ir

root. desire, long for, desire, long for; [ᴹ√] desirable, beautiful

Tolkien experimented with a variety of roots for “desire, desirable”, many in connection to the name Idril. Perhaps the earliest iteration of this root is indicated by the Gnomish word G. irn “desired, wished for” (GL/52), but given its other related forms such as G. îr- “will, intend to”, G. irm “wish, intention, resolve” and ᴱQ irya “wish” (GL/52; PE13/116), the (unattested) early root ✱ᴱ√IRI probably meant “wish, intend”.

In The Etymologies of the 1930s there was a root ᴹ√ĪR “desirable, beautiful”, but it had no derivatives (EtyAC/ĪR). Elsewhere in the document ᴹQ. íre “desire” was derived from the root ᴹ√ID (Ety/ID), perhaps a new iteration of the (hypothetical) early root ✱ᴱ√ITI “precious”. This second root ᴹ√ID had various derivatives having to do with both thoughts and desires, such as ᴹQ. indo “heart, mood”, N. ind “inner thought, meaning, heart”, ᴹQ. írima “lovely, desirable”, and N. idhren “pondering, wise, thoughtful”. Among its derivatives Tolkien also gave N. Idhril, untranslated but probably meaning “✱Desirable One”.

The problem with this last derivation is that in the contemporaneous narratives, Tolkien generally gave her name as Idril (SM/36, LR/141), which was the form of her name dating all the way in The Lost Tales of the 1910s (LT2/164). When writing the appendices to The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien again used Idril (LotR/1034).

This form of the name could not be derived from √ID, and Tolkien wrestled with this question in his Notes on Names (NN) written in 1957 (PE17/112). Acknowledging the problem, Tolkien first considered introducing a new root √IT “(great) enhancement” to serve as the basic of Idril, but he reversed himself, giving √ID “desire, long for” as a better basis for the name, saying: “Decision: [S.] íđril, Q Írilde”. But then he crossed all this through, and considered reintroducing √IT with a modified meaning “repeat, multiply” (PE17/112).

Based on The Shibboleth of Fëanor written 1968, it seems Tolkien stuck with the notion of basing Idril on a √IT, though he revised the meaning of the root again to “glitter” or “sparkle” (PM/363). As for √ID, the meaning “desire” seems to have been transferred back to √IR, which Tolkien gave with the gloss “desire” in notes on roots having to do with “beautiful” written in 1959-60 (PE17/155). Also, around 1957 Tolkien introduced a new root √IN-I-D to serve as the basis for Q. indo “mind” (PE17/155). The various words having to do with “thoughts” derived from 1930s ᴹ√ID may have been transferred to √IN-ID, a possibility suggested by Elaran in a Discord chat on January 26, 2018. If so, Tolkien may have abandon √ID, using only √IR and √INID going forward.

Assuming the above reasoning is correct, the conceptual development would be 1910s ✱ᴱ√IRI “wish, intend” >> 1930s ᴹ√ID “desire, thoughts” >> 1957 √ID “desire” >> 1959 √IR “desire”, with thought words transferred to √IN-ID (later √I-NID) and the name Idril transferred to √IT “glitter”.

irit

root. peck, prick

anga

root. iron

The root √ANGA was established as the Primitive Elvish root for “iron” quite early in Tolkien’s writing, with the derivatives Q. anga and S. ang. The form ANGA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/31) serving as both the root and the Early Qenya form, and G. ang appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/19). The root ᴹ√ANGĀ reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/ANGĀ), and it appeared once more in notes associated with The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 (PM/366).

angā

noun. iron

rik

root. twist, twist; [ᴹ√] jerk, sudden move, flirt

This root first appeared as unglossed ᴱ√RIQI or ᴱ√RIKI in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives ᴱQ. riqi- “wrench, twist” and ᴱQ. marikta “wrist” (QL/80). This root also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such G. raig “awry, twisted, distorted, perverse, wrong, leering (of face)”, G. rig “a snarl, a sneer”, and G. rig- “twist, contort” (GL/64-65). These forms were also linked to G. grinn “ankle (talgrin), wrist (mabrin)” (GL/42) and G. arc “fierce, harsh, ill tempered; awkward, difficult” < ᴱ✶r̄k- (GL/20). The latter reappeared as ᴱN. arch “rough, fierce” >> “rough” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (GL/137), though in the somewhat later Early Noldorin Dictionary, ᴱN. arch “rough” was given a new derivation from ᴱ✶a-rak-wa (PE13/160), and thus was no longer tied to ᴱ√RIKI.

The root ᴹ√RIK reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/RIK(H)) but it was revised to ᴹ√RIK(H) “jerk, sudden move, flirt” with derivatives like ᴹQ. rinke “flourish, quick stroke” and ᴹQ. rihta-/N. rhitha- “jerk, twitch” (Ety/RIK(H)). In notes from 1959-60 the root appeared again as √RIK “twist” with a derivative Q. raika “crooked” (VT39/7), a word that in The Etymologies of the 1930s was derived from ᴹ√RAYAK. This 1959-60 appearance seems to be harkening back to its meaning in the 1910s.

id

root. desire, long for

itith

root. annoy, *itch, irritate; peck, bite (of flies)

min

cardinal. one

imin

masculine name. One

pathnā

adjective. smooth

ir

conjunction. (?) when

This word is not translated. It could be related to Quenya íre "when". Some scholars also consider that it could be the form taken by the article i before a vowel, on a pattern similar to ah . To this respect, it might be interesting to note the ir was the allative/dative form of the article in the old Gnomish lexicon, PE/11:9

ir

conjunction. ?when, while

irin

irin

>> alfirin

ir ithil ammen eruchín

*when the Moon, for us, the Children of God

The first phrase of Lúthien’s Song (LB/354). Three translations of this phrase are:

• Patrick Wynne: “✱When the Moon, for us, the Children of Eru” (NTTLS/11)

• David Salo: “✱The Moon, [having watched] for us, the Children of Eru” (GS/211)

• Bertrand Bellet and Benjamin Babut: “✱When the Moon ... for us, Children of the One” (GTLC)

The first word ir is the most controversial in the poem. Wynne suggested that it might be a cognate of ᴹQ. íre “when” appearing in Fíriel’s Song from the 1930s (LR/72), but Salo suggested that it might be a variant form of the definite article i used before another i to avoid repetition (GS/211). In support of Salo, the form ir appeared as definite article in the Túrin Wrapper: ir Ellath “✱the Elves” (VT50/23), but elsewhere in the wrapper this was written in Ellath, and so ir there may only have been a slip. Furthermore, proper names like Ithil don’t generally need a definite article, as pointed out by Carl Hostetter (VT50/23, note #36). Absent further evidence, I am inclined to agree with Wynne in this case, but even this is quite speculative, since nearly two decades separate the poems.

The rest of the phrase is straightforward. The second word is Ithil “Moon”. The third word is ammen “for us”, the preposition an “for” assimilated to the pronoun men “us”. The last word is Eruchîn “Children of God”, appearing elsewhere as Eruhîn (Let/345, MR/330).

anguirel

proper name. *Iron-of-the-fiery-star

A companion sword to Anglachel, constructed from the same fiery meteor (S/202). Its initial element is probably ang “iron” (SA/eng) and its final element may be êl “star”. Its middle element may be related to the root √UR “heat, be hot”, perhaps an otherwise unattested adjective ?uir “fiery”, though David Salo suggested it might be [N.] uir “eternity” (GS/359).

gir-

verb. to shudder

The Noldorin-style infinitive form giri “shudder” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under from the root ᴹ√GIR “quiver, shudder” (Ety/GIR). Tolkien’s continued use of the noun girith “shudder” in names like Nen Girith “Shuddering Water” (S/220; WJ/151) implies that gir- “shudder” remained valid in Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s as well.

tirith

watch

{1st ĭ}_n._watch, ward, guard. >> tíria, Minas Tirith

tirith

noun. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance

ir

i

is simply a variant of the definite article.

ir

when

?ir (not used in questions but to indicate time, as in ”when I saw you, I was glad”). This is one of several possible interpretations of the word, which occurs in a Sindarin poem untranslated by Tolkien (ir Isil ammen Eruchín…síla, ?”when the Moon shines for us Children of Eru…”, The Lays of Beleriand p. 354). By another interpretation, ir is simply a variant of the definite article.(relative pronoun), see THAT

ir

when

(not used in questions but to indicate time, as in ”when

Irolas

Irolas

Irolas is obviously an anagram of the canonical name Iorlas (the same way the character Madril is derived from Mardil Voronwë) however there is no actual background or etymology behind it.

irn

adjective. desired, wished for

irdh

noun. entrails, bowels, innards

irth

noun. beak

irtha-

verb. to peck

ered engrin

place name. Iron Mountains

The “Iron Mountains” around Morgoth’s realm (S/118). This name is a combination of the plural of orod “mountain” and the plural of the adjective angren “of iron” (SA/orod, anga).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this name was as G. Angorodin (LT2/77). It was revised in the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s, first to (singular) ᴱN. Aiglir Angrin and then to (plural) N. Eiglir Engrin (LB/49), forms that also appeared in the Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/220). In the mid-30s, the form N. Ered-engrin first appeared (LR/258), and The Etymologies from the same period, it already had the derivation given above (Ety/ÓROT).

ang

noun. iron

This was the word for “iron” in Sindarin and its conceptual precursors for much of Tolkien’s life. It was derived from primitive ✶angā of the same meaning (PM/347).

Conceptual Development: G. ang “iron” dates all the way back to the the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/19), and appeared regularly in Tolkien’s writings thereafter, always with the same form and meaning.

angband

place name. Iron Prison

The fortress of Morgoth in the North, translated “Iron Prison” (WJ/15), a compound of ang “iron” and band “prison” (SA/ang, band).

Conceptual Development: The name G. Angband appeared in the earliest Lost Tales, but in these early stories it was translated “Hells of Iron” (LT2/77, GL/19). This translation persisted into Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/13, LR/259). However, N. Angband was translated “Iron Prison” in The Etymologies (Ety/MBAD), and this was the usual interpretation in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (MR/305, WJ/15). Christopher Tolkien gave both translations in the Silmarillion Index (SI/Angband).

anghabar

place name. Iron-delvings

A mine in the Echoriath (S/138), translated as “Iron-delvings” by Christopher Tolkien in the Silmarillion Appendix (SI/Anghabar). Its initial element is clearly ang “iron” (SA/ang), so its second element must mean “delving”, possibly a lenited form habar of the word ✱sabar (attested only in compounds).

angrist

proper name. Iron-cleaver

Beren’s knife (S/177), translated in the Silmarillion Index as “Iron-cleaver” (SI/Angrist), a combination of ang “iron” and the lenited form grist of crist “cleaver” (SA/anga, ris).

Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name was already as N. Angrist at its first appearance (LR/303).

angruin

masculine name. Iron Fire

A proposed alternate name of Glaurung, but the change was rejected (PE17/183). This name is a combination of ang “iron” and ruin “fiery red”.

gurthang

proper name. Iron of Death

The sword of Túrin translated “Iron of Death” (S/210), a compound of gurth “death” and ang “iron” (SA/anga, gurth).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this name appeared as G. Gurtholfin “Wand of Death” (LT2/83), where its final element was G. olf(in) “branch, wand, stick” (LT2A/Gurtholfin). In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, it developed into N. Gurtholf of the same meaning, where its final element was N. golf “branch” (LR/406, Ety/ÑGUR). It only adopted its final form and meaning in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (WJ/83, 138).

Angband

noun. iron hell, prison

ang (“iron”) + (m-)band (“prison”) From angmbandâ, gmb produces gb.

Anghabar

noun. iron mine

ang (“iron”) + sabar (“delved mine”) #[His.] habar as the regular form might be possible as well.

Angmar

noun. iron land

ang (“iron”) + (m-)bar (“land, dwelling”) The lenition of the second element is unclear (we would rather expect Angbar) but edain often made mistakes when giving places Elvish names; see VT42 “Rivers and Beacon-hills”).

Angrenost

noun. iron fortress (Isengard)

angren (“iron”) + ost (“fortress, stronghold”)

Angrist

noun. iron cleaver, sword

ang (“iron”) + rist (from risto “cleave”) The stem of the last element blended with the stem kris- of similar meaning.

Athrad Angren (pl. Ethraid Engrin)

noun. iron ford

athrad (“river-crossing, ford, way”) + angren (“iron”) #The first element could be interpreted as: ath (prefix “on both sides, across”) + râd (“path, track”).

Carach Angren

noun. iron fang

carach (“spike, tooth or rock”) + angren (“iron”)

ang

noun. iron

tir-

watch

(cited in the form tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (guard, gaze, look at, look towards). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen.

tir-

guard

_(verb) 1) tir- (cited in the form _tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (watch over, gaze, look at, look towards). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen. 2) tiria- (watch, gaze, look toward) (i diria, i thiriar)

tir-

guard

(cited in the form tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (watch over, gaze, look at, look towards). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen. 2) tiria- (watch, gaze, look toward) (i diria, i thiriar)

tir-

gaze

1) tir- (cited in the form tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (guard, watch over, look at, look towards). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen. 2) tiria- (watch, guard, look toward) (i diria, i thiriar)

tir-

gaze

(cited in the form tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (guard, watch over, look at, look towards). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen.

tir-

look at, look toward

(cited in the form tiri, a ”Noldorin” infinitive in -i) (i dîr, i thirir) (watch over, guard, gaze). The imperative tiro and passive participle [t]irnen are attested, the latter in lenited form dirnen.

tiria

watch

1) tiria- (guard, gaze, look toward) (i diria, i thiriar). 2)

tiria

watch

(guard, gaze, look toward) (i diria, i thiriar).

tiria

gaze

(watch, guard, look toward) (i diria, i thiriar)

tiria

look toward

(watch, guard, gaze) (i diria, i thiriar)

tirith

watch, watching

(i dirith, o thirith) (guard, guarding, vigilance), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thirith)

tirith

guard, guarding

(i dirith, o thirith) (guard, guarding, vigilance), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thirith)

uireb

eternal

uireb (pl. uirib), also ui (everlasting); no distinct pl. form. Also used as adverb ”ever, always”.

uireb

eternal

(pl. uirib), also ui (everlasting); no distinct pl. form. Also used as adverb ”ever, always”.

angbor

masculine name. *Iron-fist

The lord of Lamedon during the War of the Ring (LotR/875). His name was not translated by Tolkien, but it appears to be a compound of ang “iron” and the suffixal form -bor of paur “fist” (also seen in Celebrimbor), as suggested by Hammond and Scull (RC/588) among others.

Conceptual Development: The name N. Angbor already had its final form when it first appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/419).

anglachel

proper name. *Iron-of-the-flaming-star

A sword “made of iron that fell from heaven as a blazing star” (S/201). Given its origin, its name might be a combination of ang “iron”, lach “flame” and êl “star” (SA/ang, lhach).

angren

adjective. of iron

An adjectival form of ang “iron” appearing in several names such as Angrenost “Iron Fortress, Isengard” (LotR/473) and (in its plural form) Ered Engrin “Iron Mountains” (S/118).

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s the adjective was G. angrin “of iron, iron” (GL/19). In the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s it became ᴱN. angren “of iron”, along with another adjective ᴱN. angeb “like iron” (PE13/159). N. angren “of iron” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√ANGĀ (Ety/ANGĀ), and appeared regularly in Tolkien’s writings thereafter.

angrod

masculine name. *Iron Champion

Sindarin name of the second youngest son of Finarfin (S/61), an adaption of his Quenya father-name Q. Angaráto “✱Iron Champion” (PM/346-7). His name is a combination of ang “iron” (SA/anga) and the suffixal form -rod of raud “lofty, noble” seen in many names (PE17/49).

Conceptual Development: In the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s, his name was first given as ᴱN. Angrod (LB/80, 213), though in the very earliest Silmarillion drafts his name appeared as G. Anrod (SM/15). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the name N. Angrod was derived from a combination of ang “iron” and rhaud “metal” (Ety/RAUTĀ). The derivation from his Quenya name did not emerge until after Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (PM/346).

Angrenost

'Iron-enclosure'

topon. 'Iron-enclosure'. O.E. (R.) Isengard. >> dol, doll

Angruin

noun. 'Iron Fire'

prop. n. 'Iron Fire'. Tolkien notes "Alter Glaurung > Angruin".

angmar

place name. *Iron Home

The kingdom of the witch king (LotR/146). In the manuscript for Tolkien’s Nomenclature of the Lord of the Rings, he explained that it was corrupted Elvish: the pure Sindarin form of the name would be Angbar, and the pure Quenya form would be Angamar (RC/20). It is perhaps a combination of S. ang “iron” and Q. már “home”, hence: “✱Iron Home”.

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as N. Angmar (WR/334).

írui

adjective. desirable

_ adj. _desirable, lovely (mostly applied to persons, esp. women).

angren

adjective. of iron

aníra-

verb. to desire

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

mîn

fraction. one (first of a series)

na-

verb. to be

A verb for “to be” based on the root √NĀ of the same meaning. This verb is barely attested in the Sindarin language, and the general consensus is that [for purposes of Neo-Sindarin at least] Sindarin omits the verb “to be” in most phrases, such as in naur an edraith ammen “fire [be] for saving us” (LotR/299) or ✱orchal i adan “tall [is] the man”; see the entry on the copula for further discussion.

The clearest attestation of the verb na- is its imperative form no “be!” in the phrase no aer i eneth lín “hallowed be thy name, (lit.) ✱be holy the name your”, from the Sindarin translation of the Lord’s Prayer from the 1950s (VT44/21). This imperative form was preceded by some hard-to-read deleted forms, perhaps {dôd >> dád >> hae >>} no (VT44/22). The d-forms might be eroded/mutated variants of na-. Compare đa in the phrase inn đa v’im “a mind there is in me = I have a good mind (to do so)” in notes from the late 1960s (PE22/165), where đa could be another eroded form of na-. This phrase was first written as inn no v’im (PE22/165 note #108); see the entry for đa for further discussion.

Another clear attestation of na “be” is an apparent future form natho in the untranslated phrase Sí il chem {na} en i naugrim en ir Ellath {natho} thor den ammen in the so-called “Túrin Wrapper” from the late 1950s (VT50/5). This future[?] form natho was deleted and replaced by thor, and a deleted {na} also appears earlier in the phrase, possibly a false start. Carl Hostetter suggested this phrase might mean something like “✱now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) us” (VT50/22-25). If so, it seems the future of na- “be” was constructed from the bare future suffix (a)tha-, manifesting as tho “✱will be”.

Neo-Sindarin: As noted above, for purposes of Neo-Sindarin the general consensus is that this verb is barely used, and is omitted from most “to be” phrases as in the example orchal i adan given above. The verb’s one widely accepted use is as an imperative, such as in no mae “be well”. Based the Túrin Wrapper, I posit that tho can also be used for a future form “will be”, as in i adan tho orchal “the man will be tall”. I likewise posit a (purely hypothetical) past form [ᴺS.] nî “was”, based on the primitive past-tense element ✶-nē with [[os|long [ē] becoming [ī]]], as in i adan nî orchal “the man was tall”. Neither tho or nî are widely accepted Neo-Sindarin, however.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had the verb G. na- “is” (GL/58), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√NĀ “be, exist” (QL/64). This irregular Gnomish verb had some inflected forms: plural nain, participle ol· and past form {ni >>} thi, the last of these being another inspiration for Neo-Sindarin nî “was”.

Angband

Iron Prison, Hell of Iron

Angband is Sindarin, and means "Iron Prison" or "Hell of Iron", from ang + band.

In Quenya, Angband was called Angamando.

Angmar

Iron Home

Angmar means "Iron Home" in Sindarin (from ang = "iron" and mar = "home, dwelling")

ang

iron

ang; adj.

ang

iron

; adj.

angwedh

iron-bond

(pl. engwidh)

angwedh

iron-bond

(= chain) angwedh (pl. engwidh)

ruith

ire

*ruith (anger), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh ruith) if there is a pl. Suggested standard Sindarin form of Doriathrin Sindarin rûth (q.v. in Silm app)

ruith

ire

(anger), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh ruith) if there is a pl. – Suggested standard Sindarin form of Doriathrin Sindarin rûth (q.v. in Silm app)****

Angrenost

Fortress of Iron

It is composed of the two elements angren "iron (adjective)" and ost "fortress".

aníra

desire

(vb.) aníra- (i aníra, in anírar);

aníra

desire

(i aníra, in anírar);

angren

of iron

(pl. engrin);

angren

of iron

angren (pl. engrin);

drab

noun. labour, toil, irksome work

fesg

adjective. itching, irritating

fesga-

verb. to itch, irritate

urnui

adjective. inflammable; touchy, irritable; explosive

îr

sexual desire

(VT46:23)

ardhon

place name. The World

A Sindarin name for the world appearing only in the name Mîr n’Ardhon “Jewel of the World” (PM/348). Since this name is the translation of Q. Ardamírë, it follows that Ardhon may be a cognate of Q. Arda: “The World, (lit.) Realm”. As such, it may be a combination of some form of S. gardh “region” (in early writings, N. ardh) with a suffixal element -on, possibly the augmentative suffix -on. It is also possible that this form is lenited, and the proper form is gardhon.

tíria

verb. gaze

_v._gaze, look at, watch. >> tirith, tíro

i

article. the

@@@ enclytic Dagor-nuin-Giliath vs. Dagor-nui-Ngiliath

Angband

Angband

Angband is Sindarin, and means "Iron Prison" or "Hell of Iron", from ang + band. In Quenya, Angband was called Angamando.

Angrist

Angrist

Angrist means "Iron Cleaver" in Sindarin (from ang = "iron" and crist = "cleaver", "sword").

Carach Angren

Carach Angren

Both Carach Angren and Isenmouthe mean "Iron-mouth": "It was so called because of the great fence of pointed iron posts that closed the gap leading into Udûn, like teeth in jaws." Isen is an old English variant form of iron; and mouthe represents Old English mūða < mūð "opening, mouth" especially used of the mouths of rivers, but also applied to other openings. Despite the Old English, the name is not to be understood as Rohirric, but rather as archaic Westron, translation of Sindarin Carach Angren.

angwedh

chain

angwedh ("iron bond", ang + gwêdh), pl. engwidh

angwedh

chain

("iron bond", ang + gwêdh), pl. engwidh

io

conjunction. when

A neologism coined by Röandil as io “when” posted on 2024-03-19 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), the Sindarin equivalent of Q. yá “when”. In stressed positions, this conjunction might remain iaw. Both of these forms conflict with existing Noldorin words: [N.] io “ago” and [N.] iau “corn”, but that doesn’t preclude their use.

min

cardinal. one

1) (number ”one” as the first in a series) min, mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 2) (number) êr, whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone); 3)

min

one

mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”.

er

adjective. one, alone

min

cardinal. one, one, [G.] single

aned

give

angol

angol

anno

verb. give!

i

definite article. the

i

definite article. who

i

the

pl1. in _ art. _the.

paran

adjective. smooth, shaven (often applied to hills without trees)

pen

pronoun. one, somebody, anybody

Usually enclitic and mutated as ben.2

an

to the, for the

(for) + i (the).

anna

give

anna- (i anna, in annar), pa.t. ?aun (with endings one-)

anna

give

(i anna, in annar), pa.t. ?aun (with endings one-)

dín

her

: As the accusative (object) form of ”she”, see SHE. As the genitive form of ”she”, possibly dín, or ín when ”her” refers to the subject of the sentence. These terms are only attested with masculine meaning (”his”), but may be gender-neutral. As for as a genitive pronoun, see HIS.

dín

she

or ín when ”her” refers to the subject of the sentence. These terms are only attested with masculine meaning (”his”), but may be gender-neutral. As for

en

of the

e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

eru

the one

isolated from

gobel

town

(in archaic sense, cf. other glosses) ) gobel (i **obel) (enclosed dwelling, walled house or village), pl. gebil (i ngebil** = i ñebil). Archaic pl. *göbil.

gobel

town

(i ’obel) (enclosed dwelling, walled house or village), pl. gebil (i ngebil = i ñebil). Archaic pl. ✱göbil.

i

the

: Singular i (+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see THAT). Apparently ”the” sometimes appears as a suffix -n added to a preposition, e.g. be**<u>n</u>** ”according to <u>the</u>”. This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.

i

the

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. – The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see

iest

wish

(noun) iest, pl. ist

iest

wish

pl. ist

muda

labour

(verb.) muda- (i vuda, i mudar) (toil), pa.t. mudas

muda

labour

(i vuda, i mudar) (toil), pa.t. mudas

n

that

added to a preposition, e.g. ben ”according to the”.  This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

paran

smooth

1) paran (lenited baran; pl. perain) (shaven). Often applied to hills wihtout trees. (RC:433) 2)

path

smooth

path (lenited bath; pl. paith)

path-

verb. to smooth

pen

cardinal. one

(indefinite pronoun) (= somebody, anybody) pen (WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lords Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean *”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of *ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

pen

one

(WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lord’s Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean ✱”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of ✱ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

uin

from the, of the

.

êr

one

whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone)

irícië

irícië

irícië ("k") see #ric-

irmo

masculine name. Desirer

Vala of visions and dreams, spouse of Estë, usually referred to by the name of his realm Lórien (S/28). His name is translated “(Master of) Desire” or “Desirer” (MR/150, WJ/403, PE21/85). It is probably a translation of his (unknown) Valarin name (WJ/403). It is most likely a compound of írë “desire” and the agental suffix -mo.

Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion revisions from the beginning of the 1950s, this name first appeared as Lís, later changed to Irmo (MR/150). In earlier Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, ᴹQ. Lórien was his true name, and he was also known by the sobriquet ᴹQ. Olofantur.

Irmo

desirer

Irmo masc. name "Desirer", name of a Vala; normally called Lórien, properly the place where he dwells (WJ:402)

irildë

feminine name. ?Beloved Brilliance

The original Quenya name of Idril (WJ/235), a derivative of the roots √ID and √RIL (PE17/112), perhaps meaning something like “✱Beloved Brilliance”. This name sometimes appeared as Írildë with a long Í (PE17/112, TAI/193), a form of the name that was also given to the sister of Hallatan: see Írildë.

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this name first appeared as ᴱQ. Irilde (LT2/216), though at this stage it was translated “Mortal Maiden” (LT2A/Idril, GL/50). ᴹQ. Irilde appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s as a cognate of N. Idhril (Ety/KYELEP); at this point Idhril (Idril) was given as a derivative of ᴹ√ID (Ety/ID).

Later still, Tolkien became dissatisfied with the etymology of Idril and changed her Quenya name to Q. Itarillë; see that entry for that name for further details.

Irildë

idhril

Irildë fem. name "Idhril" (Idril) (LT2:343), #Írildë (J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 193), Írildë also as name of a Númenorean woman (UT:210). Irildë Taltyelemna = (later) Sindarin Idril Celebrindal;replaced Irildë Taltelepsa (KYELEP/TELEP; Taltelemna in the Etymologies as printed in LR is an error for Taltyelemna, VT45:25). Tolkien seems to have replaced Irildë as the Quenya form of Idril with Itaril, Itarillë, Itarildë, q.v., in which case the Sindarin form is definitely Idril and not Idhril.

irin

town

irin noun "town" (LT2:343; hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya)

irmin

the world, all the regions inhabited by men

irmin noun "the world, all the regions inhabited by Men" (LT2:343; hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya)

aira

eternal

[aira (4) adj. "eternal" (EY, VT45:13). Changed by Tolkien to oira.]

mir

cardinal. one

mir (2) cardinal "one" (LT1:260; in LotR-style Quenya rather minë)

oira

eternal

oira adj. "eternal" (OY)

tir-

watch, watch over, guard, heed

tir- vb. "watch, watch over, guard, heed", 1st pers. aorist tirin "I watch", pa.t. tirnë (TIR), imperative tira (VT47:31) or á tirë (PE17:94), future tense tiruva "shall heed" in Markirya (also MC:213, 214); also in CO with pronominal endings: tiruvantes "they will guard it" (tir-uva-nte-s "guard-will-they-it"). The stem also occurs in palantíri (q.v.), Tirion place-name "Great Watchtower", a city of the Elves (SA:tir; in MR:176 the translation is "Watchful City")

tiris

watch, vigil

tiris (tiriss-), also tirissë, noun "watch, vigil" (LT1:258, QL:93)

Irmo

Irmo

Irmo (pronounced [ˈirmo]) is a Quenya name meaning "Desirer" or "Master of Desire". His common name Lórien (Quenya; [ˈloːri.en]) means "Land of Dreams", so he was also given the title "Master of Dreams".[source?] In early versions of the legendarium, this Vala (variously spelt Lorien and Lôrien) was given many different surnames: Qenya Olofantur (the element fantur, a derivative of the root FANA, refers to "visions, dreams, falling asleep"), Qenya Fulmur (probably from the root FUMU, "sleep"), and Gnomish Losfan (consisting of oloth "a dream, apparition, vision" + ending -fan, thus (o)loth-fan > Losfan). Gnomish renderings of his first name included Glurim (containing the element lûr "slumber") and Lûriel or Lúriel (> Lúrin).

ir-

verb. to shudder

A neologism coined by Luinyelle posted on 2023-01-11 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), the Quenya equivalent of S. gir- “to shudder”.

Irildë

Írildë

Írildë is a contraction of the name Itarildë which means "sparkling brilliance" in Quenya (from ita- = "sparkle" and rildë = "brilliance"). Itarildë is the Quenya form of the Sindarin name Idril.

Irimë

Írimë

Írimë's mother-name was Lalwendë or in shortened form Lalwen, and by this name she was generally known. In some versions Írimë is called Írien which may have been her father-name.

irta-

verb. to peck, prick

irtë

noun. peck, pinprick

anga

noun. iron

This was the Quenya word for “iron” for much of Tolkien’s life, derived from primitive ✶angā of the same meaning (PM/347).

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. anga “iron” dates back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/31). In this document it had some competing alternatives: ᴱQ. yere(n) “pig iron” under the early root ᴱ√DYEÐE (QL/105) and {ᴱQ. tongo “iron”} under the early root ᴱ√TOŊO “to hammer” (QL/94), though this second form was deleted. Neither of these alternatives survived in Tolkien’s later writings, and The Etymologies of the 1930s had only ᴹQ. anga “iron” under the root ᴹ√ANGĀ (Ety/ANGĀ). Tolkien stuck with this form thereafter.

angamaitë

masculine name. Iron-handed

A descendant of Castamir, who warred against Gondor from Umbar in the middle of the Third Age (LotR/1048). The name was also the epessë (adopted name) of Angrod (PM/347). This name is a compound of anga “iron” (PM/347) and maitë “handed” (PE17/162).

Conceptual Development: In the drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices Castamir’s descendant was named Angomaitë (PM/199) and in the 1st edition of The Lord of the Rings as well, but this was changed in the 2nd edition to Angamaitë (PM/215).

angamando

place name. Iron Prison, Iron-gaol

The Quenya form of S. Angband (MR/350), a compound of anga “iron” and mando “prison”.

Conceptual Development: This name first appeared as ᴱQ. Eremandu and (plural) Angamandi “Hells of Iron”, the first of these using another word for “iron”: ᴱQ. ere(n) (QL/36, LT1/77). At this early stage, the second element was ᴱQ. mandu “hell” (QL/58). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, it was replaced by the singular form ᴹQ. Angamanda “Iron Prison” (Ety/MBAD), eventually altered to Angamando in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (MR/350).

tornanga

noun/adjective. hard-iron, iron hard, iron hard; hard-iron, *steel

A word in notes written between the 1st and 2nd edition of The Lord of the Rings, glossed “hard-iron = iron hard” as a combination of torna “hard” and anga “iron” (PE17/56). It seems it could be used as both a noun and an adjective, though it is possible Tolkien intended it to be only adjectival like the nearby vanimelda “elven-fair”.

Neo-Quenya: This word might also be used to mean “steel” as a replacement for the early word ᴱQ. akse, though I personally retain ᴺQ. axë “steel” for purposes of Neo-Quenya; see that entry for discussion.

Angamando

iron-gaol

Angamando place-name "Iron-gaol", Sindarin Angband(MR:350). The Etymologies gives Angamanda "Angband, Hell", lit. "Iron-prison" (MBAD, VT45:33). In deleted material in the Etymologies, the Quenya name of Angband was Angavanda (VT45:6); cf. vanda #2. Older "Qenya" has Angamandu "Hells of Iron" (or pl. Angamandi) (LT1:249).

anga

iron

anga noun "iron", also name of tengwa #7 (ANGĀ, Appendix E, SA, PM:347, LT1:249, 268). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, anga was the name of letter #19, which tengwa Tolkien would later call noldo instead (VT45:6). Masc. names Angamaitë "Iron-handed" (Letters:347), Angaráto "Iron-champion", Sindarin Angrod(SA:ar(a) ). See also Angamando, tornanga and cf. Angainor as the name of the chain with which Melkor was bound (Silm)

erë

iron

erë, eren noun "iron" or "steel"; Eremandu variant of Angamandu (Angband) (LT1:252; "iron" should be anga in LotR-style Quenya, but erë, eren may still be used for "steel". See also yaisa.)

tornanga

iron hard

tornanga adj. "iron hard" (the order of the elements is the opposite in Quenya). (PE17:56)

íverind-

ireland

Íverind-, Íverindor place-name "Ireland" (LT2:344) The nominative of Íverind- must be *Íverin, the form Íverind- occurring before endings. Compare Íwerin below.

íwerin

ireland

Íwerin place-name "Ireland" (also Íverindor, Íverind-, which forms are probably to be preferred in a LotR-compatible form of Quenya) (LT2:344)

angaráto

masculine name. *Iron Champion

The father-name of S. Angrod, from which his Sindarin name was derived (PM/346). It seems to be a compound of anga “iron” and aráto “champion” (SA/ar(a)), though the second element may actually be a masculinized form of the adjective arata “noble”. Like his brother Findaráto, his name is “Telerin in form” to honour their mother, with the adjectival element arata second. A more natural Quenya form of the name would be Artanga (PM/346).

Eremandu

hells of iron

Eremandu place-name "Hells of Iron", a name of Angband (LT1:249)

angaina

of iron

angaina adj. "of iron" (ANGĀ)

mer-

wish, desire, want

mer- vb. "wish, desire, want" (the form merë given in Etym seems to be the 3rd person sg. aorist, *"wishes, desires, wants"); pa.t. mernë (MER)

milmë

desire, greed

milmë noun "desire, greed" (MIL-IK)

pasta-

to smooth, iron

pasta- vb. "to smooth, iron" (PE17:171)

yesta-

desire

yesta- (1) vb. "desire" (YES, VT46:23; the latter source indicates that Tolkien did write yesta- with a final hyphen, indicating that this is "desire" as a verbal stem, not as a noun).

írissë

desire

Írissë fem. name (PM:345), evidently connected to írë "desire".

írë

desire

írë (1) noun "desire". (ID). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, írë was also the name of a long carrier with an i-tehta above it, denoting long í. (VT45:17).

írë

noun. desire, desire, [ᴹQ.] longing

min

cardinal. one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first

pasta-

verb. to smooth, iron

ric-

verb. to twist

A verb appearing in notes associated with Quendi and Eldar (Q&E) essay from 1959-60, given only in its perfect form iríkie “has twisted” and based on the root √RIK “twist” (VT39/9).

Conceptual Development: A similar verb ᴱQ. riqi- “wrench, twist” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√RIQI or ᴱ√RIKI (QL/80).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume this verb was originally intransitive (“the road twisted and turned”) versus transitive [ᴹQ.] rihta- (originally = “make twist”), but in modern Quenya ric- “twist” is now used both transitively and intransitively for a more gentle twisting motion, as opposed to more rapid rihta- “jerk” (used only transitively).

ric-

twist

#ric- (2) vb. "twist", perfect irícië "has twisted" (VT39:9)

nwátengwë

noun. irony, (lit.) disguise-token

A neologism for “irony” by Arael and Raccoon posted on 2023-05-08 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of √ÑGAW “disguise” and tengwë “token”.

itisya-

verb. to itch, irritate

ná-

verb. to be, to be, [ᴱQ.] exist

The basic Quenya verb for “to be”, based on the root √NĀ (PE17/93). It was typically used as the copula equating a noun to another noun or an adjective:

> √NA joining adjs./nouns/pronouns in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have a certain quality, or to be the same as another (PE22/147).

In many circumstances this verb was optional:

> As a copula “be, is” is not usually expressed in Quenya where the meaning is clear: sc. in such expressions as “A is good” where the adjective (contrary to the usual order in Quenya of a qualifying adjective) follows: the normal Quenya for this is A mára (PE17/93).

For further discussion see the entry on the Quenya copula.

Conceptual Development: This verb dates back all the way to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where it was given as the early root ᴱ√NĀ “be, exist” (QL/64). This verb and its root appeared regularly throughout Tolkien’s writings thereafter, but at times Tolkien considered alternative verbs for “to be”; see the entry ëa- for further discussion.

yá

conjunction. when

A relative conjunction “when” appearing in various phrases in Tolkien’s writings of the 1950s and 60s, a vowel-lengthened form of the relative pronoun ya.

Conceptual Development: Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 had ᴹQ. í glossed “(relative) at the time mentioned, at the same time”, a vowel-lengthened form of the relative pronoun ᴹQ. i (PE23/109). This was also given the gloss “when, whenever” in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from this same period (PE22/121). Earlier still, ᴹQ. íre was used as the relative conjunction “when” in Fíriel’s Song of the 1930s. In the Early Qenya Grammar it seems ᴱQ. yan “when” served this function (PE14/59).

Itaril

itaril

Itaril (*Itarill-), Itarillë, Itarildë fem. name, Sindarized as Idril(PM:346, 348; SA:ril). (In earlier sources, Tolkien used Irildë as the Quenya form of Idril, and the proper Noldorin/Sindarin form was then Idhril.)

Lórien

lórien

Lórien (from lor-, q.v.), place-name also used as the name of a Vala, properly the place where he dwells, whereas his real name is Irmo (WJ:402, LOS (ÓLOS, SPAN) ). Alternative forms Lorien (with a short o) and Lorion, MR:144.

anta-

give

anta- (1) vb. "give" (ANA1, MC:215, 221), pa.t. antanë (antanen "I gave", VT49:14) or †ánë, perfect ánië (PE17:147, cf. QL:31). According to VT49:14, Tolkien noted that anta- was sometimes often with an "ironic tone" to refer to missiles, so that antanen hatal sena "I gave him a spear (as a present)" was often used with the real sense of "I cast a spear at him". Usually the recipient of the thing given is mentioned in the dative or allative case (like sena in this example), but there is also a construction similar to English "present someone with something" in which the recipient is the object and the gift appears in the instrumental case: antanenyes parmanen, "I presented him with a book" (PE17:91). The verb occurs several times in FS: antalto"they gave"; strangely, no past tense marker seems to be present (see -lto for the ending); antar a pl. verb translated "they gave", though in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the present tense "give" (pl.); antaróta "he gave it" (anta-ró-ta "gave-he-it"), another verb occurring in Fíriel's Song, once again with no past tense marker. Also antáva "will give", future tense of anta- "give"; read perhaps *antuva in LotR-style Quenya; similarly antaváro* "he will give" (LR:63) might later have appeared as antuvas (with the ending -s rather than "Qenya" -ro for "he"). Antalë imperative "give thou" (VT43:17), sc. anta "give" + the element le "thou", but this was a form Tolkien abandoned. Apparently ana** was at one point considered as another imperative "give", but Tolkien rewrote the text in question (VT44:13), and the normal patterns would suggest *á anta with an independent imperative particle.

in

the

i (1) "the", indeclinable definite article (I, Nam, RGEO:67, Markirya, WJ:369, WJ:398, MC:215, 216, 221). A variant in (q.v.) is also attested. Hyphenated i- in i-mar "the earth" (FS), i-Ciryamo "the mariner's" (UT:8), i-aldar "the trees" (Narqelion), attached with a dot in i·yulmar "the cups" (VT48:11), I·Eldanyárë "the History of the Elves" (LR:199), i·arya *"the best" (PE17:57), directly prefixed with no hyphen or dot in icilyanna = i cilyanna in SD:247, also ihyarma "the left hand" in VT49:22 (but i hyarma in other versions of the same text).

quén

one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman

quén (quen-, as in pl. queni; as final element in compounds -quen) noun "one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman", pl. queni = "persons", "(some) people", "they" with the most general meaning (as in "they [= people in general] say that..."). The element is combined with noun and adjective stems in old compounds to denote habitual occupations or functions, or to describe those having some notable (permanent) quality; examples include roquen, ciryaquen, arquen, q.v. Also in aiquen "whoever", ilquen "everybody" (WJ:361 cf. 360, 372).

íra

eternal

[íra adj. "eternal" (GEY, VT45:13; changed by Tolkien to oira, see OY)]

írë

eternal

[írë] (3) noun "eternal" (read "eternity", as suggested by Christopher Tolkien, but the word was in any case changed to oirë)(GEY, VT45:13)

yá

when

yá (2) conj. "when" in the sentence yá hrívë tenë, ringa ná "when winter comes, it is cold" (VT49:23). Compare írë #2.

írë

when

írë (2) conj. "when" (subordinate conjunction, not question-word: írë Anarinya queluva, "when my sun faileth") (FS). Compare yá #2.

nartaima

adjective. inflammable

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2022 specifically for Eldamo, a combination of [ᴹQ.] narta- “kindle” and Q. -ima “-able”, hence = “able to be kindled, able to be set on fire”. It serves as a replacement for ᴱQ. tustima “inflammable”.

i

article. the

pas-

verb. to smooth

angwenda

noun. chain

A neologism for “chain” created by Petri Tikka in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s based on angwedh. I would use [ᴱQ.] limil for “chain” instead.

itisin

adjective. itching

mermë

noun. wish

a

cardinal. one

cenda-

watch

cenda- vb. "watch" (not "guard", but observe to gain information), also used = "read". Cenda = also noun "reading", as in sanwecenda "thought-inspection, thought-reading". (VT41:5, PE17:156)

er

one, alone

er cardinal "one, alone" (ERE, VT48:6, VT49:54), in an early source also adv. "only, but, still" (LT1:269); Eru er "one God" (VT44:17; er was here emended by Tolkien from erëa, which seems to be an adjectival form *"one, single".)

er

adverb/adjective. one, alone, one, alone; [ᴱQ.] only, a single

erëa

cardinal. one

erëa adj.? "one" or *"single", apparently an adjectival form (see er) (VT44:17)

in

article. the

limil

chain

limil noun "chain" (QL:54)

min

cardinal. one

min numeral "one", also minë (VT45:34, VT48:6)

minë

cardinal. one

minë numeral "one", also min (MINI, VT45:34)

mitya

interior

mitya adj. "interior" (MI)

mo

one, someone, anyone

mo, indefinite pronoun "one, someone, anyone" (VT42:34, VT49:19, 20, 26)

moia-

labour, be afflicted

moia- vb. "labour, be afflicted" (VT43:31)

mol-

labour

mol- vb. "labour" (a form mólë also listed is presumably the pa.t. though it could also be "labour" as a noun) (PE17:115)

móta-

labour, toil

móta- noun "labour, toil" (MŌ)

oialëa

eternal

oialëa adj. "eternal" (PE17:59)

oialëa

adjective. eternal

pas-

verb. to smooth

to smooth

passa

smooth, glabrous

passa adj. "smooth, glabrous" (PE17:171)

pasta

smooth

pasta (2) adj. "smooth" (PATH), variant of passa

runda

smooth, polished

runda (1) adj. "smooth, polished" (PE17:89)

í(qua), illume, iquallume

conjunction. when, whenever

limil

noun. chain

A word appearing as ᴱQ. limil “a chain” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√LIMI (QL/54).

Neo-Quenya: In Tolkien’s later writings √LIM means “link, join”, so I think it can continue to serve as the basis for a (Neo-Quenya) word ᴺQ. limil “chain”.

malumë

adverb. when

mitië

noun. interior

tarassë

noun. labour

gir-

verb. to shudder

guireb

adjective. eternal

uireb

adjective. eternal

tir-

verb. to watch, to gaze, look at

tiria-

verb. to watch, to gaze, look at

tirith

noun. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance

uireb

adjective. eternal

angrobel

place name. Irongarth

Earliest form of the name of Angrenost, translated “Irongarth” (TI/71). It seems to be a combination of a form of ang “iron” and gobel “village”, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/2.4).

ang

noun. iron

angband

place name. Iron Prison, Hells of Iron

angrist

proper name. Iron-cleaver

ered-engrin

place name. Iron Mountains

ang

noun. iron

palath

noun. iris

angren

adjective. of iron

angren

adjective. of iron

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

îr

noun. sexual desire

i

article. the

ang(ren)ost

place name. Isengard

iest

noun. wish

er Reconstructed

adjective. one, alone

angwedh

noun. chain

anna-

verb. to give

i

definite article. the

i

definite article. who

iest

noun. wish

min

cardinal. one

muda-

verb. to labour, toil

path

adjective. smooth

path

adjective. smooth

tars

noun. labour, task

tass

noun. labour, task

anga

noun. iron

min

cardinal. one

er

cardinal. one

ash

cardinal. one

ash

cardinal. one