ara

outside, beside, besides

ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, besides" (AR2, VT49:57). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë "he is out", VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni > arni "beside me", astyë "beside you" (informal), allë "besides you" (formal), arsë "beside him/her", plural anwë > armë "beside us" (exclusive), arwë "beside us" (inclusive), astë > ardë "beside you" (plural), astë > artë "beside them"; dual anwet > armet "beside us (two)". (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-.) The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence "beside the" (VT49:24-25)

Ara-

noble

Ara-, ar- a prefixed form of the stem Ara- "noble" (PM:344). In the masc. names Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername (amilessë, q.v.) of Fingolfin (PM:360, cf. 344), Arafinwë "Finarfin" (MR:230)

aran

king

aran noun "king"; pl. arani (WJ:369, VT45:16, PE17:186); gen.pl. aranion "of kings" in asëa aranion, q.v.; aranya "my king" (aran + nya) (UT:193). Aran Meletyalda "king your mighty" = "your majesty" (WJ:369); aran Ondórëo, "a king of Gondor" (VT49:27). Also in arandil "king's friend, royalist", arandur "king's servant, minister" (Letters:386); Arantar masc. name, "King-Lord" (Appendix A); Arandor "Kingsland" region in Númenor (UT:165); the long form Arandórë appears as a name of Arnor in PE17:28 (elsewhere Arnanórë, q.v.) Othercompounds ingaran, Noldóran, Núaran, q.v.

aran

noun. king

Cognates

• S. aran “king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person, king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)” ✧ PE17/147

Derivations

• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118
• √ARAN “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• Q. arandil “king’s friend, royalist”
• Q. arandur “minister, steward, (lit.) king’s servant”
• Q. aranel “princess”
• Q. aranië “kingdom”
• Q. aran Lestanórëo “King of Doriath” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. aran linta ciryalion “*king of swift ships” ✧ PE17/147
• Q. aran linta ciryalíva “*king of swift ships” ✧ PE17/147
• Q. Aran Meletyalda “king your mighty” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. Aranórë “Kingsland”
• Q. Arantar “*High King”
• ᴺQ. arantyalmë “chess, (lit.) king-game”
• Q. aranus(së) “kingship”
• Q. Aranwë “*King-person”
• Q. aranya “*royal”
• Q. asëa aranion “kingsfoil, asëa of the Kings” ✧ LotR/0864; PE17/049; PE17/100
• Q. Ciriáran “Mariner King, *(lit.) Ship King”
• Q. Elwë, aran Sindaron “Elwe, King of the Sindar” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. i arani Eldaive “The kings of the Eldar” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. i arani Eldaron “The kings of the Eldar” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. ingaran “high-king”
• Q. Noldóran “King of the Ñoldor”
• Q. savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe that E[lessar] really existed and that he was a King of Gondor” ✧ PE22/158; VT49/27
• ᴺQ. tararan “emperor, (lit.) high-king”
• Q. Aran Endór “King of Middle-earth” ✧ MR/121 (Aran Endór)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ARA > aran	[aran]	✧ PE17/118
√ARAN > aran	[aran]	✧ PE17/147

Variations

• Aran ✧ MR/121 (Aran); PE17/147; WJ/369; WJ/369; WJ/369

ára

dawn

ára noun "dawn" (AR1). According to VT45:6, ára is also the name of the long vowel carrier of the Tengwar system; it would be the first letter of the word ára if spelt in Tengwar.

ar

and

ar (1) conj. "and" (AR2, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40). The older form of the conjunction was az (PE17:41). Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s (PE17:41, 71), but "in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases" (PE17:71). In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar "and raiments" to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation(PE17:175). More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in "Old Quenya", the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant (PE17:41, 71). An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" (VT43:31, cf. VT48:14). In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ar(a) (VT45:6). In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar "as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and" (PE17:145); compare ara.

ar

and

o (1) conj. "and", occurring solely in SD:246; all other sources give ar.

ar

conjunction. and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but

Changes

• ara → ar ✧ NM/239
• ar → ar “and” ✧ PE17/041
• ar → ar ✧ PE17/041
• ar → al ✧ PE17/175

Cognates

• S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar

Derivations

• ✶as(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
  • √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31
• ✶ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/070; PE17/071; PE17/071; PE17/102
  • √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
• √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145
• √AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ SA/ar

Element in

• Q. aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie’n aurë “Behold, people of the Eldar and Fathers of Men, the day has come!” ✧ S/190; WJ/166
• Q. álamë tulya úsahtienna “[and] lead us not into temptation” ✧ VT43/21
• Q. alcar i Ataren ar i Yondon ar i Airefëan “glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit” ✧ VT43/36
• Q. alcarin Vendë ar manaquenta “O glorious and blessed Virgin” ✧ VT44/10
• Q. ar aistana i yávë mónalyo Yésus “and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus” ✧ VT43/31; VT43/31
• Q. ar ámen apsenë úcaremmar “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT43/18
• Q. ar cé mo formenna tentanes Amanna “and if northwards, it pointed towards Aman” ✧ VT49/25
• Q. ar Elendil Vorondo voronwë “and of the faith of Elendil the Faithful” ✧ UT/305
• Q. ar hísië untúpa Calaciryo míri oialë “and mist covers the jewels of Calacirya forever” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ar hísië untúpa Calaciryo míri oialë “and mist covers (lit. down-roofs) Calacirya’s jewels forever” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ar i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa tennoio “and of the One who is above all thrones for ever” ✧ UT/305
• Q. ar ilyë tier undulávë lumbulë “and all paths are drowned deep in shadow” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ar lumbulë undulávë ilyë tier “and (heavy) shadow swallowed (lit. down-licked) all roads” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ar mi cemen rainë i hínin “and on earth peace, good will toward men” ✧ VT44/34; VT44/34; VT44/34
• Q. ar sindanóriello caita mornië “and out of a grey country darkness lies” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ar sindanóriello mornië caita “and from a grey country darkness lies” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ar súlë Manwëo etsurinyë ar Eldaron indor turyaner “*and the spirit of Manwe went out and the hearts of the Eldar were comforted / or obeyed” ✧ NM/239; NM/239
• Q. arta “etcetera” ✧ PE17/071
• Q. ar wingildi wilwarindië “*and the foam-like butterflies” ✧ PE16/096
• Q. cemendë tambe Erumandë “on Earth as [it is] in Heaven” ✧ VT43/17
• Q. cuita’r parë “live and learn” ✧ PE22/154
• Q. Elainen tárin Periandion ar meldenya anyáran “*to Elaine, queen of Hobbits and my very old friend” ✧ VT49/40
• Q. Eldarinwë Leperi ar Notessi “Elvish Fingers and Numerals” ✧ VT47/04
• Q. Nasser ar Cenime Cantar Valaron ar Maiaron “The Natures and Visible Shapes of the Valar and Maiar” ✧ PE17/175; PE17/175
• Q. savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe that E[lessar] really existed and that he was a King of Gondor” ✧ PE22/158; VT49/27
• Q. násië “now and at the hour of our death: Amen” ✧ VT43/34; VT43/34
• Q. sínen i·anda nyarnë metta ar taina andaurenya na quanta “*with this the long tale ends and my extended long day is complete” ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT
• Q. sinomë maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn’ Ambar-metta “In this place will I abide, and my heirs, unto the ending of the world” ✧ LotR/0967; PE17/103; PE22/147
• Q. sustanë Manwëo súlë ten i indo Sindicollo ar he lastanë ar carnes “*the spirit of Manwe blew unto the heart of Thingol and he listened and did it” ✧ NM/239; NM/239
• Q. Valar ar Maiar fantaner nassentar fanainen ve quenderinwe coar ar larmar “Valar and Maiar cloaked their true-being in veils, like to Elvish bodies and raiment” ✧ PE17/174; PE17/175; PE17/175
• Q. ványë ar válmë “I and those with me are against it” ✧ PE22/162

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶as(a) > ar	[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad(a) > az > ar	[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad(a) > ar	[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶as(a) > ar	[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/070
✶ad(ă)/ad > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/071
✶ad > ađ > ař > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/071
✶ada > ar	[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/102
√ADA > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/145
√ar- > ar	[ar]	✧ SA/ar
✶as > ar	[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]	✧ VT47/31

Variations

• Ar ✧ NM/239
• ara ✧ NM/240 (ara)
• a ✧ PE17/071 (a)
• as ✧ PE17/071 (as); PE17/071
• al ✧ PE17/071; PE17/175
• are ✧ VT43/31 (are); VT43/34 (are); VT47/04

ar(a)

preposition. beside, next [to]; out, beside, next [to], *by; out, [ᴹQ.] outside

Derivations

• ✶ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/071
  • √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
• √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145

Element in

• Q. A anamelda na ar ilyan “A is dearest of all” ✧ PE17/057
• Q. arcalima ar eleni “A is brightest of all” ✧ PE17/056
• Q. ar- “by-, beside, near, by-, beside, near; [ᴹQ.] outside”
• ᴺQ. aralussë “aorist, (lit.) beside-tense”
• ᴺQ. aramallë “side-street”
• Q. quiquië menin coaryanna, arsë “whenever I arrive at his house/come to/get to, he is out” ✧ VT49/23 (quiquie tenin koaryanna, arse)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ADA > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/145

Variations

• ar ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057; PE17/145
• ad ✧ PE17/071
• ara ✧ VT49/25

arato

noble

arato noun "a noble" (PE17:147), in PE17:118 given as aratō and there glossed "lord" (often = "king"). Cf. aráto. The form cited in the latter source, aratō with a long final vowel, is evidently very archaic (compare Enderō under Ender); later the vowel would become short. (PE17:118)

haran

king, chieftain

haran (#harn-, as in pl. harni) noun "king, chieftain" (3AR, TĀ/TA3, VT45:17; for "king", the word aran is to be preferred in LotR-style Quenya). In a deleted entry in the Etymologies, haran was glossed "chief" (VT45:17)

taran

king

taran (1) noun "king", possibly ephemeral variant of aran, q.v. (PE17:186)

ar-

outside

ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17), "by" (PE17:169; in the same source the glosses "near, by, beside" were rejected). Cf. ara.

ari

beside the

ari, arin prep. *"beside the"? See ara.

arë

and

arë conj. "and", longer form of ar, q.v. (VT43:31)

ava

outside, beyond

ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)

tar

beyond

tar (2) prep. "beyond" (FS)

vardar

king

vardar noun "king" (LT1:273; rather aran in LotR-style Quenya)

-tar

king

-tar or tar-, element meaning "king" or "queen" in compounds and names (TĀ/TA3), e.g. Valatar; compare the independent nouns tár, tári. Prefix Tar- especially in the names of the Kings and Queens of Númenor (e.g. Tar-Amandil); see their individual names (like Amandil in this case), cf. also Tar-Mairon "King Excellent", title used by Sauron (PE17:183). Also in Tareldar "High-elves"; see also Tarmenel.

ardë

beside you

ardë prep. with pron. suffix *"beside you" (pl), changed from astë (VT49:25). See ara.

armë

beside us

armë prep. with pron. suffix *"beside us" (exclusive), changed from anwë (VT49:25); see ara.

arni

beside me

arni < anni prep. with pron. suffix *"beside me" (VT49:25); see ara

arsë

beside him/her

arsë prep. with pron. suffix *"beside him/her" (informal) (VT49:25); see ara. Arsë "he is out" (VT49:23, 35, 36)

artë

beside them

artë prep. with pron. suffix *"beside them", changed from astë (VT49:25). See ara.

arwë

beside us

arwë (1) prep. with pron. suffix *"beside us" (inclusive) (VT49:25); see ara.

tár

king

tár noun "king" (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes); the pl. tári "kings" must not be confused with the sg. tári "queen" (TĀ/TA3). Prefix tar-, compare -tar above. The normal Quenya word for "king" is aran, but compare Tarumbar.

armet

beside us

armet prep. with pron. suffix *"beside us" (dual), changed from arwet (VT49:25); see ara.

arquen

noble

arquen noun "a noble" (WJ:372), "knight" (PE17:147)

amaurëa

dawn, early day

†amaurëa noun "dawn, early day" (Markirya)

az

and

az, archaic form of the conjunction ar "and"; see ar #1.

-yë

conjunction. and

-yë (4) conj. "and" as a suffix added to the second of a pair, as Menel Cemenyë "Heaven and Earth" (VT47:30, 31, VT49:25). Other "pairs" are mentioned as examples but not actually translated into Quenya by Tolkien: Sun and Moon (*Anar Isilyë), Land and Sea (*Nór Eäryë), fire and water (*nárë nenyë, or *úr nenyë).

ambarónë

noun. dawn, dawn; [ᴹQ.] uprising, sunrise, Orient

Element in

• Q. Ambaróna “Eastern (Land)” ✧ PE17/082

Elements

Word	Gloss
amba	“up(wards)”
(h)róna	“eastern, east”

Variations

• ambaróne ✧ PE17/082; RC/385

and

and

a (2) conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song (that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna "and northwards" in a late text, VT49:26). According to PE17:41, "Old Quenya" could have the conjunction a (as a variant of ar) before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw (f is not mentioned), PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r, þ, s. See ar #1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen "he ran with his speed" (i.e. as quickly as he could) is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is "he ran and [did so] with his speed" (PE17:58).

han

beyond

han prep. "beyond" (compare the _postposition pella of similar meaning) (VT43:14)_

han

preposition. beyond

Derivations

• √HAN “add to, increase, enhance, enrich, honour (especially by gift); give” ✧ VT43/14

Element in

• Q. Átaremma i ëa han Eä “our Father who art in Heaven” ✧ VT43/14

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√HAN > han	[han]	✧ VT43/14

yo

and

yo conj. "and", "often used between _two _items (of any part of speech) that were by nature or custom clearly associated, like the names of spouses (Manwë yo Varda), or "sword and sheath" (*macil yo vainë*), "bow and arrows" (quinga yo pilindi), or groups like "Elves and Men" (Eldar yo Fírimor but contrast eldain a fírimoin [dative forms] in FS, where Tolkien joins the words with a, seemingly simply a variant of the common conjunction ar). In one source, yo is apparently a preposition "with" (yo hildinyar* = "with my heirs", SD:56).

allë

beside you

allë prep. with pron. suffix *"beside you" (formal) (VT49:25); see ara

anni

beside me

anni > arni prep. with pron. suffix *"beside me" (VT49:25); see ara

anwë

beside us

anwë (2) prep. with pron. suffix *"beside us", changed to armë (VT49:25); see ara.

astë

beside you

astë prep. with pron. suffix (1) "beside you", in this sense changed to ardë; (2) "beside them", in this sense changed to artë (VT49:25). See ara.

túr

king

túr, tur noun "king" (PE16:138, LT1:260); rather aran in LotR-style Quenya, but cf. the verb tur-. Also compare the final element -tur, -ntur "lord" in names like Axantur, Falastur, Fëanturi, Vëantur (q.v.)

anwet

beside us

anwet prep. with pron. suffix *"beside us" (dual), changed to armet (VT49:25); see ara.

astyë

beside you

astyë prep. with pron. suffix *"beside you" (informal) (VT49:25); see ara

pella

beyond

pella "beyond", apparently a postposition rather than a preposition: Andúnë pella "beyond the West", elenillor pella "from beyond the stars" (Nam, RGEO:66, Markirya) In one version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien used pell' (evidently an elided form of pella) as a _preposition, but this version was abandoned (VT43:13)_

etsë

outside, exterior

etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)

ettë

outside

ettë noun(and/or adv.?) "outside" (ET)

eldatár

`Vm#1~C6 noun. elf-king, elfking, elven-king

ara

noun. king

_ n. _king. 

Ara-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ar-, Arathorn

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

ar

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

ar

conjunction. and, and, [G.] too, besides

ada

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, adh

ar(a)-

prefix. noble, royal, high

Derivations

• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal”
• S. aran “king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person, king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)” ✧ Let/426
  • √ARAN “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• S. Aradan “*Noble-man”
• S. Arador “*Noble-lord”
• S. Araglas “*Royal-joy”
• S. Aragorn “Revered King, Kingly Valour” ✧ Let/426; PE17/113
• S. Aragost
• S. Arahad
• S. Arahael
• S. Aramund “Kingly Bull”
• S. Arassuil
• S. Arathorn “Steadfast King” ✧ Let/426
• S. Araval
• S. Aravir
• S. Aravorn
• S. arahadhw “throne, (lit.) high seat” ✧ PE22/148
• S. Aredhel “Noble Elf”
• S. Aredhel “Noble Elf” ✧ PE17/139
• S. Ar-Feiniel “White Lady”
• S. Argeleb
• S. Argon
• S. Argonath “Pillars of the Kings, (lit.) Royal Stones” ✧ RC/347
• S. Argonui
• S. Arminas “?Noble Tower”
• S. Arnor “Royal Land”
• S. arphen “noble, knight”
• S. Arroch “*Noble-horse”
• S. Arvedui “Last-king”
• S. Arvegil
• S. Arveleg
• S. Arwen “Noble Maiden”
• ᴺS. arwen “noble lady”
• S. Finarfin
• S. Gil-Orrain “Star of High Hope”
• S. Pelargir “Garth of Royal Ships”
• S. Ras-Arphain
• Os. Ára-ngorn “Revered King”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
S. aran > ara	[aran-] > [ara-]	✧ Let/426

Variations

• ara ✧ Let/426; PE22/148
• ar(a) ✧ LotR/1038
• ara- ✧ PE17/113
• ar- ✧ PE17/139
• aran/ar(a) ✧ PM/193
• Ar(a)- ✧ RC/347

ar-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ara-, Arathorn

arod

adjective. noble

arod

noble

1b _adj._noble. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

adj. #noble.

arod

adjective. noble

d adj. noble. Q. arata. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

Cognates

• Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/186
• T. aráta “noble” ✧ PM/363

Derivations

• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PE17/039; PE17/186; PM/363; VT41/09
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶rāta “lofty, high, noble” ✧ PE17/049
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• S. Arodreth “Noble Endurance” ✧ PE17/182
• S. Arothir “Noble Lord”
• S. Finrod ✧ VT41/09
• S. Thinrod “noble member of the Thindrim” ✧ VT41/09

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶arātā > arod	[arātā] > [arāta] > [arǭta] > [arauta] > [araut] > [araud] > [arod]	✧ PM/363

arth

adjective. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted)

a

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

a

and

conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> ad, ada, adh

a

and

conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

a

conjunction. and

conj. and. Pedo mellon a minno! 'Say friend and enter'. Q. ar

athan

preposition. beyond

arphen

noun. a noble

ad

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ada, adh

ah

preposition/conjunction. and, with

The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a.1 , ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT/43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)

ah

conjunction. and

adh

conjunction. and

Ídh

and

{ð}_ conj. _and. It was not mutated before vowels. >> a

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, ada

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

minuial

noun. "morrowdim", the time near dawn, when the star fade

eth

adverb/adjective. outside

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ette “outside”

Derivations

• √ET “out, forth”

aran

king

1) (king of a region) aran (pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural). 2) (king of a people) †taur (i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. _T_Ā to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

aran

king

(pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural).

ar

outside

(adv. prefix) ar- (without)the literal meaning of a word translated SPY (q.v.)

ar

outside

(without)

ar

noble

(adjectival prefix) ar- (high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

ar

noble

(high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

arn

noble

(adjective) 1) arn (royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic *araud), pl. aroed. 2) brand (high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind; 3) raud (eminent, high), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

arn

noble

(royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic ✱araud), pl. aroed.

raud

noble

(eminent, high), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed.  4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

taur

king

(i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. TĀ to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

thar

beyond

(across, athwart, over)

a

and

a, or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

a

and

or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

arwen

noble woman

(pl. erwin).****

athar

beyond

1) *athar (across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation. 2) (adverbial prefix) thar- (across, athwart, over)

athar

beyond

(across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation.

brand

noble

(high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind

arphen

noble

(noun, "a noble") 1) arphen, pl. erphin; 2) raud (eminent man, champion), pl.roed (idh roed), coll. pl. rodath.

arphen

noble

pl. erphin

pelia

spread

pelia- (i belia, i pheliar)

pelia

spread

(i belia, i pheliar)

minuial

dawn

minuial (i vinuial) (morrowdim, twilight), pl. minuiail (i minuiail)

minuial

dawn

(i vinuial) (morrowdim, twilight), pl. minuiail (i minuiail)

aráta

adjective. noble

Cognates

• S. arod “noble” ✧ PM/363

Derivations

• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PM/363
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186

Element in

• T. aráto “*noble”

Variations

• arāta ✧ PM/363

agh

conjunction. and

Element in

• Bs. ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul “one ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011

ârû

noun. king

A noun translated as “king” (SD/429). The Adûnaic word for “queen” is not attested, but could be a feminized form of this word, such as ✱ârî.

Element in

• Ad. Ar- “king or queen”
• Ad. Arûn “Lord”
• Ad. Ârû ’nAdûnâi “King of the Anadunians” ✧ SD/429

Variations

• Ārū ✧ SD/429

durin

masculine name. king

Element in

• S. Ennyn Durin Aran Moria “the Doors of Durin, Lord of Moria” ✧ LotR/0305; PE17/040
• N. Ennyn Durin Aran Vória “the Doors of Durin Lord of Moria” ✧ TI/182

ara

root. ARA

ara

preposition and adverb. beyond, further than

Derivations

• √AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ PE17/147

Variations

• ara/ar/rā ✧ PE17/147

ar

root. beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways

The root √AR has a long and complex history in Tolkien’s writing. For many years, it was the basis for the word ar “and”. Its earliest precursor was the root ᴱ√ARA or ᴱ√ƷARA in the Qenya Lexicon variously glossed “spread, extend sideways” or “wide places” (QL/32). The Gnomish derivatives of this root such G. garw “sown field” (GL/38) vs. ᴱQ. arwa made it clear the true primitive form was √ƷARA (in Gnomish, ʒ- &gt; g-). Some of the early derivatives of √ƷARA such as G. gar(th), ᴱQ. arda “place” were later transferred to the root ᴹ√GAR so they could retain this gar-/ar- distinction.

Of the derivations that remained under √AR, the most notable were ᴱQ. are “beside, along” and the conjunction ᴱQ. ar(a) “but” (QL/32). The latter changed in meaning to ar “and” by the end of the 1920s, for example in the Oilima Markirya poem. This carried into the 1930s paradigm for the root ᴹ√AR, as seen by its entry in The Etymologies with its derivatives ᴹQ. ara “outside, beside” (the basic sense of the root) and ᴹQ. ar “and” (Ety/AR²). The most common Noldorin word for “and” in this period was likewise ar (TAI/150; SD/128-129), and in prefixal form ar- “outside, beside” sometimes developed a privative sense “without”, most notably in arnediad (†arnoediad) “without reckoning, numberless” as in N. Nirnaith Arnediad “(Battle of) Unnumbered Tears” (Ety/AR², NOT) which in Sindarin became Nirnaeth Arnoediad.

In some etymological notes from the 1950s Tolkien retained the root form ara “alongside” (VT43/33), but there were already cracks forming in this system, forced by Tolkien’s decision that the Sindarin word for “and” was a rather than ar, a change that first appeared Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/182). By the late 1950s Tolkien was experimenting with new roots √AD(A) and √AS for the meaning “beside” and the derivation of Q. ar, S. a “and”; see those entries for later developments in this semantic space of “beside”.

As for the root √AR itself, it shifted in meaning to “beyond, further than” in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957, becoming the basis for “royal” roots like √ARAN “king” or √ARAT “noble” (PE17/147). In this revised meaning, it might still be able to retain a “privative” sense in Sindarin words like †arnoediad “unnumbered” (perhaps = “✱beyond numbering”), though it is also possible Tolkien simply never revisited the etymology of this Sindarin word.

Derivatives

• ✶ara “beyond, further than” ✧ PE17/147
• Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ SA/ar
• S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ SA/ar
• S. ar- “without; by; **beside, [N.] outside; [S.] without; by, beside, [G.] along with, compared with”

Element in

• √ARAN “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147
• √ARI “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147
• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/147
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147
• Q. Araman “Outside Aman, *Beside Aman” ✧ SA/ar
• S. arnoediad “unnumbered, without reckoning” ✧ SA/ar

Variations

• ar- ✧ SA/ar
• ara ✧ VT43/33

as(a)

preposition. and

Changes

• as(a) → ad(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041

Derivations

• √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31

Derivatives

• Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
• S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31

Variations

• as ✧ VT43/30; VT47/31

rā/ara

root. noble, high, royal

An invertible root meaning “noble”, itself an extension of √AR (PE17/147). Given its widespread use, Tolkien did not define this root until quite late. Its first clear mention was in Notes on Names (NN) and Quenya Notes (QN), both from 1957. In NN, Tolkien introduced invertible √ARA/RĀ to give an explanation of the element rod in names like S. Rodon “Vala” and S. Finrod, where Tolkien said:

> S raud “tall, high, lofty, eminent”. √ARA, RĀ. Cf. Q aran “king”. Q arta “high” < árată. S raud < form (a)rā́tă (PE17/118).

Earlier in The Etymologies of the 1930s, the second element of N. Finrod was N. rhaud “metal” (Ety/RAUTĀ), whereas ᴹQ. haran/N. aran “king” was derived from ᴹ√ƷAR “have, hold” (Ety/ƷAR). As for the later root √ARA/RĀ, Tolkien gave a lengthier explanation in QN:

> √AR. ARI-, ARA/RĀ, ARAT/ARAN. Original sense probably seen in adverb/preposition ✱ara/ar/ra, beyond, further than. The stems ARI/ARAN/ARAT mean “good, excellent, noble” — differing from √MAN in stating that any one specimen is “good of its kind”, excels, without necessarily implying that others are bad or marred. Hence ari-, good as prefix, ar/ara/aran as prefixes of excellence especially in royal names, aran king. Q arta noble, arato a “noble”, ráta- excel, surpass. S aran, arod (arāta); or raud excellent, noble, eminent (PE17/147).

Thus all these roots, including the extensions √ARAN and √ARAT, were elaborations on the sense “beyond” from base root √AR. The simple root √AR itself had a lengthy conceptual history; see that entry for details. As for ARA/RĀ, the connection between these forms and nobility seems to be firmly established by the late 1950s and afterwards, with primitive element Ara- “noble” mentioned in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 (PM/344, 363 note #43), and numerous other mentions of derived forms in documents from this period.

Derivatives

• Ad. Ar- “king or queen” ✧ SA/ar(a)
• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/118; PE17/186; PE17/186
  • S. arod “noble” ✧ PE17/039; PE17/186; PM/363; VT41/09
  • T. aráta “noble” ✧ PM/363
• ✶árātō “lord” ✧ PE17/118
  • Q. aráto “champion, eminent man, noble, lord, king” ✧ PE17/118
• ✶rāta “lofty, high, noble” ✧ PE17/118
  • Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/049
  • S. arod “noble” ✧ PE17/049
  • S. raud “noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/118; PE17/186
• Q. ar(a)- “noble, high” ✧ PE17/147; PM/344
• Q. aran “king” ✧ PE17/118
• Q. arya “excelling, *better” ✧ PE17/147
• S. ar(a)- “noble, royal, high”
• S. ro- “*superlative” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• ✶artaurē “Realm”
• √RAT “tower up”
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ SA/ar(a)
• Q. Aranórë “Kingsland” ✧ PE17/118
• ᴺQ. artanwa “award”
• S. Aradan “*Noble-man” ✧ SA/ar(a)
• S. aran “king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person, king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)” ✧ SA/ar(a)
• S. Aredhel “Noble Elf” ✧ SA/ar(a)
• S. Argonath “Pillars of the Kings, (lit.) Royal Stones” ✧ SA/ar(a)
• S. Arnor “Royal Land” ✧ SA/ar(a)

Variations

• ARA ✧ PE17/118; PE17/145; PE17/147; PE17/148
• RĀ ✧ PE17/118; PE17/147; PE17/148; PE17/182
• Ara- ✧ PM/344
• ara- ✧ PM/363
• ar(a)- ✧ SA/ar(a)

as

root. beside

As discussed in the entry for √AR, for a considerable time in Tolkien’s life the basis for the word “and” was the root √AR with the sense “beside”, so that Q. A ar B “A and B” originally had the sense “A beside B”. However, at some point during the writing of the Lord of the Rings he decided that the Sindarin word for “and” was a, making √AR no longer suitable for its etymology.

From this point forward Tolkien toyed with two possible roots for “beside; and”, either √AD and √AS, with another option √ÑAR considered and rejected in 1957 (PE17/169). It seems Tolkien vacillated between the √AD and √AS, so an exact timeline is hard to nail down. Their primary difference would be in the prevocalic form of Sindarin “and”: either edhil adh edain [ada > aða] or edhil ah edain [asa > aha] for “elves and men”. The most detailed breakdown of these two possibilities appeared in Tolkien’s notes on words in The Lord of the Rings, probably written in the late 1950s (PE17/41). In these notes he kept flipping back and forth between ancient asa and ada, though ultimately settling on ada.

However, ah appeared in the title of the document Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth “The Debate of Finrod and Andreth” most likely written in 1959 (MR/329), and in a 1968 note Tolkien said the primitive form was as with S. ah “and” before vowels and a before consonants (VT43/30). So either Tolkien reversed himself again and adopted √AS, or he continued to vacillate. For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is best to assume the root was √AS.

One result of the change of √AR >> √AS/√AD is that the Sindarin prefix ar- could no longer mean “beside” as it did in Noldorin. Indeed, in notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor written in the late 1960s he said “Arnen originally was intended to mean ‘beside the water’, sc. Anduin, but ar- in this sense is Quenya, not Sindarin” (VT43/17). This leaves us with no good word for “beside” in Sindarin; at one point I coined a neologism sa for this purpose, but it is a real stretch.

As a final note, these 1950s and 1960s roots were not the first time Tolkien used √AS for something like “beside”. All the way back in the 1910s, Tolkien had the root √AS(A) in both the Quenya and Gnomish Lexicons (QL/33; GL/48) with derived forms like ᴱQ. ar “to, against, next, on (wall)” (QL/33), G. hath- “close to, by, beside, touching” (GL/48), and [maybe] G. art “beside, alongside of” (GL/20), though the last form may be unconnected given the unlikeliness of s > r in Gnomish.

Derivatives

• ✶as(a) “and” ✧ VT47/31
  • Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
  • S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31
• ✶asa- “*beside” ✧ VT47/31
• ᴺQ. arëa “close, nearby”
• Q. as “with”
• ᴺS. sa “beside, alongside, next (to)”

Element in

• ᴺ✶. askōlimā “equivalent, (lit.) beside-bear-able”
• ᴺQ. aryë “also, as well, besides, too”
• ᴺQ. pelas “along, (lit.) by the boundary of”
• ᴺS. aich “also”
• ᴺS. asgolui “equivalent, (lit.) beside-bear-able”
• ᴺS. pela(h) “along, (lit.) by the boundary of”

Variations

• asa ✧ VT47/31
• AS ✧ VT48/25

lā̆

preposition/adverb. beyond

Derivations

• √LAƷ “cross, pass over, go beyond” ✧ PE17/065

Derivatives

• Q. lá “beyond, over, across, athwart” ✧ PE17/065; PE17/065

Element in

• ✶orlā “over” ✧ PE17/065
• ✶pelola “beyond (the boundary)” ✧ PE17/065

Variations

• laŋa ✧ PE17/065

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

ar

conjunction. and

Derivations

• ᴹ√AR “beside, outside”

Element in

• N. lheben teil brann i annon ar neledh neledhi gar godrebh “five foot high the door and three may walk abreast” ✧ TAI/150

ar-

prefix. etym. beside

ar-

prefix. without

taur

noun. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes)

In LotR/IV:IV, Frodo is called Daur, which might be the mutated form of this word

âr

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

âr

noun. king

a

conjunction. and

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ar “and; but”

Element in

• N. pedo mellon a minno “speak, friend, and enter” ✧ TI/182

athan

preposition. beyond

Element in

• N. Bronwe athan Harthad “Endurance beyond Hope” ✧ SD/062

Elements

Word	Gloss
ath-	“on both sides, across”

pelia-

verb. to spread