Quenya 

mo

one, someone, anyone

mo, indefinite pronoun "one, someone, anyone" (VT42:34, VT49:19, 20, 26)

mo

somebody, one

Quenya [PE 22:154] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

mo

pronoun. one, anyone, someone, somebody

Derivations

  • “person”

Element in

Variations

  • ✧ VT47/37; VT49/20; VTE/47
Quenya [PE22/154; VT42/34; VT47/37; VT49/19; VT49/20; VT49/26; VTE/47] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mol-

labour

mol- vb. "labour" (a form mólë also listed is presumably the pa.t. though it could also be "labour" as a noun) (PE17:115)

Námo

person, somebody

námo (2) noun "a person, somebody" (PM:340 writers may prefer the synonym quén to avoid confusion with # 1)

moia-

labour, be afflicted

moia- vb. "labour, be afflicted" (VT43:31)

-o

person, somebody

-o (2), also -ó, "a person, somebody", pronominal suffix (PM:340)

móta-

labour, toil

móta- noun "labour, toil" (MŌ)

a

cardinal. one

Quenya [PE 22:94; PE 22:124f] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

erëa

cardinal. one

erëa adj.? "one" or *"single", apparently an adjectival form (see er) (VT44:17)

min

cardinal. one

min numeral "one", also minë (VT45:34, VT48:6)

min

cardinal. one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first

Cognates

  • S. min “one, one, [G.] single” ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06
  • T. min “one” ✧ VT48/06

Derivations

  • min “one”
    • MIN “one, first of a series, one, first of a series; [ᴹ√] stand alone, stick out”

Element in

Quenya [PE17/095; VT48/06] Group: Eldamo. Published by

minë

cardinal. one

minë numeral "one", also min (MINI, VT45:34)

mir

cardinal. one

mir (2) cardinal "one" (LT1:260; in LotR-style Quenya rather minë)

noun. hand

hand

Quenya [PE 18:35] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

hand

noun "hand" (MA3, LT2:339, Narqelion, VT39:10, [VT45:30], VT47:6, 18, 19); the dual "a pair of hands" is attested both by itself as mát (VT47:6) and with a pronominal suffix as máryat "his/her (pair of) hands" (see -rya, -t) (Nam, RGEO:67). The nominative plural form was only máli, not **már (VT47:6), though plurals in -r may occur in some of the cases, as indicated by the pl. allative mannar "into hands" (FS). Mánta "their hand", dual mántat "their hands" (two hands each) (PE17:161). Cf. also the compounds mátengwië "language of the hands" (VT47:9) and Lungumá "Heavyhand" (VT47:19); also compare the adj. -maitë "-handed". See also málimë.

noun. hand

Quenya [PE 22:160] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

noun. hand

The most common Quenya word for “hand”, which Tolkien usually derived from a root √MAH or √MAƷ “hand; handle, wield”. The weak consonant h or ʒ in the root was lost very early, so that primitive ✶ was one of a rare set of ancient monosyllabic nouns ending in a vowel. Tolkien said that of the various hand words, was “the oldest (probably) and the one that retained a general and unspecialized sense — referring to the entire hand (including wrist) in any attitude or function” (VT47/6).

As a part of the body, “hand” was usually referred to in the singular () or dual (mát). This was true when referring to the hands of groups of people as well. For example, to say that “the Elves raised their hands”, you would say either i Eldar ortaner mánta (singular, one hand each) or i Eldar ortaner mántat (dual, both hands each), with the possessive suffix -nta “their”.

The plural form már “hands” (or archaic †mai) was almost never used, in part because it conflicted with Q. már “dwelling”. The singular form was also used in general statements and proverbs: “hand is cleverer than foot” má anfinya epe tál (ná). A collection of otherwise unrelated hands would likely use the partitive-plural form: máli “some hands”, which in this case could also serve as the general plural (VT47/12 Note 2). See the discussions on PE17/161 and VT47/6 for more information.

This word is also unusual in that it retains its long vowel before consonant clusters in inflected forms such as mánta “their hand” (PE17/161) or márya “his/her hand” (PE17/69). As Tolkien described it:

> is usually shortened to la before 2 consonants, according to the usual Q. procedure, but the long vowel can be retained, especially for additional emphasis, as in other cases where pronominal affixes follow a long vowel, as in márya “his hand” (PE22/160).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to ᴱQ. “hand” from Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√MAHA “grasp” (QL/57). ᴹQ. “hand” also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√MAƷ “hand” (Ety/MAƷ). Tolkien mentioned this word with great frequency, usually derived from √MAH or √MAƷ (as noted above) though he sometimes considered deriving it from √MAG instead.

Cognates

  • S. maw “hand” ✧ PE17/162; VT47/06
  • T. “hand” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/06

Derivations

  • MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ PE17/069; PE17/162; PE19/100; VT39/11; VT47/19
  • MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ PE17/161; VT47/18
  • “hand” ✧ PE19/102; VT47/06
    • maha “hand, the manager” ✧ PE19/074; PE19/102; VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/35
    • MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/18
    • MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
    • MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ PE21/70
    • MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
  • maha “hand, the manager” ✧ PE19/106; VT47/18
    • MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/18
    • MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
MAƷ > [maɣa] > [mā]✧ PE17/069
MAG > [maga] > [maɣa] > [mā]✧ PE17/161
MAƷ > [mā]✧ PE17/162
MAƷ > [maɣa] > [mā]✧ PE19/100
māh > [māh] > [mā]✧ PE19/102
māʒ > [māɣ] > [mā]✧ PE19/106
maha > [maha] > [mā]✧ VT39/11
> [mā]✧ VT47/06
māʒ(ă) > [māɣa] > [mā]✧ VT47/18
mag > [māga] > [māɣa] > [mā]✧ VT47/18
MAƷA > [maɣa] > [mā]✧ VT47/19

Variations

  • ✧ PE17/069; PE17/161; VT39/09; VT39/11; VT47/18; VT47/18
  • ✧ PE19/102
  • ✧ PE19/106
Quenya [LotR/0377; PE17/069; PE17/070; PE17/130; PE17/135; PE17/161; PE17/162; PE19/100; PE19/102; PE19/106; PE22/160; RGEO/58; RGEO/59; VT39/09; VT39/11; VT47/03; VT47/06; VT47/12; VT47/18; VT47/19; VT49/10] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nór

land

nór noun "land" (stem nor-, PE17:106) this is land as opposed to water and sea (nor in Letters:308). Cf. nórë.

nór

noun. land

A term for “land” as in “(dry) land as opposed to the sea”, mentioned in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/413) and again in notes from around 1968 (PE17/106-107).

Possible Etymology: In the Quendi and Eldar essay this term was derived from primitive ✶ndōro, but in the aforementioned 1968 notes Tolkien clarified that its stem form was nŏr-. This means it was probably derived from ancient ✱ndŏr-, where the long vowel in the uninflected form was inherited from the Common Eldarin subjective form ✱ndōr, a phenomenon also seen in words like nér (ner-) “man”. I prefer this second derivation, as it makes the independent word more distinct from the suffixal form -ndor or -nóre used in the names of countries.

Derivations

  • ndorē “land” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
    • NDOR “land; hard, firm; [ᴹ√] dwell, stay, rest, abide” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
    • DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding”
    • DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding” ✧ WJ/413
  • ndōro “land” ✧ WJ/413
    • DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding” ✧ WJ/413

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ndōr > nōr[ndōr] > [nōr]✧ PE17/106
NDŌR/NDŎR- > nôr[ndōr] > [nōr]✧ PE17/107
ndōro > nór[ndōro] > [ndōr] > [nōr]✧ WJ/413

Variations

  • nōr ✧ PE17/106
  • nôr ✧ PE17/107
Quenya [PE17/106; PE17/107; WJ/413] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-ndor

land

-ndor, final element in compounds: "land" (Letters:308, UT:253)

cambë

noun. hand, (hollow of) hand

Derivations

  • KAB “hold, contain, retain, possess, have in hand, hold, contain, retain, possess, have in hand; [ᴹ√] hollow”

nonda

hand, especially in [?clutching]

nonda noun "hand, especially in [?clutching]" (VT47:23; Tolkien's gloss was not certainly legible)

nóre

noun. land

Quenya [PE 22:116, 124] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

nórë

land

nórë noun "land" (associated with a particular people) (WJ:413), "country, land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live, race, clan" (NŌ, NDOR, BAL), also used = "race, tribe, people" (SA:dôr, PE17:169; however, the normal word for "people" is lië). Early "Qenya" hasnórë "native land, nation, family, country" (in compounds -nor) (LT1:272)

-wë

person

- a suffix occurring in many personal names, generally but not exclusively masculine (Elenwë is the sole certain example of a fem. name with this ending); it is derived from a stem simply meaning "person" (PM:340, WJ:399). In Etym, - is simply defined as an element that is frequent in masculine names, and it is there derived from a stem (WEG) having to do with "(manly) vigour".

er

one, alone

er cardinal "one, alone" (ERE, VT48:6, VT49:54), in an early source also adv. "only, but, still" (LT1:269); Eru er "one God" (VT44:17; er was here emended by Tolkien from erëa, which seems to be an adjectival form *"one, single".)

nassë

person, an individual

nassë (1) "a person, an individual" (VT49:30). Also translated "true-being" (pl. nasser is attested), the inner "true" being of a person. With a pronominal suffix in the form nassentar "their true-being" (PE17:175, cf. -nta #2), in the source referring to the "true" spiritual nature of the Valar, as hidden within their visible shapes. The word nassentar would seem to be plural, *"their true-beings". Not to be confused with the verb nassë/násë "he/she is"; see #1.

quén

one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman

quén (quen-, as in pl. queni; as final element in compounds -quen) noun "one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman", pl. queni = "persons", "(some) people", "they" with the most general meaning (as in "they [= people in general] say that..."). The element is combined with noun and adjective stems in old compounds to denote habitual occupations or functions, or to describe those having some notable (permanent) quality; examples include roquen, ciryaquen, arquen, q.v. Also in aiquen "whoever", ilquen "everybody" (WJ:361 cf. 360, 372).

tarassë

noun. labour

Derivations

  • ᴹ√TARAS “*trouble”
Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

Sindarin 

cam

noun. hand

Sindarin [Ety/361, Ety/371, S/429] Group: SINDICT. Published by

dor

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

Sindarin [Ety/376, S/430, WJ/413, Letters/417, VT/45:38, R] Group: SINDICT. Published by

maw

noun. hand

Sindarin [VT/47:6] Group: SINDICT. Published by

maw

noun. hand

The Sindarin equivalent of Q. , likewise derived from the root √MAH or √MAƷ “hand; handle, wield” (PE17/162; VT47/6). However, in Sindarin this word was archaic, used only in poetry, having been replaced in ordinary speech by other words like S. mâb and (less often) cam. Other remnants of this word can be seen in compounds like molif “wrist, (orig.) hand link” and directional words like forvo and harvo for left and right hand side.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, G. from the early root ᴱ√MAHA was the normal word for “hand”, replacing mab “hand” (< ᴱ√MAHA) which in this document Tolkien decided was instead an irregular dual form of (GL/55). It had also had an irregular plural mabin based on this dual, replacing an older plural †maith. In the Gnomish Grammar, its archaic form was †, with the usual Gnomish sound change of ā to ō (GG/14), as opposed to later Sindarin/Noldorin ā to au, spelt -aw when final. Tolkien seems to have abandoned as a non-archaic word for “hand” early on, preferring ᴱN. mab “hand” by the 1920s and introducing N. cam “hand” in the 1930s.

Cognates

  • Q. “hand” ✧ PE17/162; VT47/06
  • T. “hand” ✧ VT47/18

Derivations

  • MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ PE17/162
  • “hand” ✧ VT47/06
    • maha “hand, the manager” ✧ PE19/074; PE19/102; VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/35
    • MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/18
    • MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
    • MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ PE21/70
    • MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
  • MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18

Element in

  • S. forvo “right hand, right side” ✧ VT47/06
  • S. harvo “left hand, left side” ✧ VT47/06
  • S. maed “handy, skillful, handy, skillful, [N.] skilled” ✧ VT47/06
  • ᴺS. mawedh “glove”
  • S. molif “wrist, (lit.) hand-link” ✧ VT47/06

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
MAƷ > maw[mā] > [mǭ] > [mau]✧ PE17/162
> maw[mā] > [mǭ] > [mau]✧ VT47/06
mag > maw[mā] > [mǭ] > [mau]✧ VT47/18
Sindarin [PE17/162; VT47/06; VT47/18] Group: Eldamo. Published by

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

Sindarin [Ety/373, VT/42:24-25, VT/48:6] Group: SINDICT. Published by

min

cardinal. one, one, [G.] single

Cognates

  • Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first” ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06

Element in

  • S. Miniel “Vanyar”
  • S. minlamad “?alliteration, (lit.) first-echoing”
  • S. minui “first” ✧ VT42/25
  • S. minuial “(dawn) twilight”

Variations

  • min ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06
  • mîn ✧ VT42/25
Sindarin [PE17/095; VT42/25; VT48/06] Group: Eldamo. Published by

camm

noun. hand

mab-

noun. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers)

Sindarin [Ety/371, VT/45:32, VT/47:6-7] Group: SINDICT. Published by

dôr

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

Sindarin [Ety/376, S/430, WJ/413, Letters/417, VT/45:38, R] Group: SINDICT. Published by

dôr

noun. land, land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; [G.] people of the land

Cognates

  • Q. -ndor “land, country” ✧ SA/dôr

Derivations

  • ndorē “land” ✧ PE17/164; SA/dôr; WJ/413
    • NDOR “land; hard, firm; [ᴹ√] dwell, stay, rest, abide” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
    • DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding”
    • DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding” ✧ WJ/413

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ndor > -dor[-ndorē] > [-ndore] > [-ndor] > [-dor]✧ PE17/164
ndor > dôr[ndorē] > [ndore] > [dore] > [dor] > [dōr]✧ SA/dôr
ndorē > dôr[ndorē] > [ndore] > [dore] > [dor] > [dōr]✧ WJ/413
ndorē > -ndor > -nor/-nnor[-ndorē] > [-ndore] > [-ndor] > [-nnor]✧ WJ/413

Variations

  • Dor ✧ Let/417; MR/200; PE17/133; S/121; S/188; SI/Doriath; UT/245; UTI/Doriath; WJ/192
  • dor ✧ Let/427; RC/384
  • -dor ✧ PE17/164
  • Dôr ✧ WJ/370
Sindarin [Let/417; Let/427; MR/200; PE17/133; PE17/164; RC/384; S/121; S/188; SA/dôr; SI/Doriath; UT/245; UTI/Doriath; WJ/192; WJ/370; WJ/413] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mâb

noun. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers)

Sindarin [Ety/371, VT/45:32, VT/47:6-7] Group: SINDICT. Published by

mâb

noun. hand, hand, [N.] grasp

The typical Sindarin word for “hand” (VT47/7, 20), usable in almost any context. It is most notable as an element in the name Mablung “Heavy Hand” (VT47/8). See below for a discussion of its etymology.

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, where G. mab “hand” appeared as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√MAPA “seize” (GL/55). Tolkien then revised the gloss to “hands”, saying instead it was an irregular dual of G. “hand”. The word reverted to singular ᴱN. mab “hand” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/149). These early versions of the word were already an element of Mablung “Heavy Hand(ed)” (LT2/38; LB/311), but also of Ermabwed “One-handed” (LT2/34; LB/119).

In the 1930s it seems Tolkien decided Ilk. mâb “hand” was primarily an Ilkorin word, and the usual word for “hand” in Noldorin was N. cam. Compare Ilkorin Ermabuin “One-handed” and Mablosgen “Empty-handed” with Noldorin Erchamion and Camlost of the same meaning. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien had N. mab “grasp” under the root ᴹ√MAPA “seize”, but the version of the entry with that word was overwritten (EtyAC/MAP), leaving only the Ilkorin form mâb. In this period, Mablung may also have been an Ilkorin name.

After Tolkien abandoned Ilkorin in the 1950s, he kept S. Erchamion and Camlost based on cam, but also kept Mablung “Heavy Hand” which must have become Sindarin. In his later writings Tolkien again revisited the etymology of S. mâb “hand”. In a note from Jan-Feb 1968, he wrote:

> It [Q. = “hand”] did not survive in Telerin and Sindarin as an independent word, but was replaced by the similar-sounding but unconnected C.E. makwā, Q. maqua, T. mapa, S. mab, of uncertain origin, but probably originally an adjectival formation from MAK “strike” ... (VT47/19).

This sentence was struck through, however. In drafts of notes on Elvish Hands, Fingers and Numerals written in or after 1968, Tolkien again derived mâb from √MAP (VT47/20 note #13), but in the final version of these notes he made the remarkable decision to discard this root despite it being a stable part of Elvish for nearly 50 years, declaring it was used only in Telerin and not Quenya or Sindarin (VT47/7). He coined a new etymology for S. mâb “hand” based on ✶makwā “handful” = ✶ + ✶kwā (VT47/6-7), a variation on the above etymology from √MAK.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I prefer to ignore Tolkien’s 1968 removal of √MAP “seize”, and so would continue to derive S. mâb “hand” from that root. However, its ancient meaning may have been “✱grasp”, and its eventual use as “hand” might have been influenced by ancient ✶makwā “handful”.

Cognates

  • Q. maqua “hand-full, group of five (similar) things; hand (colloquial); closing or closed [hand] (facing down) for taking” ✧ VT47/06; VT47/19; VT47/20

Derivations

  • makwā “a hand-full, complete hand with all five fingers” ✧ VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/19
    • MAK “cut, hew with a sharp edge; kill, slay; forge metal, cut, hew with a sharp edge, [ᴹ√] cleave; sword, fight (with a sword); ️[√] forge metal; kill, slay” ✧ VT47/19
  • MAP “take away, take hold of, grasp, take away, take hold of, grasp, [ᴹ√] lay hold of with hand, seize” ✧ VT47/20

Element in

  • ᴺS. mablanthos “sycamore”
  • S. Mablung “Heavy Hand” ✧ VT47/07
  • ᴺS. mabren “handed, having hands, dextrous”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
makwā > mâb[makwā] > [mapā] > [mapa] > [map] > [mab] > [māb]✧ VT47/06
makwā > mâb[makwā] > [mapā] > [mapa] > [map] > [mab] > [māb]✧ VT47/07
makwā > mâb[makwā] > [mapā] > [mapa] > [map] > [mab] > [māb]✧ VT47/19
MAP > măpo > mâb[mapo] > [map] > [mab] > [māb]✧ VT47/20
Sindarin [VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/19; VT47/20] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mîn

fraction. one (first of a series)

Sindarin [Ety/373, VT/42:24-25, VT/48:6] Group: SINDICT. Published by

pen

pronoun. one, somebody, anybody

Usually enclitic and mutated as ben.2

Sindarin [WJ/376] Group: SINDICT. Published by

bâr

land

(dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

fuir

right hand

pl. fŷr. Also used as adj. "right, north" (VT42:20). In ”Noldorin” the word appeared as (”foeir” =) föir, feir (LR:382 s.v. PHOR).

nand

wide grassland

(construct nan) (valley), pl. naind, coll. pl. **nannath **(VT45:36);

mo

preposition. by (agent of)

@@@ from Discord 2022-03-09, as instrumental: mā > mǭ > mau > mo

Derivations

  • T. “by (hand of), of agent”

Element in

  • ᴺS. movan “how, (lit.) by means of what”
Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

cam

hand

1) cam (i gam, o cham), pl. caim (i chaim), coll. pl. cammath; 2) mâb (i vâb; construct mab), pl. maib (i maib). 3) Archaic †maw (i vaw), pl. moe (i moe). A homophone means ”soil, stain”. (VT47:6) 4) (fist) dond (i dhond; construct don), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).

cam

hand

(i gam, o cham), pl. caim (i chaim), coll. pl. cammath

maw

hand

(i vaw), pl. moe (i moe). A homophone means ”soil, stain”. (VT47:6) 

min

cardinal. one

1) (number ”one” as the first in a series) min, mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 2) (number) êr, whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone); 3)

Sindarin [Parviphith] Published by

min

one

mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”.

pen

cardinal. one

(indefinite pronoun) (= somebody, anybody) pen (WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lords Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean *”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of *ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

pen

one

(WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lord’s Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean ✱”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of ✱ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

êr

one

whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone)

dond

hand

(i dhond; construct don), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).

muda

labour

(verb.) muda- (i vuda, i mudar) (toil), pa.t. mudas

muda

labour

(i vuda, i mudar) (toil), pa.t. mudas

dôr

land

1) dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413), 2) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

dôr

land

(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413)

mâb

hand

(i vâb; construct mab), pl. maib (i maib).

crûm

left hand

(i grûm, o chrûm, construct crum), pl. cruim (i chruim), coll. pl. crummath. Also ✱hair (i chair), no distinct pl. form (not even with article). Note: hair is also used = ”left” as adjective. Cited in archaic form heir (LR:365 s.v. KHYAR).

forgam

right-handed

(pl. fergaim, for archaic förgeim)

camlann

of the hand

(i gamlann, o chamlann), pl. cemlain (i chemlain).

eru

the one

isolated from

pen

somebody

pen (one, anybody) (WJ:376); lenited ben

pen

somebody

(one, anybody) (WJ:376); lenited ben

parth

enclosed grassland

(i barth, o pharth) (field, sward), pl. perth (i pherth);

Telerin 

er

cardinal. one

Cognates

  • Q. er “one, alone, one, alone; [ᴱQ.] only, a single” ✧ VT48/06

min

cardinal. one

Cognates

  • Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first” ✧ VT48/06

noun. hand

Cognates

  • Q. “hand” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/06
  • S. maw “hand” ✧ VT47/18

Derivations

  • “hand” ✧ VT47/06
    • maha “hand, the manager” ✧ PE19/074; PE19/102; VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/35
    • MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/18
    • MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
    • MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ PE21/70
    • MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
  • MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18

Element in

  • T. forma “right-hand” ✧ VT47/06
  • T. málimë “wrist, (lit.) hand-link” ✧ VT47/06
  • T. þarma “left-hand” ✧ VT47/06

Variations

  • ✧ VT47/06 ()
  • māga ✧ VT47/18
Telerin [VT47/06; VT47/18] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mapa

noun. hand

Cognates

  • Q. maqua “hand-full, group of five (similar) things; hand (colloquial); closing or closed [hand] (facing down) for taking” ✧ VT47/06; VT47/19; VT47/20

Derivations

  • makwā “a hand-full, complete hand with all five fingers” ✧ VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/19
    • MAK “cut, hew with a sharp edge; kill, slay; forge metal, cut, hew with a sharp edge, [ᴹ√] cleave; sword, fight (with a sword); ️[√] forge metal; kill, slay” ✧ VT47/19
  • MAP “take away, take hold of, grasp, take away, take hold of, grasp, [ᴹ√] lay hold of with hand, seize” ✧ VT47/20

Derivatives

  • T. mapa- “to take hold of, grasp” ✧ VT47/07

Variations

  • mapo ✧ VT47/20
Telerin [VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/19; VT47/20] Group: Eldamo. Published by

camba

noun. hand

Cognates

  • S. cam “(cupped) hand, holding hand; handful” ✧ VT47/22

Nandorin 

dóri-

noun. land

Isolated from Lindórinan. The independent form of the word may differ; it is unclear where the i of the compound Lindórinan comes from. In the Etymologies, the Eldarin words for "land" are derived from a stem NDOR "dwell, stay, rest, abide" (LR:376).

No Nandorin word is there listed, but Sindarin dor is derived from primitive ndorê. Notice, however, that Tolkien many years later derived the Eldarin words for "land" from a stem DORO "dried up, hard, unyielding" (WJ:413). However, this later source does confirm that the Primitive Quendian form was ndorê, now thought to be formed by initial enrichment d > nd. This is defined as "the hard, dry land as opposed to water or bog", later developing the meaning "land in general as opposed to sea", and finally also "a land" as a particular region, "with more or less defined bounds".

Whether dóri- actually comes from ndorê is highly doubtful (this would rather yield *dora in Nandorin), but it must be derived from the same set of stems.

Nandorin [H. Fauskanger (LR:376, WJ:413)] < Lindórinan. Published by

Adûnaic

noun. hand

A noun translated “hand”, given as an example of an apparent Adûnaic uniconsonantal noun, which had a biconsonantal-root but lost one of its consonants from its ancient form ✶Ad. paʒa (SD/416, 426).

Derivations

  • √Ad. PAƷ “hand” ✧ SD/416
  • ✶Ad. paʒa “hand” ✧ SD/426
    • √Ad. PAƷ “hand”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
✶Ad. pa3a > [paɣa] > [paa] > [pā]✧ SD/426

Variations

  • ✧ SD/426
Adûnaic [SD/416; SD/426] Group: Eldamo. Published by

thâni

noun. land

A noun translated “land” (SD/435) appearing in the Adûnaic names for the Blessed Realm: Amatthâni and thâni’nAmân. Its Primitive Adûnaic form was also ✶thāni, though its primitive was glossed “realm" (SD/420).

Derivations

Element in

Variations

  • thāni ✧ SD/435

zâyan

noun. land

An Adûnaic word for “land” (SD/423). It has an irregular plural form zâin which is the result of the phonetic change (SD/423): [[pad|medial [w] and [j] vanished before [u] and [i]]]. Thus, the archaic plural changed from †zâyîn > zâîn > zâin.

Conceptual Development: In earlier names this word appeared as zen (SD/378, 385).

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
Ad. zāyīn > *zāīn > zâin[zājīn] > [zāīn] > [zāin]✧ SD/423

Variations

  • zāyan ✧ SD/423
Adûnaic [SD/423; SD/429; SD/435] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Primitive elvish

noun. person

Derivatives

  • Q. mo “one, anyone, someone, somebody”

Element in

Primitive elvish [VT47/35] Group: Eldamo. Published by

root. labour, be afflicted

This root first appeared as unglossed ᴹ√ in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. mól/N. mûl “slave, thrall” and ᴹQ. móta-/N. muda- “labour, toil” (Ety/MŌ). The root √ was mentioned again in notes associated with 1950s Quenya prayers, where it was glossed “labour, be afflicted” along with verb Q. moia- of similar meaning and noun (Q. or primitive) mōl “slave” < mō-l; Tolkien went on to suggest √mol might be a better root, though he marked it with a “?” (VT43/31).

In notes on “large vs. small” from 1968 Tolkien had (root or verb?) mol- “labour” and (noun?) mōle, followed by MBOL/BOL with derivative Q. molda “big, large”, but this note was crossed through and √(M)BOL “✱large” did not appear in the next list of the large/small roots (PE17/115). Thus I think √MO(L) reverted back to the meaning “labour”.

Derivatives

  • mōl “slave, slave, [ᴹ✶] thrall” ✧ VT43/31
    • Q. mól “slave, slave, [ᴹQ.] thrall” ✧ VT43/31
  • mōya- “to toil, labour, be afflicted” ✧ VT43/31
    • Q. moia- “to labour, be afflicted, to be afflicted, *be laboured; to labour” ✧ VT43/31
  • Q. moia- “to labour, be afflicted, to be afflicted, *be laboured; to labour” ✧ PE17/115
  • Q. molda “big, large” ✧ PE17/115
  • ᴺQ. mólë “labour, work”
  • Q. mólë “*labour, work” ✧ PE17/115
  • Q. móna “*womb”
  • ᴺS. ammuia- “to work (hard) for, to earn”
  • ᴺS. mûn “womb”

Element in

  • ᴺQ. omolmë “company, business, enterprise, firm”

Variations

  • MBOL ✧ PE17/115 (MBOL); PE17/165 (MBOL)
  • BOL ✧ PE17/115 (BOL); PE17/150; PE17/165 (BOL)
  • ✧ VT43/31
Primitive elvish [PE17/115; PE17/150; PE17/165; VT43/31] Group: Eldamo. Published by

(m)bol

root. *labour

noun. hand

Derivations

  • maha “hand, the manager” ✧ PE19/074; PE19/102; VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/35
    • MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/18
    • MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
  • MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ PE21/70
  • MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18

Derivatives

  • Q. “hand” ✧ PE19/102; VT47/06
  • S. maw “hand” ✧ VT47/06
  • T. “hand” ✧ VT47/06

Element in

  • makwā “a hand-full, complete hand with all five fingers” ✧ VT47/07
  • mā-limi “wrist, (lit.) hand-link” ✧ VT47/06

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
maʒa > [maɣa] > [mā]✧ VT47/06

Variations

  • māh ✧ PE19/102
  • ✧ VT47/18; VT47/34 ()
Primitive elvish [PE19/074; PE19/102; PE21/70; VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/18; VT47/34; VT47/35] Group: Eldamo. Published by

imin

masculine name. One

Element in

Primitive elvish [NM/055; NM/060; WJ/380; WJ/421; WJI/Imin] Group: Eldamo. Published by

min

cardinal. one

Derivations

  • MIN “one, first of a series, one, first of a series; [ᴹ√] stand alone, stick out”

Derivatives

  • Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first”

Element in

Variations

  • Min ✧ NM/060
Primitive elvish [NM/060; WJ/421] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ndorē

noun. land

Derivations

  • NDOR “land; hard, firm; [ᴹ√] dwell, stay, rest, abide” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
    • DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding”
  • DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding” ✧ WJ/413

Derivatives

  • Q. -ndor “land, country” ✧ SA/dôr
  • Q. nór “land” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
  • Q. nórë “land, country; †people, race, tribe, land, country, [ᴹQ.] region where certain people live, [ᴱQ.] nation; [Q.] †people, race, tribe, [ᴹQ.] folk, [ᴱQ.] family” ✧ PE19/076
  • S. dôr “land, land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; [G.] people of the land” ✧ PE17/164; SA/dôr; WJ/413

Element in

  • etlā-ndŏrē “Eglador” ✧ VT42/04; VT42/04
  • mbar-ndor “home land, native land” ✧ PE17/164
  • Q. Endórë “Middle-earth, (lit.) Middle Land” ✧ Let/384
  • Q. Valandor “Land of the Valar” ✧ WJ/413
  • S. Ennor “Middle-earth” ✧ Let/384
  • S. Eriador “Lonely Land” ✧ VT42/04
  • S. Thonador ✧ VT42/04

Variations

  • (n)dor ✧ Let/384
  • ndōr ✧ PE17/106
  • NDŌR/NDŎR- ✧ PE17/107
  • ndor ✧ PE17/164; SA/dôr
  • ndōrē ✧ PE19/076; VT42/04
Primitive elvish [Let/384; PE17/106; PE17/107; PE17/164; PE19/076; SA/dôr; VT42/04; WJ/413] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ndōro

noun. land

Derivations

  • DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding” ✧ WJ/413

Derivatives

  • Q. nór “land” ✧ WJ/413
Primitive elvish [WJ/413] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

noun. hand

ON. hand

Noldorin [PE 18:35] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

cam

noun. hand

Noldorin [Ety/361, Ety/371, S/429] Group: SINDICT. Published by

cam

noun. hand

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. kambe “hollow (of hand)” ✧ Ety/KAB; EtyAC/KAB

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAB “hollow” ✧ Ety/KAB; EtyAC/KAB
  • On. kamba “hand” ✧ Ety/MAƷ
    • ᴹ√KAB “hollow” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; EtyAC/MAƷ
    • ᴹ✶kambā ✧ PE21/59; PE21/59
    • ᴹ√KAB “hollow”

Element in

  • N. Cambant “Full Hand” ✧ Ety/KAB
  • N. camland “palm of hand” ✧ Ety/LAD
  • N. Camlost “Empty-hand(ed)” ✧ Ety/KAB
  • N. Erchamui “One-handed” ✧ Ety/KAB
  • N. forgam “righthanded”
  • N. hargam “left-handed”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√KAB > camb > cam[kamba] > [kamb] > [kamb] > [kamm] > [kam]✧ Ety/KAB
On. kamba > camm[kamba] > [kamb] > [kamb] > [kamm]✧ Ety/MAƷ

Variations

  • camm ✧ Ety/MAƷ
Noldorin [Ety/KAB; Ety/LAD; Ety/MAƷ; EtyAC/KAB; PE21/60] Group: Eldamo. Published by

dor

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

Noldorin [Ety/376, S/430, WJ/413, Letters/417, VT/45:38, R] Group: SINDICT. Published by

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

Noldorin [Ety/373, VT/42:24-25, VT/48:6] Group: SINDICT. Published by

min

cardinal. one

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. min “one” ✧ Ety/MINI

Derivations

  • ᴹ√MIN “stand alone, stick out” ✧ Ety/MINI

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√MINI > min[mini] > [mine] > [min]✧ Ety/MINI
Noldorin [Ety/MINI] Group: Eldamo. Published by

camb

noun. hand

Noldorin [Ety/361, Ety/371, S/429] Group: SINDICT. Published by

camm

noun. hand

Noldorin [Ety/361, Ety/371, S/429] Group: SINDICT. Published by

camm

noun. hand

muda-

verb. to labour, toil

Noldorin [Ety/373] Group: SINDICT. Published by

tars

noun. labour, task

Noldorin [Ety/391] Group: SINDICT. Published by

tass

noun. labour, task

Noldorin [Ety/391] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Primitive adûnaic

paʒ

root. hand

A Primitive Adûnaic root glossed “hand”, the basis for the noun of the same meaning (SD/416).

Derivatives

  • Ad. “hand” ✧ SD/416
  • ✶Ad. paʒa “hand”
    • Ad. “hand” ✧ SD/426

Variations

  • PA3 ✧ SD/416
Primitive adûnaic [SD/416] Group: Eldamo. Published by

paʒa

noun. hand

The Primitive Adûnaic form of the noun “hand” (SD/426).

Derivations

  • √Ad. PAƷ “hand”

Derivatives

  • Ad. “hand” ✧ SD/426

Variations

  • pa3a ✧ SD/426
Primitive adûnaic [SD/426] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Qenya 

min

cardinal. one

Cognates

  • N. min “one” ✧ Ety/MINI

Derivations

  • ᴹ√MIN “stand alone, stick out” ✧ Ety/MINI

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√MINI > mine[mine]✧ Ety/MINI
ᴹ√MINI > min[min]✧ Ety/MINI

Variations

  • mine ✧ Ety/MINI
Qenya [Ety/MINI; EtyAC/MINI] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mine

cardinal. one

noun. hand

Cognates

  • On. “hand” ✧ Ety/MAƷ

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶māʒ “hand” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; PE18/035
    • ᴹ√MAƷ “hand” ✧ Ety/MAƷ
  • ᴹ✶magā “hand” ✧ EtyAC/MAƷ
    • ᴹ√MAG “use, handle” ✧ EtyAC/MAƷ

Element in

  • ᴹQ. númessier “and he gave it into the hands of the Lords: they are in the West” ✧ LR/072
  • ᴹQ. Lunguma “Heavy Hand”
  • ᴹQ. maite “handy, skilled”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶māʒ > [māɣ] > [mā]✧ Ety/MAƷ
ᴹ✶magā > [magā] > [maɣā] > [mā]✧ EtyAC/MAƷ
ᴹ✶ > [mā]✧ PE18/035

Variations

  • ✧ Ety/MAƷ; EtyAC/MAƷ (); PE18/035; PE21/40; PE22/021
Qenya [Ety/MAƷ; EtyAC/MAƷ; LR/072; PE18/035; PE21/40; PE22/021] Group: Eldamo. Published by

noun. land, region

Changes

  • “hand” ✧ PE21/41

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶ “land” ✧ PE21/38

Element in

  • ᴹQ. ilduma “heaven” ✧ PE21/08; PE21/38

Variations

  • ✧ PE21/08 ()
  • mā- ✧ PE21/38 (mā-)
  • ✧ PE21/41; PE21/41 ()
Qenya [PE21/08; PE21/38; PE21/41] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Doriathrin

dôr

noun. land

A Doriathrin noun for “land” (EtyAC/NDOR) apparently from primitive ᴹ✶ndorē (Ety/NDOR). If its primitive form indeed had a short [o], then this word may be an example of how short vowels sometimes lengthened in monosyllables in Ilkorin.

Cognates

  • N. dôr “land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live” ✧ Ety/NDOR

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶ndorē “land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live” ✧ Ety/NDOR
    • ᴹ√NDOR “dwell, stay, rest, abide” ✧ Ety/NDOR

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶ndorē > dôr[ndorē] > [ndore] > [ndor] > [ndōr] > [dōr]✧ Ety/NDOR

Variations

  • Dor ✧ Ety/THŌN
Doriathrin [Ety/THŌN; EtyAC/NDOR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mâb

noun. hand

An Ilkorin and Doriathrin noun for “hand” derived from primitive ᴹ✶mapā (Ety/MAP, EtyAC/MAP), where the [[ilk|voiceless stop [p] voiced to [b] after the vowel]]. Since its primitive form had a short [a] and its Ilkorin form a long [ā] (EtyAC/MAP), this word is an example of how short vowels sometimes lengthened in monosyllables in Ilkorin.

Cognates

  • N. mab “grasp” ✧ EtyAC/MAP

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶mapā “hand” ✧ Ety/MAP
    • ᴹ√MAP “lay hold of with hand, seize” ✧ Ety/MAP
  • ᴹ√MAP “lay hold of with hand, seize” ✧ EtyAC/MAP

Element in

  • Ilk. Mabluin “Pale-hand”
  • Ilk. Mablost “Empty-handed” ✧ Ety/KAB
  • Ilk. Mablosgen “Empty-handed” ✧ Ety/MAP
  • Ilk. Ermabuin “One-handed” ✧ Ety/MAP; EtyAC/MAP (Ermabin)
  • Ilk. Mablung “Heavy-hand” ✧ Ety/MAP

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶mapā > mâb[mapā] > [mapa] > [maba] > [mab] > [māb]✧ Ety/MAP

Variations

  • Mab ✧ Ety/KAB (Dor. Mab)
  • mab ✧ EtyAC/MAP; EtyAC/MAP (Dor. mab)
Doriathrin [Ety/KAB; Ety/MAP; EtyAC/MAP] Group: Eldamo. Published by

er Reconstructed

cardinal. one

The Ilkorin word for “one” attested only in the name Ermabuin or Ermab(r)in “One-handed” (Ety/MAP).

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. er “one, alone”

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ER “be alone, deprived”

Element in

Old Noldorin 

noun. hand

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. “hand” ✧ Ety/MAƷ

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶māʒ “hand” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; PE18/035
    • ᴹ√MAƷ “hand” ✧ Ety/MAƷ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶māʒ > [māɣ] > [mā] > [mǭ]✧ Ety/MAƷ
Old Noldorin [Ety/MAƷ; PE18/035] Group: Eldamo. Published by

maga

noun. hand

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶magā “hand” ✧ EtyAC/MAƷ
    • ᴹ√MAG “use, handle” ✧ EtyAC/MAƷ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶magā > maga[magā] > [maga]✧ EtyAC/MAƷ
Old Noldorin [EtyAC/MAƷ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kamba

noun. hand

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAB “hollow” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; EtyAC/MAƷ
  • ᴹ✶kambā ✧ PE21/59; PE21/59
    • ᴹ√KAB “hollow”

Derivatives

  • N. cam “hand” ✧ Ety/MAƷ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√KAB > kamba[kamba]✧ Ety/MAƷ
Old Noldorin [Ety/MAƷ; EtyAC/MAƷ; PE21/59] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

root. *labour

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶mōl “slave, thrall” ✧ Ety/MŌ
    • ᴹQ. mól “slave, thrall” ✧ Ety/MŌ
    • N. mûl “slave, thrall” ✧ Ety/MŌ
  • ᴹQ. mólome “hard work, burden”
  • ᴹQ. móta- “to labour, toil, to labour, toil, *work” ✧ Ety/MŌ
  • N. muda- “to labour, toil, to labour, toil, *work” ✧ Ety/MŌ
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/MŌ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

noun. land

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. “land, region” ✧ PE21/38

Variations

  • mā- ✧ PE21/38
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE21/38] Group: Eldamo. Published by

magā

noun. hand

Derivations

  • ᴹ√MAG “use, handle” ✧ EtyAC/MAƷ

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. “hand” ✧ EtyAC/MAƷ
  • On. maga “hand” ✧ EtyAC/MAƷ
Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/MAƷ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mapā

noun. hand

Derivations

  • ᴹ√MAP “lay hold of with hand, seize” ✧ Ety/MAP

Derivatives

  • Ilk. mâb “hand” ✧ Ety/MAP
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/MAP] Group: Eldamo. Published by

maʒ

root. hand

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶māʒ “hand” ✧ Ety/MAƷ
    • ᴹQ. “hand” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; PE18/035
    • On. “hand” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; PE18/035
  • ᴹ✶maʒiti “handy, skilled” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; EtyAC/MAƷ
    • ᴹQ. maite “handy, skilled” ✧ Ety/MAƷ
    • On. maite “handy, skilled” ✧ Ety/MAƷ
    • N. moed “handy, skilled” ✧ Ety/MAƷ
  • ᴹ✶mahtā- “to handle, stroke, feel; to deal with, wield, treat” ✧ PE19/048
    • ᴹQ. mahta- “to handle, wield; to deal with, treat; to stroke, feel; to wield a weapon, fight” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; PE19/048
    • On. mattha- “to stroke, feel, handle” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; EtyAC/MAƷ
    • N. matha- “to stroke, feel, handle” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; EtyAC/MAƷ
  • ᴹ✶maʒtā- “to handle, stroke, feel” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; Ety/MAK; EtyAC/MAƷ
    • ᴹ✶mahtā- “to handle, stroke, feel; to deal with, wield, treat” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; EtyAC/MAƷ
    • ᴹQ. mahta- “to handle, wield; to deal with, treat; to stroke, feel; to wield a weapon, fight” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; PE19/048
    • On. mattha- “to stroke, feel, handle” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; EtyAC/MAƷ
      • N. matha- “to stroke, feel, handle” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; EtyAC/MAƷ
  • ᴹQ. masse “handful, share, just portion (in distribution), measure or capacity (of a person)” ✧ PE19/048
  • N. moed “handy, skilled” ✧ EtyAC/KHYAR

Element in

  • ᴹQ. formaite “righthanded, dexterous” ✧ Ety/PHOR
  • ᴹQ. hyarmaite “left-handed” ✧ Ety/KHYAR
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KHYAR; Ety/MAƷ; Ety/MAK; Ety/PHOR; EtyAC/KHYAR; EtyAC/MAƷ; PE19/048] Group: Eldamo. Published by

māʒ

noun. hand

Derivations

  • ᴹ√MAƷ “hand” ✧ Ety/MAƷ

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. “hand” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; PE18/035
  • On. “hand” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; PE18/035

Element in

  • On. dalma “palm of hand” ✧ Ety/DAL

Variations

  • ✧ Ety/DAL; PE18/035
  • mā̆ʒ ✧ PE18/035
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/DAL; Ety/MAƷ; PE18/035; PE21/58] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

noun. hand

Cognates

  • Eq. “hand”

Derivations

  • ᴱ√MAHA “grasp” ✧ GL/55

Variations

  • ✧ GG/14 ()
Gnomish [GG/14; GL/55; GL/57] Group: Eldamo. Published by

er

adjective. one

Cognates

  • Eq. er “one, only, alone, a single” ✧ GL/32
  • Eq. er “only, but, still” ✧ LT1A/Tol Eressëa

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ERE “remain alone” ✧ LT1A/Tol Eressëa

Element in

  • G. ereg “alone, only” ✧ GL/32
  • G. ereth “solitude, oneness, loneliness” ✧ GL/32; LT1A/Tol Eressëa
  • G. ert “once, once only” ✧ GL/32
  • G. erw “only” ✧ GL/32
  • G. er(e)tha- “to isolate, rob, deprive” ✧ GL/32
  • G. erwed “unique” ✧ GL/32

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√ERE > er[er]✧ LT1A/Tol Eressëa
Gnomish [GL/32; LT1A/Tol Eressëa] Group: Eldamo. Published by

redhos

noun. land

Early Noldorin

mab

noun. hand

Element in

Early Noldorin [LB/056; PE13/124; PE13/149; PE13/156] Group: Eldamo. Published by

drauth

noun. labour

A word appearing in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as the adjective G. drauth “weary, toilworn, tired”, related to G. drab “labour, toil” (GL/30). ᴱN. drauth also appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, where its gloss has a couple hard-to-read letters, but it seems to be the noun “labour” (PE13/142).

Neo-Sindarin: I’d retain this word for purposes of Neo-Sindarin based on the Neo-Root ᴺ√(D)RAP, but I’d use it with its 1910s meaning ᴺS. drauth “weary, toilworn, tired” since this is part of a more complete paradigm.

Derivations

  • ᴱ√RAPA “drag, pull”

Element in

  • En. o(r)dhraust “without work, workless” ✧ PE13/156
Early Noldorin [PE13/142; PE13/156] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

el

adverb/adjective. one

mir

cardinal. one

Cognates

  • G. min “one, single” ✧ LT1A/Minethlos

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ “*one” ✧ LT1A/Minethlos; QL/061

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√MĪ¹ > mir[mir]✧ QL/061
Early Quenya [LT1A/Minethlos; PME/061; QL/061] Group: Eldamo. Published by

noun. hand

Cognates

  • G. ma “with instrument or by agent” ✧ GL/55
  • G. “hand”

Derivations

  • ᴱ√MAHA “grasp” ✧ LT2A/Ermabwed; QL/057

Element in

  • Eq. malenka “left handed” ✧ QL/057
  • Eq. mavoite “having hands” ✧ LT2A/Ermabwed; QL/057
  • Eq. Makarnea “Red-handed”
  • Eq. marikta “wrist” ✧ QL/057
  • Eq. mapalin “plane [tree], sycamore” ✧ QL/057
  • Eq. maite “maple”
  • Eq. torwa pior má tarasse “*the dark-brown fruit in the hand of the hawthorns” ✧ VT40/08

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√MAHA > maha > [maxa] > [maxǝ] > [max] > [maɣ] > [mā]✧ QL/057

Variations

  • ✧ GL/55; PE15/73
  • ✧ LT2A/Ermabwed; PE16/137; QL/057
Early Quenya [GL/55; LT2A/Ermabwed; PE14/052; PE14/076; PE14/117; PE15/73; PE16/137; QL/057; VT40/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by

makte

noun. hand

An archaic word for “hand” in Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√MAHA “grasp” (QL/57). There are no signs of it in Tolkien’s later writings.

Derivations

  • ᴱ√MAHA “grasp” ✧ QL/057

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√MAHA > makte[makti] > [makte]✧ QL/057

Variations

  • makte ✧ QL/057 (makte)
Early Quenya [QL/057] Group: Eldamo. Published by