osto

noun. city

ostirion

fort

ostirion noun "fort" (TI:423)

indë

yourselves

indë "yourselves", 2nd person pl.. reflexive pronoun, e.g. *tirildë indë, "you watch yourselves". Indë is derived from earlier imde(VT47:37)

indë

pronoun. yourselves

Derivations

• ✶imde “yourselves” ✧ VT47/37

Elements

Word	Gloss
im-	“same”
de	“you (pl.)”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶imde > inde	[imde] > [inde]	✧ VT47/37

Variations

• inde ✧ VT47/37

arta

fort, fortress

arta (2) noun "fort, fortress" (GARAT under 3AR)

Ellairë

summer

Ellairë alternative name of June (PM:135); evidently incorporating lairë "summer"; the el- part is probably an assimilated form of er-, an element meaning one or first, June being the first summer month.

laire

noun. summer

lairë

summer

lairë (1) noun "summer" (Letters:283, VT45:26), in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 72 days, but also used without any exact definition (Appendix D). Oiolairë "Eversummer", name of a tree (UT:167), see also Coron Oiolairë. Lairelossë noun *"Summer-snow", name of a tree (UT:167), perhaps with white flowers.

lairë

noun. summer

Cognates

• S. laer “summer” ✧ LotR/1107

Derivations

• ✶lairē “*summer”
  • √LAY “*be alive, flourish, [ᴱ√] be alive, flourish” ✧ PE18/097
• √LAY “*be alive, flourish, [ᴱ√] be alive, flourish” ✧ Let/282; PE17/159

Element in

• Q. Corollairë “Green Mound, *(lit.) Mound of Summer”
• Q. Coron Oiolairë “Mound Ever-summer”
• Q. lairelossë “summer-snow-white, species of tree in Númenor”
• Q. Mettelairë “August, *(lit.) End-summer” ✧ PM/136
• Q. oiolairë “ever-summer (a species of tree)”
• Q. Úlairi “Ring-wraiths, (lit.) ?Un-living, Un-summer”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√LAY > laire	[laire]	✧ Let/282
√LAY > laire	[laire]	✧ PE17/159

Variations

• laire ✧ Let/282; PE17/159; PE22/167

minassë

fort, city, with a citadel and central watch-tower

minassë noun "fort, city, with a citadel and central watch-tower" (VT42:24)

ost

noun. city, town with wall round

ost

noun. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art

ost

noun. fort, fortress, stronghold, citadel; fortified town; enclosure, fort, fortress, stronghold, citadel; (fortified) town, [N.] city; [orig.] [S.] enclosure, [G.] yard

Cognates

• Q. osto “fortress, stronghold, strong place, fortress, stronghold, strong place; [ᴹQ.] city, town with wall round” ✧ SA/os(t); NM/228; WJ/414

Derivations

• ✶ostō “fortress or stronghold” ✧ WJ/414

Element in

• S. Angrenost “Isengard, (lit.) Iron Fortress” ✧ PE17/032; SA/os(t)
• S. Belegost “Mickleburg, (lit.) Great Fortress” ✧ SA/os(t)
• S. Carchost “Fang Fort” ✧ SA/carak
• S. Fornost “Norbury, (lit.) Northern Fortress” ✧ RC/774; SA/os(t)
• ᴺS. munnost “byre, cowhouse”
• S. Narchost “Bitter-biting Fort” ✧ RC/601
• S. Nargothrond “*Underground Fortress of Narog” ✧ SA/os(t)
• ᴺS. níwost “hive”
• S. Osgiliath “Citadel of the Stars” ✧ NM/228; RC/232; SA/os(t)
• S. Ost-in-Edhil “Fortress of the Eldar” ✧ SA/os(t)
• S. othrond “underground stronghold, underground stronghold, [N.] underground city, fortress” ✧ WJ/414

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ostō > ost	[ostō] > [osto] > [ost]	✧ WJ/414

laer

noun. summer

Cognates

• Q. lairë “summer” ✧ LotR/1107

Derivations

• √LAY “*be alive, flourish, [ᴱ√] be alive, flourish”

Element in

• S. Cadlaer “July, *After-summer” ✧ PM/136
• S. Eblaer “June, ?Before-summer” ✧ PM/136

Variations

• laer ✧ LotR/1107
• Laer ✧ PM/136

ost

city

ost (pl. yst) (city/town with wall around).

ost

city

(pl. yst) (city/town with wall around).

ost

stronghold

(fortress, city), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (fortress with a watchtower), Othram ”fortress-wall” (WR:288).

ost

fort, fortress

(city, stronghold), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (q.v.), Othram ”fortress-wall” (WR:288).

barad

fort, fortress

(fortress, tower) (i varad), pl. beraid (i meraid). Note: barad is also an adjective "doomed", but this is derived from a stem in mb- and would have different mutations.

garth

fort, fortress

(i ’arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth)

ostirion

fortress with a watchtower

(pl. ostiryn).

othronn

underground city or stronghold

(pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (fortress in a cave or caves). Cited in archaic form othrond in the sources (WJ:414, VT46:12)

othronn

underground stronghold or city

(pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (fortress in a cave or caves). Cited in archaic form othrond in the sources (WJ:414, VT46:12)

garth

stronghold

1) garth (i **arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth), 2) ost (fortress, city), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (fortress with a watchtower), Othram** ”fortress-wall” (WR:288).

garth

stronghold

(i ’arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth)

garth

fort, fortress

1) garth (i **arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth), 2) ost (city, stronghold), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (q.v.), Othram ”fortress-wall” (WR:288). 3) barad (fortress, tower) (i varad), pl. beraid (i meraid). Note: barad** is also an adjective "doomed", but this is derived from a stem in mb- and would have different mutations.

laer

summer

laer (no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”song”.

laer

summer

(no distinct pl. form). Note:  a homophone means ”song”.

kadar

noun. city

A noun appearing only as an element in kadar-lâi “city folk” (SD/435).

Element in

• Ad. kadar-lâi “city folk” ✧ SD/435

imde

pronoun. yourselves

Derivatives

• Q. indë “yourselves” ✧ VT47/37

ost

noun. city, town with wall round

ost

noun. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art

ost

noun. city, town (with wall round)

Cognates

• ᴹQ. osto “city, town with wall round, fort” ✧ Ety/OS

Derivations

• ᴹ√OS “round, about” ✧ Ety/OS

Element in

• N. Ang(ren)ost “Isengard”
• N. Belegost “Great Fortress, Great City” ✧ Ety/OS
• N. Caerost “?-town”
• N. Carchost
• N. Gorgos “Dire-castle”
• N. Osforod “Northburg”
• N. Narchost “*Bitter-biting Fort”
• N. Osgiliath “Fortress of the Stars”
• N. Ostechain “Town Built Again, Newbold” ✧ TI/424
• N. othlon “paved way” ✧ Ety/LOD
• N. ostrad “street” ✧ Ety/RAT
• N. Othram “City Wall” ✧ WR/288
• N. othrond “underground city, fortress” ✧ Ety/OS; EtyAC/OS
• N. Tarnost
• N. Taurost “High City”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√OS > ost	[osto] > [ost]	✧ Ety/OS

Variations

• osse ✧ EtyAC/OS (osse)
• Ost ✧ TI/424 (Ost)

loer

noun. summer

Changes

• Loer → Laer “summer” ✧ PM/136

Cognates

• ᴹQ. laire “summer” ✧ PM/134

Derivations

• ᴹ√LAY “*be alive, flourish”

Element in

• N. Cadloer “July, *After-summer”
• N. Ebloer “June, ?Before-summer”

Variations

• Loer ✧ PM/135

garth

noun. fort, fortress

garth

noun. fort, fortress

Cognates

• ᴹQ. arta “fort, fortress” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT

Derivations

• ᴹ√GARAT “*defend” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT; EtyAC/GAR
  • ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend” ✧ Ety/ƷAR; EtyAC/GAR
• ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend” ✧ Ety/GAR

Element in

• N. Garthoren “Fenced Fort” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT; EtyAC/GAR (Gardol); EtyAC/GAR (Garth(th)óren); EtyAC/GAR (Garth(th)oren/Garthorn)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√GARAT > garth	[garta] > [gartʰa] > [garθa] > [garθ]	✧ Ety/ƷAR	GARAT