173

quín, quínë

crest, ridge

quín, quínë noun "crest, ridge" (PE17:24. 173)

lanta

fall

lanta (1) noun "a fall" (DAT/DANT (TALÁT) ), also lantë.

lantë

fall

#lantë (1) noun "fall" in Noldolantë, q.v. Also lanta.

lantë

noun. fall

The word lasselanta “leaf-fall, autumn” (LotR/1107) indicate the form this word should be lanta, which is how it appears in The Etymologies. However, the alternate lassewinta (PM/376) seems to be formed with the infinitive of the verb winta- rather than a noun, so perhaps lasselanta is a similar formation from the verb lanta- “to fall”.

The form lantë, appearing in Noldolantë “Fall of the Noldor” (S/87), more strongly resembles other Quenya nouns, which more often end in -e rather than -a. The noun atalantë “collapse, downfall” is a similar formation from the related verb [ᴹQ.] atalta-, though it could also be the past formation “downfallen” of this TALAT-stem verb.

Derivations

• √DAT “fall down, fall to ground”

Element in

• Q. Noldolantë “Fall of the Noldor” ✧ S/087

lanta-

fall

lanta- (2) "fall" (DAT/DANT (TALÁT), Narqelion, VT45:26, VT49:54); lantar aorist tense pl. (Nam, RGEO:66); pl. pa.t. lantaner "fell" (pl.) (SD:246); lantier "they fell", a plural past tense of lanta- "fall" occurring in LR:47; read probably lantaner in LotR-style Quenya, as in SD:246. Also sg. lantië "fell" (LR:56); read likewise *lantanë? (The forms in -ier, -ië seem to be properly perfects.) Future tense lantuva, VT49:47. Participle lantala "falling" (with locative ending: lantalassë) in Markirya.

lantar

fall

-r plural ending used on verbs with a plural subject (VT49:48, 50, 51), e.g. lantar "fall" in Namárië (with the plural subject lassi "leaves"), or unduláver as the pl. form of undulávë "licked down, covered" (PE17:72). The ending is sometimes missing where we might expect it; for instance, the verb tarnë "stood" has multiple subjects and yet does not appear as *tarner in PE17:71.

pind

noun. crest

n. crest, ridge, esp. used of long (low) hill with a sharp ridge against skyline. Q. quíne. >> pend 1/2, pinn, Pinnath Gelin

pind

noun. crest, ridge

A word for “crest, ridge” (PE17/24) or a “long (low) hill with a sharp ridge against the skyline” (PE17/97). Tolkien seems to have coined this word to explain the abnormal “double plural” form pinnath in S. Pinnath Gelin “Green Hills or Ridges” (LotR/771; RC/525). It is clear he originally intended pinnath to be derived from S. pend “slope” < √PED, but it was a somewhat peculiar combination of the normal plural form pind with the class plural suffix -ath (PE17/24). By introducing S. pind “ridge” < √KWIN, Tolkien resolved this quandary (PE17/158).

Conceptual Development: The notion of this “double plural” form dates all the way back to the Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, where it seems the noun ᴱN. binn “slope, hillside, bank” was developed from the plural form of the adjective ᴱN. benn “sloping”, and the plural of the noun was binniath (PE13/138, 160). It seems likely that pinnath was initially a remnant of this double pluralization, before Tolkien reconceived of it as a derivative of √KWIN.

Cognates

• Q. quín(ë) “crest, ridge” ✧ PE17/024; PE17/173

Derivations

• ✶kwinde “crest, ridge” ✧ PE17/024
  • √KWIN “crest, salient or top edge”
• √KWIN “crest, salient or top edge” ✧ PE17/173

Element in

• S. Pinnath Gelin “Green Ridges” ✧ PE17/024; PE17/097; PE17/173; RC/525

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶kwinde > pinn	[kwindē] > [pindē] > [pinde] > [pind] > [pinn]	✧ PE17/024
√KWIN > pind > pinn	[kwindē] > [pindē] > [pinde] > [pind] > [pinn]	✧ PE17/173

Variations

• pinn ✧ PE17/024 (pinn); PE17/097; PE17/173

pend

slope

pl1. pind _n. _slope. >> #penn, pind, pinn

pend

noun/adjective. slope, steep incline, hill side; sloping (down), steeply inclined, slope, steep incline, hill side, [N.] declivity; [S.] sloping (down), steeply inclined

A noun for “slope” (RC/525) or a “steep incline, hill side” (PE17/24), also used as an adjective for “steeply inclined, sloping down” (PE17/24) or “steeply sloping” (PE17/173). In keeping with the general conventions of this lexicon, I represent it as pend since Tolkien said -nd frequently survived “at the end of fully accented monosyllables” (LotR/1115), but in his notes Tolkien marked pend as Old Sindarin and gave penn as the modern form (PE17/24, 173).

Conceptual Development: The earliest appearance of this word was in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s as ᴱN. benn (†bend) with glosses like “inclined, sloping” (PE13/138) or “slanting, sloping, up or down hill” (PE13/160). In this period it as derived from primitive ᴱ✶bendā and was an adjective only; the noun form was ᴱN. binn.

In The Etymologies of the 1930s it first appeared as N. denn (†dend) “sloping” as a derivative of ᴹ√DEN “hillside, slope”, but the meaning of this root was change to ᴹ√DEN “hole; gap, passage” (Ety/DEN). Tolkien introduced a new root ᴹ√PEN(ED) with the derivative N. penn (†pend) “declivity” (Ety/PEN). In later writings, though, its root form was √PED instead of ᴹ√PEN, as √PEN was given the new sense “lack, be without” (PE17/173; WJ/375).

Cognates

• Q. penda “sloping down, (steeply) inclined” ✧ PE17/024; PE17/173
• Q. pendë “steep incline, hill side, steep incline, hillside, [ᴹQ.] (down) slope, declivity” ✧ PE17/024

Derivations

• ✶pendā “sloping” ✧ PE17/173
  • √PED “slope, slant down” ✧ PE17/173; WJ/375

Element in

• S. Pinnath Gelin “Green Ridges” ✧ PE17/024

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶pendā > pend > penn	[pendā] > [penda] > [pend] > [penn]	✧ PE17/173

Variations

• penn ✧ PE17/173; RC/525

pinn

noun. crest

n. crest, ridge, esp. used of long (low) hill with a sharp ridge against skyline. Q. quíne. >> pend 1/2, pind, Pinnath Gelin

pinnath

noun. ridges, group of downs

penn

slope

pl1. pinn _n. _slope. >> #pend

penn

noun. declivity, slope

penneth

noun. ridges, group of downs

dant

noun. fall

lant

noun. fall

danna

fall

_ v. _fall. Q. lanta-.

adlanna-

verb. to slope, slant

danna-

verb. to fall

Written dant- in the Etymologies

amloth

noun. flower or floreate device used as crest fixed to the point of a tall helmet

pind

slope

(noun) 1) #pind (i bind; construct pin) (declivity), no distinct pl. form except with article (i phind), coll. pl. pinnath (in the name Pinnath Gelin). 2) talad (i dalad, o thalad) (incline), pl. telaid (i thelaid).

pind

declivity

*pind (i bind; construct pin) (slope), no distinct pl. form except with article (i phind), coll. pl. pinnath (in the name Pinnath Gelin).

pind

ridge

pind (i bind, o phind, construct pin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i phind), coll. pl. pinnath.

pind

ridge

(i bind, o phind, construct pin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i phind), coll. pl. pinnath.

pend

declivity

pend (i bend, o phend; construct pen) (fall), pl. pind (i phind), coll. pl. pennath

pend

declivity

(i bend, o phend; construct pen) (fall), pl. pind (i phind), coll. pl. pennath

dant

fall, falling

(i dhant) (autumn), pl. daint (i naint), also (and maybe particularly when the meaning is "autumn") dannas (i dhannas), pl. dannais (i nannais) (PM:135)

ceber

stone ridge

(i geber, o cheber) (spike, stake), pl. cebir (i chebir). A lenited pl. form occurs in the name Sarn Gebir.

dath

steep fall

(i dhath) (hole, pit, abyss), pl. daith (i naith) (VT45:8).

dû

nightfall

(i dhû) (night, dusk, late evening, darkness), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302)

lant

fall

_(noun) _1) #lant (pl. laint, coll. pl. lannath). This is apparently a Quenya borrowing, dant being the native Sindarin word. Note: a homophone means ”clearing in forest”. 2) pend (i bend, o phend; construct pen) (declivity), pl. pind (i phind), coll. pl. pennath. 3)

lant

fall

(pl. laint, coll. pl. lannath). This is apparently a Quenya borrowing, dant being the native Sindarin word. Note: a homophone means ”clearing in forest”. 2) pend (i bend, o phend; construct pen) (declivity), pl. pind (i phind), coll. pl. pennath. 3)

adlanna

slope

(vb.) *adlanna- (slant) (i adlanna, in adlannar). This is a suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” atlanna-.

adlanna

slope

(slant) (i adlanna, in adlannar). This is a suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” atlanna-.

danna

fall

(verb) ?danna- (i dhanna, i nannar), pa.t. dant, past participle ("fallen") dannen, pl. dennin.

danna

fall

(i dhanna, i nannar), pa.t. dant, past participle ("fallen") dannen, pl. dennin.

lanthir

waterfall

(no distinct pl. form). Coll. pl. lanthiriath.

kwinde

noun. crest, ridge

Derivations

• √KWIN “crest, salient or top edge”

Derivatives

• Q. quín(ë) “crest, ridge” ✧ PE17/024
• S. pind “crest, ridge” ✧ PE17/024

pend

noun. declivity, slope

penn

noun. declivity, slope

penn

noun. declivity

Cognates

• ᴹQ. penda “sloping down, inclined” ✧ Ety/DEN
• ᴹQ. pende “slope, downslope, declivity” ✧ Ety/PEN

Derivations

• ᴹ√PEN(ED) “*hillside, slope” ✧ Ety/DEN; Ety/PEN

Element in

• N. amben “uphill, uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome” ✧ Ety/DEN (amdenn); Ety/PEN
• N. dadben “downhill, inclined, prone, downhill, inclined, prone; [ᴱN.] (figuratively) easy-going, easy, not arduous” ✧ Ety/DEN (dadðenn/dadhenn); Ety/PEN
• N. pendrath “passage up or down slope, stairway”
• N. Pensarn

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√DEN > dend > denn	[ndenda] > [denda] > [dend] > [denn]	✧ Ety/DEN
ᴹ√PÉNED > pend > penn	[pende] > [pend] > [penn]	✧ Ety/PEN

Variations

• denn ✧ Ety/DEN (denn)
• penn ✧ Ety/PEN

dant-

verb. to fall

Written dant- in the Etymologies

atlanna-

verb. to slope, slant