Quenya 

anga

iron

anga noun "iron", also name of tengwa #7 (ANGĀ, Appendix E, SA, PM:347, LT1:249, 268). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, anga was the name of letter #19, which tengwa Tolkien would later call noldo instead (VT45:6). Masc. names Angamaitë "Iron-handed" (Letters:347), Angaráto "Iron-champion", Sindarin Angrod(SA:ar(a) ). See also Angamando, tornanga and cf. Angainor as the name of the chain with which Melkor was bound (Silm)

anga

noun. iron

Cognates

  • T. anga “iron” ✧ PM/347
  • S. ang “iron” ✧ PM/347; SA/anga

Derivations

  • ✶angā “iron” ✧ PM/347

Element in

  • Q. Angainor ✧ SA/anga
  • Q. Angamaitë “Iron-handed” ✧ PM/347
  • Q. Angamando “Iron Prison, Iron-gaol”
  • Q. Angaráto “*Iron Champion” ✧ PM/347
  • Q. Artanga “*Noble Iron”
  • ᴺQ. angaraxa “train”
  • ᴺQ. angatië “railway line, railroad track, (lit.) iron-road”
  • ᴺQ. angamendar “train station, (lit.) iron way-stop”
  • Q. tornanga “hard-iron, iron hard, iron hard; hard-iron, *steel” ✧ PE17/056

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
✶angā > anga[aŋgā] > [aŋga]✧ PM/347
Quenya [LotR/1122; PE17/056; PM/347; SA/anga] Group: Eldamo. Published by

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Changes

  • an- → an ✧ PE17/090

Cognates

  • S. an- “intensive prefix”

Derivations

  • ✶andā “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
    • √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/090
  • ✶am- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092
    • √AMA “addition, increase, plus”
  • √AMA “addition, increase, plus” ✧ PE17/091
  • √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146; PE21/79

Element in

  • ᴺQ. amyára “elder”
  • Q. Anairë “*Holiest”
  • Q. Ancalimë “*Brightest (f.)”
  • Q. Ancalimon “*Brightest (m.)”
  • ᴺQ. anyára “elder, *senior”
  • Q. unqualë “death agony, death agony, torment, [ᴹQ.] agony, death” ✧ PE19/078

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
✶and(a) > an-[an-]✧ PE17/090
✶and(a) > anda-[anda-]✧ PE17/090
✶am > an[am-]✧ PE17/090
√AMA > ama[ama-]✧ PE17/091
✶am > an[am-]✧ PE17/092
√ANA/NĀ > an-[an-]✧ PE17/146
√ANA/NA > an-[an-]✧ PE21/79

Variations

  • an ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057; PE17/090; PE17/092; PE17/092
  • ana ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057
  • ana- ✧ PE17/056
  • añ- ✧ PE17/090
  • am ✧ PE17/090; PE17/091 (am)
  • anda- ✧ PE17/090
  • ama ✧ PE17/091 (ama)
  • ama- ✧ PE17/092
Quenya [Let/279; PE17/056; PE17/057; PE17/090; PE17/091; PE17/092; PE17/146; PE19/078; PE21/79] Group: Eldamo. Published by

erë

iron

erë, eren noun "iron" or "steel"; Eremandu variant of Angamandu (Angband) (LT1:252; "iron" should be anga in LotR-style Quenya, but erë, eren may still be used for "steel". See also yaisa.)

am(a)-

prefix. intensive prefix

Sindarin 

ang

noun. iron

Sindarin [Ety/348, S/428, PM/347] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ang

noun. iron

Cognates

  • Q. anga “iron” ✧ PM/347; SA/anga

Derivations

  • ✶angā “iron” ✧ PM/347

Element in

  • S. Angband “Iron Prison” ✧ SA/anga
  • S. Angbor “*Iron-fist”
  • S. Anghabar “Iron-delvings” ✧ SA/anga
  • S. Anglachel “*Iron-of-the-flaming-star” ✧ SA/anga
  • S. Angmar “*Iron Home” ✧ RC/020
  • S. angren “of iron” ✧ SA/anga
  • S. Angrist “Iron-cleaver” ✧ SA/anga
  • S. Angrod “*Iron Champion” ✧ SA/anga
  • S. Angruin “Iron Fire”
  • S. Anguirel “*Iron-of-the-fiery-star” ✧ SA/anga
  • S. Gurthang “Iron of Death” ✧ SA/anga
  • ᴺS. hadang “javelin, (lit.) hurling iron”
  • ᴺS. thornang “steel”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
✶angā > ang[aŋgā] > [aŋga] > [aŋg] > [aŋ]✧ PM/347
Sindarin [PM/347; RC/020; SA/anga] Group: Eldamo. Published by

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Cognates

  • Q. an- “intensive prefix”

Element in

angren

adjective. of iron

Sindarin [Ety/348, S/428] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ang

iron

ang; adj.

ang

iron

; adj.

angren

of iron

(pl. engrin);

angwedh

iron-bond

(pl. engwidh)

Telerin 

anga

noun. iron

Cognates

  • Q. anga “iron” ✧ PM/347

Derivations

  • ✶angā “iron” ✧ PM/347

Primitive elvish

anga

root. iron

The root √ANGA was established as the Primitive Elvish root for “iron” quite early in Tolkien’s writing, with the derivatives Q. anga and S. ang. The form ANGA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/31) serving as both the root and the Early Qenya form, and G. ang appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/19). The root ᴹ√ANGĀ reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/ANGĀ), and it appeared once more in notes associated with The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 (PM/366).

Derivatives

  • ✶angā “iron”
    • Q. anga “iron” ✧ PM/347
    • S. ang “iron” ✧ PM/347
    • T. anga “iron” ✧ PM/347
Primitive elvish [PM/366] Group: Eldamo. Published by

angā

noun. iron

Derivations

Derivatives

  • Q. anga “iron” ✧ PM/347
  • S. ang “iron” ✧ PM/347
  • T. anga “iron” ✧ PM/347
Primitive elvish [PM/347] Group: Eldamo. Published by

am-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

  • √AMA “addition, increase, plus”

Derivatives

  • Q. amba “more” ✧ PE17/090
  • Q. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092

Variations

  • am ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092; PE17/092
  • an- ✧ PE17/092
  • añ ✧ PE17/092
Primitive elvish [PE17/090; PE17/092] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

ang

noun. iron

Noldorin [Ety/348, S/428, PM/347] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ang

noun. iron

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. anga “iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ANGA “iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ANGĀ > ang[aŋgā] > [aŋga] > [aŋg] > [aŋ]✧ Ety/ANGĀ
Noldorin [Ety/ANGĀ; Ety/WED] Group: Eldamo. Published by

angren

adjective. of iron

Noldorin [Ety/348, S/428] Group: SINDICT. Published by

a-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶a- ✧ EtyAC/N
    • ᴹ√A “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/N

Element in

  • N. afarch “arid, very dry” ✧ EtyAC/N
  • N. ongol “stench” ✧ EtyAC/N

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶a- > a[a]✧ EtyAC/N

Variations

  • a ✧ EtyAC/N

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

anga

noun. iron

Cognates

  • N. ang “iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ANGA “iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ

Element in

  • ᴹQ. angaina “of iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ
  • ᴹQ. Angamanda “Iron Prison, Hells of Iron”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ANGĀ > anga[aŋgā] > [aŋga]✧ Ety/ANGĀ
Qenya [Ety/ANGĀ; EtyAC/ANGĀ; PE22/021; PE22/022; PE22/051] Group: Eldamo. Published by

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

  • ᴹ√A “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/A
  • ᴹ√N- “intensive” ✧ EtyAC/N; PE19/055

Element in

  • ᴹQ. ampano “building (especially of wood), wooden hall, construction, edifice” ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹQ. Ankale “Radiant-one, Sun, (lit.) The Very Bright” ✧ EtyAC/A; EtyAC/N
  • ᴹQ. antaro “high mountain, peak, high mountain, peak, *(lit.) great height” ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹQ. parka “dry; thirsty” ✧ EtyAC/A
  • ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high” ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹQ. unqale “death agony, agony, death” ✧ EtyAC/N

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√A > an[an-]✧ EtyAC/A
ᴹ√N- > an-[ṇd-] > [and-]✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√N- > um[ṃb-] > [umb-]✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√N- > iñ[ŋ̣g-] > [iŋg-]✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√nŏ- > nǝ > ṇ > an[ṇd-] > [and-]✧ PE19/055

Variations

  • an ✧ EtyAC/A; PE18/042; PE19/055
  • am ✧ EtyAC/A; PE18/042; PE19/055
  • añ ✧ EtyAC/A; PE19/055
  • um ✧ EtyAC/N
  • iñ ✧ EtyAC/N
  • aŋ ✧ PE18/042
Qenya [EtyAC/A; EtyAC/N; PE18/042; PE19/055] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

anga

root. iron

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶angā
  • ᴹQ. anga “iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ
  • N. ang “iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ

Element in

  • ᴹQ. Angamanda “Iron Prison, Hells of Iron” ✧ EtyAC/ANGĀ (Angavanda)
  • N. Angband “Iron Prison, Hells of Iron” ✧ EtyAC/ANGĀ (Angband)

Variations

  • ANGĀ ✧ Ety/ANGĀ; EtyAC/ANGĀ (ANGĀ)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/ANGĀ; EtyAC/ANGĀ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

a

root. intensive prefix

An “intensive” root addition described by Tolkien in The Etymologies from the 1930s (EtyAC/A). It was one of two basic intensive mechanisms, along with the (syllabic) prefixed N- (EtyAC/N). The prefixed vowel a- seems to have been used originally in Primitive Elvish when the base vowel was a, and similarly with E and I (EtyAC/E; Ety/I²); whether this was also true of the vowels o, u is unclear, as Tolkien didn’t mention them. These various vocalic intensifications were frequently accompanied by dynamic lengthening (doubling), with the example given by Tolkien being: ᴹ✶parkā “dry” → ᴹ✶apparkā “very dry, arid” (> N. afarch).

In the case of e- and i-, the examples were dero, dise → ᴹ✶Endero, ᴹ✶Indise “groom, bride”; these examples indicate that other kinds of consonant fortifications were possible, in this case nasalization of stops, which often replaced consonant-doubling for voiced stops in Primitive Elvish.

Specifically in the case of a-, however, it seems it could be used as a general intensive that “was distinct in origin, though similar in function, to the prefixed basic vowel”. Why this was true of a- alone is not clear, but there seems to have been some complex interplay between the vocalic intensives and the intensives derived from syllabic initial ṇ-, with the net result that the intensive prefix in Q. became an-, am-, añ-, depending on the initial consonant.

See the entry on the Quenya comparative for a more detailed discussion of the conceptual development of intensives in Eldarin.

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶a- “complete” ✧ EtyAC/TALÁT
  • ᴹ✶a- ✧ EtyAC/N
    • N. a- “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹQ. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/A

Element in

  • ᴹ✶angosse “horror” ✧ EtyAC/GOS
  • ᴹ✶oññol- “strong smell” ✧ EtyAC/A
  • ᴹ✶parkā “dry” ✧ EtyAC/A

Variations

  • a ✧ EtyAC/GOS
Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/A; EtyAC/GOS; EtyAC/N; EtyAC/TALÁT] Group: Eldamo. Published by

e

root. intensive prefix

Element in

  • ᴹ✶Endero “(?virile) young bridegroom” ✧ EtyAC/E
Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/E] Group: Eldamo. Published by

i

root. intensive prefix

Element in

  • ᴹ✶Indise “bride” ✧ Ety/I²
  • ᴹ✶Ithil “moon” ✧ Ety/I²

Variations

  • I ✧ Ety/I²; EtyAC/I²
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/I²; EtyAC/I²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

ang

noun. iron

Cognates

  • Eq. anga “iron” ✧ GL/19; LT1A/Angamandi

Element in

  • G. Angband “Hells of Iron” ✧ GL/19; LT1A/Angamandi; PE13/110
  • G. Angol “Ironcliffs” ✧ GL/19; LT1A/Angamandi; LT1A/Eriol
  • G. angrin “of iron, iron” ✧ GL/19; LT1A/Angamandi
  • G. Angorodin “Iron Mountains” ✧ LT1A/Angamandi
  • G. hadang “javelin, (lit.) hurling iron” ✧ GL/48
Gnomish [GL/19; GL/48; LT1A/Angaino; LT1A/Angamandi; LT1A/Eriol; PE13/110] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Noldorin

ang

noun. iron

Cognates

  • Eilk. ank ✧ PE13/159
  • Eq. anga “iron” ✧ PE13/159
  • Et. anga ✧ PE13/159

Element in

  • En. angeb “like iron” ✧ PE13/159
  • En. angren “of iron” ✧ PE13/159
  • En. angath “fetters” ✧ PE13/159
Early Noldorin [PE13/137; PE13/159] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

anga

noun. iron

Cognates

  • G. ang “iron” ✧ GL/19; LT1A/Angamandi
  • En. ang “iron” ✧ PE13/159

Element in

  • Eq. angaina “of iron” ✧ LT1A/Angamandi; QL/031
  • Eq. Angamandi “Hells of Iron” ✧ LT1A/Angamandi; QL/031
  • Eq. Angasan “Halls of Iron”
  • Eq. Angien “Iron-god”
  • Eq. Angoronti “Mountains of Iron” ✧ LT1A/Angamandi; QL/031
  • Eq. Tilkal ✧ LT1/100; LT1A/Tilkal

Variations

  • Anga ✧ LT1/100
  • ANGA ✧ QL/031
Early Quenya [GL/19; LT1/100; LT1A/Angamandi; LT1A/Tilkal; PE13/159; PE14/107; QL/031; QL/105] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tongo

noun. iron

Derivations

  • ᴱ√TOŊO “to hammer” ✧ QL/094

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√TOŊO > tongo[toŋō] > [toŋo] > [toŋgo]✧ QL/094
Early Quenya [QL/094] Group: Eldamo. Published by