sador

masculine name. Sador

A lame servant of Húrin, also known as Labadal “Hopafoot” (UT/60). This name seems to be the noun sador “loyal” used as a name.

Conceptual Development: In some notes his name is also given as Sadog (PM/309, 327 note #52).

saelon

masculine name. Saelon

A young man of Gondor appearing in Tolkien’s aborted sequel to The Lord of the Rings: The New Shadow (PM/409). His name appears to be a combination of sael “wise” and the masculine suffix -on.

Conceptual Development: In drafts of the story he was first named Almoth >> Egalmoth >> Arthael >> Saelon (PM/409, 419 note #2).

sador

sador

>> sadar, sadron

Sammath Naur

place name. Sammath Naur

topon. >> naur

sarn athrad

place name. Ford of Stones

A ford across the river Gelion translated “Ford of Stones” (S/92), its name is a combination of sarn “stone” and athrad “ford” (SA/sarn, thar).

Conceptual Development: The name dates back to the earliest Lost Tales and developed as follows: G. Sarnathrod “Stony Ford” (LT2/236) >> N. Sarn-athra/Athrasarn (SM/133, 244) >> N. Sarn Athrad “Stone of Crossing” (LR/406) >> S. Sarn Athrad “Ford of Stones” (S/92).

sarn gebir

place name. Stone-spikes

A series of rapids on the river Anduin described as “sharp shelves and stony teeth” (LotR/391) and translated “Stone-spikes” (RC/327). This name is a combination of sarn “stone” and the plural of the lenited plural of ceber “spike” (SA/sarn, RC/327). This formation is somewhat odd, since nouns in this position are not usually lenited in Sindarin, though they were in earlier Noldorin. The form Gebir may be a hold-over of its early Noldorin name.

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, these rapids were first named N. Pensarn, quickly revised to N. Ruinel >> Sarn Ruin (TI/366), and a bit later to (plural) Sern Gebir >> Sarn Gebir (TI/283). These last two forms also appeared in The Etymologies with an unclear gloss, perhaps “?lonestone” or “?limestone”, but they were struck out (Ety/KEPER, EtyAC/KEPER).

sabar

noun. delving

A noun appearing only in its mutated form -habar in names like Anghabar “Iron-delvings” and Nornhabar “Dwarrowdelf, ✱Dwarf-delving” (WJ/209). It provides evidence for the retention of the root √SAP “dig” in Tolkien’s later writing.

saelind

feminine name. Wise-heart

A wise woman of the Edain, her name is translated “Wise-heart” (MR/305, WJ/233), a combination of sael “wise” and ind “heart”.

Conceptual Development: Her name was initially Saelon (MR/360, WJ/233) and also appeared as Saelin (WJ/230).

sammath naur

place name. Chambers of Fire

The heart of Mount Doom, translated “Chambers of Fire” (LotR/942), a combination of the class-plural of sam “chamber” and the noun naur “fire”.

sarch nia chîn húrin

proper name. Grave of the Children of Húrin

Name of the grave of Túrin and Nienor (UT/140), a combination of sarch “grave”, the definite plural form nia of the preposition na(n) “of” (also seen in Glaer nia Chîn Húrin), the mutated plural chîn of hên “child” and the name of their father Húrin. The unmutated form Hîn in the Unfinished Tales was an editorial decision by Christopher Tolkien (LR/322 note §25); the name was spelled correctly (with Chîn) in The Children of Húrin (CH/247).

sam

noun. chamber, chamber, [G.] room

The word sammath “chambers” appeared in the name Sammath Naur “Chambers of Fire” for the cavernous chambers in the interior of Mount Doom (LotR/942). It appears to be the class-plural of an otherwise unattested noun ✱sam “chamber”.

Conceptual Development: Earlier forms of this word were G. tham “chamber, room” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/72) and N. tham “hall” from The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√STAB (Ety/STAB). The Gnomish word was cognate to ᴱQ. sambe “room, chamber” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SAMA (QL/81), though the Gnomish form tham indicates the actual form of the root was (or became) ✱ᴱ√ÞAMA. Likewise the Noldorin word in the 1930s was cognate to ᴹQ. sambe “room, chamber” but with a distinct gloss = “hall” (Ety/STAB). The form sammath from the 1950s may indicate another revision of the root to √SAB or √SAM, though both of these conflict with other roots from the 1950s and 60s: √SAB “believe” (PE22/158) and √SAM “to have” (PE17/183).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I prefer to retain both S. sam “chamber” and N. tham “hall”, so I would assume that S. tham and Q. sambe where both derived from ᴹ√STAB, but that in Quenya the word meant “room, chamber” while in Sindarin it meant “hall”. Furthermore, I would assume that prior to the arrival of the Noldor, Sindarin architecture mostly consisted of single-room houses or large buildings with a great hall without subdivision into smaller rooms or chambers.

When Sindar adopted the architectural practice of subdividing houses and buildings into multiple rooms from the Noldor, they borrowed Q. sambe as S. sam to mean “chamber, ✱room” as a way of distinguishing a “room” from the older Sindarin word for “hall” = tham. I would further assume that tham came to be used for ordinary “halls” joining distinct chambers, and that [N.] thamas “great hall” was coined to describe a great central hall. This is an entirely fan-based etymology, however, purely speculative.

sant

noun. garden, field, yard

A word appearing in The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from the late 1960s, which meant “a garden, field, yard, or other place in private ownership, whether enclosed or not” (VT42/20). It was derived from √SAT “place, space” (VT42/19).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. tand {“fence, border, bound” >>} “enclosure, garden” based the early root ᴱ√tadh- (GL/68).

sarch

noun. grave

A word for “grave” in the phrase Sarch nia Chîn Húrin “Grave of the Children of Húrin” (UT/140). Its etymology isn’t clear, but it might be related to sarn “stone” as in [N.] sarnas “cairn” (LR/406).

sador

noun. faithful one

Sador was Túrin's faithful servant. The meaning of this noun is deduced from sadron , assuming that these words are in the same kind of relation as hador and hadron

Sammath Naur

noun. chambers of fire

sam(b) (“chamber, room”) + ath (collective plural suffix), naur (“fire”)

Sarch nia Hîn Húrin

noun. grave of the children of Húrin

sarch (“grave”), nia (pre-LR period plural genitive article, later changed to in WJ: hîn (pl. of hên “child”), hûr (“vigour, fiery spirit”) + ind (“inner thought, heart”)

Sarn Athrad

noun. stone ford

sarn (“stone as a material”), athrad (ger. of athra- “river-crossing, ford, way”); #The second element could be interpreted as: ath (prefix “on both sides, across”) + râd (“path, track”)

Sarn Gebir

noun. stone spikes

sarn (“stone as a material”) cebir (pl. of ceber “stake, spike”)

Sauron

noun. used in Third Age Sindarin

_prop. n. _used in Third Age Sindarin. It could be a genuine S. formation from saur, but was prob. from Quenya. Tolkien seems to have rejected the root SAWA, noting: "No. THAW-, cruel. saura, cruel. Gorthaur-." >> saur

sabar

noun. delved mine

The unmutated form is reconstructed from the place name Nornhabar, assuming that the second word is mutated in composition. Though habar as the regular form might be possible as well, in the Qenyaqetsa we find the root SAPA "dig, excavate" (PE/12:82), so it seems most likely that Tolkien re-used this old base, and that the underlying form in those names would indeed be sabar

sadar

Poet

pl1. sedair n. Poet. trusty follower, loyal companion (member of "comitatus" of a lord, or prince). >> sadron

sadron

Poet

pl1. sedryn n. Poet. trusty follower, loyal companion (member of "comitatus" of a lord, or prince). Probably form of _sadar with masc. suffix -on_. >> sadar

salph

noun. broth, liquid food, soup

The form salf in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45:12

saur

adjective. used in sense 'bad' of food etc

_adj. _used in sense 'bad' of food etc., putrid. Tolkien seems to have rejected the root SAWA, noting: "No. THAW-, cruel. saura, cruel. Gorthaur-."

saw

noun. filth

_n. _filth, putrescence. Tolkien seems to have rejected the root SAWA, noting: "No. THAW-, cruel. saura, cruel. Gorthaur-."

sad

noun. place, spot

sador

adjective. steadfast, trusty, loyal

sadron

noun. trusty follower, loyal companion

sael

adjective. wise

said

adjective. private, separate, not common, excluded

sammar

noun. *neighbor

san

pronoun. that

saur

adjective. bad (of food), putrid

sav-

verb. to have

saw

noun. filth, putrescence

sael

adjective. wise

sam

noun. chamber

sad

noun. limited area naturally or artificially defined, a place, spot

sadar

noun. trusty follower, loyal companion

sadron

noun. faithful one

said

adjective. private, separate, not common, excluded

sain

adjective. new

samarad

noun. two neighbours

sammar

noun. neighbour

sammath

noun. chambers

sant

noun. garden, field, yard (or other place in private ownership whether enclosed or not)

sarch

noun. grave

sarn

noun. stone (as a material)

Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11

sarn

noun. small stone

Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11

sa

pronoun. that

Saeros

Saeros

Saeros' name is difficult to translate, but might mean "Bitter Rain" in Sindarin (from saer = "bitter" and ross = "rain").[source?] If "bitter" is the root word of his name, than Saeros is probably a epithet.[source?]

Sarn Athrad

Sarn Athrad

Sarn Athrad means "Ford of Stones" or "stony ford" in Sindarin (sarn + athrad).

Sarn Ford

Sarn Ford

Sarn Ford was so named by the Númenóreans, after Sarn Athrad in Beleriand. The name is a half-translation of the Elvish (Sindarin) name Sarn-athrad, meaning "stony-ford" (sarn + athrad).

Sarn Gebir

Sarn Gebir

Sarn Gebir is a Sindarin name meaning "stone-spiked".

sador

Sador

sador is a Sindarin word which translates to "steadfast, trusty, loyal".

sarneg

noun. pebble

A neologism for “pebble” coined by Paul Strack in 2021 specifically for Eldamo, a diminutive form of S. sarn “stone”.

sabar

mine

1) (delved mine) #sabar (i habar, o sabar), pl. sebair (i sebair). Isolated from the name Anghabar, ”iron mine”. The root _

sabar

mine

(i habar, o sabar), pl. sebair (i sebair). Isolated from the name Anghabar, ”iron mine”. The root SAPA ”dig, excavate” (QL:82) suggests that this -habar is a lenited form of ✱sabar. If the unlenited form is actually ✱habar, read: habar (i chabar, o chabar), pl. hebair (i chebair).

sabar

delved mine

#sabar (i habar, o sabar), pl. sebair (i sebair). Isolated from the name Anghabar, ”iron mine”. The root _

sadron

faithful one

?sadron (i hadron, o sadron), pl. sedryn (i sedryn), coll. pl. sadronnath. Only attested in the pl.; the singular could be either *sadron* (as here supposed), sodron** or *sedron.

sadron

faithful one

(i hadron, o sadron), pl. sedryn (i sedryn), coll. pl. sadronnath. Only attested in the pl.; the singular could be either ✱sadron (as here supposed), ✱sodron or ✱sedron.

sael

wise

1) sael (lenited hael; no distinct pl. form), 2) noen (sensible). Pl. form (if any) uncertain. The archaic form of the word is given as nohen (VT46:7), which would have the pl. form nöhin. If the regular change of ö to e occured before the loss of h, the pl. form of noen could be nain for older nein. 3)

saer

bitter

saer (lenited haer; no distinct pl. form).

saew

poison

(noun) saew (i haew, o saew), no distinct pl. form except with article (i saew)

saew

poison

(i haew, o saew), no distinct pl. form except with article (i saew)

said

private

said (lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (separate, not common, excluded) (VT42:20)

said

separate

said (lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (private, not common, excluded) (VT42:20)

said

not common

said (lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (separate, private, excluded) (VT42:20)

said

excluded

said (lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (separate, not common, private) (VT42:20)

salab

herb

salab (i halab, o salab), pl. selaib (i selaib). In ”N”, the pl. was seleb, LR:385 s.v. _ÁK-(W_Ē).

salab

herb

(i halab, o salab), pl. selaib (i selaib). – In ”N”, the pl. was seleb, LR:385 s.v. SALÁK-(WĒ).

salph

liquid food

(i halph, o salph) (soup, broth), pl. seilph (if the word goes like alph ”swan”), with article i seilph.

salph

soup

salph (i halph, o salph) (liquid food, broth), pl. seilph (if the word goes like alph ”swan”), with article i seilph.

salph

soup

(i halph, o salph) (liquid food, broth), pl. seilph (if the word goes like alph ”swan”), with article i seilph.

salph

broth

salph (i halph, o salph) (liquid food, soup), pl. seilph (if the word goes like alph ”swan”), with article i seilph.

salph

broth

(i halph, o salph) (liquid food, soup), pl. seilph (if the word goes like alph ”swan”), with article i seilph.

salph

liquid food

salph (i halph, o salph) (soup, broth), pl. seilph (if the word goes like alph ”swan”), with article i seilph.

salph

liquid food

salph (i halph, o salph) (soup, broth), pl. seilph (if the word goes like alph ”swan”), with article i seilph.

sam

chamber

sam (i ham, o sam), pl. saim, coll. pl. sammath

sam

chamber

(i ham, o sam), pl. saim, coll. pl. sammath

sammar

neighbour

sammar (i hammar, o sammar), pl. semmair (i semmair). Also ahamar (pl. ehemair). Dual samarad, 2 neighbours (VT48:20)

sanath

85#3D noun. thinking, thought

A theoretical noun arising from OS *sanattʰe (< SAN). Cp. girith, meleth, etc.

sant

privately owned place

(i hant, o sant) (field, garden, yard), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20)

sant

yard

sant (i hant, o sant) (field, garden, or other privately owned place), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20), coll. pl. sannath

sant

yard

(i hant, o sant) (field, garden, or other privately owned place), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20), coll. pl. sannath

sant

garden

sant (i hant, o sant) (field, yard, or other privately owned place), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20)

sant

garden

(i hant, o sant) (field, yard, or other privately owned place), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20)

sant

field

(i hant, o sant) (garden, yard, or other privately owned place), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20) 

sant

privately owned place

sant (i hant, o sant) (field, garden, yard), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20)

sarch

grave

(noun) 1) sarch (i harch, o sarch), pl. serch (i serch), 2) haudh (i chaudh, o chaudh) (burial mound, barrow, tomb), pl. hoedh (i choedh), coll. pl. hodhath

sarch

grave

(i harch, o sarch), pl. serch (i serch)

sarn

stone

1) (small stone, or stone as material) sarn (i harn, o sarn), pl. sern (i sern); also used as adj. ”stony, made of stone”. 2) gôn (i **ôn, construct gon); pl. gŷn, coll. pl. #**gonath as in Argonath. 3) (larger stone) gond (i **ond, construct gon) (great stone or rock), pl. gynd (i ngynd = i ñynd), coll. pl. gonnath** (Letters:410).

sarn

stone

(i harn, o sarn), pl. sern (i sern); also used as adj. ”stony, made of stone”.

sarnas

cairn

sarnas (i harnas, o sarnas) (pile of stones), pl. sernais (i sernais)

sarnas

cairn

(i harnas, o sarnas) (pile of stones), pl. sernais (i sernais)

sarnas

pile of stones

sarnas (i harnas, o sarnas) (cairn), pl. sernais (i sernais)

sarnas

pile of stones

sarnas (i harnas, o sarnas) (cairn), pl. sernais (i sernais).

sarnas

pile of stones

(i harnas, o sarnas) (cairn), pl. sernais (i sernais)

sautha

drain

(vb) sautha- (i hautha, i sauthar)

sautha

drain

(i hautha, i sauthar)

saw

juice

1) saw (i haw, o saw), pl. soe (i soe). In ”Noldorin”, the pl. was sui (LR:385 s.v. SAB). 2) *paich (i baich, o phaich) (syrup), pl. pîch (i phîch). The source (LR:382 s.v. PIS) cites the archaic form peich.

saw

juice

(i haw, o saw), pl. soe (i soe). In ”Noldorin”, the pl. was sui (LR:385 s.v. SAB).

sai

pronoun. those

sab-

verb. to dig

saeb

adjective. hungry

saeg

noun. hunger

saelas

noun. wisdom

@@@ Discord 2023-03-06

saera-

verb. to urinate

saerlin

noun. urine

salcha-

verb. to scythe or mow

salph

noun. broth

samp

noun. spade, shovel

sath

noun. part

saun

noun. bath

saeb

noun. boot

sael

wise

(lenited hael; no distinct pl. form)

saer

bitter

(lenited haer; no distinct pl. form).

said

not common

(lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (separate, private, excluded) (VT42:20)

said

private

(lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (separate, not common, excluded) (VT42:20)

said

separate

(lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (private, not common, excluded) (VT42:20)

said

excluded

(lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (separate, not common, private) (VT42:20)

sain

adjective. new

sain

new

(sin-), lenited hain; pl. sîn

sardh

noun. table

sarn

made of stone, stony

(lenited harn; pl. sern); also used as noun ”small stone, pebble, stone [as material]”; as adj. also = ”stony”.

núrnen

place name. Sad Water, Dead Water

The inland sea in the middle of Mordor. Its final element is clearly nen “water, lake” (SA/nen). The meaning of its initial element is less clear, though it may simply incorporate the name of the region containing the sea: Nurn.

Possible Etymology: In The Lord of the Rings, this sea was described as “the dark sad waters” (LotR/923) and its name was glossed “Sad Water” in Tolkien’s “Unfinished Index” of The Lord of the Rings (RC/457). However, there is no attested Sindarin word nûr with a meaning similar to “sad”.

In Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien translated the name as “Death/dead water” (PE17/87), with its first element derived from √ÑGUR “death”. Elsewhere the Sindarin word for “death” is guru, so maybe Tolkien intended the first element to be from its Quenya cognate [ᴹQ.] nuru. Perhaps the poisoned waters of Mordor made life within Núrnen difficult, like the Dead Sea of Earth.

Hammond and Scull suggested the two concepts could be related, with “sad” being used in the sense “bitter” or “unpalatable”, referring to its poisoned waters (RC/457).

Conceptual Development: This name first appeared on the first draft map of The Lord of the Rings as N. Nurnen with a short u (TI/309). It later appeared with a long u, as N. Nûrnen (WR/127) and N/S. Núrnen (SD/56).

perhael

masculine name. Samwise, (lit.) Half-wise

Sindarin name of Samwise (SD/126), literally “Half-wise” (PE17/102), appearing in its lenited form Berhael in the Praises of Cormallen (LotR/953). His name appears to be a combination of per- “half” and the lenited form of sael “wise”.

Conceptual Development: In unpublished epilogue to The Lord of the Rings, this name first appeared as N. Perhail “Halfwise” (SD/118), using an earlier word N. sail “wise” based on Noldorin phonology: see N. [[n|[ai] revised to [ae]]].

Dimbar

noun. sad land

dimb (Ilk. “sad, gloomy” [Etym. DEM-]) + (m-)bar (“land, dwelling”)

Núrnen

noun. sad water

#nûr (“sad”) + nen (“water”) #[His.]- the meaning of the first element is “highly hypothetical”.

curunír ’lân

masculine name. Saruman the White

Sindarin translation of “Saruman the White” (UT/390), a combination of his Sindarin name Curunír and lenited form ’lân of the (otherwise unattested) adjective glân “white”.

drû

adjective. savage

adj. savage, wild. Q. hróva. >> Druadan

golodh

sage

pl1. gelydh, pl2. golodhrim {ð}_ n. _sage, lore-master. Obsolete as a tribal name. Q. ñoldo. Goloðrim << Goloðir (PE17:126).

nûr

adjective. sad

For an earlier discussion, see Klockzo, 4th volume, p. 160 §147: The meaning of Núrnen long remained highly hypothetical. The current definition is based on Christopher Tolkien's index to UT and on the unfinished index of names published in RC. The Gnomish Lexicon listed nur- (nauri) "growl, grumble", nurn "plaint, lament, a complaint" and nurna- "bewail, lament, complain of" (PE/11:61). Likewise, the Qenyaqetsa included a root NURU- with several derivatives with similar meanings (PE/12:68). See also Q. nurrula "mumbling" (from nurru- "murmur, grumble") in the final version of the poem The Last Ark (MC/222-23). Patrick Wynne therefore noted: S. *nûr in Núrnen "Sad Water" is apparently "sad" in the sense "bewailing, lamenting, complaining, grumbling", no doubt a reference to the general mood of the hapless laborers in "the great slave-worked fields" beside the lake. (See Lambengolmor/856-860)

ped-

say

_ v. _say. Q. quĕt-. >> pedo

thaur

saura

Q. saura. . This gloss was rejected.

gaear

noun. sea

A word for “sea” variously attested as gaear (PE17/027; PM/363; WJ/400), gaer (PE17/27; PE17/149), and aear (Let/386; RGEO/65) in later writings. Of these, I prefer gaear for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, reduced to gaer in compounds.

Possible Etymology: The presence or absence of the initial g- depends on whether the word’s root is √AY(AR) (as it appears in The Etymologies and some later writings) or √GAY(AR) (as it appears in other later writings). See the entry of the root √GAY(AR) for a discussion of this vacillation. Similarly, the form gaer appears primarily as an element in compounds, and can be explained as a reduced form of gaear in that context. For these reasons, this entry uses gaear as the ordinary Sindarin word for “sea”. This has the additional advantage of disambiguating it from the adjective gaer “dreadful”.

Conceptual Development: This word appeared as N. oer or oear “sea” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, reflecting the Noldorin sound change of ai to oe (Ety/AY). However name for the “Great Sea” was N. {Belegar >>} Belegaer in the narratives of this period (LR/19), and the name N. Rhûnaer “Eastern Sea” appeared in draft Lord of the Rings maps from 1943 (TI/307). The element N. oer did appear in the day-of-the-week name N. Aroeren “✱Sea-day” in drafts of The Lord of the Rings appendices, but this was revised to S. Oraeron (PM/130, 138).

edraith

noun. saving

naer

adjective. sad, lamentable

pedo beth mellon

say the word mellon

aear

noun. sea

Tolkien changed this word several times, see gaear

aear

Sea

_n. _Sea, especially the Great (Western) Sea. Q. ear. nef aear, sí nef aearon lit. 'beyond the Sea, here beyond the Great Sea'. >> gaear, gaer

aear

noun. sea

aer

noun. sea

Tolkien changed this word several times, see aear , gaear

gaear

noun. sea

gaear

Sea

_n. _Sea, especially the Great (Western) Sea. Shorter form gaer. Q. ear. >> aear, gaer

gaer

noun. sea

gaer

Sea

_n._Sea, especially the Great (Western) Sea. Shorter form of gaear.Q. aire (obsolete). >> aear, gaear

gaer

noun. sea

dimbar

place name. *Sad Home

An empty land south of Gondolin (S/121), apparently meaning “✱Sad Home”, a combination of dem “sad(ness)” (stem form dimb-) and bâr “home” (SA/bar).

Conceptual Development: The name Dimbar first appeared Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/261), and was given in The Etymologies as an Ilkorin name with the derivation described above (Ety/DEM), though the exact language of word dem is unclear; see that entry for further discussion.

Tolkien continued to used Dimbar in his Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (WJ/57), so he may have intended this Ilkorin name to become Sindarin, though it is also possible he would have eventually would have revised the name to something else.

lith

noun. ash, ash; [N.] sand

A noun for “ash” appearing as an element in names like Lithlad “Plain of Ashes” (RC/457) and Dor-nu-Fauglith “Land under Choking Ash” (WJ/239-240), as well as in the adjective lithui “ashy, ashen” (RGEO/66, RC/765). It is translated as “dust” in the name Anfauglith “Gasping Dust” (S/150), but since this is the name for Ard-galen after the region was burned by the forces of Morgoth, this may simply be a loose translation for “ash”.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s N. lith was glossed “sand” from primitive ᴹ✶litse under the root ᴹ√LIT (Ety/LIT), and in this document N. Fauglith was translated “Thirsty Sand” (Ety/PHAU), as opposed to its original translation from the 1920s and early-to-mid 1930s which was simply “Thirst” (LB/275; SM/26, 101; LR/280).

Neo-Sindarin: For Neo-Sindarin I’d use lith mainly in its 1950s-60s sense “ash” but also allow its 1930s sense “sand”, but for “dust” I’d use [N.] ast. @@@ Maybe it would be better to coin a neologism for “sand”?

pedweg

adjective. talkative, saying a lot

An adjective for “talkative, saying a lot” in notes from 1959, a combination of S. ped- “speak” and the suffix S. -weg “active in doing” (PE17/144).

rhevain

collective name. Wild-men, Savages

A term for savage humans, appearing both as Rhevain (WJ/219) and Rhovain (PE17/18). The term is the plural of the noun rhovan “wild beast”.

ped-

verb. to say, speak

edraith

noun. rescue, saving

ephed-

verb. to say out

golodh

noun. lore-master, sage

orgilion

noun. *Star-day, Saturday

a pherhael ar am meril suilad uin aran o minas tirith nelchaenen ned echuir

to Samwise and Rose the King’s greeting from Minas Tirith, the thirty-first day of Stirring

band

noun. duress, prison, custody, safe-keeping

cirion

noun. shipman, sailor

cirith

noun. cleft, high climbing pass, narrow passage cut through earth or rock, ravine, defile

lith

noun. ash, sand, dust

naer

adjective. dreadful, horrible, unendurable, dreadful, horrible, unendurable; [N.] lamentable, sad

narn

noun. a tale or a saga, that is told in verse to be spoken and not sung

narn

noun. tale, tale, [N.] saga

natha-

verb. bring help to, save, rescue

natha-

verb. to bring help to, save, rescue

ped-

verb. to speak, to say

pedo

verb. speak! say!

revia-

verb. to fly, sail

curunír

noun. wizard, wizard, [N.] man of craft

@@@ a compound of curu “skill, craft” (SA/curu) and the agental suffix -n(d)ir

edraith

saving

(salvation) edraith (no distinct pl. form if there is a pl.)

habar

sapa

_ ”dig, excavate” (QL:82) suggests that this -habar is a lenited form of *sabar*. If the unlenited form is actually habar, read: habar (i chabar, o chabar), pl. hebair (i chebair**).

habar

sapa

_ ”dig, excavate” (QL:82) suggests that this -habar is a lenited form of *sabar*. If the unlenited form is actually habar, read: habar (i chabar, o chabar), pl. hebair (i chebair**). 2)

lith

sand

lith (sand, dust) (Names:178), no distinct pl. form.

lith

sand

(sand, dust) (Names:178), no distinct pl. form.

aeron

noun. saint

barn

adjective. safe, protected, secure

caust

noun. savour, flavour

dem

adjective. sad, gloomy

sing

noun. salt

tharf

noun. saw

aif

adjective. same

band

safekeeping

(i mand, o mband; construct ban) (custody, prison, duress, doom, hell), pl. baind (i mbaind), coll. pl. bannath.

band

safekeeping

band (i mand, o mband; construct ban) (custody, prison, duress, doom, hell), pl. baind (i mbaind), coll. pl. bannath.

band

safekeeping

band (i mand, o mband; construct ban) (custody, prison, duress, doom, hell), pl. baind (i mbaind), coll. pl. bannath.

belon

noun. sail

cirion

sailor

cirion (i girion) (shipman), pl. ciryn (i chíryn), coll. pl. cirionnath.

cirion

sailor

(i girion) (shipman), pl. ciryn (i chíryn), coll. pl. cirionnath.

dem

sad

1) dem (gloomy), lenited dhem, pl. dhim; 2) naer (dreadful, lamentable, woeful); no distinct pl. form. 3) nûr (pl. nuir). Note: homophones mean ”deep” and ”race”.

dem

sad

(gloomy), lenited dhem, pl. dhim

dim

sadness

dim (i dhim) (gloom), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nim) if there are any pl. forms. Note: a homophone means ”stair”.

dim

sadness

(i dhim) (gloom), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nim) if there are any pl. forms. Note: a homophone means ”stair”.

edraith

saving

(no distinct pl. form if there is a pl.)

glaew

salve

glaew (i **laew), no distinct form in pl, but with article in glaew**

glaew

salve

(i ’laew), no distinct form in pl, but with article in glaew

iaun

sanctuary

iaun (holy place, fane), pl. ioen, coll. pl. ionath

iaun

sanctuary

(holy place, fane), pl. ioen, coll. pl. ionath

naer

sad

(dreadful, lamentable, woeful); no distinct pl. form.

narn

saga

narn (tale, versified tale to be spoken rather than sung), pl. nern

narn

saga

(tale, versified tale to be spoken rather than sung), pl. nern

nûr

sad

(pl. nuir). Note: homophones mean ”deep” and ”race”.

ped

say

ped- (i **bêd**, i phedir) (speak), pa.t. pent (attested in mutated form -phent); the imperative pedo is also attested.

ped

say

(i bêd, i phedir) (speak), pa.t. pent (attested in mutated form -phent); the imperative pedo is also attested.

renia

sail

(verb) renia- (fly, wander, stray) (i renia, idh reniar)

renia

sail

(fly, wander, stray) (i renia, idh reniar)

tharn

sapless

tharn (stiff, rigid, withered), pl. thern

tharn

sapless

(stiff, rigid, withered), pl. thern****

aear

sea

aear (ocean); pl. aeair. The shorter form aer (for N oer) is maybe best avoided since it can be confused with aer "holy", unless the latter is actually a lenited form of gaer. Forms with g-, representing an alternative concept of the word for ”sea”: gaear (i **aear) (ocean), pl. gaeair (i ngaeair = i ñaeair) (PM:363), also gaer (i **aer, no distinct pl. form except with article: i ngaer = i ñaer), but homophones of the latter mean "reddish, copper-coloured, ruddy" and also "dreadful, awful, fearful; holy".

aear

sea

(ocean); pl. aeair. The shorter form aer (for N oer) is maybe best avoided since it can be confused with aer "holy", unless the latter is actually a lenited form of gaer. Forms with g-, representing an alternative concept of the word for ”sea”: gaear (i ’aear) (ocean), pl. gaeair (i ngaeair = i ñaeair) (PM:363), also gaer (i ’aer, no distinct pl. form except with article: i ngaer = i ñaer), but homophones of the latter mean "reddish, copper-coloured, ruddy" and also "dreadful, awful, fearful; holy".

dim

noun. gloom, sadness

thar-

verb. to saw (up)

@@@ perhaps originally meaning “to draw across”

paich

noun. juice, syrup, juice, syrup, *sap

revia-

verb. to fly, sail

@@@ Didier Willis posited revia- (HSD/revia), assuming [mj] > [nj] was a Noldorin-only change

tuig

noun. shoot, sapling, sprout

naur

noun. fire, fire, [N.] flame

The basic Sindarin word for “fire”, derived from the root √NAR of the same meaning (LotR/942; PE17/38) and very well attested. It is derived from primitive ✱nār- since primitive long ā became au in Sindarin. It appeared as N. naur “flame” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the same derivation (Ety/NAR). As a suffix it usually reduces to -nor, since au usually becomes o in polysyllables. As a prefix, though, it is often Nar- before consonant clusters, no doubt because the ancient long ā was shortened before it could become au.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, the word for “fire” was G. sâ with archaic form †sai (GL/66) clearly based on the early root ᴱ√SAH(Y)A “be hot” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Sári; QL/81). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, the word for “fire” was ᴱN. byr or buir from primitive ᴱ✶ [mburyē] (PE13/139). Tolkien introduced naur in The Etymologies of the 1930s and stuck with it thereafter.

sâdh

noun. sward, turf

A noun glossed “sward, turf” derived from √SAD “strip, flay, peel off” in notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from 1967-69 serving as the second element of S. Calenhad “Green Space”, where Tolkien explained the abnormalities of the spelling by saying that that “dh” was generally represented as “d” in his maps (VT42/20).

criss

noun. cleft, cleft, [N.] cut, slash, [G.] gash; [N.] pass, [G.] gully, ravine

A word for a “cleft, cut, slash” (PE21/81; Ety/KIRIS) derived from √KIRIS, a blend of the roots √KIR and √RIS (PE17/87).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to G. criss “cleft, gash, gully” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s where it was probably already a derivative of the early root ᴱ√KIRISI as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (GL/27; LT2A/Cris Ilbranteloth). In the Name-list to The Fall of Gondolin Tolkien gave cris with the definition “a cleft, ravine, or narrow way of waters with high walls” (PE15/21), and in this period it typically appeared in this shorter form within names like G. Cris Ilbranteloth or G. Cris Thorn.

N. criss appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “cleft, cut, slash” under the root ᴹ√KIRIS “cut” (Ety/KIRIS). It also appeared under the root ᴹ√KIR with the gloss “cleft, pass”, but this instance was deleted (EtyAC/KIR). S. criss “cleft” was mentioned in passing in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s as derived from primitive ✶kirissi (PE21/80-81), and it was mentioned as a blending of roots in notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s as described above (PE17/87). Its use in names diminished over time, however, the only remnant in the final version of The Silmarillion being S. Crissaegrim (S/121).

Neo-Sindarin: In The Etymologies of the 1930s it seems this word was principally used as for a “cleft, cut, slash” independent of geography. I would assume the same is true for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, since criss is used only in a single geographic name in Tolkien’s later writings; S. cirith was use more broadly in geographic features. I would also assume it was a larger and more violent cut (a “gash” or “slash”) compared to S. rest for simple cuts.

drû

proper name. Wose

A Sindarin word for “Wose”, a loan word from the Wose’s name for themselves: Drughu (UT/385).

Conceptual Development: In his Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien considered making this word a native Sindarin adjective “savage, wild” derived from the root √DROB, a variant of √SROB from which rhaw “wild” was derived (PE17/99). These roots would produce the Q. cognate (h)róva instead of better established Q. (h)ráva “wild”, so I personally prefer the later derivation of Drû as a loan word from Wos. Drughu.

serni

noun. shingle, pebble bank

A noun for a “shingle, pebble bank” in The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from the late 1960s from primitive ✶sarniye, the basis for the river name S. Serni (VT42/11). Here the gloss “shingle” is used in the sense of a mass of smell pebbles rather than as a roofing tile. This word is an unusual example of a final -i in Sindarin, because the i was protected by the final e that was itself lost. Tolkien indicated it might instead be an adjective formation (“pebbly”?) from the (rare) adjective suffix -i derived from primitive ✶-īya, -ēya (VT42/10-11).

suilad

noun. greeting

@@@ Ellanto and Luinyelle suggested this might be an ordinary noun rather than a gerund in a 2023 Discord conversation: discord.com

cova-

verb. gather

weak intr. v. gather, assemble, come to same place, meet. mae-govannen 'well met'. This gloss was rejected.

edraith

rescue

_ n. _rescue, saving. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'.

glae

noun. grass

A word for “grass” reported by Lisa Star from notes associated with The Lord of the Rings appendices, in unpublished material from the Marquette collection (TT17/33). It may be derived from an elaboration of the root √LAY which had other-plant related derivatives.

golodh

lore-master

pl1. gœlydh {ð} n. lore-master, sage. Historical form obsolete as specific 'tribal' or general, except as element in certain proper-names. It was used of any sage or lore-master.Q. ñoldo. >> pengolodh

han

that

pl1. hain _pron. _that, the thing previously mentioned. Tolkien notes "hain = heinn (< san-)" (PE17:42). Im Narvi hain echant 'I Narvi made them'.

naur

fire

_ n. fire. naur an edraith ammen! _'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. Q. nár. >> Sammath Naur

nîdh

noun. juice, [N.] honeycomb; [S.] juice

A noun for “juice” appearing in 1970 green-ink revisions to the Outline of Phonology (OP2), derived from ✶negdē “exudation” based on the root √NEG “ooze, drip”; its Quenya cognate was Q. nehtë “honey” (PE19/91). Sindarin nîdh was a later iteration of N. {nēdh >>} nīdh “honeycomb” in The Etymologies of the 1930s which had essentially the same derivation (EtyAC/NEG). This in turn was a later form of G. nectha “honey comb” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/60), cognate to ᴱQ. nekte “honey” and hence derived from the early root ᴱ√NEHE having to do with bees and honey (QL/65).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use nîdh with its earlier meaning “honeycomb”. For “juice” I’d use other words like [N.] saw and [ᴺS.] paich (adapted from N. peich).

pedweg

adjective. talkative

_ adj. _talkative, saying a lot. >> -weg

sevin

8r$5% verb. I have

v. aor. & pron. suff. I have. Q. samin. >> -n

anor

noun. Sun

The most common Sindarin name for the Sun derived from primitive ✶Anār, an augmented form of the root √NAR “fire” (PE17/38; Ety/ANÁR; SD/302-303, 306). The o is the result of ancient ā becoming au and then this au becoming o in polysyllables.

Conceptual Development: The term Anor was first mentioned in conjunction with early tales of Númenor (LR/41). It briefly appeared as N. {ánar >>} Anar “sun” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the entry for ᴹ√NAR (Ety/NAR¹; EtyAC/NAR¹), but as Anor under ᴹ√ANÁR (Ety/ANÁR). In The Notion Club Papers of the 1940s it was Anor, archaic †Anaur (SD/302-303, 306) and it retained this form thereafter.

cair

noun. ship

harad

noun. south

peth

noun. word

band

custody

band (i mand, o mband; construct ban) (prison, safekeeping, duress, doom, hell), pl. baind (i mbaind), coll. pl. bannath.

band

custody

(i mand, o mband; construct ban) (prison, safekeeping, duress, doom, hell), pl. baind (i mbaind), coll. pl. bannath.

band

duress

band (i mand, o mband; construct ban) (custody, prison, safekeeping, doom, hell), pl. baind (i mbaind), coll. pl. bannath.

band

duress

(i mand, o mband; construct ban) (custody, prison, safekeeping, doom, hell), pl. baind (i mbaind), coll. pl. bannath.

ceber

stone ridge

(i geber, o cheber) (spike, stake), pl. cebir (i chebir). A lenited pl. form occurs in the name Sarn Gebir.

ceber

stake

ceber (i geber, o cheber) (spike, stone ridge), pl. cebir (i chebir). A lenited pl. form occurs in the name Sarn Gebir. Cf. also

ceber

stake

(i geber, o cheber) (spike, stone ridge), pl. cebir (i chebir). A lenited pl. form occurs in the name Sarn Gebir. Cf. also

cirion

shipman

(i girion) (sailor), pl. ciryn (i chiryn), coll. pl. cirionnath.

cirion

shipman

cirion (i girion) (sailor), pl. ciryn (i chiryn), coll. pl. cirionnath.

daw

gloom

1) daw (i dhaw) (nighttime), pl. doe (i noe), coll. pl. ?dawath or ?doath; 2) dim (i dhim) (sadness), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nim). Note: a homophone means ”stair”. 3) fuin (darkness, night, dead of night, nightshade). No distinct pl. form. 4) maur (i vaur), pl. moer (i moer) (VT45:35)

dim

gloom

(i dhim) (sadness), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nim). Note: a homophone means ”stair”.

e

he

1) e (SD:128-31), 2) ho, hon, hono. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)

fela

cave

(pl. fili). In the Etymologies (LR:381 s.v. PHÉLEG) the name Felagund is said to include this word, but since Tolkien later re-explained this name as a borrowing from Dwarvish, some would consider fela as a word for ”cave” conceptually obsolete.

gaer

dreadful

1) gaer (awful, fearful; holy); lenited aear; no distinct pl. form. Note: homophones mean "reddish, copper-coloured, ruddy" and also "sea". 2) naer (lamentable, woeful, sad); no distinct pl. form.

gobennas

history

1) gobennas (i **obennas), pl. gebennais (i ngebennais = i ñebennais), collective pl. gobennnassath**. (Archaic pl. *göbennais.) 2) pennas (i bennas, o phennas) (account), pl. pennais (i phennais), coll. pl. pennassath

gobennas

history

(i ’obennas), pl. gebennais (i ngebennais = i ñebennais), collective pl. gobennnassath. (Archaic pl. ✱göbennais.)

grôd

cave

1) grôd (i **rôd, construct grod) (delving, excavation, underground dwelling), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414), 2) groth (i **roth) (delving, large excavation), pl. gryth (in gryth) (VT46:12), 3) rond (construct ron) (cavern, vault, vaulted ceiling, hall with vaulted roof), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath, 4) roth (delving, large excavation), pl. ryth, 4) gathrod (i **athrod), pl. gethryd (i ngethryd = i ñethryd), 5) fela (pl. fili). In the Etymologies (LR:381 s.v. PHÉLEG) the name Felagund is said to include this word, but since Tolkien later re-explained this name as a borrowing from Dwarvish, some would consider fela** as a word for ”cave” conceptually obsolete.

gwain

new

1) #gwain (gwin-), lenited wain, pl. gwîn. Isolated from the month-name Narwain, ”new sun” (where #gwain appears in lenited form). The form gwîn ”young” listed in VT46:22 would have to be taken as a pl. form, if it is to be the cognate of Quenya vinya. 2) cîw (lenited gîw; no distinct pl. form) (fresh), 3) eden (begun again), pl. edin; 4) sain (sin-), lenited hain; pl. sîn;

ha

it

ha, han, hana. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ha is the nominative, whereas han is the accusative. Hana could be an emphatic form. It may be that these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)

ha

it

han, hana. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ha is the nominative, whereas han is the accusative. Hana could be an emphatic form. It may be that these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)*

ho

he

hon, hono. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)*

hoth

crowd

1) hoth (i choth, o choth) (host, horde), pl. hyth (i chyth), 2) ovras (heap), pl. evrais (archaic övrais), coll. pl. ovrassath, 3) rim (great number, host), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim). Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”.

i

that

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. gyrth i chuinar ”dead that live [cuinar]”, Letters:417). Sometimes i (+ soft mutation) is used in the singular as well. – The form ai (following by lenition) occurs in the phrase di ai gerir ✱”those who do” (VT44:23). Possibly it is a form of the relative pronoun that is used when the previous word ends in -i. Whether ai is both sg. and pl. is unclear; in its one attestation it is followed by a plural verb that is lenited.

iaun

holy place

(fane, sanctuary), pl. ioen, coll. pl. ionath

iaun

fane

iaun (holy place, sanctuary), pl. ioen, coll. pl. ionath

iaun

fane

(holy place, sanctuary), pl. ioen, coll. pl. ionath

iaun

holy place

iaun (fane, sanctuary), pl. ioen, coll. pl. ionath

iaun

holy place

iaun (fane, sanctuary), pl. ioen, coll. pl. ionath;

iphant

aged

iphant (long-lived, litearally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

iphant

aged

(long-lived, litearally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

lith

ash

lith (sand, dust), no distinct pl. form.

lith

ash

(sand, dust), no distinct pl. form.****

naer

dreadful

(lamentable, woeful, sad); no distinct pl. form.

narn

tale

1) narn (saga; versified tale to be spoken rather than sung), pl. nern**; 2) pent (i bent, o phent) (story), pl. pint (i phint), coll. pl. pennath; 3) trenarn (i drenarn, o threnarn) (account), pl. trenern (i threnern); 4) gwanod (i **wanod) (number), pl. gwenyd (in gwenyd).

narn

tale

(saga; versified tale to be spoken rather than sung), pl. *nern***; 2) pent (i** bent, o phent) (story), pl. pint (i** phint), coll. pl. pennath; 3) trenarn (i** drenarn, o threnarn) (account), pl. trenern (i** threnern); 4) gwanod (i ’wanod) (number), pl. gwenyd (in gwenyd**).

ovras

crowd

(heap), pl. evrais (archaic övrais), coll. pl. ovrassath

parth

sward

1) parth (i barth, o pharth) (field, enclosed grassland), pl. perth (i pherth), 2) sâdh (i hâdh, o sâdh, construct sadh) (turf), pl. saidh (i saidh) (VT42:20)

parth

field

1) parth (i barth, o pharth) (sward, enclosed grassland), pl. perth (i pherth), 2) (low, flat field, or wetland) talf (i dalf, o thalf), pl. telf (i thelf), coll. pl. talvath. _(Names:195). Note: a homophone means ”palm”. 3) sant (i hant, o sant) (garden, yard, or other privately owned place), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20)_

ped

speak

ped- (i **bêd**, i phedir) (say), pa.t. pent (attested in mutated form -phent); the imperative pedo is also attested.: No word simply meaning “spear” is attested, but cf. the following:

ped

speak

(i bêd, i phedir) (say), pa.t. pent (attested in mutated form -phent); the imperative pedo is also attested.

pennas

history

(i bennas, o phennas) (account), pl. pennais (i phennais), coll. pl. pennassath

renia

fly

1) renia- (sail, wander, stray) (i renia, idh reniar), 2)

renia

fly

(sail, wander, stray) (i renia, idh reniar)

sâd

place

sâd (-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (spot, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)

sâd

place

(-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (spot, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)  

sâd

spot

sâd (-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (place, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)

sâd

spot

(-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (place, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)

sâd

area

(limited area naturally or artificially defined) sâd (-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (place, spot), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)

sâd

area

(-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (place, spot), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)

sâdh

sward

(i hâdh, o sâdh, construct sadh) (turf), pl. saidh (i saidh) (VT42:20)

sâdh

turf

sâdh (i hâdh, o sâdh, construct sadh) (sward), pl. saidh (i saidh) (VT42:20)

sâdh

turf

(i hâdh, o sâdh, construct sadh) (sward), pl. saidh (i saidh) (VT42:20)

thamas

great hall

pl. themais, coll. pl. thamassath;

tharas

hassock

tharas (footstool), pl. therais, coll. pl. tharassath

tharas

hassock

(footstool), pl. therais, coll. pl. tharassath

e

pronoun. he

rhaw

adjective. wild, wild, [N.] untamed

seidia-

verb. to set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner

thand

noun. shield

tíra-

verb. to see

crech

noun. spittle

lhab

noun. sip

nanu

noun. truth

-ruin

suffix. fire

suff. #fire. Q. ruine. >> Angruin

Druadan

noun. wose

n. wose, wild man.

aearon

noun. great sea, ocean

Tolkien changed this word several times, see gaearon

aer

adjective. holy

ahamar

noun. neighbour

ahamar

noun. *neighbor

al-

prefix. not

pref. not. >> alfirin

amloth

noun. flower or floreate device used as crest fixed to the point of a tall helmet

aur

noun. Poet

n. Poet. #sunlight, daylight. Q. aure.

balch

adjective. fierce

_ adj. _fierce, ferocious. In S. gwal < bal which coalesced in form with BAL 'have power'.

beth

noun. word

_n. _word.

bo ceven sui vi menel

on Earth as [it is] in Heaven

The fifth line of Ae Adar Nín, Tolkien’s Sindarin translation of the Lord’s Prayer (VT44/21). The first word is the preposition bo “on”, followed by ceven “earth”. The third word is the preposition sui “as”, followed by vi the lenited form of mi “in” and menel “heaven”. There is no Sindarin equivalent for English “it is” in this phrase.

See the entry for the first line of this prayer for a discussion of the (mis)use of menel for “Heaven” in this phrase.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> bo Ceven sui vi Menel = “✱on Earth as in Heaven”

boda

verb. refuse, forbid

born

adjective. hot, red

cae

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

cae

cardinal. ten

caen

cardinal. ten

caen-

cardinal. ten

cair

noun. ship

ceber

noun. stake, spike, stone ridge

ceven

noun. Earth

cidinn

?. [unglossed]

cinnog

?. [unglossed]

coll

adjective. hollow

coll

adjective. hollow

curunír

noun. man of craft, wizard

curunír

noun. wizard

cîr

adjective. renewed

cýr

adjective. renewed

daer

adjective. dreadful

_ adj. _dreadful, horrible, ghastly.

delu

adjective. hateful, deadly, fell

dern

hard

adj. hard, thrawn. Also used for Dwarves, esp. in pl2. dernlir. >> gorn

dha

?. ?

drúath

noun. the people of the Drû, the Woses

dîr

adjective. hard

_ adj. _hard, difficult. dērā << dīrā. >> dír-

e

pronoun. he

The meaning "he" is deduced from the apparent function of this word in the so-called "King's Letter", but it also seems possible to interpret it as "indeed" (as in Q. e, LR/63, VT/45:11), used here in a way of formal address expressing the wishes or the will of the King

edhellen

adjective. elvish, of the Elves

edhellen

adjective. Elvish

_ adj. _Elvish. annon edhellen edro hi ammen! 'Elvish gate open now for us'. >> edhel

einior

adjective. elder

einior

adjective. elder

elein

Poet

pl2. eleniath, elenwaith n. Poet. star.

ell

Poet

_ n. Poet. _only applied to the Noldorin Exiles. A word borrowed from Quenya. >> elles, ellon

elles

noun. Poet

_ fem. n. Poet. _only applied to the Noldorin Exiles. A word borrowed from Quenya. >> ell, elles

ellon

noun. Poet

_ masc. n. Poet. _only applied to the Noldorin Exiles. A word borrowed from Quenya. >> ell, ellon

en

?. ?

@@@ In VT50/13 Carl Hostetter suggested this might be an indicative passive voice marker en, vs. subjunctive passive voice marker aen.

eneth

noun. name

ennas

adverb. there, in that place

ennas

adverb. there

ennorath

noun. central lands, middle-earth

ennorath

noun. Poet

pl2. n. Poet. 'Middle-earth', '(all) the Middle-lands', the group of central lands (between the seas). A poetic expression for the usual Ennor. _o galadh-remmin ennorath _lit. 'from tree-tangled middlelands'. >> -ath, Ennor

ertha-

verb. to unite

esta-

verb. to name

falathren

noun/adjective. of the shore

falathren

noun/adjective. Shore-language (one of the names for Common Speech)

falch

noun. deep cleft, ravine

feleg

noun. cave

n. cave, mine, underground dwelling. Q. felco. Q.

findel

Poet

n. Poet. head of hair (fax). Preserved mainly in such old names as Glorfindel 'Golden-hair'. >> find, finn, finnel

gaearon

noun. great sea, ocean

gaeron

noun. great sea, ocean

gamp

noun. hook, claw, crook

glaer

noun. tale, [N.] long lay, narrative poem, [S.] tale, song

goeol

adjective. dreadful, terrifying

gond

noun. great stone, rock

gond

stone

_n. _stone, rock. Archaic S. gond > gonn. Q. ondo. >> Gondor

gondren

adjective. (made) of stone

gorn

hard

adj. hard, thrawn. Also used for Dwarves, esp. in pl2. gornhoth (hostile implication). >> dern

gorn

hard

_ adj. _hard, stiff, thrawn. >> gornod, gordh

groth

noun. cave, tunnel, large excavation

groth

noun. delving, underground dwelling

gwain

adjective. new

gûl

noun. knowledge

n. knowledge, deep knowledge not 'occult' in modern sense, but applied to the deper knowledge of the 'wise' or skilled persons, not kept secret (as [?among the] Elves) but not attainable by all. Q. ñōle, B.S. gûl phantom, shadow of dark magic, necromancer, slave, servant?. The B.S. word gûl was prob. derived from ngōl-.

gûl

noun. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things)

gûl

noun. perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy

harad

noun. south

harad

adjective. south

_adj. _south, southern. Q. hyarmen, hyarna. >> har-

harad

place name. The South

The southern regions of Middle-earth (LotR/248), it is simply harad “south” used as a name.

Conceptual Development: The name was already N. Harad when it first appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/333).

harn

noun. the South

_n. _the South. Q. hyarmen. >> forn, har-

hebin

verb. I keep, I have kept

Because of the mutation triggered by the first person pronominal ending, it is impossible to guess whether the stem of this should be heb-, hab- or hob-. The root KHEP listed in VT/41:6 apparently implies that heb- is the correct form

hû

hound

_ n. Zoo. _hound. Q. hú. The gloss might be 'heat'.

ingildon

place name. ?

iphant

adjective. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness)

ithron

noun. wizard

ithron

noun. Wizard

laer

noun. summer

land

adjective. open space, level

lunt

noun. boat

madu

?. [unglossed]

maud

?. [unglossed]

maw

noun. Poet

_ n. Poet. _hand. Q. má. >> maetha-

mell

adjective. dear

_ adj. _dear, beloved. Q. melda.

mell

adjective. dear, beloved

naer

adjective. dreadful

_ adj. _dreadful, horrible, unendurable. Q. naira.

naergon

noun. woeful lament

nan

noun. wide grassland, land at foot of hills with many streams

nan

noun. valley

nand

noun. wide grassland, land at foot of hills with many streams

nand

noun. valley

naw

adjective. hollow

nîdh

noun. juice

juice

oron

Poet

pl1. œryn, eryn _ n. Poet. _upstanding plant, general word for tree. >> orn

pae

cardinal. ten

pae

cardinal. ten

paean

cardinal. ten

paich

noun. juice, syrup

paran

adjective. smooth, shaven (often applied to hills without trees)

parth

noun. field, enclosed grassland, sward

penneth

noun. ridges, group of downs

peth

noun. word

peth

word

(beth) _ n. word. fennas nogothrim lasto beth lammen _'doorway of the Dwarf-folk listen to the words of my tongue'. Q. quetta. >> beth

pind

noun. crest

n. crest, ridge, esp. used of long (low) hill with a sharp ridge against skyline. Q. quíne. >> pend 1/2, pinn, Pinnath Gelin

pinn

noun. crest

n. crest, ridge, esp. used of long (low) hill with a sharp ridge against skyline. Q. quíne. >> pend 1/2, pind, Pinnath Gelin

pinnath

noun. ridges, group of downs

raudh

adjective. hollow, cavernous

revia-

verb. to wander

rhavan

noun. wild man

rhaw

adjective. wild

adj. wild. Q. hráva. Tolkien wrote this entry as "rhaw [f]" (PE17:78).

rhaw

noun. flesh, body

rim

noun. crowd, host, great number

riss

adjective. cleft

_ adj. _cleft, cloven, separate. Q. rista, risse, rinse. >> Imladris

rond

noun. cave roof

rond

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

roth

noun. cave

n. cave. Q. rondo.

suil

noun. greeting

Deduced from Arassuil, conceivably aran+suil. For the meaning, see suilad

suilad

gerund noun. greeting

suilannad

gerund noun. greeting, giving of greetings

sâdh

noun. sward, turf

tad

cardinal. two

talf

noun. flat field, flat land

taug

adjective. firm

adj. firm, strong, ?withstand. Q. tauka stiff, wooden.

taur

noun. Poet

n.Bot. Poet. or Arch. #willow. >> taor, tathar

ten

pronoun. (?) it (as object)

tew

letter

(dew), pl1. tiw _ n. _letter. tew << têw; tiw << tîw. >> téw

thalion

noun. hero, dauntless man (especially as surname of Húrin Thalion)

thanc

adjective. cleft, split, forked

thand

noun. shield

thangail

noun. shield-fence, a battle formation of the Dúnedain

thaun

pine

pl1. thoen n.Bot. #pine. Presented as a noldorized S. form. >> Dor I thoen, thôn. This gloss was rejected.

thorn

adjective. steadfast

adj. steadfast. Q. thorna, sorna. >> Arathorn

thorn

adjective. steadfast

thôn

noun. pine-tree

thôn

noun. pine

n.Bot. #pine. Presented as a noldorized S. form. >> thôn, thaun . This gloss was rejected.

thôn

noun. pine

n.Bot. #pine. Presented as a noldorized S. form. >> Dor I thoen, thôn. This gloss was rejected.

tirith

noun. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance

tirith

watch

{1st ĭ}_n._watch, ward, guard. >> tíria, Minas Tirith

tâd

cardinal. two

tâd

cardinal. two

têw

noun. letter, written sign

têw

noun. letter

túr

noun. Poet

n.Bot. Poet. or Arch. #willow. >> tathar, taur

urui

noun/adjective. hot

urui

noun/adjective. the month of august

al

not

al- (prefix) as in alfirin "not-mortal", immortal.

al

not

(prefix) as in alfirin "not-mortal", immortal.

amar

earth

(archaic Ambar), pl. Emair

amath

shield

(pl. emaith)

an-

very

(as adverbial prefix) an-, as in:

an-

very

as in:

angol

magic

(deep lore), pl. engyl. Note: a homophone means "stench".

anor

sun

(pl. Anoer if there is a pl.) Archaic Anaur (SD:306).

ath

on both sides

(across)

ava

will not

(i ava, in avar).

balch

cruel

1) balch (lenited malch; pl. belch), 2) baug (tyrannous, oppressive) (lenited maug), pl. boeg

balch

cruel

(lenited malch; pl. belch)

bam

noun. sheep

bara

fiery

1) bara (eager), lenited vara, pl. berai, 2) nórui (sunny). No distinct pl. form.

bara

fiery

(eager), lenited vara, pl. berai

baug

oppressive

baug (cruel, tyrannous) (lenited maug), pl. boeg

baug

oppressive

(cruel, tyrannous) (lenited maug), pl. boeg

baug

cruel

(tyrannous, oppressive) (lenited maug), pl. boeg

born

hot

(red), lenited vorn, pl. byrn.

braig

wild

(fierce), lenited vraig. No distinct pl. form. (VT45:34)

braig

fierce

braig (wild), lenited vraig. No distinct pl. form. (VT45:34)

braig

fierce

(wild), lenited vraig. No distinct pl. form. (VT45:34)

branna-

verb. to scorch

brassen

white-hot

(lenited vrassen, pl. bressin)

bregedúr

wildfire

(i vregedúr), pl. bregedýr (i mregedýr)

bâr

earth

(dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

cae

noun. earth

cae

earth

(i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also

caew

resting place

(i gaew, o chaew) (lair). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chaew).

cair

ship

cair (in compounds cír-) (i gair, o chair), pl. cîr, i chîr; coll. pl. ciriath.

cair

ship

(in compounds cír-) (i gair, o chair), pl. cîr, i chîr; coll. pl. ciriath.

callon

hero

1) callon (i gallon, o challon), pl. cellyn (i chellyn), coll. pl. callonnath; 2) thalion (dauntless man), pl. thelyn. Also used as an adj. ”dauntless, steadfast, strong”.

callon

hero

(i gallon, o challon), pl. cellyn (i chellyn), coll. pl. callonnath

car

make

1) car- (i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (do, build) (WJ:415), 2) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, shape), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

caw

zyE noun. shelter, protection

A theoretical noun from supposed OS *kauma < KAW (the root of Q cauma 'id.', PE17/108).

cesta-

ziF1`C= verb. to seek, search for

Sindarin cognate of the Quenya word cesta-.

Phonetic Developments:
ketʰta- > kesta-, cesta-

ceven

earth

1) ceven (i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23), 2) (world) Amar (archaic Ambar), pl. Emair; 3) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds. 4) (maybe ”earth” as substance) cae (i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also SOIL.

ceven

earth

(i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23)

cirith

cleft

(i girith, o chirith) (cutting, pass), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chirith)

coll

hollow

(lenited goll; pl. cyll). (WJ:414) Note: homophones mean "red, scarlet" and also "cloak".

criss

cleft

(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss), 4) iaw (gulf, ravine), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”

curunír

wizard

curunír (i gurunír, o churunír) (man of craft), no distinct pl. form except with article (i churunír), coll. pl. curuníriath.

curunír

wizard

(i gurunír, o churunír) (man of craft), no distinct pl. form except with article (i churunír), coll. pl. curuníriath.

círdan

shipbuilder, shipwright

(i gírdan, o chírdan) (shipwright), pl. círdain (i chírdain).

cîl

cleft

(i gîl, o chîl) (pass between hills, gorge), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. A homophone means ”renewal”.

cîl

renewal

(i gîl; no distinct pl. form except with article: i chîl) (VT48:8)

cîr

renewed

clashes with the word for ”ship”.s

cîw

new

(lenited gîw; no distinct pl. form) (fresh)

cýron

new moon

(i gýron), pl. cýroen (i chýroen). Archaic ✱cýraun, spelt cýrawn in the source (VT48:7).

dae

very

dae (exceedingly). Lenited dhae.

dae

adverb. very

dae

very

(exceedingly). Lenited dhae.

dath

hole

1) dath (i dhath) (pit, steep fall, abyss), pl. daith (i naith) (VT45:8), 2) gass (i **ass, construct gas) (gap), pl. gais (i ngais** = i ñais), 3)

dath

hole

(i dhath) (pit, steep fall, abyss), pl. daith (i naith) (VT45:8)

dath

pit

dath (i dhath) (hole, steep fall, abyss), pl. daith (i naith) (VT45:8)

dath

pit

(i dhath) (hole, steep fall, abyss), pl. daith (i naith) (VT45:8)

daw

gloom

(i dhaw) (nighttime), pl. doe (i noe), coll. pl. ?dawath or ?doath

delu

hateful

delu (deadly, fell), lenited dhelu; analogical pl. dely. Archaic delw (the only attested form).

delu

hateful

(deadly, fell), lenited dhelu; analogical pl. dely. Archaic delw (the only attested form).

dîn

opening

dîn (i dhîn) (gap, mountain pass), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nîn); coll. pl. díniath. Note: a homophone means ”silence”.

dîn

opening

(i dhîn) (gap, mountain pass), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nîn); coll. pl. díniath. Note: a homophone means ”silence”.

e

he

(SD:128-31)

eden

new

(begun again), pl. edin

edhelharn

elf-stone

(a term for beryl) edhelharn (pl. edhelhern) (SD:128-31).

edhelharn

elf-stone

(a term for beryl) edhelharn (pl. edhelhern) (SD:128-31). SEEING STONE (palantír) *gwachaedir (i **wachaedir), no distinct pl. form except with prefixed article (in gwachaedir), coll. pl. ?gwachaediriath or ?gwachadirnath (the latter form assuming that -dir is reduced from older -dirn) The form occurring in the primary source, gwahaedir, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciation with h for ch** (PM:186).

edhellen

elvish

edhellen (of language apparently = ”Sindarin”), pl. edhellin

einior

elder

einior (pl. einioer). Archaic *einiaur.

einior

elder

(pl. einioer). Archaic ✱einiaur.

enaith

sixth part

. No distinct pl. form. Archaic eneith.

eneth

name

(noun) eneth (pl. enith)

eneth

name

(pl. enith)

ennas

there

ennas (SD:128-31)

ennas

there

(SD:128-31)

ennor

place name. central land, middle-earth

ertha

unite

#ertha- (i ertha, in erthar). Isolated from the gerund #erthad (itself isolated from aderthad "reunion").

ertha

unite

(i ertha, in erthar). Isolated from the gerund #erthad (itself isolated from aderthad "reunion").

ess

noun. name

esta

name

(verb.) esta- (call) (i esta, in estar)

esta

name

(call) (i esta, in estar)

falas

shore, foaming shore

(pl. felais) (beach, coast, strand, line of surf; the word was especially used of the western seaboard of Beleriand) (VT42:15). Adj.

falas

surf, line of

(pl. felais) (beach, shore, coast, strand, foaming shore; the word was especially used of the western seaboard of Beleriand). (VT42:15)

falathren

of the shore

(pl. felethrin)

falch

cleft

(ravine[?]), pl. felch

faur

shore

(beach), pl. foer, coll. pl. forath (VT46:15)

fuin

gloom

(darkness, night, dead of night, nightshade). No distinct pl. form.

gaer

holy

gaer (awful, fearful); lenited aear; no distinct pl. form. Note: homophones mean "reddish, copper-coloured, ruddy" and also "sea".

gaer

holy

(awful, fearful); lenited ’aear; no distinct pl. form. Note: homophones mean "reddish, copper-coloured, ruddy" and also "sea".

gaer

dreadful

(awful, fearful; holy); lenited ’aear; no distinct pl. form. Note: homophones mean "reddish, copper-coloured, ruddy" and also "sea".

gamp

hook

1) gamp (i **amp) (claw, crook), pl. ?gaimp or ?gemp (i ngaimp = i ñaimp or i ngemp = i ñemp), coll. pl. gammath**

gamp

hook

(i ’amp) (claw, crook), pl. ?gaimp or ?gemp (i ngaimp =  i ñaimp or i ngemp = i ñemp), coll. pl. gammath

gar

have

(i ’âr, i ngerir = i ñerir) (hold, possess; be able, can); pa.t. garant. (AI:92, VT45:14)

gar

have

gar- (i **âr, i ngerir = i ñerir) (hold, possess; be able, can); pa.t. garant**. (AI:92, VT45:14)

gardh

bounded or defined place

(i ’ardh) (region), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh);

gartha

keep

(defend) (i ’artha, i ngarthar = i ñarthar). Noun

gass

hole

(i ’ass, construct gas) (gap), pl. gais (i ngais = i ñais)

glae

grass

glae (i **lae), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glae**).

glae

grass

(i ’lae), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glae).

golu

wisdom

*golu (i ngolu = i ñolu, o n**golu = o ñgolu) (secret lore), analogical pl. gely (in gely = i ñgely) if there is a pl. Archaic golw, hence golwath** as the likely coll. pl.

golu

wisdom

(i ngolu = i ñolu, o n’golu = o ñgolu) (secret lore), analogical pl. gely (in gely = i ñgely) if there is a pl. Archaic golw, hence golwath as the likely coll. pl.

gond

stone

(i ’ond, construct gon) (great stone or rock), pl. gynd (i ngynd = i ñynd), coll. pl. gonnath (Letters:410).

gondrath

street of stone

(i ’ondrath) (causeway, raised stone highway), pl. gendraith (i ngendraith = i ñendraith). Archaic pl. göndreith. (WJ:340)

gondren

made of stone, stony

(stony), lenited ’ondren, pl. gendrin. Archaic pl. göndrin (TI:270).

gonhir

master of stone

(i ’Onhir), no distinct pl. form except with article (i Ngonhir = i Ñonhir), maybe primarily used as a coll. pl. Gonhirrim  (WJ:205, there spelt ”Gonnhirrim”)

groth

cave

(i ’roth) (delving, large excavation), pl. gryth (in gryth) (VT46:12)

groth

delving

(i ’roth) (cave, large excavation), pl. gryth (in gryth)

grôd

cave

(i ’rôd, construct grod) (delving, excavation, underground dwelling), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414)

grôd

delving

1) grôd (i **rôd, construct grod) (cave, excavation, underground dwelling), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414), 2) groth (i **roth) (cave, large excavation), pl. gryth (in gryth)

grôd

delving

(i ’rôd, construct grod) (cave, excavation, underground dwelling), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414)

gwain

new

(gwin-), lenited ’wain, pl. gwîn. Isolated from the month-name Narwain, ”new sun” (where #gwain appears in lenited form). The form gwîn ”young” listed in VT46:22 would have to be taken as a pl. form, if it is to be the cognate of Quenya vinya.

gôn

stone

(i ’ôn, construct gon); pl. gŷn, coll. pl. #gonath as in Argonath.

gûl

magic

1) gûl (i ngûl = i ñûl, o n**gûl = o ñgûl, construct gul) (sorcery, necromancy, evil knowledge), pl. guil (in guil = i ñguil) (Silm:App, MR:250, WJ:383), 2) angol (deep lore), pl. engyl**. Note: a homophone means "stench". DARK MAGIC, see .

gûl

magic

(i ngûl = i ñûl, o n’gûl = o ñgûl, construct gul) (sorcery, necromancy, evil knowledge), pl. guil (in guil = i ñguil) (Silm:App, MR:250, WJ:383)

gûr

inner mind

(i ’ûr, construct gur) (heart), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11)

habad

shore

(i chabad, o chabad), pl. hebaid (i chebaid). Archaic pl. hebeid (LR:386).

harad

south

1) (”the South” as an area) Harad (i Charad, o Charad, 2) hâr (i châr, o châr, construct har) (also = ”left”). 3) The word Harven (i Charven, o Charven) may refer primarily to ”south” as a direction; the final element -ven means ”way”. (VT45:23). Adj.

harad

south

(i Charad, o Charad

haradren

south, southern

(lenited charadren; pl. heredrin), also harn (lenited charn, pl. hern). Note: a homophone of the latter means ”wounded”, and as noun harn also means ”helmet” (so haradren may be preferred for clarity).

haradrim

southerners, southrons

(a coll. pl., ”people of the south”)

harven

south

(i Charven, o Charven) may refer primarily to ”south” as a direction; the final element -ven means ”way”. (VT45:23). Adj.

haudh

grave

(i chaudh, o chaudh) (burial mound, barrow, tomb), pl. hoedh (i choedh), coll. pl. hodhath

heb

keep

(verb) 1) heb- (i chêb, i chebir) (retain); 2) gartha- (defend) (i **artha, i ngarthar** = i ñarthar). Noun

heb

keep

(i chêb, i chebir) (retain)

helch

bitterly cold

(lenited chelch; pl. hilch)

heltha

strip

(verb) heltha- (i cheltha, i chelthar). (VT46:14; in LR:386 s.v. SKEL the erroneous reading ”helta” appears.)

heltha

strip

(i cheltha, i chelthar). (VT46:14; in LR:386 s.v. SKEL the erroneous reading ”helta” appears.)

henia

understand

henia- (i chenia, i cheniar)

henia

understand

(i chenia, i cheniar)

him

steadfast

1) him (abiding), lenited chim, no distinct pl. form. Note that homophones include both the adjective ”cool” and the adverb ”continually”.

him

steadfast

(abiding), lenited chim, no distinct pl. form. Note that homophones include both the adjective ”cool” and the adverb ”continually”.

hol

close

#hol- (i chôl, i chelir), pa.t. perhaps holl as suggested by the passive participle hollen ”closed” (the only attested form of this verb). Conceivably, hollen in the source could be a lenited form of sollen, in which case this verb should begin in s- rather than h- when not mutated.

hol

close

(i chôl, i chelir), pa.t. perhaps holl as suggested by the passive participle hollen ”closed” (the only attested form of this verb). Conceivably, hollen in the source could be a lenited form of sollen, in which case this verb should begin in s- rather than h- when not mutated.****

hoth

crowd

(i choth, o choth) (host, horde), pl. hyth (i chyth)

huar

noun. hound, wild dog, wild dog

hâr

south

(i châr, o châr, construct har) (also = ”left”).

hûr

fiery spirit

(i chûr, o chûr, construct hur) (readiness for action, vigour), pl. huir (i chuir) if there is a pl.

idhor

thoughtfulness

. (Correction of idher in LR:361 s.v.

idhr

id

> idhor as the later forms.)

idhren

wise

idhren (pondering, thoughtful), pl. idhrin. 4) goll (lenited ngoll, pl. gyll). 5) golwen (learned in deep arts), lenited ngolwen, pl. gelwin (archaic *gölwin)

idhren

wise

(pondering, thoughtful), pl. idhrin. 4) goll (lenited ngoll, pl. gyll). 5) golwen (learned in deep arts), lenited ngolwen, pl. gelwin (archaic ✱gölwin)

idhren

thoughtful

(pondering, wise), pl. idhrin;

iell

maid

1) iell (-iel) (girl, daughter), pl. ill, 2) sell (i hell) (daughter, girl), pl. sill (i sill), coll. pl. sellath** **

iell

maid

(-iel) (girl, daughter), pl. ill

ind

mind

ind (inner thought, meaning, heart), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath.

ind

mind

(inner thought, meaning, heart), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath.

ist

knowledge

ist (lore); no distinct pl. form.

ist

knowledge

(lore); no distinct pl. form.

ista

have knowledge

(i ista, in istar), pa.t. sint or istas (VT45:18).

ithron

wizard

1) ithron (= Quenya istar, one of the order Gandalf belonged to), pl. ithryn, coll. pl. ithronnath (UT:388), 2)

ithron

wizard

(= Quenya istar, one of the order Gandalf belonged to), pl. ithryn, coll. pl. ithronnath (UT:388)

laeg

acute

laeg (keen, sharp). No distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fresh, green”.

laeg

acute

(keen, sharp). No distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fresh, green”.

laer

summer

laer (no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”song”.

laer

summer

(no distinct pl. form). Note:  a homophone means ”song”.

land

open space

(construct lan, pl. laind) (level), also used as adjective ”wide, plain”.

land

space

(open space) land (level), pl. laind, coll. pl. lannath. Also used as adj. ”wide, plain”.

land

space

(level), pl. laind, coll. pl. lannath. Also used as adj. ”wide, plain”.

lav-

verb. to lick

law

adverb. not

lhid-

verb. to sort out, sift, sieve, discriminate

loda-

verb. to float

lothren

wild

(waste), pl. lethrin for archaic löthrin (VT45:29)

lunt

boat

lunt (pl. lynt, coll. pl. lunnath)

lunt

noun. boat

lunt

boat

(pl. lynt, coll. pl. lunnath)

maen

clever

maen (lenited vaen; no distinct pl. form) (skilled) (noun):

maen

clever

(lenited vaen; no distinct pl. form) (skilled)

maf

noun. sheep

A neologism for “sheep” coined by Elaran in 2022 on the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), derived from a variant form ✱mămā of primitive ✶māmā “sheep”, the basis of Q. máma “sheep”. This is only one of various possibilities for neologisms for “sheep”: in VQP (VQP) Gábor Lőrinczi suggested ᴺS. maw “sheep” as a direct cognate of Q. máma, and Fiona Jallings suggested ᴺS. ✱baw as a derivative of ✶mbāba, a primitive form that appeared on VT47/35. Both maw and baw have other meanings in Sindarin, however. I used to recommend a word of my own, bam from a reduplicated primitive form ✱mbambā, but I now prefer Elaran’s suggestion of maf.

mail

dear

mail (lenited vail, pl. mîl), also mell (lenited vell; pl. mill), also muin (lenited vuin; no distinct pl. form)

mail

dear

(lenited vail, pl. mîl), also mell (lenited vell; pl. mill), also muin (lenited vuin; no distinct pl. form)

mann

food

mann (i vann, construct man), pl. main (i main) (VT45:35).

mann

noun. food

mann

food

(i vann, construct man), pl. main (i main) (VT45:35).

math

noun. food

maur

gloom

(i vaur), pl. moer (i moer) (VT45:35)

maw

noun. sheep

naergon

woeful lament

(pl. naergoen)

nand

grassland

(construct nan) (valley, land at the foot of hills with many streams), pl. naind, coll. pl. **nannath** (VT45:36)

narcha

rend

(i narcha, in narchar)

narthan

fire-sign

pl. **nerthain** (VT45:20)

naur

fire

1) naur (in compounds nar-, -nor) (flame, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath; 2) ûr (heat), pl. uir. Notice the homophone ûr ”wide”.

naur

fire

(in compounds nar-, -nor) (flame, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath

naur

sun

(mainly in compounds as nar-, -nor) (flame, fire), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath.

nauth

thought

nauth (pl. noeth, coll. pl. nothath);

nauth

thought

(pl. noeth, coll. pl. nothath);

naw

hollow

(adj.) 1) *naw (attested in the form nov- as part of the name Novrod, Hollowbold), pl. noe. (WJ:414) Note: a homophone is the noun ”idea”. 2) coll (lenited goll; pl. cyll). (WJ:414) Note: homophones mean "red, scarlet" and also "cloak". 3) raudh (cavernous), pl. roedh

naw

hollow

(attested in the form nov- as part of the name Novrod, Hollowbold), pl. noe. (WJ:414) Note: a homophone is the noun ”idea”.

noe

lament

(noun) *noe (no distinct pl. form). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” nui.

noe

lament

(no distinct pl. form). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” nui.

noen

wise

(sensible). Pl. form (if any) uncertain. The archaic form of the word is given as nohen (VT46:7), which would have the pl. form nöhin. If the regular change of ö to e occured before the loss of h, the pl. form of noen could be nain for older nein.

norn

hard

norn (twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted), pl. nyrn. Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)

norn

hard

(twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted), pl. nyrn. Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)

nórui

fiery

(sunny). No distinct pl. form.

ortha

raise

ortha- (i ortha, in orthar);

ortha

raise

(i ortha, in orthar);

orthad

raising

(MR:373)

othronn

fortress in a cave/caves

(pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (underground stronghold). Cited in archaic form othrond in the source (WJ:414).

pae

cardinal. ten

pae (the ”Noldorin” form caer listed in the Etymologies was apparently abandoned by Tolkien).

pae

ten

(the ”Noldorin” form caer listed in the Etymologies was apparently abandoned by Tolkien).

paenui

tenth

.

paich

juice

(i baich, o phaich) (syrup), pl. pîch (i phîch). The source (LR:382 s.v. PIS) cites the archaic form peich.

pannen

adjective. arranged, settled, done

paran

smooth

1) paran (lenited baran; pl. perain) (shaven). Often applied to hills wihtout trees. (RC:433) 2)

parth

sward

(i barth, o pharth) (field, enclosed grassland), pl. perth (i pherth)

parth

grassland

: 1) (enclosed grassland) parth (i barth, o pharth) (field, sward), pl. perth (i pherth), 2) (wide grassland) nand (construct nan) (valley, land at the foot of hills with many streams), pl. naind, coll. pl. nannath (VT45:36)

parth

grassland

(i barth, o pharth) (field, sward), pl. perth (i pherth)

parth

field

(i barth, o pharth) (sward, enclosed grassland), pl. perth (i pherth)

path

smooth

path (lenited bath; pl. paith)

pathu

level place

(i bathu) (sward), analogical pl. pethy (i phethy). Cited in archaic form pathw in the source (LR:380 s.v. PATH); hence the coll. pl. is likely pathwath. In the Etymologies as printed in

pathu

sward

*pathu (i bathu) (level place), analogical pl. pethy (i phethy). Cited in archaic form pathw in the source (LR:380 s.v. PATH), hence the coll. pl. is likely pathwath.

pathu

sward

(i bathu) (level place), analogical pl. pethy (i phethy). Cited in archaic form pathw in the source (LR:380 s.v. PATH), hence the coll. pl. is likely pathwath.

peth

word

peth (i beth, o pheth), pl. pith (i phith)

peth

word

(i beth, o pheth), pl. pith (i phith)

pind

ridge

pind (i bind, o phind, construct pin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i phind), coll. pl. pinnath.

pind

ridge

(i bind, o phind, construct pin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i phind), coll. pl. pinnath.

pol-

verb. can

puig

clean

puig (tidy, neat); lenited buig, no distinct pl. form.

puig

clean

(tidy, neat); lenited buig, no distinct pl. form.

pân

plank

pân (i bân, o phân, construct pan) (fixed board in a floor), pl. pain (i phain). Not to be confused with the adj. *pân ”all”.

pân

plank

(i bân, o phân, construct pan) (fixed board in a floor), pl. pain (i phain). Not to be confused with the adj. ✱pân ”all”.

pêg

small spot

(i bêg, construct peg) (dot), pl. pîg (i phîg)

raudh

hollow

(cavernous), pl. roedh

rest

cleft

(ravine, cut), pl. rist (idh rist)

rhast

shore

(?i thrast or ?i rast – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhaist (?idh raist).

rhaw

wild

1) rhaw (untamed). Lenited ?thraw or ?raw (the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhoe. (VT46:10) Note: a homophone means ”flesh, body”, 2) braig (fierce), lenited vraig. No distinct pl. form. (VT45:34), 3) lothren (waste), pl. lethrin for archaic löthrin (VT45:29)

rhaw

wild

(untamed). Lenited ?thraw or ?raw (the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhoe. (VT46:10) Note: a homophone means ”flesh, body”

rhaw

flesh

rhaw (?i thraw or ?i raw the lenition product of rh is uncertain) (body), pl. rhoe (?idh roe). Note: a homophone means ”wild, untamed”. (MR:350)

rhaw

flesh

(?i thraw or ?i raw – *the lenition product of rh is uncertain) (body), pl. rhoe (?idh roe). Note: a homophone means ”wild, untamed”. (MR:350)*

rhûd

artificial cave

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, rockhewn hall, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365)*

rhûd

mine

*rhûd (construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, artificial cave, rockhewn hall), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365).

rhûd

mine

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, artificial cave, rockhewn hall), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365)*.

rhûd

rockhewn hall

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, artificial cave, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365);

rib

fly

rib- (i rîb, idh ribir) (rush, fling)

rib

fly

(i rîb, idh ribir) (rush, fling)

rim

crowd

(great number, host), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim). Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”.

rist

cleft

(noun) 1) rist (-ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleaver, cutter”, 2) cirith (i girith, o chirith) (cutting, pass), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chirith), 3) cîl (i gîl, o chîl) (pass between hills, gorge), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. A homophone means ”renewal”. 4) criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss), 4) iaw (gulf, ravine), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”, 5) rest (ravine, cut), pl. rist (idh rist), 6) (deep cleft) falch (ravine[?]), pl. felch

rist

cleft

(-ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleaver, cutter”

rond

cave

(construct ron) (cavern, vault, vaulted ceiling, hall with vaulted roof), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath

rond

hall with vaulted roof

(construct ron) (cave, cavern, vault, vaulted ceiling), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath

roth

cave

(delving, large excavation), pl. ryth, 4) gathrod (i ’athrod), pl. gethryd (i ngethryd = i ñethryd)

ruin

fiery red

(burning); no distinct pl. form. Also used as noun ”red flame, blazing fire”. (Silm app, entry ruin; PM:366) Note: a homophone means ”slot, spoor, track, footprint”.

rîdh

sown field

(acre);  no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (idh rîdh)

seidia

set aside

seidia- (appropriate to special purpose or owner) (i heidia, i seidiar) (VT42:20).

sell

maid

(i hell) (daughter, girl), pl. sill (i sill), coll. pl. *sellath*** **

serni

shingle

serni (i herni, o serni) (pebble-bank), no distinct pl. form except with article (i serni)

serni

shingle

(i herni, o serni) (pebble-bank), no distinct pl. form except with article (i serni)

siniath

news

(tidings) (i siniath).

solph

noun. soup

suilad

greeting

suilad (i huilad, o suilad), pl. suilaid (i suilaid)