bâr

noun. lord

A noun translated as “lord” (SD/311, 428). This nouns wins the prize for “most inflected Adûnaic noun”, since we have declensions for this noun in both the draft Adûnaic grammar and the later grammar of Lowdham’s Report. As such, it is very helpful for comparing how the noun declensions changed as Tolkien developed Adûnaic grammar. For example, comparing its draft plurals bāri/bārim to its later plural bârî/bârîm indicate the draft plural was originally formed with a short rather than long i. There are a few lingering examples of this short-i plural in later writings (SD/247, 251).

Conceptual Development: In earlier writings the rejected name Kherû “Lord” (SD/376) indicates a possible earlier form of this noun; Kherû itself was changed to Arûn. A similar form reappears in later writings in the name Adûnakhôr “Lord of the West”: either akhôr or khôr “lord”. Whether or not this later word replaced bâr is unknown.

kherû

masculine name. Lord

A rejected draft version of the Adûnaic name for Morgoth translated “Lord”, replaced by Arûn of the same meaning (SD/376). It is transparently a derivative of the Elvish root ᴹ√KHER, as suggested by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynn (AAD/18). A later form of this word, ✱khôr “lord”, may appears as an element in the name Adûnakhôr “Lord of the West”.

arûn

masculine name. Lord

An Adûnaic name for Morgoth, perhaps coined by Sauron when he introduced the worship of the dark god to the Númenóreans, translated as “Lord” (SD/376). It is derived from the word ârû “king” and was sometimes used in a compound together with Morgoth’s true Adûnaic name: Arûn-Mulkhêr (SD/367). In other writings (SD/357) it was the original Adûnaic name of Morgoth before he fell to evil, but that hardly makes sense in the conceptual scenario of the later Silmarillion, in which Morgoth had already become evil before men awoke.

adûnakhôr

masculine name. Lord of the West

Son of Ar-Abattârik and the 20th ruler of Númenor, whose Quenya name was Herunúmen. In both languages, his name (somewhat heretically) means “Lord of the West” (LotR/1036, S/267). Its first element adûn means “west”, which implies that its second element means “lord”, but it isn’t clear whether this element is ✱akhôr or ✱khôr. I think that khôr is more likely, because it resembles the Primitive Elvish root √KHER “rule, govern, possess”, to which it may be related.

bārun-adūnō rakkhatū kamāt sōbēthumā eruvō

the Lord of West broke asunder earth assent-with of God

The first draft of the 4th phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/311). It differs considerably from the final version:

• The subject is singular “Lord” rather than plural “Lords”, as is the case with the second draft as well.

• The adjectival phrase adūnō “of the West” uses the draft-genitive case instead of the later genitive prefix an-.

• The verb form is rakkhatū, perhaps the draft past tense of an early version rakhat- of the verb rahat-. It later changed >> urahhata >> urahta >> yurahta. It is glossed “broke asunder” rather than simply “broke” as in later versions.

• The word for “Earth” is kamāt rather than later dâira.

• In the final phrase sōbēthumā eruvō “assent-with of God”, the two words are likely declined into the draft-instrumental and draft-genitive cases, respectively.

ar-pharazônun bâr ’nanadûnê

King Pharazon is Lord of Anadune

An example sentence illustrating Adûnaic grammar: it is a copula (a “to be” expression) without an explicit verb for “is” (SD/428). The subject of the sentence, Ar-Pharazônun, is in the subjective case, which represents the verb “to be”. The rest of the sentence, Bâr ’nAnadûnê “Lord of Anadune (Númenor)” is the predicate and is in the normal-case. This sentence also provides an example of the use of the genitive prefix an- “of”, here elided to ’n because of the preceding uninflected noun.

bâr ukallaba

the lord fell

An example sentence showing how the normal-case can sometimes be used for the subject of a sentence (SD/429). The subject is bâr “lord” while the verb has the masculine singular pronoun prefix u- “he”. Such a prefix is required when the subject is in the normal case (SD/429). The verb form kallaba is the past tense of kalab- “to fall”. This sentence is contrasted with bârun (u)kallaba in which the subject is in the subjective case.

bârun (u)kallaba

the lord fell, it was the lord who fell

An example sentence showing how the subjective case is used for the subject of sentences (SD/429). The subject bârun “lord” is the subjective form of bâr. The verb form kallaba is the past tense of kalab- “to fall”. The masculine singular pronoun prefix u- “he” is optional, but when present makes the sentence emphatic: “it was the lord who fell” (SD/429). This sentence is contrasted with bâr ukallaba in which the subject is instead in the normal-case, which makes the pronoun u- required rather than optional (but not emphatic).

mulkhêr

masculine name. Lord of Darkness

The Adûnaic name of Morgoth; it seems to be a loan word from Q. Melkor “Mighty Arising” (or some Avari variant of it), but it is glossed “Lord of Darkness” (SD/358). If this is the meaning of the word, the final element could be related to khôr “lord” appearing in the later name Adûnakhôr “Lord of the West”, or to the older rejected name Kherû “Lord”, also referring to Melkor. The initial element Mul- could perhaps be a distant variation on the Elvish root √MOR “dark”. Yet another possibility is that it was originally an ancient Elvish loan word (✶milikûr?) that shifted in form to resemble the meaning “Lord of Darkness”.

Conceptual Development: The first Adûnaic name for Morgoth, Mēlekō, was more clearly based on ᴹQ. Melko, which was the Quenya name for Melkor in that stage of Tolkien’s writing.

khôr Reconstructed

noun. lord

An element meaning “lord” appearing only in the name Adûnakhôr “Lord of the West”, though a similar form appears in the earlier names Kherû “Lord” and Mulkhêr “Lord of Darkness”. It isn’t clear whether this element is ✱akhôr or ✱khôr, but khôr resembles the Primitive Elvish root √KHER “rule, govern, possess”, to which it may be related.

This possible relationship has been suggested by various authors (AL/Adûnaic, EotAL/KHUR). Andreas Moehn rejected the relationship, pointing out that Primitive Elvish ✶khēru “lord” would have developed phonetically into Ad. ✱✱khîru (EotAL). However, khôr may be derived from some more ancient Avari loan word, which underwent different phonetic developments than those of the Eldarin languages, perhaps ✶kher- > khar > khaur > Ad. khôr.

ârû

noun. king

A noun translated as “king” (SD/429). The Adûnaic word for “queen” is not attested, but could be a feminized form of this word, such as ✱ârî.

balak

noun. ship

The noun for “ship”, attested only in the plural (balîk) and objective (balku) forms (SD/247, PM/151). Its plural form indicates that it is a strong-noun (Strong I), so its final vowel must be short. In theory its final vowel could be any of a, i or u, each of which would be replaced by long î in plural nouns. However, its attested objective form uses the variant objective-with-syncope form balku instead of ordinary ✱baluk. Since the Adûnaic syncope seems only to occur for nouns with two identical short vowels, this indicates the singular form of this word is balak.

yô Reconstructed

noun. gift

An element in the name Yôzâyan “Land of Gift” (UT/184, SD/241). The final element of this name is zâyan “land”, so its initial element yô most likely means “gift”, as suggested by several authors (AAD/24, AL/Adûnaic, EotAL/YAW), though Andreas Moehn points out this word could have the form yôz instead (EotAL/YAW).

hér

lord

hér noun "lord" (VT41:9), also heru, q.v.

túrin

noun. lord

condo

noun. lord

hér

noun. lord

artaher

masculine name. Noble Lord

The Quenya name of S. Orodreth in some of Tolkien’s later writings (PM/346, 350). It is a compound of the prefixal form arta- of arata “noble” and heru “lord”.

Conceptual Development: His Quenya name was initially Artanáro, but this was changed to Artaresto, while Artanáro became the Quenya name of his son Gil-galad (PM/350). Later, the name was changed again to Artaher and its Sindarin form to S. Arothir, which was probably meant to replace S. Orodreth in The Silmarillion, although Tolkien did not get around to making those changes. The name Artaresto is more compatible with his Sindarin name Orodreth in the published version of The Silmarillion.

ciryaher

masculine name. *Ship Lord

The given name of the 15th king of Gondor, later called Hyarmendacil (LotR/1045). This name is probably a compound of cirya “ship” and heru “lord”.

Conceptual Development: In drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices, his name was first given as Kiryahir, perhaps a combination with S. hîr “lord”.

falastur

masculine name. Lord of the Coasts

A title taken by the Gondorin king Tarannon to commemorate his naval victories, translated “Lord of the Coasts” (LotR/1044). This name is a compound of falassë “coast” and the suffix -tur “-lord”.

herumor

masculine name. *Black Lord

An evil Númenórean leader of the Haradrim at the end of the Second Age (S/293). His name seems to be a compound of heru “lord” and morë “black”. The name is translated “Black Númenórean” by Christopher Tolkien (PMI/Herumor) but a more literal translation would be “✱Black Lord”.

herunúmen

masculine name. Lord of the West

Tar-Herunúmen was the (somewhat heretical) Quenya name of the 20th ruler of Númenor, more commonly known by his Adûnaic name Ad. Ar-Adûnakhôr (S/267). His name is a compound of heru “lord” and númen “west”.

Conceptual Development: In the unfinished stories “The Lost Road” and “Notion Club Papers” from the 1930s and 40s, Tolkien used the term ᴹQ. Herunúmen to refer to the Valar as Lords of the West (LR/47, SD/310). Its use as a name of Adûnakhôr did not occur until The Lord of the Rings appendices were written (PM/164, note #11).

i héru aselyë

the Lord is with thee

The second line of Aia María, Tolkien’s translation of the Ave Maria prayer. This is a declarative statement. The first two words i Héru “the Lord” are the subject. The third word aselyë “with thee” is the predicate, a combination of the preposition as “with” and the pronoun lye “you (polite)”. As noted by the editors of the “Aia María” texts, the “to be” copula is often omitted in Quenya (VT43/30), so there is no Quenya equivalent of the English word “is” in the final version of the prayer.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> i Héru ase-lye = “✱the Lord [is] with-you”

Conceptual Development: The first version of the prayer did have the Quenya word for “is”: na, but it omitted the word for “the”. Tolkien considered several different prepositional elements for English “with”: ó (I-II) and ca(r) (III) before settling on as (IV).

| |  I  | II |III|IV| |{héru na >>}|na héru|i Héru| |{le se >> lese >>}|olesse|carelye|aselyë|

malantur

masculine name. ?Golden Lord

The son of Caliondo, who would have become the seventh ruler of Númenor had the laws not been changed to allow his cousin Ancalimë to become the first ruling queen (UT/208). The final element of his name seems to be the suffix -tur “master, lord”. The meaning of the initial element is unclear, but it might be related to malina “yellow, golden”, so meaning: “✱Golden Lord”.

ondoher

masculine name. *Stone Lord

The 31st king of Gondor (LotR/1038). His name is a compound ondo “stone” and heru “lord”.

Conceptual Development: In the drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices, Tolkien first gave his name as Ondohir, with a transient variation Ondonir (PM/195, 200). Ondohir was a “mixed name” whose final element was Sindarin S. hîr “lord” (PM/210). In the 2nd edition of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien changed it to the pure Quenya name Ondoher.

ostoher

masculine name. *City Lord

The 7th king of Gondor (LotR/1038). His name seems to be a compound osto “city” and heru “lord”.

Conceptual Development: In the drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices, Tolkien first gave his name as Ostohir, with a transient variation Ostonir (PM/197). Ostohir was a “mixed name” whose final element was Sindarin S. hîr “lord”, much like Ondohir which went through a similar conceptual development (PM/210). In the 2nd edition of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien changed it to the pure Quenya name Ostoher.

turondo

masculine name. Lord of Stone

A rejected Quenya name of Turgon, a compound of tur “lord” and ondo “stone” (PE17/112).

Artaher

noble lord

Artaher (Artahér-) masc. name "noble lord" (Sindarin Arothir) (PM:346)

Falastur

shore-lord

Falastur masc. name, *"Shore-lord" (Appendix A)

Fantur

lord of cloud

Fantur masc. name "lord of cloud", surname of Mandos (SPAN, TUR)

Malantur

lord, ruler

Malantur, masc. name. Apparently includes -(n)tur "lord, ruler". The initial element is unlikely to connect with the early "Qenya" element mala- "hurt, pain", and may rather reflect the root MALAT "gold" (PM:366): Malat-ntur > Malantur "Gold-ruler"? (UT:210)

Nurufantur

lord of death-cloud

Nurufantur noun "lord of Death-cloud", surname of Mandos (SPAN, ÑGUR)

Olofantur

lord of dream-cloud

Olofantur noun "lord of Dream-cloud", surname of the Vala Lórien (ÓLOS, SPAN, VT45:28)

Ostoher

city-lord

Ostoher noun masc. name, *"City-lord" (Appendix A)

Tarondor

lord of ondor (gondor)

Tarondor masc. name, *"Lord of Ondor (Gondor)" (Appendix A)

Tarostar

lord of ostar [?]

Tarostar masc. name, *"Lord of ostar [?]" (Appendix A)

Turondo

lord of stone

Turondo masc. name "Lord of stone" (PE17:112); see Turucáno.

Vëantur

vigorous lord

Vëantur, masc. name (UT:171), either "Vigorous lord" or "Sea-lord" (see vëa #1 and 2; those who prefer the translation *"Sea-lord" see this name as evidence that Tolkien maintained the Qenya noun vëa "sea" in later Quenya). Compare Vëandur.

annatar

masculine name. Lord of Gifts

A name used by Sauron while he deceived the Elves of Eregion into crafting the rings of power (S/287, UT/254). It is a compound of anna “gift” and the affix -tar “lord” (SA/anna, tar).

condo

prince, leader; lord

condo ("k")noun "prince, leader; lord" (PE17:113,117); possibly replaces cundu, q.v.

heru

lord, master

heru (also hér) noun "lord, master" (PM:210, KHER, LT1:272, VT44:12); Letters:283 gives hér (heru); the form Héru with a long vowel refers to God in the source where it appears (i Héru "the Lord", VT43:29). In names like Herumor "Black Lord" and Herunúmen "Lord of the West" (SA:heru). The form heruion is evidently a gen.pl. of heru "lord": "of the lords" (SD:290); herunúmen "Lord-of-West" (LR:47), title of Manwë. Pl. númeheruvi "Lords-of-West" (*"West-lords") in SD:246, a title of the Valar; does this form suggest that #heruvi is the regular plural of heru?

heru órava omessë

Lord, have mercy on us

The first line of Tolkien’s Quenya translation of the Litany of Loreto prayer (VT44/12). The first word is the noun heru “lord” followed by the aorist form of the verb órava- “to have mercy”. The last word omessë “on us” is the locative form (-ssë “on”) of the pronoun me “us”. The significance of the prefix o- is unclear, but Wynne, Smith and Hostetter suggested that it might be the preposition ó (VT44/15), though its translation elsewhere as “with” (VT43/29) does not seem appropriate. It could instead be the prefix o- “together”, though this does not fit well either. In later lines, Tolkien wrote (o)messë indicating the prefix was optional.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> Heru órava (o)me-ssë = “✱Lord have-mercy us-on”

Conceptual Development: Tolkien explored several ways of expressing “have mercy”. He first wrote a le·ana ocama, apparently meaning “(imperative) you give mercy”, with ocama a noun meaning “mercy” (VT44/12-13). He revised this to simply ocama >> ócama, apparently changing ocama to a verb meaning “to have mercy” (VT44/13). He then changed this verb to órava (VT44/14).

Tolkien also used several forms to express “on us”: dative men >> ómen >> (locative) ómesse.

indor

master (of house), lord

indor noun "master (of house), lord" (LT2:343; probably obsoleted together with indo "house", q.v.)

númeheru

lord of the west

#númeheru noun "Lord of the West" (númë + heru), attested in these inflected forms: 1) númeheruen "of [the] Lord of the West" (Manwë) (SD:290); this is "Qenya" with genitive in -en instead of -o as in LotR-style Quenya; 2) pl. númeheruvi "Lords-of-West" ("West-lords" = Valar) in SD:246.

sarto

trusty follower, loyal companion (member of comitatus of a lord, or prince)

sarto noun "trusty follower, loyal companion (member of comitatus of a lord, or prince)", also satar (PE17:183)

satar

trusty follower, loyal companion (member of comitatus of a lord, or prince)

satar noun "trusty follower, loyal companion (member of comitatus of a lord, or prince)", often in form sarto (PE17:183)

-tur

suffix. master, lord, ruler, master, lord, ruler, [ᴹQ.] victor

heru

noun. lord, master

heru imillion

proper name. Lord of the Rings

i túrin i cormaron

proper name. the Lord of the Rings

Eärendur (Lord of Andúnië)

Eärendur (Lord of Andúnië)

Eärendur means "Servant of the Sea" in Quenya (from eär , "sea" and -ndur, meaning "servant").

Valandil (Lord of Andúnië)

Valandil (Lord of Andúnië)

Valandil means "Devoted to the Valar" in Quenya (from Vala and the suffix -ndil, 'friend of', 'devoted to').

herunauco

9V7J5.DaH noun. dwarf-lord, dwarven lord

Tarannon

high-gift

Tarannon masc. name; ?"High-gift"? Or, if -annon is a Sindarin-influenced form of andon "great gate" rather than a masculinized form of anna "gift", "Lord of the Gate"??? (Appendix A)

Turucáno

turgon

Turucáno ("k") masc. name "Turgon" (PM:344). The meaning is something like "powerful commander" (see cáno). Another version gives Turondo "lord of stone" as the Q name of Turgon(d). (PE17:115), with a wholly distinct final element.

anna

gift

anna noun "gift" (ANA1, SA), "a thing handed, brought or sent to a person" (PE17:125), also name of tengwa #23 (Appendix E); pl. annar "gifts" in Fíriel's Song. Masc. name Annatar "Lord of Gifts, *Gift-lord", name assumed by Sauron when he tried to seduce the Eldar in the Second Age (SA:tar). Eruanna noun "God-gift", gift of God, i.e. "grace" (VT43:38)

aran

king

aran noun "king"; pl. arani (WJ:369, VT45:16, PE17:186); gen.pl. aranion "of kings" in asëa aranion, q.v.; aranya "my king" (aran + nya) (UT:193). Aran Meletyalda "king your mighty" = "your majesty" (WJ:369); aran Ondórëo, "a king of Gondor" (VT49:27). Also in arandil "king's friend, royalist", arandur "king's servant, minister" (Letters:386); Arantar masc. name, "King-Lord" (Appendix A); Arandor "Kingsland" region in Númenor (UT:165); the long form Arandórë appears as a name of Arnor in PE17:28 (elsewhere Arnanórë, q.v.) Othercompounds ingaran, Noldóran, Núaran, q.v.

arato

noble

arato noun "a noble" (PE17:147), in PE17:118 given as aratō and there glossed "lord" (often = "king"). Cf. aráto. The form cited in the latter source, aratō with a long final vowel, is evidently very archaic (compare Enderō under Ender); later the vowel would become short. (PE17:118)

axan

law, rule, commandment

axan noun "law, rule, commandment". Adopted and adapted from Valarin. (WJ:399) Pl. axani is attested (VT39:23, defined as "laws, rules, as primarily proceeding from Eru" in VT39:30). Apparently compounded in the name Axantur *"Commandment-lord" (= lord who respects and/or rules in accordance with God-given commandments?) (UT:210)

cirya

ship

cirya _("k")_noun "ship" (MC:213, 214, 220, 221), "(sharp-prowed) ship" (SA:kir-, where the word is misspelt círya with a long í; Christopher Tolkien probably confused it with the first element of the Sindarin name Círdan. It seems that Círyon, the name of Isildur's son, is likewise misspelt; read Ciryon as in the index and the main text of the Silmarillion. Cf. also kirya_ in Etym, stem KIR.) _Also in Markirya. In the Plotz letter, cirya is inflected for all cases except plural possessive (*ciryaiva). The curious dual form ciriat occurs in Letters:427, whereas Plotz gives the expected form ciryat. Locative ciryasse "upon a ship" (MC:216). Compounded in ciryaquen "shipman, sailor" (WJ:372), also ciryando (PE17:58), cf. also ciryamo "mariner" (UT:8). Masc. names Ciryaher* "Ship-lord" (Appendix A), Ciryandil "Ship-friend" (Appendix A), Ciryatan "Ship-builder" (Appendix A), also Tar-Ciryatan**, name of a Númenórean king, "King Shipbuilder" (SA:kir-)

cundo

guardian

cundo noun "guardian" (PM:260), "lord" (PE17:117)

ingwë

masculine name. Chief

Lord of the first tribe of the Elves and the high king of Elvenkind (S/52, 62). His name is ancient and its original meaning is unclear, but it is sometimes translated as “Chief”, and is interpreted as a combination of the root √ING “first, foremost” and the suffix -wë common in ancient names (PM/340).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this character was first named ᴱQ. Ing, but this was soon changed to ᴱQ. Inwe (LT1/22). The form become ᴹQ. Ingwe in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/13, LR/214), and the derivation for Ingwë discussed above had already emerged in The Etymologies (Ety/ING, WEG).

ondo

stone

ondo noun "stone" as a material, also "rock" (UT:459, GOND). Pl. ondor in an earlier variant of Markirya; partitive pl. locative ondolissë "on rocks" in the final version. Compounded in ondomaitar "sculptor in stone" (PE17:163), Ondoher masc.name, *"Stone-lord" (ondo alluding to Ondonórë = Sindarin Gondor, "stone-land") (Appendix A), #ondolunca ("k") "stonewain", possessive form in the place-name Nand Ondoluncava "Stonewain Valley" (PE17:28, also Ondoluncanan(do) as a compound). Ondolindë place-name "Gondolin" (SA:gond, J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 193); see Ondo. Earlier "Qenya" has Ondolinda _(changed from Ondolin) "singing stone, Gondolin" (LT1:254)_

túr

king

túr, tur noun "king" (PE16:138, LT1:260); rather aran in LotR-style Quenya, but cf. the verb tur-. Also compare the final element -tur, -ntur "lord" in names like Axantur, Falastur, Fëanturi, Vëantur (q.v.)

aran

noun. king

turco

noun. chief

#turco

chief

#turco (1) noun "chief" (isolated from Turcomund "chief bull", Letters:423). Turco, masc. name, see Turcafinwë.

-tar

king

-tar or tar-, element meaning "king" or "queen" in compounds and names (TĀ/TA3), e.g. Valatar; compare the independent nouns tár, tári. Prefix Tar- especially in the names of the Kings and Queens of Númenor (e.g. Tar-Amandil); see their individual names (like Amandil in this case), cf. also Tar-Mairon "King Excellent", title used by Sauron (PE17:183). Also in Tareldar "High-elves"; see also Tarmenel.

Aldaron

aldaron

Aldaron noun, a name of Oromë (GÁLAD)

Ara-

noble

Ara-, ar- a prefixed form of the stem Ara- "noble" (PM:344). In the masc. names Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername (amilessë, q.v.) of Fingolfin (PM:360, cf. 344), Arafinwë "Finarfin" (MR:230)

Ingwë

chief

Ingwë masc. name, "chief", name of the "prince of Elves" _(PM:340, ING, WEG, VT45:18). Pl. Ingwer "Chieftains", what the Vanyar called themselves (so in PM:340, but in PM:332 the plural has the more regular form Ingwi). Ingwë Ingweron "chief of the chieftains", proper title of Ingwë as high king (PM:340)_. In the Etymologies, Ingwë is also said to be the name of a symbol used in writing: a short carrier with an i-tehta above it, denoting short i (VT45:18).

Núaran

west-king

Núaran noun "West-king"; Núaran Númenoren "West-king of Númenor"; changed (according to LR:71) to Núraran Númenen, *"West-king of the West" (all of this is "Qenya" with genitive in -n instead of -o, as in Tolkien's later Quenya) (LR:60)

Sorontar

king of eagles

Sorontar (þ) masc. name "King of Eagles", Sindarin Thorondor, name of a great Eagle (SA:thoron, THOR/THORON, TĀ/TA3)

Tarumbar

king of the world

Tarumbar noun; apparently "King of the World" (possibly an ephemeral form): this would be tár "king" (q.v.) + umbar as a variant of Ambar "world".

Vardo Meoita

prince of cats

Vardo Meoita noun "Prince of Cats" (LT2:348; vardo "prince" is hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya; cf. vard-, vardar. Later Quenya has cundu for "prince".)

anna, anwa

noun. gift

anwa

noun. gift

arquen

noble

arquen noun "a noble" (WJ:372), "knight" (PE17:147)

aráto

champion, eminent man

aráto noun "champion, eminent man" (SA:ar(a) )

cundu

prince

†cundu ("k")noun "prince" (KUNDŪ; the "†_" indicating that this word is poetic or archaic was omitted in the Etymologies as printed in LR; see VT45:24)._ Cf. condo.

haran

king, chieftain

haran (#harn-, as in pl. harni) noun "king, chieftain" (3AR, TĀ/TA3, VT45:17; for "king", the word aran is to be preferred in LotR-style Quenya). In a deleted entry in the Etymologies, haran was glossed "chief" (VT45:17)

héra

chief, principal

héra adj. "chief, principal" (KHER)

on

stone

on, ondo noun "stone" (LT2:342, LT1:254 probably only ondo in LotR-style Quenya, see below). Various "Qenya" forms: ondoli "rocks" (MC:213; this would be a partitive plural in LotR-style Quenya), ondolin "rocks" (MC:220), ondoisen "upon rocks" (MC:221), ondolissen "rocks-on" (MC:214; the latter form, partitive plural locative, is still valid in LotR-style Quenya).

sorontar

masculine name. King of Eagles

The Quenya name of Thorondor, a compound of the prefixal form soron- of soron “eagle” and the word element -tar “king” used in compounds (SA/thoron; Ety/TĀ, THOR).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this character’s name once appeared as ᴱQ. Ramandur (LT2/203) but in this instance it was replaced by ᴱQ. Sorontur “King of Eagles”, which was his usual Qenya name in the early stories (LT1/73, LT2/192). His name appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s as ᴹQ. Sorontar “King of Eagles”, and these entries are the source for the etymology given above (Ety/TĀ, THOR). This name appeared in Silmarillion revisions and notes from the 1950s (MR/410, WJ/272) and also in The Silmarillion appendix (SA/thoron), but Christopher Tolkien did not include it in the main text of the published version of The Silmarillion.

taran

king

taran (1) noun "king", possibly ephemeral variant of aran, q.v. (PE17:186)

tarumbar

proper name. King of the World

A title of assumed by Morgoth when he lay claim to the world in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (MR/121), but not appearing in the published version of The Silmarillion. This name is a compound of tar- “king” and Ambar “World”, the second element appearing in its rarer alternate form: Umbar (see PE17/105).

Conceptual Development: The title was first written as (rejected) Aran Endór “King of Middle-earth”.

turu-

verb. master, defeat, have victory over

turu- (1) vb. "master, defeat, have victory over" (PE17:113, not clearly said to be Quenya, but the Q name Turucundo "Victory-prince" is listed immediately afterwards). Compare tur-; cf. also *turúna.

tár

king

tár noun "king" (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes); the pl. tári "kings" must not be confused with the sg. tári "queen" (TĀ/TA3). Prefix tar-, compare -tar above. The normal Quenya word for "king" is aran, but compare Tarumbar.

vardar

king

vardar noun "king" (LT1:273; rather aran in LotR-style Quenya)

venno

husband

venno noun "husband" (cited as **verno_ in the Etymologies as printed in LR, entry BES, but according to VT45:7, this is a misreading of Tolkien's manuscript)_. In a later source, the word for "husband" is given as veru, q.v.

verno

husband

**verno noun "husband", misreading for venno, q.v. (BES)

veru

husband

veru (1) noun "husband" (VT49:45). An earlier source gives the word for "husband" as venno.

veru

noun. husband

The most common word for “husband” in Quenya (VT49/45).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s where ᴱQ. veru “husband” appeared as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√VEŘE [VEÐE] (QL/101). In the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s the word for “husband” appeared as ᴱQ. vero, but this form was marked as archaic (†) and became in normal speech the longer word ᴱQ. veruner (PE15/74). In Early Noldorin Word-lists and notes on the Valmaric Script from the 1920s the word was still veru (PE13/146; PE14/112), and in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s Tolkien gave ᴹQ. veru “husband” as an example of a ū-declension (PE21/15).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, Tolkien gave a different form ᴹQ. venno for “husband” while ᴹQ. veru was a dual form meaning “husband and wife, married pair”, both derived from the root ᴹ√BES “wed” (Ety/BES). The nn in venno is because it was derived from primitive ᴹ✶besnō and sn > zn > nn in Quenya (PE19/49). In a 1969 note, Tolkien restored Q. veru for “husband”, deriving it instead from a root √BER “to mate, be mated, joined in marriage” (VT49/45).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I prefer to retain the 1930s root ᴹ√BES for marriage words in order to preserve Noldorin/Sindarin forms, but I would still use the well-established veru for “husband”, just conceived of as a derivative of the root √BES, coming from ✱besū with intervocalic s > z > r.

ʼondō

noun. stone

PQ. stone

eldatár

`Vm#1~C6 noun. elf-king, elfking, elven-king

uzbad

noun. lord

balin fundinul uzbad khazaddûmu

Balin son of Fundin Lord of Moria

durin

masculine name. king

árātō

noun. lord

arāt-chír

masculine name. Noble Lord

@@@ not an actual ancient form, but only representative of the sounds changes that might have occurred

kherū

noun. lord, master

khēr

noun. lord, master

turukāno

masculine name. Ruling Lord

kheru

verb. lord it over, be master of, own

turū

noun. Great Lord or King

annā

noun. gift

verū

noun. husband

brannon

noun. lord

brannon

noun. lord

dunhirion

place name. ?West Lord Land

Earlier name for Annúminas appearing in the drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices (PM/167). It may be a combination of dûn “west”, hîr “lord” and the suffix -ion used in the names of lands.

fannor

masculine name. Cloud-lord

Noldorin equivalent of ᴹQ. Fantur, surname of Mandos and Lórien, derived from the same primitive form ᴹ✶Spanturo (Ety/SPAN, TUR; EtyAC/SPAN). It also appears in its plural form Fennuir, Fennyr (Ety/SPAN, Ety/LEP). In an early (rejected) entry in The Etymologies it was glossed “cloud-lord” (EtyAC/SPAN).

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, the surname of the Vala-brothers was G. Fanthor (GL/18, 34).

gurfannor

masculine name. Lord of Death-cloud

A surname for Mandos appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, a combination of guru “death” and the name Fannor “Cloud-lord” that he shared with his brother Lórien (Ety/ÑGUR, SPAN).

Conceptual Development: This name appeared as G. Gwifanthor or Gwefanthor in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/34, 45), a combination of his short name G. Gwî with G. Fanthor, precursor of N. Fannor.

olfannor

masculine name. Lord of Dream-cloud

A surname for Lórien appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, a combination of ôl “dream” and the name Fannor “Cloud-lord” that he shared with his brother Mandos (Ety/ÓLOS, SPAN).

Conceptual Development: This name appeared as G. Olfanthor in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/34, 62), a combination of the root or short form of G. oloth “dream” with G. Fanthor, precursor of N. Fannor.

galathir

masculine name. Tree-lord

An early name for S. Celeborn appearing in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s as a combination of galadh “tree” and the lenited form of hîr “lord” (TI/249).

-dor

suffix. *king, lord

heron

noun. lord, master

meneldor

masculine name. *Lord of the Heavens

ennyn ðurin aran vória

the Doors of Durin Lord of Moria

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

felagund

masculine name. Lord of Caves

herth

noun. household, troop under a "hîr" (master, lord)

hîr

noun. master, lord

âr

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

gwaewar

masculine name. Windlord

gwaihir

masculine name. Windlord

herven

noun. husband

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “husband”, a combination of ᴹ√KHER “govern” and N. benn “man” (which itself archaically meant “husband”), the latter element based on the root ᴹ√BES “wed” (Ety/BES, KHER).

Conceptual Development: In Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s, “husband” was {gwidhion >>} ᴱN. gwedhion, based on the root ᴱ√wed- having to do with marriage (PE13/146). It has a negated form ᴱN. yrwidhion “without husband” (PE13/156). Another precursor was ᴱQ. heruvesto “lord husband” from Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, which was assembled from elements similar to N. hervenn, but in the Qenya branch of the language instead.

Neo-Sindarin: In later writings, Tolkien seems to have revised ᴹ√BES > √BER as the basis for marriage words (VT49/45). However, I prefer to retain the 1930s root ᴹ√BES and would therefore use hervenn for “husband” in Neo-Sindarin, though ᴺS. bethron “spouse (m.)” is an alternative.

ernil

noun. prince

cunn

noun. prince

ant

noun. gift

ant

noun. gift

ceir

noun. ship

ceir

noun. ship

cunn

noun. prince

cîr

noun. ship

gondrafn

noun. hewn stone

gondram

noun. hewn stone

gonn

noun. great stone, rock

heron

noun. master

herven

noun. husband

hervenn

noun. husband

hervenn

noun. husband

orthor-

verb. to master, conquer

sarn

noun. stone (as a material)

Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11

sarn

noun. small stone

Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11

taur

noun. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes)

In LotR/IV:IV, Frodo is called Daur, which might be the mutated form of this word

thorondor

masculine name. King of Eagles

âr

noun. king

meneldor

masculine name. *Lord of the Heavens

One of the great eagles (LotR/950), his name appears to be a combination of menel “the heavens” and -dor “lord” (RC/625).

Conceptual Development: His name was already N. Meneldor when it first appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (SD/45).

arador

masculine name. *Noble-lord

The 14th chieftain of the Dúnedain, grandfather of Aragorn (LotR/1038). The initial element of his name is the prefix ar(a)- “noble” and its final element might be -dor “lord”.

Conceptual Development: In the draft of Appendix A of the Lord of the Rings, his name was first given as Arv[or]eg (4th and 5th letters unclear), revised to Arador (PM/211).

arothir

masculine name. Noble Lord

A name Tolkien considered as a replacement for Orodreth in some of his late writings from 1965 (PM/350). The name is a combination of arod “noble” and hîr “lord”. @@@ Etymology

barahir

masculine name. *Fiery-lord

Father of Beren (S/148). His name may be a combination of [N.] bara “fiery” and hîr “lord” (SA/hîr).

Conceptual Development: In his earliest appearance, the father of Beren was named was G. Egnor (LT2/11). In the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s, his name was changed to ᴱN. Barahir (LB/153), and this remained his name thereafter. In The Etymologies from the 1930s, Tolkien designated Barahir as Noldorin with the etymology given above (Ety/BARAS, KHER).

In later writings, the language of this name is unclear. It is often assumed (as it is here) that later forms of the name are Sindarin with the same (or similar) derivations as that given in The Etymologies. However, it may be that the later form of the name was Beorian, like other ambiguous names such as Baragund.

celebrindor

masculine name. *Silver-lord

5th king of Arthedain (LotR/1038). His name is most likely a combination of celebrin “silver” and the suffixal form -dor “lord”.

Conceptual Development: In drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices, this name first appeared as (rejected) N. Celemenegil and N. Celebrindol (PM/208).

duinhir

masculine name. *River Lord

A Gondorian, Lord of Blackroot Vale (LotR/770). His name is most likely a combination of duin “river” and hîr “lord” (as suggested by David Salo, GS/347).

orchaldor

masculine name. *Tall Lord

Husband of Ailinel (UT/210). His name seems to be a compound of orchal “tall” and -dor “lord”.

Conceptual Development: Some similar names appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s: N. Orchelanath and (rejected) Orchallamath (EtyAC/KHAL², MBAT(H)).

Arador

noun. royal lord

ara (prefix “high, noble, royal”) + taur (“king, lord”)

Barahir (Barachir)

noun. fiery lord

bara (“fiery”) + hîr (“lord”)

Duinhir

noun. river lord

duin (“river”) + hîr (“lord”)

Elrohir

noun. elf-horse lord

el (from CE *eldā- connected or concerned with the stars) + roch (“horse”) + hîr (“master, lord”)

Gwaihir

noun. wind lord

gwaew (“wind”) + hîr (“lord”)

Turgond-

noun. 'Lord of Stone'

prop. n. 'Lord of Stone'. . This gloss was rejected.

Turgorn

noun. 'Ruling Lord'

prop. n. 'Ruling Lord'. . This gloss was rejected.

felagon

masculine name. *Fair-minded Lord

A “Sindarized” interpretation of the name Felagund, a combination of fael “fair-minded” and the suffix -gon “lord” (PM/352). See the entry for Felagund for further discussion.

-dor

suffix. *king, lord

[properly the suffix is -tor, but it always undergoes soft mutation to -dor]

-gon

suffix. lord, prince, lord, prince; [N.] valour

aran

noun. king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person, king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)

aran gondor ar arnor ar hîr i mbair annui

king of Gondor and Arnor and Lord of the Westlands

hîr

noun. lord, master

Felagund

noun. lord of the caves

fela (“cave”) + cund (“prince”) [Etym. KUNDŪ-, PHÉLEG-] In PM:352 said to be of Dwarvish origin, deriving from felakgundu, felaggundu “cave-hewer”, Eldarized into Felagon; this explanation entered the Silmarillion Index.

Thorondor

noun. eagle lord

thoron (“eagle”) + taur (“king”)

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

hîr

noun. master, lord

rochir

noun. horse-lord

gwaihir

masculine name. Windlord

Lord of the eagles, translated “Windlord” (LotR/261) or “Lord of the Storm” (LR/301). It is a combination of gwae “wind” and hîr “lord” (PE17/33). It appears that in this name, the older diphthong [ai] was preserved from the primitive ✶waiwa(y) > S. gwae.

Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name first appeared as N. Gwaewar (LR/301), and so appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/134), though in one place it appeared as Gwaiwar (TI/151). Tolkien eventually changed it to N. Gwaehir >> Gwaihir (TI/430), and it mostly kept this form thereafter, though it occasionally appeared as Gwaehir (MR/410), which would be more in keeping with the usual [[n|revision of [ai] to [ae]]].

heron

lord

(i cheron, o cheron) (master), pl. heryn (i cheryn), coll. pl. heronnath** (VT45:22). Since the pl. heryn clashes with the fem. sg. heryn** ”lady”, other words for ”lord” may be preferred.

hîr

lord

1. hîr (i chîr, o chîr; also hir-, her- at the beginning of compounds) (master), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i chîr), coll. pl. híriath (Letters:282, 386; VT41:9); 2) heron (i cheron, o cheron) (master), pl. heryn (i cheryn), coll. pl. heronnath (VT45:22)._ _Since the pl. heryn clashes with the fem. sg. heryn ”lady”, other words for ”lord” may be preferred. 3) brannon (i vrannon), pl. brennyn (i mrennyn), coll. pl. brannonnath; 4) tûr (i dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (mastery, power, control; master, victor), pl. tuir (i thuir), coll. pl. túrath.

brannon

lord

(i** vrannon), pl. brennyn (i** mrennyn), coll. pl. brannonnath

hîr

lord

(i chîr, o chîr; also hir-, her- at the beginning of compounds) (master), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i chîr), coll. pl. híriath (Letters:282, 386; VT41:9)

tûr

lord

(i** dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (mastery, power, control; master, victor), pl. tuir (i** thuir), coll. pl. túrath.

ernil

noun. prince

A noun for “prince” appearing in phrases like Ernil i Pheriannath “Prince of the Halflings” (LotR/768) and Dor-en-Ernil “Land of the Prince” (UT/245). Its initial element is likely a reduced form of aran “king, noble person”; compare to ar(a)- “noble” of similar origin. If so, the a became e due to i-affection. The final -il is harder to explain, because normally -il is a feminine suffix. Perhaps it is a reduction of hîl “heir”, so that the literal meaning is “✱king’s heir, royal heir”.

Conceptual Development: N. ernil also appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/287).

rochir

horse-lord

rochir (knight, rider), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rochir), coll. pl. rochirrim (UT:318, Letters:178, 282)

rochir

horse-lord

rochir (knight, rider), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rochir), coll. pl. rochirrim (UT:318, Letters:178, 282)

rochir

horse-lord

(knight, rider), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rochir), coll. pl. *rochirrim** (UT:318, Letters:178, 282)*

Arothir

noun. Arothir

noble lord; arod (“noble”) + hîr (“lord”) S equivalent of Q Artaher.

herdir

master

(noun) 1) herdir (i cherdir), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i cherdir). Possibly used = ”Mr.” (i cherdir Perhael ”the Master Samwise” or *”Mr. Samwise”). (SD:128-31). Coll. pl. ?herdiriath. 2) heron (i cheron, o cheron) (lord), pl. heryn (i cheryn), coll. pl. heronnath. (VT45:22)._ Since the pl. heryn clashes with the fem. sg. heryn ”lady”, other words for ”lord, master” may be preferred. 3) hîr (i chîr, o chîr; also hir-, her- at the beginning of compounds) (lord), no distinct pl. form even with article (i chîr). (Letters:282, 386; VT41:9)_ 4) (also used = ”mastery”) tûr (i dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (victory, power, control; victor, lord), pl. tuir (i thuir), coll. pl. túrath

heron

master

(i cheron, o cheron) (lord), pl. heryn (i cheryn), coll. pl. heronnath. (VT45:22). Since the pl. heryn clashes with the fem. sg. heryn ”lady”, other words for ”lord, master” may be preferred.

herth

household

herth (i cherth, o cherth) (troop under a hîr = lord), pl. hirth (i chirth)

herth

household

(i cherth, o cherth) (troop under a hîr = lord), pl. hirth (i chirth)

hîr

master

(i chîr, o chîr; also hir-, her- at the beginning of compounds) (lord), no distinct pl. form even with article (i chîr). (Letters:282, 386; VT41:9) 

rochir

knight

rochir (rider, horse-lord), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rochir), coll. pl. rochirrim (UT:318, Letters:178, 282)

rochir

knight

(rider, horse-lord), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rochir), coll. pl. *rochirrim** (UT:318, Letters:178, 282)*

tûr

master

(i dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (victory, power, control; victor, lord), pl. t**uir (i th**uir), coll. pl. túrath

tûr

master, mastery

(i dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (victory, power, control; victor, lord), pl. t**uir (i th**uir), coll. pl. túrath

arod

adjective. noble

herdir

noun. master

thorondor

masculine name. King of Eagles

The King of the Eagles (S/110), his name is a combination of thoron “eagle” and the suffix -dor “king” (SA/thoron, Let/427).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this character was named Thorndor “King of Eagles” (LT2/192), a form that also appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/34, 102; LR/126). The form Thorondor first appeared as a late change in the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s (LB/292), and this new form gradually supplanted the old one in the Silmarillion drafts (LR/145, 256). N. Thorondor was the only form to appear in The Etymologies, where it was translated “King of Eagles” and given the derivation described above (Ety/THOR).

tûr

noun. master, [N.] mastery, victory, [ᴱN.] power [over others]; [S.] master

arphen

noun. a noble

arth

adjective. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted)

Ara-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ar-, Arathorn

Turgon

noun. Turgon

prop. n.

Turgon

noun. Turgon

master-shout (if interpretable at all); tûr (“mastery, victory”) + caun (“outcry, clamour” ) S name of Turukáno.

ann

noun. gift

n. gift.

ann

noun. gift

The most commonly accepted Sindarin word for “gift” is S. ann, equivalent to Quenya Q. anna “gift”, both derived from ✶annā based on the root √ANA “towards” (PE17/90). It was also an element in the names Melian “Dear Gift” (SA/mel) and Rían “Crown Gift” (Ety/RIG). However, Tolkien experimented with a variety of other forms throughout his life.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. ôn “gift” related to the verb G. antha- “give” (GL/19, 62), both based on the early root ᴱ√ANA “give, send towards” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/31). The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. {ann >>} ant “gift” under the root ᴹ√ANA “to, towards” (Ety/ANA¹; EtyAC/ANA¹). S. ann “gift” < ✶annā appeared in notes from around 1967 (PE17/90). In Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 Tolkien had S. anw as the equivalent of Q. anwa “gift” (PE22/163), perhaps derived from ✱(h)an-mā.

anw

noun. gift

anw

noun. gift

ar-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ara-, Arathorn

ara

noun. king

_ n. _king. 

arben

noun. knight

_ n. _knight. Q. arquen. i·arben na megil and 'The Knight of the Long Sword'.

arben

noun. knight

arod

adjective. noble

arod

noble

1b _adj._noble. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

adj. #noble.

arod

adjective. noble

d adj. noble. Q. arata. >> raud

cair

noun. ship

cair

noun. ship

The Sindarin word for “ship”, most notably appearing as an element in the name Cair Andros “Ship of Long Foam” (LotR/812; PM/371). It is derived from primitive ✶kiryā, with the ancient i becoming e via a-affection [kery(a)], then the y intruding into the main syllable to form the diphthong ei [keir], and ultimately ei becoming ai as usual in final syllables in Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s [kair]. This word has a somewhat unusual plural, since ī replaced final ā in its ancient plural [kiryā-ī > kirī], so that a-affection did not occur resulting in a modern plural form cîr “ships” (PE17/147). Its class plural is likewise the somewhat unusual ciriath “[all the] ships” for similar reasons.

Conceptual Development: The Etymologies from around 1937 had N. ceir “ship” under the root ᴹ√KIR “cleave” (Ety/KIR), since in Noldorin of the 1930s ei did not (usually) become ai in final syllables. In Primitive Quendian Structure: Final Consonants from 1936, Tolkien gave cīr “ship”, first marked “N.”, then “Ilk.”, then “N. & Ilk.” (PE21/57 and note #28). It had the class plurals círiath or ciriath but it is not clear which of these was the intended final form (PE21/57 note #28). I think ciriath is more phonologically plausible; compare class plural S. Firiath “Mortals” vs. ordinary plural Fîr (WJ/387).

Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s had the word ᴱN. cair followed by ᴱN. braithgair, but neither word was translated (PE13/139-140).

caun

noun. prince, ruler

caun

prince

pl1. cónin {ō} n. prince, chief, head.

cund

noun. prince

ernil

noun. prince

gond

noun. great stone, rock

gond

stone

_n. _stone, rock. Archaic S. gond > gonn. Q. ondo. >> Gondor

gondren

adjective. (made) of stone

herdir

noun. master

rohir

noun. knight

sarn

noun. stone (as a material)

Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11

sarn

noun. small stone

Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11

Felagund

Felagund

From Khuzdul Felakgundu, "Hewer of Caves"

Naugladur

Naugladur

The name Naugladur was never explained by Tolkien, but it is likely a Goldogrin name meaning "King [of the] Dwarves".

Turgon

Turgon

Turgon is the Sindarized version of his Quenya father-name, Turukáno. The latter contains the element káno ("commander").

ant

gift

ant, pl. aint, coll. pl. annath. Also ann (-an at the end of compounds), pl. ain.

ant

gift

pl. aint, coll. pl. annath. Also ann (-an at the end of compounds), pl. ain.

ar

noble

(adjectival prefix) ar- (high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

ar

noble

(high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

aran

king

1. (king of a region) aran (pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural). 2) (king of a people) †taur (i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. _T_Ā to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

aran

king

(pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural).

arn

noble

(adjective) 1) arn (royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic *araud), pl. aroed. 2) brand (high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind; 3) raud (eminent, high), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

arn

noble

(royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic ✱araud), pl. aroed.

arphen

noble

(noun, "a noble") 1) arphen, pl. erphin; 2) raud (eminent man, champion), pl.roed (idh roed), coll. pl. rodath.

arphen

noble

pl. erphin

arwen

noble woman

(pl. erwin).****

benn

husband

(i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). Later used = "man" in general.

brand

noble

(high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind

cair

ship

cair (in compounds cír-) (i gair, o chair), pl. cîr, i chîr; coll. pl. ciriath.

cair

ship

(in compounds cír-) (i gair, o chair), pl. cîr, i chîr; coll. pl. ciriath.

cirion

shipman

(i girion) (sailor), pl. ciryn (i chiryn), coll. pl. cirionnath.

conin

prince

(i chonin), occurring in the Cormallen Praise, is translated "princes" (Conin en Annûn = "princes of the west", Letters:308), but it is unclear what the singular would be. (David Salo suggests caun, though this word has two different meanings already; see

cund

prince

(i gund, o chund, construct cun), pl. cynd (i chynd) (VT45:24).

círdan

shipbuilder, shipwright

(i gírdan, o chírdan) (shipwright), pl. círdain (i chírdain).

ernil

prince

1. ernil (no distinct pl. form), 2) †cund (i gund, o chund, construct cun), pl. cynd (i chynd) (VT45:24). 3) The plural form conin (i chonin), occurring in the Cormallen Praise, is translated "princes" (Conin en Annûn = "princes of the west", Letters:308), but it is unclear what the singular would be. (David Salo suggests caun, though this word has two different meanings already; see SHOUT, VALOUR)

ernil

prince

(no distinct pl. form)

gond

stone

(i ’ond, construct gon) (great stone or rock), pl. gynd (i ngynd = i ñynd), coll. pl. gonnath (Letters:410).

gondrath

street of stone

(i ’ondrath) (causeway, raised stone highway), pl. gendraith (i ngendraith = i ñendraith). Archaic pl. göndreith. (WJ:340)

gondren

made of stone, stony

(stony), lenited ’ondren, pl. gendrin. Archaic pl. göndrin (TI:270).

gonhir

master of stone

(i ’Onhir), no distinct pl. form except with article (i Ngonhir = i Ñonhir), maybe primarily used as a coll. pl. Gonhirrim  (WJ:205, there spelt ”Gonnhirrim”)

gôn

stone

(i ’ôn, construct gon); pl. gŷn, coll. pl. #gonath as in Argonath.

herdir

master

(i cherdir), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i cherdir). Possibly used = ”Mr.” (i cherdir Perhael ”the Master Samwise” or ✱”Mr. Samwise”). (SD:128-31). Coll. pl. ?herdiriath.

hervenn

husband

1. hervenn (i chervenn, o chervenn), pl. hervinn (i chervinn); 2) (archaic) benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). Later used = "man" in general.

hervenn

husband

(i chervenn, o chervenn), pl. hervinn (i chervinn)

main

chief

(adj.) main (lenited vain; pl. mîn) (prime, prominent) (VT45:15)

main

chief

(lenited vain; pl. mîn) (prime, prominent) (VT45:15)

orthor

master

(vb.) orthor (i orthor, in ertherir for archaic in örtherir) (conquer)

orthor

master

(i orthor, in ertherir for archaic in örtherir) (conquer)

raud

noble

(eminent, high), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed.  4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

sarn

stone

1. (small stone, or stone as material) sarn (i harn, o sarn), pl. sern (i sern); also used as adj. ”stony, made of stone”. 2) gôn (i **ôn, construct gon); pl. gŷn, coll. pl. #**gonath as in Argonath. 3) (larger stone) gond (i **ond, construct gon) (great stone or rock), pl. gynd (i ngynd = i ñynd), coll. pl. gonnath** (Letters:410).

sarn

stone

(i harn, o sarn), pl. sern (i sern); also used as adj. ”stony, made of stone”.

sarn

made of stone, stony

(lenited harn; pl. sern); also used as noun ”small stone, pebble, stone [as material]”; as adj. also = ”stony”.

taur

king

(i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. TĀ to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

goth

noun. lord or master

aráta

adjective. noble