u

adverb. no, not, nor

udum

place name. Udum

uthairiol

adjective. unintentional, unintended; reluctant

ungoliont

feminine name. Ungoliont

uirol

adjective. unwilling, reluctant

unaudrathrol

adjective. unabashed, shameless

@@@ correction confirmed by Christopher Gilson: discord.com

usgwi

masculine name. Usgwi

umbathor

masculine name. Umbathor

unathriol

adjective. unreal; impossible

urion

masculine name. Urion

uthwen

noun. escape, way out, exit

A noun appearing as G. uthwen “way out, exit; escape” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s related to the verb G. uthra- “get away, escape” (GL/75), both clearly based on the early root ᴱ√USU “get out, escape” (QL/98).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would retain this noun as ᴺS. uthwen “way out, exit; escape”, but re-etymologized as a combination of the Neo-Root ᴺ√UTH “escape” with men “way”, with thm > thw and then the u preserved by the following w.

uchir

noun. recklessness; carelessness; security

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s translated “recklessness; carelessness” but also “security” (GL/74), apparently a negated form of G. hîr “care, anxiety; heed” (GL/49). These seemingly opposite meanings appear to be intentional, since it has adjectival forms G. uchirthol “reckless” and G. uchirin “secure” (GL/74). Perhaps its meaning “security” originally came from “[lack of] security”, and uchirin “secure” is somehow double-negated.

ulin

noun/adjective. liquid

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as G. ulin “liquid” (GL/74), clearly a derivative of the early root ᴱ√ULU “pour, flow fast” (QL/97).

Neo-Sindarin: If adapted to (Neo) Sindarin, this word would be ᴺS. ylin with i-affection, probably originally an adjective formation: ✱ulin(a).

ultha-

verb. to pour out (tr.)

A verb appearing in the Gnomish Lexicon as G. ultha- “pour out, tr.” (GL/74), hence clearly based on the early root ᴱ√ULU (QL/97). A deleted verb G. gulta- “pour out, tr.” earlier in the document indicates Tolkien considered having the true form of the root be ✱ᴱ√GULU (GL/43).

Neo-Sindarin: If adapted for Sindarin phonology, this verb would become oltha-, but there is already another verb N. oltha- “to dream” (Ety/ÓLOS). As such, I would simply coined a neologism ᴺS. ol- “to pour” derived directly from the root √UL.

urna-

verb. to blaze, burn (intr.)

The verb G. {urtha- >>} urna- “blaze, burn (intr.)” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/75), probably derived from the early root ᴱ√URU which had several fire-related derivatives (QL/98).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I think this verb can be adapted as ᴺS. orna- from the later root √UR, and it can be used for “burn” in general (both transitive and intransitive) since the other transitive Gnomish “burn” words like G. gusta- cannot be easily adapted.

ust

noun. cloudy air

A noun for “cloudy air” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/75), probably related to the early root ᴱ√ṢQṢ (QL/98).

uf

preposition. out of, forth, from

udrug

adjective. intractable, fierce, untamed

udathriol

adjective. countless

ufedhin

masculine name. *Outlaw

urwedhin

feminine name. Maiden of the Sun-ship

uf(f)edhin

noun/adjective. outlaw, outcast; one who changes his clan and goes to a new kinship

uptha-

verb. to shout

uril

proper name. Sun

udathnarol

adjective. countless, innumerable

uchirin

adjective. secure

ufra

adjective. outer

ugwedriol

adjective. ineffable, unspeakable, awful

ulthanc

noun. [unglossed]

u lâ fin sî

no room for you here

umeg

?. [unglossed]

unc

pronoun. ourselves

u ’wirn u ’wethrin

not unwelcome or welcome

ulm

noun. jar, flagon

A word appearing as G. ulm “jar, flagon” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s derived from ᴱ✶ḷm (GL/74). In the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon Tolkien said it was not related to the early root ᴱ√ULU “pour” because Gnomish derivatives of that root showed gul- indicating a true root form ✱ᴱ√GULU (QL/97). Tolkien soon changed his mind and decided the root for “pour” was in fact ᴱ√ULU, and the primitive form ᴱ✶ḷm was deleted from the Gnomish Lexicon.

Neo-Sindarin: I would retain this word for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, but would assume it was derived from ✱ul-mā “a thing for pouring”. As such, I would assume its use included pitchers with handles as well as flagons and jars. Its form would need to be adapted as ᴺS. olf to fit Sindarin phonetics, with u becoming o before a and then [[s|lm > lf (pronounced [lv])]].

uthra-

verb. to get away, escape

A verb appearing as G. uthra- “get away, escape” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s related to the noun G. uthwen “way out, exit; escape” (GL/75), both clearly based on the early root ᴱ√USU “get out, escape” (QL/98).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would adapt this verb as ᴺS. othra- “to get away, escape” with the usual Sindarin change of short u to o, based on a Neo-Root ᴺ√UTH.

ufestog

adjective. breathless

A word appearing as G. ufestog “breathless” in the Gnomish Lexicon, a negated adjectival form of G. fest “breath” (GL/35).

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this word as ᴺS. úthúlui “breathless” using the later form [N.] thûl for “breath” (Ety/THŪ).

uimoth

noun. whale, (lit.) sheep of the waves

A noun appearing as G. uimoth “a whale” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, literally meaning “sheep of the waves”, a combination of G. uin “†wave” and G. moth “sheep” (GL/74). In the Gnomish Lexicon, the sense “wave” for uin was marked as archaic (†), and it also came to mean “whale” in ordinary speech after the name of the great whale Uin.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would update this word to ᴺS. gwimmaf “whale”, a combination of gwing “foam” and [ᴺS.] maf “sheep”.

ubri

noun. rainfall, rain

A noun for “rain” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, probably related to G. ub “wet, moist, damp” (GL/74).

uch

noun. rain

A noun for “rain” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s derived from primitive ᴱ✶ukko (GL/74), probably based on the early root ᴱ√UQU “wet” which had derivatives like ᴱQ. ukku “rainbow” (QL/98).

uf

noun. fine wool, down

A noun for “fine wool, down” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/74), probably based on the early root ᴱ√OWO having to do with wool (QL/71).

uil

noun. hen

The word G. uil “hen” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/74), almost certainly a cognate of ᴱQ. oi “bird, hen” which Tolkien considered deriving from ᴱ√OHO “cry” (QL/69). In Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s, Tolkien had the primitive word ✶kholjē “hen” derived from the root √KHOL “crow, cry aloud” (PE21/82), which may be a later iteration of this Gnomish uil “hen” word.

Neo-Sindarin: Based on the above, Gábor Lőrinczi proposed a neologism ᴺS. hŷl “hen” as recorded in the VQP (VQP). However, my analysis of Sindarin phonology indicates that ᴺS. huil is the more likely result ✶kholjē: compare thuil and thuin plurals of thôn and thôl, and possibly also ruin < ✱runyā and fuir < ✱forya. For further details see the entry on how [[s|final [i] intruded into preceding syllable]] in Sindarin.

In any case, I recommend ᴺS. huil for “hen” in Neo-Sindarin, or its more elaborate form ᴺS. porochuil.

uitha-

verb. to lay eggs, nest

A verb appearing as G. uitha- “lay eggs, nest” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/74), likely derived from the early root ᴱ√OHO [OΧO] which was the basis for ᴱQ. ohte “egg” in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/69). This verb probably represents the vocalization of ancient χ to i before th [θ], after which the resulting oi became ui; compare G. fuitha- “hide” < ᴱ√foχo (GL/36).

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this verb as ᴺS. oetha- for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, based on the Neo-Root ᴺ√OKH “egg”, since a similar vocalization of χ occurred in Sindarin, but the resulting oi became oe.

uivrin

adjective. barren

An adjective appearing as G. uivrin “barren” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed, the negated form of G. ivrin “fertile” (GL/46, 74). It had a variant form G. gwivrin “barren” where with the “ui- being replaced by analogy” (GL/46).

Neo-Sindarin: I would update this word to ᴺS. aliavren “barren” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, based on the updated word ᴺS. iavren “fertile”.

ulna-

verb. to ooze

A verb appearing as G. ulna- “ooze” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/74), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√ULU “pour, flow fast” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/97). A rejected verb G. gul- “ooze, trickle” from earlier in GL is probably a precursor reflecting a different conception of the root: ✱ᴱ√ƷULU (GL/43).

Neo-Sindarin: Since √UL “pour” survives in Tolkien’s later writings, I retain but adapt this verb as ᴺS. olla- “ooze, trickle”, the likeliest result of Sindarin phonetic development from primitive ✱ulna-.

umbel

noun. a dell

A word glossed “a dell” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with variants umbel and umli, apparently an elaboration on G. um “lowlying” (GL/74).

urc

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/75), likely related to ᴱQ. ulku “wolf” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon derived from the early root ᴱ√ULUKU (QL/97). In the Qenya Lexicon Tolkien gave the Gnomish form as ulug, but in the Gnomish Lexicon the gloss of G. ulug was changed {“wolf” >>} “dragon” (GL/74).

urdainoth

collective name. East Danes

Gnomish name for the East Danes (LT2/306), a combination of G. Dainoth “Danes” with a Gnomish equivalent ur- of ᴱQ. óre “East”.

urf

noun. apple (tree)

The word G. orf “apple” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with no clear derivation (GL/63). In Gnomish Lexicon Slips it became G. urf “apple” derived from primitive ᴱ✶orbı̯a-, but Tolkien revised this gloss to “apple tree” (PE13/116 and note #9).

Neo-Quenya: I’d use ᴺS. orf “apple” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin for better compatibility with ᴱQ. orva “apple”, my preferred Quenya word for that fruit.

urm

noun. brazier, grate

A word appearing as G. urm “a brazier, grate” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/75), likely derived from the early root ᴱ√URU having to do with fire and heat (QL/98).

Neo-Sindarin: Since √UR “be hot” survived in Tolkien’s later writings, I would retained this word for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, but adapted as ᴺS. uru “brazier, grate” with the assumption that it was derived from primitive ✱urumē. A direct adaption of G. urm would in Sindarin produce ✱orf, but that conflicts with ᴺS. orf “apple”.

urtha-

verb. to work, wreak, fashion, make, devise

A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “work, wreak, fashion, make, devise”, which Tolkien indicated was related to G. ûr “smith” and G. {aur >>} aurin “made, wrought, fashioned” (GL/75).

us-

verb. to leave, depart

A verb appearing as us- or usta- in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with glosses “leave, depart” (GL/75), likely based on the early root ᴱ√USU “get out, escape” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (QL/98; LT1A/Dor Faidwen).

usfeg-

verb. to release

An Gnomish verb (or noun?) for “release” mentioned in passing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√FAẎA (QL/37). It did not appear in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon.

u-

prefix. negative prefix

ub

adjective. no, none

ufedhron

noun. lawless man

ug-

verb. negative verb

uith

adjective. both

u laud u laith hasta unweg

*neither flood nor time waits for anyone

um

adjective. lowlying

umir

noun. nobody, no one (fem.)

ungwi

noun. spider

unt

noun. nothing

untha

adverb/adjective. no, none

unweg

noun. nobody, no one

uvin

noun. eight

uduvrin

masculine name. Hell-lord

uin

noun. whale, †wave

uin

proper name. Primeval Whale

uinen

feminine name. Lady of the Sea

umbart

noun. fate

umboth

noun. nightfall

umboth-muilin

place name. Pools of Twilight

ub

adjective. wet, moist, damp

ubra-

verb. to rain

ufedhwed

adjective. lawless

uir-

verb. not to wish, not mean to, mean not to

ul-

prefix. miss-, wrongly, ill, badly

ulc

adjective. bad, evil, wicked

ulcarm

noun. sin

uluch

noun. she-dragon

ulug

noun. dragon

ulvon

noun. *monster, giant

um

pronoun. we

unc

noun. ear, handle (of a jar)

unthos

noun. eighteen

urin

adjective. hot, very hot

usc

noun. fog, mist

uchirthol

adjective. reckless

uista-

verb. not to notice

u laudin laithin hastath unweg

*floods and times do not wait for anyone

ulch

adjective. bad

ulcoth

noun. wickedness

ulcrum

noun. sin

uluchnir

noun. she-dragon

ulug

noun. wolf

ulugwin

noun. she-dragon

umbath

noun. nightfall

umin

pronoun. we

um lenin

*we have come or are come

umli

noun. a dell

umrod

noun. fate

unath

noun. nothing

ungathos

noun. eighteen

ungra

adjective. eighth

urthu

noun. *death

usb

noun. fog, mist

usg

noun. fog, mist

usta-

verb. to leave, depart

nínin-udathriol

proper name. Unnumbered Tears

anthum

preposition. upwards, cg. onto

tusc

adjective. inflammable; touchy, irritable; explosive

An adjective in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “inflammable - touchy, irritable - explosive” derived from primitive early root ᴱ√tudh- (GL/72), where ð became s before stops like k in Gnomish. Since there are no signs of this Gnomish sound change in later Noldorin or Sindarin, this word was likely abandoned.

aur(a)

noun. Sun

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as Aur “Sun” (GL/20), probably a cognate of ᴱQ. Ûr from the root ᴱ√URU as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Ûr; QL/098). It appeared as aura in G. nalos·aura “sunset” and G. orosaura “sunrise” (GL/59, 62). The word G. aur “sun” was also mentioned in Gnomish Lexicon Slips with corrections for that document (PE13/114), but by The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. aur meant “day”, whereas N. Anor became the name of the Sun (Ety/ANÁR, AR¹).

belu-

verb. to unroll, unfurl (intransitively), belly (of sails), swell

A verb appearing as belu- or belwa- in the Gnomish Lexicon glossed “unroll, unfurl (intransitively), belly (of sails), swell” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/22), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√VELU (or ✱ᴱ√BELU) “unroll” (QL/100).

@@@ maybe salvage belwa-?

suil

noun. daughter

aust

noun. summer

gulma

masculine name. Gulma

gulta-

verb. to pour out (tr.)

luim

adjective. blue

lum

noun. cloud

maurin

adjective. early, betimes, up early; premature

naur

noun. a snarl, ugly grin

-ui

suffix. dual

galaduir

proper name. Sun

glum

noun. cloud

luin

adjective. blue

maudrin

adjective. early, betimes, up early; premature

praust

noun. [unglossed]

sui

noun. daughter

thug

noun. [unglossed]

trum

?. [unglossed]

tumli

noun. dale

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “a dale” (GL/72), probably a derivative of the early root ᴱ√TUM(B)U as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Tombo; QL/95).

func

noun. smoke

A word for “smoke” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, clearly related to G. fug- “smoulder” (GL/36).

gersauth

noun. mine

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “mine” with variants gersauth and gersoth, a combination of G. groth “ore” and G. sauth “hole” (GL/38).

tustarol

adjective. inflammable

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “inflammable”, an adjectival form of G. tusta- “inflame” (GL/72).

gurth(u)

noun. death

gurtholfin

proper name. Wand of Death

gung

noun. spider

tum

noun. hollow

bad uthwen

place name. Way of Escape

danuin

masculine name. Day

gungliont

feminine name. The Spider of Night

gwerlum

feminine name. Gloomweaver

lunta

noun. ship

mathusgi

noun. twilight

turinthi

noun. princess

ûl cuvonweg

proper name. Moonking

aura

masculine name. Smith

crunc

noun. crow

cub

adjective. hollow

graug

noun. demon

guira-

verb. to possess

huith

noun. fog

hulc

adjective. naked

taleg uthwen

place name. Way of Escape

aluin

masculine name. Time

aulin

adjective. wrong

gaul

noun. light

gadweth

noun. union, joining; wedding

A word appearing as G. gadweth “union, joining” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a noun form of G. gadu “joined, connected” (GL/36). It could also be used to mean “wedding”.

ilrimog

adjective. uneasy

A word glossed “uneasy” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/50), a negated adjectival form of G. rim “peace, quietness, calm” (GL/65).

piglin

noun. urine

A noun appearing as G. piglin “urine” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/64), probably based on the early root ᴱ√PIQI which had Quenya derivatives having to do with bitterness (QL/74).

Neo-Sindarin: I would update this word to ᴺS. saerlin “urine”, a combination of [N.] saer “bitter” (Ety/SAG) and the root √LIN which was sometimes connected to the sound of moving water (WJ/382).

talc

adjective. upright

An adjective in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “upright”, probably related to G. tâl “foot” (GL/68) and the early root ᴱ√TALA “support” (QL/88).

Neo-Sindarin: Since √TAL was still the basis for “foot” words in Tolkien’s later writings, I would adapt this adjective as ᴺS. talch “upright, ✱(orig.) on one’s feet”.

gofedhin

adjective. united, allied, ‘friends’

An adjective glossed “united, allied” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of G. go- “together” and G. fedhin “ally, friend” (GL/34, 40). It was also glossed “friend” in quote, probably intended to indicate that gofedhin could be used adjectivally to mean “one who is a friend”

il(d)rim

noun. unquiet, disturbance; disease

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with the meaning “unquiet, disturbance” and thus by extension “disease”, a combination of G. rim “quietness” with the negative prefix G. il- (GL/50).

am

adverb. up, upwards, towards head of, above

antha

adjective. upper

gwirn

adjective. unwished for, unwelcome

amon

adverb. uphill, against stream

gados

noun. union, association, fellowship

gwirth

noun. unwillingness, reluctance

ortha

adjective. upper

orthi

adverb. up

anthos

adverb. up, above

erwed

adjective. unique

gadros

noun. union, association, fellowship

iltanc

adjective. unsteady

ûtha-

verb. to emit; to issue

A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “emit; issue”, related to G. ûthi “outside” and G. uf “out of”, hence probably based on the early root ᴱ√Ū “under” (GL/74; QL/96).

beltha-

verb. to open out (transitive), expand, unroll, set sail

A verb appearing as G. beltha- “open out (transitive), expand, unroll, set sails” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/22), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√VELU (or ✱ᴱ√BELU) “unroll” (QL/100). The verb G. beltha- was first translated as “to swell, belly (of sails), open out, expand (intransitive)”, but this intransitive sense was transfered to G. belu-.

Neo-Sindarin: Since I retain the Neo-Root ᴺ√BELU “unroll, ✱unfurl”, I would retain ᴺS. beltha- “to open out, expand, unroll, set sail”, properly pronounced bella- with Welsh-like long voiceless ll. I would also use this verb intransitively to mean “to swell, belly (of sails)”, mostly because we don’t know how u-verbs are conjugated in Sindarin.

belin

adjective. expanded, unrolled, unfurled, set (of sails)

An adjective appearing in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as G. {belum >>} belin “expanded, unrolled, unfurled, set (of sails)”, based on the verb G. belu- “unroll, unfurl” (GL/22).

Neo-Sindarin: Since I retain the Neo-Root ᴺ√BELU “unroll, ✱unfurl” to serve as the basis for “sail” words, I would retain and adapt this Gnomish adjective as ᴺS. belen “expanded, unrolled, unfurled, set (of sails)”.

botheb-

verb. to untie, undo, unloose

A verb appearing as G. botheb- “undo, untie, unloose” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of G. bod- “back” (also = “un-”) and G. heb- “bind” (GL/23).

Neo-Sindarin: Neither the prefix or the sense of the verb survived in Tolkien’s later writings, so I would using the neologism ᴺS. dannod- “to untie, undo, unloose” instead, a reversed form of the later verb [N.] nod- “to tie”.

gada-

verb. to join, connect, unite

A verb appearing as gada- “join, connect, unite” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s based the early root ᴱ√yat- [ẎATA] (GL/36), with the Gnomish sound change of initial y becoming g.

Neo-Sindarin: The later form of this root is ᴹ√YAT or √YAN, so I would update this verb to ᴺS. ianna- “to join, connect” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, inspired by the neologism ᴺS. goianna- “join with, add to”. For “unite” I would instead use S ertha-.

glib

adjective. liquid

An adjective in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed {“dripping wet” >>} “liquid” (GL/39), probably derivatives of the early root ᴱ√LIQI which had derivatives like ᴱQ. liqin(a) “wet” (QL/54).

godra

adjective. joined, united, joint

An adjective glossed “joined, united, joint” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, probably based on (deleted) G. gôd “joint, link of chain” (GL/36).

gofedhra-

verb. to unite in a band

The verb gofedhra- “to unite in a band” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, that was especially used reflexively (GL/40). It was a combination of G. go- “together” and the verb G. fedhra-, apparently of the same meaning (GL/34). The verb fedhra- in turn was related to words like G. fedhrog “one bound by oath” and G. fedhir “bond, convention, agreement”.

hŷr

noun. sun

A word appearing in the Gnomish Lexicon Slips of the 1910s as {ŷr >>} hŷr “sun” beside a variant G. aur of the same meaning (PE13/114).

mang

noun. butter

A word appearing as G. mang “butter” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/28), clearly related to ᴱQ. manya “butter” and thus derived from the early root ᴱ√MṆGṆ (QL/62).

Neo-Sindarin: I’d retain ᴺS. mang “butter” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin from a Neo-Root ᴺ√MANGYA, where ngy became ng in (Old) Sindarin (PE19/23).

rosta

noun. ascent, uprising, rising

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “ascent, uprising, rising” based on the early root ᴱ√RŌ (GL/66).

ûg

noun. mud

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “mud” (GL/74), possibly derived from a variant (?ᴱ√UK) of the Early Root ᴱ√LUKU from the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon which likewise had derivatives like ᴱQ. lukso “mud” (QL/56).

gwegrin

adjective. masculine

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “masculine”, an adjectival form of G. gweg “man” (GL/44).

nogin

noun. boy, lad, urchin

A noun appearing as G. nogin “boy, lad, urchin” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/61); its derivation is unclear since no nearby words seem to be related, but it could be a variation on G. naug “a dwarf” (GL/59).

Neo-Sindarin: I think this word may be salvageable as Neo-Sindarin ᴺS. nogen, reinterpretted as a derivative of the root √NUK “stunted”, originally an adjective ✱nukina used to refer to short persons or children in a less-than-flattering way. Given its glosses, I would use this word mainly for a mischievous or irritating male child; for a more ordinary word for “boy”, I’d instead use S. ion(n).

ûgrin

adjective. muddy

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “muddy”, simply an adjectival form of G. ûg (GL/74).

-wi

suffix. dual

ûthi

noun. outside

bod-

prefix. back, again; un- (= backwards)

math

noun. dusk

-(i)on

suffix. adjectival suffix

-og

suffix. adjectival suffix

-os

suffix. masculine suffix

-tt

suffix. dual

-weg

suffix. masculine suffix

aglar(i)ol

adjective. glorious

beb

adverb. [unglossed]

brid-

verb. [unglossed]

brontha

adjective. continual, continuous, unceasing; everlasting

cacha-

verb. to laugh

clib-

verb. to uphold, support; to lean

clidhron

noun. [unglossed]

climbol

noun. [unglossed]

dôn

?. [unglossed]

fad

adverb. enough

faig

adjective. cruel

fair

adjective. free, unconstrained

fedhra-

verb. to unite in a band

flantha-

verb. to scorn, utterly despise

fost

noun. odour

glin

noun. sound, voice, utterance

gwandra

adjective. beautiful

helchor

proper name. anarctic cold, utter frost of the south

lent

adverb. near, close to, up by, along side of; (c. dat.) at, towards, up to side of; therewith, with it, withal

narth

noun. odour

nifedhin

noun/adjective. outlaw, outcast

or-

prefix. on, onto, up, in addition to

orod

noun. mountain

ost

noun. summer

pactha-

verb. to utter, speak, talk

pad

noun. [unglossed]

rictha-

verb. to contort, twist, confuse, disarrange, upset

rô

noun. [unglossed]

sinthi

pronoun. [unglossed]

tath-

verb. to count

thail

noun. [unglossed]

thil

noun. [unglossed]

tîr

noun/adjective. †straight, upright, honest (aj.); esteem, regard, honour

ûl thilgodrin

masculine name. a full moon

’ôs

noun. [unglossed]

-eg

suffix. adjectival suffix

altha-

verb. to shoot up, grow (high)

belwa-

verb. to unroll, unfurl (intransitively), belly (of sails), swell

cancha-

verb. to laugh

cwelm

noun. dusk

difedhin

noun/adjective. *outlaw

fostrin

adjective. odorous

fî

noun. [unglossed]

gatha

?. [unglossed]

@@@ form does not appear elsewhere and similar forms are not relevant

grithonwed

adjective. thoughtful, careful; unselfish

gwanin

adjective. beautiful

gwirthol

adjective. reluctant

lin

noun. sound

od

preposition. at, up to, against

ort

noun. mountain

prog

noun. [unglossed]

rab-

verb. [unglossed]

safwen

noun. summer

sind

noun. [unglossed]

thel

noun. [unglossed]

thelg

noun. [unglossed]

thion

noun. [unglossed]

thrim

?. [unglossed]

thû-

verb. [unglossed]

tûn

noun. [unglossed]

mîr

noun. wine

The words for “wine” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s were (archaic) G. †mîr and (ordinary) G. miros (GL/57), both related to ᴱQ. miru “wine” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/61).

Neo-Sindarin: In Tolkien’s later writing, S. mîr was “jewel” and S. miruvor was a loan word from Q. miruvórë, where the initial element was based on Val. mirub “wine” (PE17/37-38; WJ/399). I use ᴺS. miru for “wine” as a loan word from Quenya and an element in S. miruvor. This allows us to salvage various wine-related Gnomish words like ᴺS. mirybin “grape” (G. mirobin). However, a Sindarin word herw “wine” was published in 2024, which can be used if you want to avoid using words from the 1910s.

-vran

suffix. dwelling

A suffixal form of G. brann (GL/24); see S. barthan for discussion.

arthaid-

verb. to join

A verb for “to join” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s formed with the prefixal form of G. artha- “approach” (GL/20). Its second element might be G. gada- “join, connect, unite” (GL/36).

asc

noun. water

A noun glossed “water” appearing in the Official Name List for the Lost Tales of the 1910s, probably based on the early root ᴱ√ASAKA which was used for words meaning “waterfall” (PE13/101).

bothli

noun. oven

A noun appearing as G. bothli “oven” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from primitive ᴱ✶mᵇāsḷ (GL/23) and thus based on the early root ᴱ√M(B)ASA “cook, bake” (QL/63).

Neo-Sindarin: Since √MBAS “bake” continued to appear in Tolkien’s later writings, I would retain this word but adapt it as ᴺS. bothol “oven” to better fit later Sindarin phonology: [mbāslǝ] > [mbǭsḷ] > [mbauθḷ] > [boθol]. Here final syllabic ḷ became -ol, as in tachol < ✶tankl(a) (PE18/100).

ceral

noun. jar

A noun appearing as G. ceral “jar” in Gnomish Lexicon Slips of the 1910s from primitive ᴱ✶keréldǝ (PE13/116). It is likely based on the early root ᴱ√KERE “turn” (QL/46).

Neo-Sindarin: A similar root √KWER “revolve” appears in Tolkien’s later writing, so I would adapt this noun as ᴺS. perol “jar” from ancient ✱kwerḷ.

cing(win)

noun. spider

A noun for “spider” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with variants cing and cingwin (GL/26). Tolkien indicated this word was related to G. cang “tangled” (GL/25), which was probably based on the early root ᴱ√KAŊA “weave, twine” (QL/45, 98). The i in cing indicates the primitive form was probably kŋ̣g-, since short syllabic nasals became in in Gnomish.

clochiol

adjective. stone

An adjective for “stone” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as an element in G. gôf·clochiol “stone-fruit” (GL/40), derived from G. cloch “a stone” (GL/26).

cwam

adjective. ill

A word glossed {“sick, unwell” >>} “ill” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/28). In an earlier but deleted version of the entry it was connected to adjective ᴱQ. qamba, and hence it was based on the early root ᴱ√QAMA (QL/76).

fegrin

adjective. free

An Gnomish adjective for “free” mentioned in passing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√FAẎA (QL/37). It did not appear in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon.

gerd(h)olm

noun. mine

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “mine” with variants gerdolm and gerdholm, a combination of G. ger “ore” and G. dolm “pit” (GL/38).

gomintha

adverb. together

An adverb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of G. go- “together” and G. mintha “in one place” (GL/41).

gwast

noun. dwelling

A noun for “dwelling” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root ᴱ√[[ep|ŋwa[ð]-]] (GL/47).

ilgiol

adjective. barren

A word for “barren” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of G. giol “fecund” with the negative prefix G. il- (GL/50).

mintha

adjective. ūna, in one place, together

An adverb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “ūna, in one place, together” based on G. min “one” (GL/57). As described by the editors, “ūna” is Latin for “at the same place or time, together”.

mortha

adjective. dim

A word for “dim” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjective form of G. morth “darkness” (GL/58).

niogrim

noun. swarm

A word appearing as niogrim or nigrim “smarm” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a collective form of G. nio “bee” with a suffix G. grim “host” (GL/60). It is not clear why the suffix did not become -rim as in other collective words.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin I would adapt this words as ᴺS. niwrim “swarm”, a class plural of ᴺS. nîw “bee”.

och

noun. egg

A word appearing as G. och “egg” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/62), likely based on the early root ᴱ√OHO from which Qenya “egg” words were derived (QL/69). It has a somewhat unusual plural form uith, likely from primitive ✱oχ-þ- as suggested by Roman Rausch with the vocalization of oχ to oi which then became ui (HPG/§2.8).

Neo-Sindarin: I’d retain ᴺS. och “egg” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin based on a Neo-Root ᴺ√OKH, but I’d give it a more normal Sindarin plural: ych “eggs”.

ocha

noun. fleece

A word for “fleece” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s derived from primitive ᴱ✶ou̯χē (GL/62) and hence based on the early root ᴱ√OWO having to do with wool (QL/71).

og-

verb. to be able, can

A verb appearing in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as G. og- “am able, can” with variant ogra-, along with adjective forms G. ogra “able” and G. ogriol “possible” (GL/62). It had an associated noun form G. ogor “might, power; ability” so it was probably originally based on physical ability.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would use ᴺS. pol- for “to be (physically) able”; see that entry for discussion.

osp(a)

noun. foam

A noun “foam” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with variants osp and ospa (GL/63), probably derived from the root ᴱ√Palas (QL/72).

polodrin

adjective. mighty

A word appearing as G. polodrin “mighty” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjective form of G. polod “power, might, authority” (GL/64). It had an archaic variant {poldurin >>} †polurin or polorin which was sometimes used as a sobriquet for Tulcus.

Neo-Sindarin: Since ᴹ√POL(OD) still had to do with “strength” in Tolkien’s later writings, I’d adapt this word as ᴺS. polodhren “mighty, ✱powerful” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin using the later Sindarin adjective -ren. Given the meanings of its base noun (including authority), I’d assume this adjective has a connotation of political power. I’d constrast it with S. belaith which I’d use for “mighty” in general (independent of authority).

porogwil

noun. hen

The word G. porogwil appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as a combination of G. porog “fowl (domestic)” and G. uil “hen” (GL/64, 74).

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this word as ᴺS. porochuil for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, updating the second element to the neologism ᴺS. huil “hen”. The longer form is better distinguished from ᴺS. huil “bitch, female dog”.

tharm

noun. saw

A word appearing as G. tharm or thram “a saw” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a noun form of G. thar- “saw (up)” (GL/72-73).

Neo-Sindarin: Since I retain ᴺS. thar- “to saw (up)” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would retain the noun as well, but updated to ᴺS. tharf “saw” to better fit later Sindarin phonology.

ô

noun. the sea

A word for “the sea” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from primitive ᴱ✶ou̯a and probably based on the early root ᴱ√’O’O (GL/61; QL/70).

ûr

noun. smith

A noun for “smith” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, related to ᴱQ. uru “fire” and hence based on the early root ᴱ√URU (GL/75; QL/98). In Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document it became {awr >>} ŷr “smith” (PE13/115). See ᴱN. taglon for later “smith” words.

gobli

noun. dell

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “dell” (GL/40), an elaboration on G. gob “hollow of hand” so perhaps originally meaning “✱hollowness”.

brann

noun. dwelling, hall

û-

verb. not to be, not to do

a(n)

preposition. of

i

article. the

miros

noun. wine

tam

noun. copper

tambin

adjective. of copper

ûl

proper name. Ûl

a

preposition. from

atha

cardinal. two

ba

preposition. in

band

noun. hell

bi

preposition. in

bo(n)

noun. son

brag

adjective. fresh

colw

adjective. black

cwenn

noun. Elf

daimoth

noun. heaven

dolc

adjective. deep

dolm

noun. pit

dûl

adjective. hollow

earendel

masculine name. Earendel

eleg

adjective. other, else

elegrin

adjective. different, strange

elfel

adjective. different, like something else

er

adjective. one

falon

adjective. naked

falt

adjective. bare

fing

adjective. narrow

fir

adjective. less

flan

noun. scorn

forog

noun. enemy

gantha

adverb. more

gima-

verb. to hear

gontha

noun. boy

gwivrin

adjective. barren

harach

noun. she-wolf

harog

noun. wolf

hen

noun. eye

hermon

noun. lord

ilbrant

noun. rainbow

inthanfog

place name. Hell

inthi

adverb. less

ioringli

masculine name. Earendel

lingwir

noun. dragon

lûm

noun. time

mad-

verb. to eat

maithri

noun. control

malc

noun. lord

mar(o)n

adjective. ripe

mel-

verb. to love

meleth

noun. love

mora

adjective. good

morth

noun. darkness

mô

noun. hand

na-

verb. to be

naith

noun. tooth

niwin

noun. female bee

norn

noun. wheel

noss

noun. rain

nîr

noun. woman

o-

conjunction. he

ol-

verb. to appear, seem

on

pronoun. he

orc

noun. goblin

oros

noun. rising

rothrin

adjective. hollow

rôs

place name. the Sea

sair

adjective. hot

sâ

noun. fire

tagor

noun. smith

tagros

noun. smith

tefla-

verb. to scorn

thas

pronoun. thy

yrn elwig

lofty trees

úrin

masculine name. Úrin

ûl

noun. a ghost

ûm

noun. voice

ûmi

adjective. large

ûmor

masculine name. Ûmor

to

proper name. To

ûl·a·rinthilios

proper name. Ûl·a·Rinthilios

-vron

suffix. dwelling

a

preposition. of

arn

noun. son

athwi

adjective. both

baldrin

adjective. mighty

dân

noun. day

falin

adjective. naked

fech

adjective. bad

gaid

adverb. more

gersoth

noun. mine

ging

noun. spider

gond

noun. stone

grôg

noun. demon

grûda

noun. cave

gw-

prefix. negative prefix

harw

noun. wolf

hodhir

noun. hope

ilvrant

noun. rainbow

le

preposition. and

maivenin

adjective. shapely

mawr

adjective. good

nan

preposition. of

noth

noun. rain

o

preposition. from

odra

adverb. very

ogra-

verb. to be able, can

olch

adjective. bad

taglos

noun. smith

thram

noun. saw

túrin

masculine name. Lord

û gwilthi - gwilm ’othwenion

*it is not peace - [the] cessation of battles

ûna

noun. hope

ûna-

verb. to hope

ŷr

noun. smith