ala

after, beyond

ala (5) prep. "after, beyond" (MC:221, 214; however, LotR-style Quenya has han and pella "beyond" and apa "after")

ala

day

[ala (7) noun "day", also alan "daytime". The forms allen, alanen listed after these words could be inflected forms of them, genitive "of daytime", constracted (allen = al'nen) and uncontracted. However, Tolkien struck out all of this (VT45:13).]

ala

not

ala, #ála (1) imperative particle á, a combined with the negation lá, -la "not" to express a prohibition (VT43:22; see lá #1). Also with 1st person suffix -lyë (alalyë and álalyë, VT43:10, 22, VT44:8) and 1st person pl. object suffix -më (alamë and álamë, "do not [do something to] us", as in álamë tulya, "do not lead us", VT43:12, 22). In the essay Quendi and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well coexist with ala, #ála.

ala

hail, blessed be (thou)

[ala (6) (also alar! or alla!) interjection "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5,14)]

ala-

not

ala- (2) negative prefix "not", "un-", reduced to al- before a vowel (VT42:33, GALA, VT45:25), though the example Alcorin would suggest that al- can sometimes appear before a consonant as well. In a deleted entry in Etym, al(a)- was defined as "not" and said to be a "pure negative" (VT45:5). In alahasta, Alamanyar, alasaila, Alcorin.

ala-

verb. to plant, grow, to grow (of plants) [intr. and trans.], plant; *to thrive, flourish (of other creatures)

A verb glossed “plant, grow” in notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s discussing the derivation of S. galenas “pipeweed” (PE17/100). The verb ala- was used several times in verb charts, such as illustrating pronominal suffixes (PE17/132) or giving the inflections of a-verbs (PE22/164).

Conceptual Development: As suggested by Gilson, Welden and Hostetter, the earliest appearance of this verb might be in the phrase ᴱQ. alildon ornin lassevarnen, which seems to mean something like “✱grow trees leaf-brown” (PE16/80). The word element (and verb?) ᴹQ. ’al appeared under the root ᴹ√GALA “thrive” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/GALA); an earlier iteration of this root had the glosses “grow, thrive, prosper, be healthy, be glad” along with a word element (and verb?) al-, but the gloss “grow” was deleted along with a statement that “grow is ol-” (Ety/GAL(AS)).

Indeed, the verb ᴹQ. ’alā- “grow” appeared in Quendian & Common Eldarin Verbal Structure (EVS1: PE22/98) from the late 1940s and again in Quenya Verbal System from 1948 (QVS: PE22/106 note #39), but in the latter document it was replaced by ᴹQ. ola- “grow” (PE22/113 note #80). However, in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s, primitive ✶galā- was restored, but with a more specific sense “grow (of plants)”, as opposed to ✶olā- “become, come into being, turn into (another state)” (PE22/134). This plant-growth meaning seems to have carried forward into Tolkien’s later writings (see above: PE17/100).

Neo-Quenya: For purpose of Neo-Quenya, I would assume the verb ala- only means “grow” when applied to plants, but more generally could mean “✱thrive, flourish” when applied to other living creatures, as in i lótë ala “the flower grows” but i Elda ala “the Elf thrives/flourishes”. Based on its glosses from PE17/100, I would assume it can also be used transitively when applied to plants to mean “cause to grow = plant”, as in i Elda ala lóti “the Elf grows/plants flowers” or álëa lóti “... is planting flowers”.

Cognates

• S. gala- “to grow” ✧ PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132

Derivations

• √GAL “grow (like plants), flourish, be healthy, be vigorous, bloom, grow (like plants), flourish, be healthy, be vigorous, bloom, [ᴹ√] thrive”
• ✶galā- “to grow (of plants)” ✧ PE22/164
  • √GAL “grow (like plants), flourish, be healthy, be vigorous, bloom, grow (like plants), flourish, be healthy, be vigorous, bloom, [ᴹ√] thrive” ✧ PE22/133

Element in

• ᴺQ. alamo “cultivator, grower”
• Q. alanessë “nicotiana, pipeweed, nicotiana, pipeweed, *tobacco” ✧ PE17/100
• ᴺQ. alon “limestone, (lit.) grow-stone”
• ᴺQ. ambalasar “stalagmite, (lit.) up-growing stone”
• ᴺQ. undalasar “stalactite, (lit.) down-growing stone”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶galan > alan	[galan] > [ɣalan] > [alan]	✧ PE22/164

Variations

• ala- ✧ PE17/100

alan

alan

[alan, alanen see ala #5]

alar!

hail, blessed be (thou)

[alar! (also ala and alla!) interjection "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5,14, 26)]

alla!

hail, blessed be (thou)

[alla! (also alar! or ala) interjection "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5, 14)] PE17:146 cites alla "hail, welcome" as a variant (occurring within the imaginary world) of aiya.

ála

particle. do not

Element in

• Q. alalyë nattira arcandemmar sangiessemman “despise not our petitions in our necessities” ✧ VT44/08
• Q. álamë tulya úsahtienna “[and] lead us not into temptation” ✧ VT43/22; VT43/22; VT43/22

Elements

Word	Gloss
á	“imperative particle”
lá	“no, not”

Variations

• ala ✧ VT43/22; VT49/13
• Ála- ✧ VT43/22
• alā ✧ VT49/13

la

no, not

la negation "no, not" (see lá); also prefix la- as in lacarë, q.v. (VT45:25)

á

immediate time reference

a (3), also á, imperative particle. An imperative with "immediate time reference" is expressed by á in front of the verb (or "occasionally after it, sometimes before and after for emphasis"), with the verb following in "the simplest form also used for the uninflected aorist without specific time reference past or present or future" (PE17:93). Cf. a laita te, laita te! "[o] bless them, bless them!", á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!", literally "o rule Manwë!" (see laita, vala for reference); cf. also á carë "do[!]", á ricë "try!", á lirë "sing[!]", á menë "proceed[!]", a norë "run[!]" (PE17:92-93, notice short a in this example), á tula "come!" (VT43:14). In the last example, the verb tul- "come" receives an ending -a that probably represents the _suffixed form of the imperative particle, this apparently being an example of the imperative element occurring both "before and after" the verbal stem "for emphasis" (PE17:93)_. This ending may also appear on its own with no preceding a/á, as in the command queta "speak!" (PE17:138). Other examples of imperatives with suffixed -a include cena and tira (VT47:31, see cen-, tir-); the imperatives of these same verbs are however also attested as á tirë, á cenë (PE17:94) with the imperative particle remaining independent and the following verb appearing as an uninflected aorist stem. This aorist can be plural to indicate a 3rd person pl. subject: á ricir! "let them try!" (PE17:93). Alyë (VT43:17, VT44:9) seems to be the imperative particle a with the pronominal suffix -lyë "you, thou" suffixed to indicate the subject who is to carry out the command; attested in the phrase alyë anta "give thou" (elided aly' in VT43:11, since the next word begins in e-: aly' eterúna me, *"do thou deliver us"); presumably other pronominal suffixes could likewise be added. The particle a is also present in the negative imperatives ala, #ála or áva, q.v.

aia

hail

aia interjection "hail", variant of aiya (VT43:28)

aia

interjection. hail

al(a)-

prefix. in-, un-, not; †-less, without

Cognates

• S. al- “no, not”

Derivations

• √LA “no, not; negative; not to be” ✧ PE22/153; VT42/33

Element in

• ᴺQ. alacénima “invisible”
• ᴺQ. alacestaima “unsearchable”
• ᴺQ. alacestima “unsearchable”
• ᴺQ. alafasta “tidy, orderly”
• Q. alahasta “unmarred”
• ᴺQ. alahastaima “incorruptable”
• ᴺQ. alahastima “incorruptable”
• Q. alahen “eyeless” ✧ PE22/153
• ᴺQ. alahírima “unfindable, impossible to find”
• ᴺQ. alaica “blunt”
• ᴺQ. alairë “unholy”
• ᴺQ. alaloitala “unfailing”
• ᴺQ. alalunga “light, unheavy”
• ᴺQ. alamára “no-good”
• ᴺQ. alanancárima “indestructible”
• ᴺQ. alapálima “unshakable”
• ᴺQ. alapihta “unshrunk”
• ᴺQ. alapulúna “unleavened, unfermented”
• Q. alasaila “unwise”
• ᴺQ. alasóvinë “unwashed”
• ᴺQ. alavahtaina “undefiled”
• ᴺQ. alavistaima “unchangeable”
• ᴺQ. alavistima “unchangeable”
• Q. aleldarin “unelvish” ✧ PE22/156
• Q. aleldarinwa “unElvish” ✧ PE22/156 (aleldarinwa)
• ᴺQ. allumë “never”
• ᴺQ. alquen “nobody, no one”
• ᴺQ. alaquen “nobody, no one”
• Q. lacaraitë “impossible, inactive; impossible” ✧ PE22/156 (alákăraite*)
• Q. lanotoitë “innumerable” ✧ PE22/156 (alánŏtoite)
• ᴺQ. alavéla “different, various [pl.]”
• Q. Alamanyar “(Elves) Not of Aman” ✧ PE22/156

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ALA > al	[al-]	✧ PE22/153
√ala > ala	[ala-]	✧ VT42/33

Variations

• al ✧ PE22/153; PE22/153; PE22/153
• ala- ✧ PE22/153
• ala ✧ PE22/153; PE22/156; PE22/160; PE22/160; VT42/33
• al- ✧ VT42/33

alassë

hail

[alassë (2) interjection "hail" or "bless", evidently a synonym of the greeting alar!, q.v. (VT45:26)]

apa

after

apa (1) prep. "after" (VT44:36), attested as a prefix in apacenyë and Apanónar, q.v. Variant ep- in epessë, q.v.; see epë for futher discussion. (According to VT44:36, apa was glossed "after" and also "before" in one late manuscript, but both meanings were rejected.) See also apa # 2 below. For Neo-Quenya purposes, apa should probably be ascribed the meaning "after", as in our most widely-published sources (compare Apanónar, "the After-born", as a name of Men in the Silmarillion). Variants pa, pá (VT44:36), but like apa these are also ascribed other meanings elsewhere; see separate entry. Apo (VT44:36) may be yet another variant of the word for "after".

lá

no, not

lá (1) adv. "no, not" (LA, VT45:25) According to VT42:33, lá is the stressed form, alternating with la when the negation is unstressed. In another conceptual phase of Tolkien's, lá had the opposite meaning "yes" (VT42:32-33), but this idea is contradicted by both earlier and later material: usually lá is conceived as a negation. The negation can receive tense markers and be used as a negative verb "when [another] verb is not expressed" (VT49:13), apparently where the phrase "is not" is followed by a noun or an adjective as a predicate, or where some verb is understood, as in English "I do not" (i.e. "I do not do whatever the context indicates"). With pronominal endings la- in the aorist, e.g. lanyë "I do not, am not" (etc.) (Tolkien abandoned the form lamin.) Exemplified in the sentence melin sé apa lanyë hé *"I love him but I do not [love] him" (another person) (VT49:15). Present tense laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva.

lá

adverb. no, not

Derivations

• √LA “no, not; negative; not to be” ✧ PE22/153; VT42/33

Element in

• Q. ála “do not”
• Q. alasaila ná lá carë tai mo nave mára “it is unwise not to do what one judges good” ✧ PE22/154; VT42/33
• Q. itas la tuluvanyë “in that case I shan’t come (something will prevent me)” ✧ PE22/162
• Q. lá asanyë “I don’t wish to, I don’t agree” ✧ PE22/166
• Q. lá carita i hamil mára alasaila ná “not to do (in this case) what you judge good (would be) unwise” ✧ PE22/154; VT42/33
• Q. lá caritas alasaila cé nauva “not doing this may be/prove unwise” ✧ PE22/154; VT42/33
• Q. lá caritas, navin, alasaila ná “not doing this would be (I think) unwise” ✧ PE22/154; VT42/33
• Q. la navin caritalyas mára “I do not advise you to do so, (lit.) I don’t judge your doing (it) good” ✧ PE22/154; VT42/33
• Q. láquet- “to deny (fact or accusation); (lit.) to say ‘it is not’”
• Q. lá istan “I suppose so, I don’t know” ✧ PE22/158
• Q. quí(ta) la tuldes, nánë márië (nin) “[if he had not come], it was well to me (I was glad)” ✧ PE22/158
• Q. lasir “rather the reverse” ✧ VT49/18
• ᴺQ. yola “neither, nor”
• ᴺQ. yúla “neither, nor”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ALA > lā	[lā]	✧ PE22/153
√ala > la	[lā]	✧ VT42/33

Variations

• lā ✧ PE22/153; VT49/13
• la ✧ PE22/154; PE22/158 (la); PE22/160; PE22/162; VT42/33; VT49/18
• lá ✧ PE22/154; PE22/158; PE22/160; PE22/161; PE22/166; PE22/166; VT42/33; VT42/33

aiya

hail

aiya interjection "hail", as greeting (LotR2:IV ch. 9, see Letters:385 for translation), or a call "for help and attention" (PE17:89), "only addressed to great or holy persons as the Valar, or to Earendil" (PE17:149). Variant aia (VT43:28)

cata

after

lá-

verb. to not be

Changes

• lamin → lanye ✧ VT49/13

Derivations

• ✶lā- “to not be” ✧ PE22/153; PE22/153; VT49/13
  • √LA “no, not; negative; not to be” ✧ PE22/153
• √LA “no, not; negative; not to be” ✧ PE22/156; VT42/33; VT49/13

Element in

• Q. ála “do not” ✧ VT43/22
• Q. epetai i hyarma ú ten ulca símaryassen “consequently the left hand was not to them evil in their imaginations” ✧ VT49/13
• ᴺQ. laitë “false”
• Q. melin sé apa lanyë hé “I love him but not him (the other)” ✧ VT49/15
• Q. melinyes apa la hé “I love him but not him (the other)” ✧ VT49/15

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶lā > lanye	[lanye]	✧ PE22/153
✶lājā > laia	[lājā] > [laijā] > [laija] > [laia]	✧ PE22/153
√(A)LA > lā-	[lā-]	✧ PE22/156
√ala > lá	[lā-]	✧ VT42/33
√ala > lā	[lā-]	✧ VT49/13
✶lājā > laia	[lājā] > [laijā] > [laija] > [laia]	✧ VT49/13

Variations

• la ✧ PE22/154; VT43/22; VT49/15
• lā- ✧ PE22/156
• lá ✧ VT42/33; VT49/13; VT49/13
• lā ✧ VT49/13
• lamin ✧ VT49/13 (lamin)

árë

day

árë noun "day" (PM:127) or "sunlight" (SA:arien). Stem ári- _(PE17:126, where the word is further defined as "warmth, especially of the sun, sunlight"). Also name of tengwa #31; cf. also ar # 2. Originally pronounced ázë; when /z/ merged with /r/, the letter became superfluous and was given the new value ss, hence it was re-named essë (Appendix E)_. Also árë nuquerna *"árë reversed", name of tengwa #32, similar to normal árë but turned upside down (Appendix E). See also ilyázëa, ilyárëa under ilya. In the Etymologies, this word has a short initial vowel: arë pl. ari (AR1)

áva

don't!

áva, avá (the latter stressed on the final syllable) "Don't!", negative imperative particle (compare ala, #ála). Cf. ávan "I won't" (also ván, ványë); áva carë! ("k") "don't do it!" (WJ:371)

allen

allen

[allen see ala #5.]

manna

adjective. *blessed

Changes

• manna → aistana “*blessed” ✧ VT43/30

Derivations

• √MAN “good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil, good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil; [ᴹ√] holy spirit”

Element in

• Q. aistana elyë imíca nísi “blessed art thou amongst women” ✧ VT43/30
• Q. ar aistana i yávë mónalyo Yésus “and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus” ✧ VT43/30

pella

beyond

pella "beyond", apparently a postposition rather than a preposition: Andúnë pella "beyond the West", elenillor pella "from beyond the stars" (Nam, RGEO:66, Markirya) In one version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien used pell' (evidently an elided form of pella) as a _preposition, but this version was abandoned (VT43:13)_

ráma

wing

ráma noun "wing", pl. rámar (RAM, Nam, RGEO:66, LT2:335); Markirya has both nominative pl. rámar "wings" and instrumental pl. rámainen *"with wings" (translated "on wings" by Tolkien); rámali "wings" in MC:213 would be a partitive pl. in LotR-style Quenya. Variant rámë in the names Eärrámë, Alquarámë, q.v.

ráma

noun. wing, wing; [ᴱQ.] arm

The Quenya word for “wing”, derived from the root ᴹ√RAM (PE17/63; Ety/RAM).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where ᴱQ. ráma “wing” was derived from the early root ᴱ√RAHA “stretch forward” (QL/78). The word appeared regularly in Tolkien’s writings with the gloss “wing”, though at one point in the 1920s it was glossed both “arm, wing” (PE16/137), and in the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s it was given as the Qenya word meaning “arm”, but this was revised to ᴱQ. ranko (PE15/79). The use of ráma for “arm” was a brief and rejected idea, and in The Etymologies of the 1930s, ᴹQ. ráma “wing” was transferred to a new root ᴹ√RAM, while ᴹQ. ranko “arm” remained under ᴹ√RAK “stretch out” (Ety/RAK, RAM).

Cognates

• S. raw “wing” ✧ PE17/063

Element in

• Q. Eärrámë “Sea-wing”
• Q. Númerrámar “West-wings”
• Q. rámainen elvië “on wings like stars” ✧ MC/222
• Q. rámar sisílala “the wings shining” ✧ MC/222
• Q. yéni únótimë ve rámar aldaron “long years numberless as the wings of trees” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. yéni únótimë ve aldaron rámar “long-years not-countable as trees’ wings” ✧ RGEO/58

Variations

• rāma ✧ PE17/063

amanya

adjective. *blessed

Derivations

• √MAN “good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil, good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil; [ᴹ√] holy spirit”

Element in

• Q. nai amanya onnalya ter coivierya “*may your (sg.) child be blessed throughout his/her life” ✧ VT49/41

Ae

day

Ae (Quenya?) noun "day" (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK - ae was written over ar [# 2] in the names of the Valinorean week, but ar was not struck out.)

aistana

adjective. *blessed

Element in

• Q. aistana elyë imíca nísi “blessed art thou amongst women” ✧ VT43/28; VT43/30
• Q. ar aistana i yávë mónalyo Yésus “and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus” ✧ VT43/31

Elements

Word	Gloss
aista	“*holy”

ar

day

ar (2) noun "day" (PE17:148), apparently short for árë, occurring in the names of the Valinorean week listed below. Tolkien indicated that ar in these names could also be arë when the following element begins in a consonant (VT45:27). Usually the word for "day" in LotR-style Quenya is rather aurë (or ré), q.v.

apo

after

apo prep. ?"after" (see apa #1) (VT44:36)

han

beyond

han prep. "beyond" (compare the _postposition pella of similar meaning) (VT43:14)_

han

preposition. beyond

Derivations

• √HAN “add to, increase, enhance, enrich, honour (especially by gift); give” ✧ VT43/14

Element in

• Q. Átaremma i ëa han Eä “our Father who art in Heaven” ✧ VT43/14

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√HAN > han	[han]	✧ VT43/14

il-

verb. no, *un-

il- (prefix) "no, *un-" (LA); cf. ilfirin "immortal" (vs. firin "dead"). This prefix "denotes the opposite, the reversal, i.e. more than the mere negation" (VT42:32). But il- can also mean "all, every"; see ilaurëa, ilqua, ilquen.

ré

day

ré noun "day" (of the sun), a full 24-hour cycle (Appendix D) composed of aurë (day, daylight) and lómë "night" (VT49:45). Short -rë in compounds like Ringarë (q.v.). Allative rénna (VT49:45).

tar

beyond

tar (2) prep. "beyond" (FS)

úa

do not thou lead us

úa, with 1st person suffix úalyë, imperative particle á, a combined with the negation ú- to express a prohibition (úalyë mittanya me, *"do not thou lead us", VT43:9, 21-22). However, Tolkien apparently abandoned úa in favour of ala, alalyë, q.v. (later he also used the form áva for "don't"). Compare ua.

manaquenta

adjective. *blessed

Changes

• manquenta → manaquenta ✧ VT44/10

Element in

• Q. alcarin Vendë ar manaquenta “O glorious and blessed Virgin” ✧ VT44/10; VT44/10 (á Véne’ alcare ar manquenta)

Elements

Word	Gloss
MAN	“good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil, good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil; [ᴹ√] holy spirit”
KWET	“say, speak, utter words”

Variations

• manquenta ✧ VT44/10 (manquenta)

corma

ring

#corma noun "ring", isolated from #cormacolindo "Ring-bearer", pl. cormacolindor (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308); Cormarë "Ringday", a festival held on Yavannië 30 in honour of Frodo Baggins (Appendix D)

corma

noun. ring

A word for “ring” appearing as an element in Q. Cormacolindor “Ring-bearers” (LotR/953), clearly derived from the root √KOR “round”. It also appeared in a translation of the title of The Lord of the Rings that Tolkien included in a 1973 letter to Phillip Brown: i Túrin i Cormaron.

Conceptual Development: Another translation of “Lord of the Rings” is known from an exhibit of Tolkien manuscripts: Heru imillion, where presumably the element millë means “ring” (DTS/54). In a deleted entry from The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien had ᴹQ. kolma “ring ([?on] finger)” [or possibly “or finger”] derived from a deleted root ᴹ√KOL (EtyAC/KOL).

Cognates

• S. cor “ring, circle”
• ᴺS. corf “ring (for fingers)”

Element in

• Q. Cormacolindor “Ring-bearers” ✧ LotR/0953
• Q. Cormarë “Ringday” ✧ LotR/1112
• Q. i Túrin i Cormaron “the Lord of the Rings” ✧ Minor-Doc/1973-05-30

Elements

Word	Gloss
KOR	“round, round; [ᴱ√] be round, roll”
-ma	“instrumental”

Variations

• Corma ✧ LotR/0953 (Corma); LotR/1112 (Corma)

epe

after

risil

ring

*risil (þ) noun "ring" (on the ground) in Rithil-Anamo, q.v.

ui

no

ui interjection "no" (originally an endingless negative verb in the 3rd person aorist: "it is not [so]"; see #u-). Apparently this is the word for "no" used to deny that something is true (compare vá, which is rather used to reject orders, or to issue negative orders). (VT49:28) Compare uito.

helexë

noun. hail

A neologism for “hail” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT) derived from the root √KHELEK, likely modeled after caraxë < √KARAK.

Derivations

• √KHELEK “ice”

alae

interjection. (?) behold!

Uncertain meaning, but compare with Quenya ela! "imperative exclamation directing sight to an actually visible object" (WJ/362)

calan

noun. day, period of actual daylight

Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second.

al-

prefix. not

pref. not. >> alfirin

al-

prefix. no, not

Cognates

• Q. al(a)- “in-, un-, not; †-less, without”

Derivations

• √LA “no, not; negative; not to be”

Element in

• S. alfirin “immortal, (lit.) not dying; a species of flower” ✧ PE17/101
• ᴺS. alhad “nowhere”
• ᴺS. allu “never”
• ᴺS. alnad “nothing”
• ᴺS. alphen “no one, nobody”
• ᴺS. alben “no one”

Variations

• al- ✧ PE17/101

orgaladh

noun. fourth day of the Númenórean week, day of the White Tree

This day was formerly called orgaladhad in the Elvish calendar

athan

preposition. beyond

roval

wing

n. wing. >> Landroval, raw, rov-

orgaladhad

noun. fourth day of the Elvish week, day of the Two Trees

This day was renamed orgaladh in the Númenórean calendar

ab

preposition. after

Cognates

• Q. apa “after (of time)”

Derivations

• √PĀ/APA “touch; after, behind of place”

Element in

• ᴺS. abgen- “to foresee, expect”
• S. Abonnen “After-born” ✧ WJ/387
• ᴺS. abor “tomorrow, (lit.) after-day”
• S. aphad- “to follow”
• ᴺS. avnedhor “afternoon”

Variations

• Ab ✧ WJ/387 (Ab)

ab-

prefix. after, later

oraearon

noun. seventh day of the Númenórean week, Sea-day

orbelain

noun. sixth day of the week, day of the Powers or Valar

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

baw

interjection. no, don't!

raw

wing

n. wing. Q. ráma, pl1. rámar. >> Landroval, rov-, roval

raw

noun. wing

The Sindarin word for “wing” (PE17/63) based on the root ᴹ√RAM (Ety/RAM). Its Quenya cognate ráma indicates its ancient vowel ā was long, and this long ā became au (aw) in Sindarin. Meanwhile, the ancient m became v, which then vanished after the diphthong aw: ✱rāmā > raum(a) > rau(v) > raw.

Conceptual Development: The word G. ram “wing, pinion” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s was similarly derived (GL/64), but in Gnomish m did not become v.

Cognates

• Q. ráma “wing, wing; [ᴱQ.] arm” ✧ PE17/063

Derivations

• ᴹ√RAM “*wing, fly”

Element in

• S. roval “winged, winged; [N.] pinion, great wing (of an eagle)” ✧ PE17/063

rafn

noun. wing (horn), extended point at side, etc.

oranor

noun. second day of the week, day of the Sun

orithil

noun. third day of the week, day of the Moon

ormenel

noun. fifth day of the week, Heavens' day

orgilion

noun. first day of the week, day of the Stars

penninor

noun. last day of the year

ú

prefix. no, not (negative prefix or particle)

echor

ring

(outer ring or circle) echor (pl. echyr). It is unclear what the Sindarin word for an ornamental ring is; the cognate of Quenya corma would be *corf (i gorf, o chorf; pl. cyrf, i chyrf, coll. pl. corvath).

echor

ring

(pl. echyr). It is unclear what the Sindarin word for an ornamental ring is; the cognate of Quenya corma would be ✱corf (i gorf, o chorf; pl. cyrf, i chyrf, coll. pl. corvath).

gú

no, not

also ú

gú

no, not

gú-, also ú-

rov-

wing

pref. wing. >> Landroval, raw, roval

ú

not

(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (followed by lenition, e.g. ú-chebin ”I do not keep”) (without). Verb

ú

not

u- (followed by lenition, e.g. ú-chebin ”

û

interjection. no

adv. or interj. no, not (of fact).

û

adverb/interjection. no, not, no, not, [G.] nor

Derivations

• ✶ū “primitive negative interjection” ✧ PE17/144
  • √Ū “denial of fact, privation, negative element, denial of fact, privation, negative element, [ᴱ√] not” ✧ PE17/143

Element in

• S. ú- “no, not, negative; impossible, no, not, negative; impossible; [N.] bad-” ✧ PE17/144

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ū > û	[ū]	✧ PE17/144

al

not

al- (prefix) as in alfirin "not-mortal", immortal.

al

not

(prefix) as in alfirin "not-mortal", immortal.

calan

daytime

(i galan, o chalan), pl. celain (i chelain)

ava

will not

(i ava, in avar).

law

adverb. not

Derivations

• √LA “no, not; negative; not to be”

ai!

hail

! (interjection) ai! _(according to one interpretation of Glorfindel_s cry ai na vedui, Dúnadan!)

ai!

hail

(according to one interpretation of Glorfindel’s cry ai na vedui, Dúnadan!)

lae-

verb. to not be

Derivations

• ✶lā- “to not be”
  • √LA “no, not; negative; not to be” ✧ PE22/153

athar

beyond

1) *athar (across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation. 2) (adverbial prefix) thar- (across, athwart, over)

athar

beyond

(across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation.

pelia

spread

pelia- (i belia, i pheliar)

pelia

spread

(i belia, i pheliar)

roval

wing

1) roval (pinion, great wing [of eagle]), pl. rovail (idh rovail). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhoval_ _pl. rhovel. 2) rafn (horn, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn).

roval

wing

(pinion, great wing [of eagle]), pl. rovail (idh rovail). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” *rhoval* pl. *rhovel*.

ab

after

#ab (only attested as a prefix, as in:)

ab

after

(only attested as a prefix, as in:)

aur

day

aur (morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

aur

day

(morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

baw!

no

! (interjection expressing refusal or prohibition, not denying facts) baw! (dont!) Prefix

baw!

no

(don’t!) Prefix

rafn

wing

(horn, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn).

said

not common

(lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (separate, private, excluded) (VT42:20)

thar

beyond

(across, athwart, over)

edinor

anniversary day

(pl. edinoer). Archaic edinaur. In ”Noldorin”, the word appeared as edinar.

abonnen

afterborn

pl. Ebennin (archaic "Eboennin" = Ebönnin, WJ:387), Elvish name of Men as the "Secondborn" of Eru. – If ab can be used as an independent preposition, it is probably followed by soft mutation.****

aba-

prefix. not

Cognates

• Q. ava- “negation (refusing or forbidden)” ✧ WJ/370

Derivations

• √BĀ/ABA “refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), [ᴹ√] deny; away, go away, depart” ✧ WJ/370

Element in

• T. abapétima “not to be said” ✧ WJ/371

Variations

• aba- ✧ WJ/371

nazg

noun. ring

Derivations

• ✶nazgā “bond, fetter” ✧ PE19/101
  • √NASAG “*bond, fetter” ✧ PE19/101

Element in

• Bs. ash nazg durbatulûk “one ring to rule them all” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011
• Bs. ash nazg gimbatul “one ring to find them” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011
• Bs. ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul “one ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011
• Bs. Nazgûl “Ring-wraith” ✧ Let/178; Let/382; PE17/011; PE17/031; PE17/079; PE17/079; PE17/125; RC/762

nazg

noun. (finger-)ring

>> Nazgûl 'Ringwraiths'

ala

root. no, not; negative; not to be

la

root. no, not; negative; not to be

An invertible root, √LA or √ALA, used for negation. Its earliest iteration was as the primitive negative prefix ᴱ✶ḷ- from the 1910s (GL/50; PE12/11; QL/97). Its first appearance as ᴹ√LA “no, not” was in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/LA), and it regularly appeared in documents from the 1930s, 40s and 50s. Tolkien then abandoned this form of negation in 1959 (PE17/143), but restored it again around 1969 (PE22/160) only to abandon it again shortly after (VT44/4). For a full history of Tolkien’s shifting conceptions of negation in Elvish, see the Quenya entry on the negative.

Derivatives

• ✶lā- “to not be” ✧ PE22/153
  • Q. lá- “to not be” ✧ PE22/153; PE22/153; VT49/13
  • ᴺS. lae- “to not be”
• Q. al(a)- “in-, un-, not; †-less, without” ✧ PE22/153; VT42/33
• Q. ala- “to deny”
• Q. la- “not, in-, un-”
• Q. lá- “to not be” ✧ PE22/156; VT42/33; VT49/13
• Q. lá “no, not” ✧ PE22/153; VT42/33
• ᴺQ. lana “no, not any, not (a); none”
• S. al- “no, not”
• ᴺS. lad “nothing, zero”
• ᴺS. law “not”

Variations

• AL ✧ PE17/143 (AL); PE17/146; PE22/140
• al ✧ PE18/088; PE22/140; VT42/32 (al)
• la ✧ PE18/088; VT42/32 (la)
• lā ✧ PE22/140
• LĀ ✧ PE22/153
• ALA ✧ PE22/153
• (A)LA ✧ PE22/156
• ala ✧ VT42/33; VT49/13
• al/la ✧ VT48/25

lā̆

preposition/adverb. beyond

Derivations

• √LAƷ “cross, pass over, go beyond” ✧ PE17/065

Derivatives

• Q. lá “beyond, over, across, athwart” ✧ PE17/065; PE17/065

Element in

• ✶orlā “over” ✧ PE17/065
• ✶pelola “beyond (the boundary)” ✧ PE17/065

Variations

• laŋa ✧ PE17/065

al(a)

root. good (physically), blessed, fortunate, prosperous, health(y)

A root variously meaning “blessed, fortunate, prosperous” (PE17/146) and in some circumstances “healthy” and “good (physically)” (PE17/149, 172) or just simply “good” (PE17/146, 150, 153, 158). It was first mentioned in The Etymologies of the 1930s in association with the root ᴹ√ALAM “elm” to which it might be related “since the elm was held blessed and beloved by the Eldar” (Ety/ÁLAM). In Quenya at least its sense was influenced by √GAL “grow, be healthy, flourish” (PE17/146, 153). At one point Tolkien said “this stem was less used in Sindarin, but occurs in a few old forms”, notably S. elia- “to cause to prosper, bless” and S. alw [alu] “wholesome (PE17/146).

The existence of this root is one of reasons that Tolkien decided to abandon la-negation around 1959, saying “AL, LA have too much to do”. Tolkien’s vacillations on the nature of la-negation might therefore have pushed this root in and out of favor, but it is difficult to tell for certain.

Changes

• ALA → ALA “good, prosperous, healthy, fortunate” ✧ PE17/146

Derivatives

• √LĀ “interjection of pleasure/assent”
  • Q. (a)lá “yes” ✧ PE17/158; VT42/33
• Q. al(a)- “well, happily” ✧ PE17/146; PE17/172
• Q. alima “fair, good” ✧ PE17/146
• Q. alla “welcome, hail” ✧ PE17/146
• Q. almë “good (or blessed) thing, blessing, piece of good fortune” ✧ PE17/146; PE17/153
• Q. alya “fair, good, [ᴹQ.] rich, prosperous, abundant, blessed; [Q.] fair, good” ✧ PE17/146
• Q. alya- “to cause to prosper, bless (a work), help one” ✧ PE17/146
• S. al- “well, happily” ✧ PE17/146
• S. alu “wholesome, wholesome, *healthy” ✧ PE17/146
• ᴺS. alvar “(good) luck, fortune”
• S. elia- “to cause to prosper, bless (a work), help one” ✧ PE17/146

Variations

• AL ✧ PE17/059; PE17/146; PE17/146; PE17/150
• ALA ✧ PE17/146; PE17/146 (ALA); PE17/146; PE17/149; PE17/153; PE17/158; PE17/162; PE17/170; PE17/172 (ALA)
• ala ✧ VT42/33

lā-

verb. to not be

Derivations

• √LA “no, not; negative; not to be” ✧ PE22/153

Derivatives

• Q. lá- “to not be” ✧ PE22/153; PE22/153; VT49/13
• ᴺS. lae- “to not be”

Element in

• ✶lāni/lanjē karnē-sa “I did not do it” ✧ PE22/140; PE22/140
• ✶lasa “not it = it is/was not so” ✧ PE22/140

Variations

• la ✧ PE22/140
• lā ✧ PE22/153

al-

prefix. no, not

al-

prefix. no, not

@@@ the phrase “the only place in Noldorin where the primitive prefix is preserved” was deleted (EtyAC/AR²)

Cognates

• ᴹQ. il- “no, not” ✧ Ety/LA

Derivations

• ᴹ✶al “without”
  • ᴹ√LA “no, not; to be not” ✧ Ety/AR²
• ᴹ✶la- “no, not, negative prefix” ✧ Ety/LA
  • ᴹ√LA “no, not; to be not” ✧ Ety/LA; EtyAC/LA

Element in

• N. Alchorin “Not-of-Kôr” ✧ Ety/LA

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶la- > al	[la-] > [al-]	✧ Ety/LA

Variations

• al ✧ Ety/LA

ai

interjection. hail

Element in

• N. Ai, Du-finnion ✧ RS/361
• N. Ai, Padathir, Padathir “Hail, Trotter, Trotter” ✧ RS/198

Variations

• Ai ✧ RS/198; RS/361

athan

preposition. beyond

Element in

• N. Bronwe athan Harthad “Endurance beyond Hope” ✧ SD/062

Elements

Word	Gloss
ath-	“on both sides, across”

pelia-

verb. to spread

ar-

prefix. day

Cognates

• ᴹQ. are “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Derivations

• ᴹ✶ari “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • ᴹ√AR “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Element in

• N. Ar Fennuir “Day of the Fanturi, fourth day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Neleduir “Day of the three kings, fifth day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Nethwelein “Day of the younger Gods, fifth day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Uiar “Day of Ulmo, second day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Vanwe “Day of Manwe, first day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/AR¹
• N. Ar Vedhwen “Day of the Spouses, third day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Velegol “Day of Aule, alternate name of the third day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Ifan “*Day of Yavanna”
• N. edinar “anniversary day”
• N. Aroeren “Sea-day”
• N. Aranor “*Sun-day”
• N. Arvelain “*Day of the Valar”
• N. Argalad “Tree Day”
• N. Argaladath “*Day of the Trees”
• N. Argilion “*Star-day”
• N. Arithil “*Moon-day”
• N. Arvenel “*Heavens-day”
• N. penninar “full year (last day of year)”
• N. Ardórin “?Day of Kings”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶ari- > ar-	[ari] > [are] > [ar]	✧ Ety/AR¹

Variations

• ar- ✧ Ety/AR¹

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

rhafn

noun. wing (horn), extended point at side, etc.

penninar

noun. last day of the year

mû

interjection. no

Derivations

• ᴹ√GŪ “no, not” ✧ Ety/MŪ

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MŪ > mû	[mū]	✧ Ety/MŪ