ar

conjunction. and

aramir

masculine name. Aramir

The earliest name of Arathorn appearing in the Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/7), probably a combination of aran “king” and a variant form of mîr “jewel”.

arannur

place name. Arannur

@@@

arthod

masculine name. Arthod

aragorn

masculine name. Aragorn

arathorn

masculine name. Arathorn

argilion

noun. *Star-day

arvelain

noun. *Day of the Valar

agr

adjective. narrow

arthoren

place name. Fenced Realm

A Noldorin translation of Ilk. Garthurian “Fenced Realm, Hidden Realm” appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s along with numerous variations (Ety/ƷAR|GARAT, THUR). It seems to be a combination of ardh “realm” and thoren “fenced”, as indicated by the variant forms Ardh-thoren or Ar(ð)thoren. A third variation, Arthurien is said to be a half translation or Noldorization of Ilk. Garthurian. A fourth variation, Ardholen seems to have a different meaning: “Hidden Realm” (Ety/GAT(H)).

ar vanwe

proper name. Day of Manwe, first day of the Valian week

The Noldorin name for the 1st day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the lenited form of Manwe (Ety/AR¹, LEP).

ar fennuir

proper name. Day of the Fanturi, fourth day of the Valian week

The Noldorin name for the 4th day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the plural of Fannor, the common title of Lórien and Mandos (Ety/LEP).

ar neleduir

proper name. Day of the three kings, fifth day of the Valian week

The Noldorin name for the 5th day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the term Neleduir “Three Kings” collectively referring to Osse, Orome and Tulkas (Ety/LEP).

ar nethwelein

proper name. Day of the younger Gods, fifth day of the Valian week

Another name for Ar Neleduir, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the term Nethwelein “Younger Gods” collectively referring to Osse, Orome and Tulkas (Ety/LEP).

ar uiar

proper name. Day of Ulmo, second day of the Valian week

The Noldorin name for the 2nd day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and Uiar, the Noldorin name of Ulmo (Ety/LEP).

ar vedhwen

proper name. Day of the Spouses, third day of the Valian week

The Noldorin name for the 3rd day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the lenited form of Bedhwen “Spouses”, a term referring to Aule and Yavanna (Ety/LEP).

ar velegol

proper name. Day of Aule, alternate name of the third day of the Valian week

Another name for Ar Vedhwen, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the lenited form of Belegol “Aule” (Ety/LEP).

Conceptual Development: The alternate name was first written as (rejected) Ar Ifan containing Ifan “Yavanna” (EtyAC/LEP).

arad dain

place name. ?High Pass

An alternate name of Annerchi(o)n “Goblin Gate” appearing in the Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, preceded by a rejected word Tar (RS/432). The meaning of the name is unclear, Roman Rausch suggested it might mean “High Pass” based on the rejected element Tar. He further suggested the initial element Arad may be derived from the root √ARA “noble” (= “high”) and the second element Dain is a variant form of dîn “pass”, though he also considered the possibility the meaning of the elements was reversed. See EE/2.6 for further discussion.

arafain

masculine name. ?White King

A transient name for Keleborn appearing in the Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/256). Roman Rausch suggested it might be a combination of aran “king” and a variant form of fein “white” (EE/2.34).

aran chithlum

proper name. King of Hithlum

The name of Fingolfin as the King of Hithlum appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/TĀ), a combination of aran “king” with the lenited form of the region’s name.

aran dinnu

proper name. King of Twilight

The Noldorin equivalent of Thingol’s title Ilk. Tor Tinduma, a combination of aran “king” and the lenited form of tinnu “twilight” (Ety/THIN, TIN).

ardholen

place name. Hidden Realm

A Noldorin equivalent of Ilk. Garthurian “Fenced Realm, Hidden Realm” appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/GAT(H)). It seems to be a combination of ardh “realm” and the lenited form of dolen “hidden”. The related name Arthoren has a different meaning: “Fenced Realm”

ar-

prefix. day

ar-

prefix. outside, beside; without

arad

noun. daytime, a day

since later S. aur was derived from √UR "heat", this word most likely is no longer valid @@@

aran

noun. king, lord (of a specific region)

araw

masculine name. Orome

ardh

noun. realm

arnediad

adjective. without reckoning, numberless, innumerable, countless, endless

aranor

noun. *Sun-day

ardórin

noun. ?Day of Kings

argalad

noun. Tree Day

argaladath

noun. *Day of the Trees

ar ifan

proper name. *Day of Yavanna

arithil

noun. *Moon-day

aroeren

noun. Sea-day

aronoded

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless

arvenel

noun. *Heavens-day

araf

noun. wolf, dog

arien

feminine name. Daisy

ar(a)-

prefix. noble, royal

arnen

noun. ?royal

arnœdiad

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless

argonath

place name. King Stones

ar-

prefix. etym. beside

ar-

prefix. without

arad

noun. daytime, a day

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

ardh

noun. realm, region

arnediad

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless

arnœdiad

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless

aronoded

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

afarch

adjective. arid, very dry

galdaran

masculine name. Galdaran

An early name for S. Celeborn appearing in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s as a combination of galadh “tree” and aran “king”, along with even earlier forms Tar and Aran (TI/249).

amar

noun. Earth

afarch

adjective. very dry, arid

amar

noun. earth

ambar

noun. earth

penninar

noun. last day of the year

thar-

prefix. across, athwart, over, beyond

garaf

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGARAM (Ety/ÑGAR(A)M).

Conceptual Development: This word seems to have replaced N. araf or aram derived from the rejected root ᴹ√ƷARAM with various glosses like “wolf” or (small or swift) “dog” (Ety/ƷARAM; EtyAC/ƷARAM). This in turn may be a later iteration of G. harog or harw “wolf” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with feminine variant G. harach “a she-wolf” (GL/48).

sern aranath

place name. King Stones

Earlier name for the Argonath appearing in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/366), a combination of the plural of sarn “stone” and the class-plural of aran “king”. It also appeared with the ordinary plural Sern Erain, and the singular form Sarn Aran (WR/98).

garth

noun. fort, fortress

caran

adjective. red

naru

adjective. red, [fiery] red

parch

adjective. dry

caran

adjective. red

caron

adjective. red

garaf

noun. wolf

garth

noun. fort, fortress

glawar

noun. sunlight, radiance (of the golden tree Laurelin)

naru

adjective. red

narw

adjective. red

parch

adjective. dry

sarn

noun. stone (as a material)

Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11

sarn

noun. small stone

Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11

rhanc

noun. arm

A noun appearing as N. rhanc “arm” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶ranku under the root ᴹ√RAK “stretch out, reach” (Ety/RAK). It had the irregular plural form rhengy, presumably from final -ui becoming -y, but this plural was archaic and reformed to rhenc based on normal Noldorin (and later Sindarin) plural patterns.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had (archaic) G. †râ “arm, strength” (GL/65), clearly related to ᴱQ. rā “arm” in contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon from the early root ᴱ√RAHA “stretch forward” (QL/78). The Gnomish Lexicon also had a non-archaic word rath “the full arm, the extent of one’s arm, one’s reach — a measure = 2 feet”, apparently referring to both the arm itself and the reach of the arm, and so functioning as a unit of measure (GL/65).

Neo-Sindarin: Most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt the Noldorin word as ᴺS. ranc “arm” (plural renc) as suggested in HSD (HSD), since the unvoicing of initial r to rh was a feature of Noldorin of the 1930s but not Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s. Based on the Gnomish usage, this word might also be used as a unit of measure for an arm’s length, about 2 feet.

bach

noun. article (for exchange), ware, thing

bach

noun. article (for exchange), ware, thing

cû

noun. arch, crescent

cû

noun. arch, crescent

rhanc

noun. arm

amben

adjective. uphill, uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome

An adjective (and adverb?) for “uphill” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of am “up” and N. penn “declivity, ✱slope” (Ety/PEN). It was contrasted with N. dadben “downhill, inclined, prone” (Ety/AM², PEN).

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies it first appeared as N. amdenn, a derivative of ᴹ√DEN “hillside, slope”, but the meaning of this root was change to ᴹ√DEN “hole; gap, passage” (Ety/DEN), after which the form amben < ᴹ√PEN(ED) was introduced (see above). The earliest appearance of this word was in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s where it was ᴱN. amvenn “uphill; arduous, difficult, tiresome”, marked as both an adjective and adverb, along with a noun variant ᴱN. amvinn “slope, incline, hillside” (PE13/139, 159-160). This early Noldorin form was a combination of ᴱN. am “up” and ᴱN. benn “sloping”.

Neo-Sindarin: Given its Early Noldorin use for “arduous, difficult, tiresome”, amben might be used colloquially in Neo-Sindarin with a similar sense for a thing that is difficult, analogous to English usages like an “uphill battle”: dagor amben.

coe

noun. earth

An indeclinable word given as {cíw >>} coe “earth” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√KEM (Ety/KEM; EtyAC/KEM).

Possible Etymology: The primitive form of rejected cíw is given as ᴹ✶kēm and its derivation is clear: the long ē became ī and then the final m reduced to w after i as usual. The derivation of coe is more obscure, however. The likeliest explanation is that Tolkien imagined its ancient form with a slightly lowered vowel which he generally represented as ǣ in this period (in later writings as ę̄). According to the first version of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa and Comparative Vowel Tables from the 1930s (PE18/46; PE19/25), ǣ &gt; ei &gt; ai &gt; ae, and in The Etymologies itself, it seems ai often became oe instead of ae.

Neo-Sindarin: Updating the derivation of hypothetical ✱kę̄m would produced ᴺS. cae in Sindarin phonology. But given the obscurity of its derivation, I recommend using 1950s S. ceven for “earth” instead.

agor

adjective. narrow

maenas

noun. craft, handicraft, art

mell

adjective. dear

muin

adjective. dear

agor

adjective. narrow

amben

adverb. uphill, sloping upwards

ambend

adverb. uphill, sloping upwards

ambenn

adverb. uphill, sloping upwards

coe

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

hoth

noun. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense)

mell

adjective. dear

mirion

noun. great jewel, Silmaril

muin

adjective. dear

na

preposition. to, towards, at

os-

prefix. about, around

rhond

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

rhonn

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

eriant

feminine name. Day-bringer

A name appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, the Noldorin equivalent of ᴹQ. Aryante, a combination of the roots ᴹ√AR and ᴹ√ANA (Ety/AR¹). Given its Quenya cognate, it probably developed from a primitive form ✶aryantē [arjantē], where the initial [a] became [e] due to Noldorin i-affection.

nethwelein

proper name. Younger Gods

A term for the three Valar Osse, Orome and Tulkas from the day-name Ar Nethwelein appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/LEP), a combination of neth “young” and the mutated plural form of Balan “god, Vala”.

gathrod

noun. cave

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “cave”, apparently a combination of N. gath “cavern” and ᴹ√ROT “tunnel” (Ety/GAT(H)). Its initial element also appeared in the name N. Doriath “Land of the Cave”, but in later writings S. Doriath was redefined as “Land of the Fence” with final element S. iath “fence” (WJ/370), so N. gathrod “cave” was probably abandoned.

ionn

noun. son

For the second meaning, cf. Hadorion, a Húrin's epithet in WJ/294, Hurinionath referring to the house of Húrin the Steward in PM/202-3,218, and Gil-Galad's epithet Ereinion, cf. also the gloss of the old Qenya cognate yondo "descendant of" in PE/12:106, or the use of the same suffix in later Quenya names such as Isildurioni and Anárioni "Heirs of Isildur (resp. Anárion)" in PM/192,196

ionn

noun. scion, male descendant

For the second meaning, cf. Hadorion, a Húrin's epithet in WJ/294, Hurinionath referring to the house of Húrin the Steward in PM/202-3,218, and Gil-Galad's epithet Ereinion, cf. also the gloss of the old Qenya cognate yondo "descendant of" in PE/12:106, or the use of the same suffix in later Quenya names such as Isildurioni and Anárioni "Heirs of Isildur (resp. Anárion)" in PM/192,196

lhagr

adjective. swift, rapid

The form lhegin in the published Etymologies might be a misreading for lhegrin, see VT/45:25. As noted by Bertrand Bellet, the two forms are listed side by side, and they may simply be doublets, but it is also possible that we have here a singular followed by its plural.

lhum

noun. shade

A word appearing as N. lhum “shade” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√LUM, most notably an element in the name N. Hithlum (Ety/LUM). It was the cognate of ᴹQ. lumbe, and thus derived from primitive ✱lumbē, which explains why the final m survived as a reduction of mb.

Conceptual Development: The earliest iteration of this word was G. lôm {“pool, sl...” >>} “gloom, shade” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, based on primitive ᴱ✶lou̯me (GL/54) and probably derived from the early root ᴱ√LOMO as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Hisilómë). In this early document, G. lum or glum was “a cloud” (GL/55), likely a derivative of ᴱ√LUVU for “✱dark weather” as also suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Luvier). In Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s Tolkien had ᴱN. {lom >>} lhom “shadow” (PE13/149). This became N. lhum “shade” in The Etymologies, as noted above.

Neo-Sindarin: In later writings, Hithlum was designated North Sindarin and its final element was based on a loan from Q. lómë “dusk”, with the m surviving only because it was from the North dialect (PE17/133; WJ/400). However, the root √LUM “shadow, darkness” also survived in later writings (PE17/168), so I think N. lhum “shade” can be salvaged, though if adapted to Neo-Sindarin it would need to become ᴺS. lum as suggested in HSD (HSD). Given the later use of Q. lumbo for “(dark) cloud”, I think the Gnomish sense G. lum “[dark] cloud” can be salvaged as well.

o

preposition. about, concerning

The Etymologies state that h- is prefixed to the word following this preposition, when it begins with a vowel: o Hedhil "concerning the Elves". Some scholars consider that this rule is not valid in Sindarin, but that the preposition would perhaps become oh in such a case (hence oh Edhil, to be compared with ah in Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth)

a

conjunction. and

-as

suffix. abstract noun

draug

noun. wolf

gloriel

adjective. golden

ledh-

verb. to go, to go, *travel, journey

@@@ extended meanings suggested by Fiona Jallings

-gon

suffix. valour

-th

suffix. abstract noun

athan

preposition. beyond

beleriand

place name. Beleriand

caun

noun. valour

dae

adverb. very

gae

noun. dread

ha

pronoun. it

hû

noun. dog

imladris(t)

place name. Rivendell

os-

prefix. about

penia-

verb. to fix, set

penn

noun. Elf

tol-

verb. to come

brandir

masculine name. *Noble-man

brannon

noun. lord

-ion

suffix. son

-os

suffix. abstract noun

ambend

adverb. uphill

ambenn

adverb. uphill

an-

prefix. with, by

ath-

prefix. on both sides, across

bein

adjective. beautiful, fair

bess

noun. (young) woman

bess

noun. wife

borth

?. [unglossed]

brand

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

brand

adjective. high (in size)

brann

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

brann

adjective. high (in size)

brannon

noun. lord

caun

noun. valour

celeg

adjective. swift, agile, hasty

clei

?. [unglossed]

coen

?. [unglossed]

coll

adjective. (golden) red

curu

noun. craft, skill

curw

noun. craft, skill

cúran

noun. the crescent Moon

cû

noun. bow

dam

noun. hammer

dam

noun. hammer

damma-

verb. to hammer

It was long considered that damna-, dammint in the Etymologies might have been misreadings. VT/45:37 confirms this, though the exact reading actually remains rather uncertain

dess

noun. young woman

diragas

?. [unglossed]

draug

noun. wolf

dring

noun. hammer

dî

noun. woman, lady

edhel

noun. Elf

eria-

verb. to rise

fela

noun. cave

fela

noun. cave

gathrod

noun. cave

gaul

noun. wolf-howl

goe

noun. dread

goer

adjective. red, copper-coloured, ruddy

golodh

noun. "Deep Elf" or "Gnome", one of the Wise Folk

golodhrim

noun. Deep Elves, Gnomes

gondrafn

noun. hewn stone

gondram

noun. hewn stone

gonn

noun. great stone, rock

gwath

noun. shade, shadow, dim light

gwath

noun. stain

gwath

noun. shade

ha

pronoun. it

haf-

verb. to sit

hall

adjective. exalted, high

hana

pronoun. it

hana

pronoun. it

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14

hû

noun. dog

iath

preposition. across

iell

noun. daughter

Stated to be an alteration of sell , remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words

iell

noun. girl, maid

Stated to be an alteration of sell , remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words

iell

noun. daughter

ionn

noun. son

lhain

adjective. free, freed

lhein

adjective. free, freed

lhoss

noun. wilderness

lhum

noun. shade

maenas

noun. craft

maer

adjective. useful, fit, good (of things)

mauth

?. [unglossed]

menwed

?. [unglossed]

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

min

cardinal. one

mîr

noun. jewel, precious thing, treasure

na

preposition. with, by (also used as a genitive sign)

nith

?. [unglossed]

nithrad

?. [unglossed]

níth

?. [unglossed]

pel

noun. fenced field (= Old English tún)

pelia-

verb. to spread

penedh

noun. Elf

porennin

?. [unglossed]

rhafn

noun. wing (horn), extended point at side, etc.

rhain

adjective. free

rhaug

noun. demon

rhofan

noun. wilderness

rhofan

noun. wilderness

rhofannor

place name. Wilderness

rhond

noun. cave roof

rhonn

noun. cave roof

rhuin

noun. fire

rond

noun. cave

rîdh

noun. sown field, acre

sell

noun. daughter

sell

noun. girl, maid (child)

taur

noun. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes)

In LotR/IV:IV, Frodo is called Daur, which might be the mutated form of this word

taur

adjective. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime

telwen

?. [unglossed]

tog-

verb. to bring

tol-

verb. to come

tond

adjective. tall

tonn

adjective. tall

tonn

adjective. tall

âr

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

âr

noun. king

ûr

noun. fire, heat

ûr

noun. fire