-yë

conjunction. and

-yë (4) conj. "and" as a suffix added to the second of a pair, as Menel Cemenyë "Heaven and Earth" (VT47:30, 31, VT49:25). Other "pairs" are mentioned as examples but not actually translated into Quenya by Tolkien: Sun and Moon (*Anar Isilyë), Land and Sea (*Nór Eäryë), fire and water (*nárë nenyë, or *úr nenyë).

and

and

a (2) conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song (that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna "and northwards" in a late text, VT49:26). According to PE17:41, "Old Quenya" could have the conjunction a (as a variant of ar) before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw (f is not mentioned), PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r, þ, s. See ar #1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen "he ran with his speed" (i.e. as quickly as he could) is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is "he ran and [did so] with his speed" (PE17:58).

ar

and

ar (1) conj. "and" (AR2, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40). The older form of the conjunction was az (PE17:41). Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s (PE17:41, 71), but "in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases" (PE17:71). In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar "and raiments" to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation(PE17:175). More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in "Old Quenya", the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant (PE17:41, 71). An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" (VT43:31, cf. VT48:14). In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ar(a) (VT45:6). In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar "as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and" (PE17:145); compare ara.

ar

and

o (1) conj. "and", occurring solely in SD:246; all other sources give ar.

ar

conjunction. and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but

Changes

• ara → ar ✧ NM/239
• ar → ar “and” ✧ PE17/041
• ar → ar ✧ PE17/041
• ar → al ✧ PE17/175

Cognates

• S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar

Derivations

• ✶as(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
  • √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31
• ✶ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/070; PE17/071; PE17/071; PE17/102
  • √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
• √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145
• √AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ SA/ar

Element in

• Q. aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie’n aurë “Behold, people of the Eldar and Fathers of Men, the day has come!” ✧ S/190; WJ/166
• Q. álamë tulya úsahtienna “[and] lead us not into temptation” ✧ VT43/21
• Q. alcar i Ataren ar i Yondon ar i Airefëan “glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit” ✧ VT43/36
• Q. alcarin Vendë ar manaquenta “O glorious and blessed Virgin” ✧ VT44/10
• Q. ar aistana i yávë mónalyo Yésus “and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus” ✧ VT43/31; VT43/31
• Q. ar ámen apsenë úcaremmar “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT43/18
• Q. ar cé mo formenna tentanes Amanna “and if northwards, it pointed towards Aman” ✧ VT49/25
• Q. ar Elendil Vorondo voronwë “and of the faith of Elendil the Faithful” ✧ UT/305
• Q. ar hísië untúpa Calaciryo míri oialë “and mist covers the jewels of Calacirya forever” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ar hísië untúpa Calaciryo míri oialë “and mist covers (lit. down-roofs) Calacirya’s jewels forever” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ar i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa tennoio “and of the One who is above all thrones for ever” ✧ UT/305
• Q. ar ilyë tier undulávë lumbulë “and all paths are drowned deep in shadow” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ar lumbulë undulávë ilyë tier “and (heavy) shadow swallowed (lit. down-licked) all roads” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ar mi cemen rainë i hínin “and on earth peace, good will toward men” ✧ VT44/34; VT44/34; VT44/34
• Q. ar sindanóriello caita mornië “and out of a grey country darkness lies” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ar sindanóriello mornië caita “and from a grey country darkness lies” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ar súlë Manwëo etsurinyë ar Eldaron indor turyaner “*and the spirit of Manwe went out and the hearts of the Eldar were comforted / or obeyed” ✧ NM/239; NM/239
• Q. arta “etcetera” ✧ PE17/071
• Q. ar wingildi wilwarindië “*and the foam-like butterflies” ✧ PE16/096
• Q. cemendë tambe Erumandë “on Earth as [it is] in Heaven” ✧ VT43/17
• Q. cuita’r parë “live and learn” ✧ PE22/154
• Q. Elainen tárin Periandion ar meldenya anyáran “*to Elaine, queen of Hobbits and my very old friend” ✧ VT49/40
• Q. Eldarinwë Leperi ar Notessi “Elvish Fingers and Numerals” ✧ VT47/04
• Q. Nasser ar Cenime Cantar Valaron ar Maiaron “The Natures and Visible Shapes of the Valar and Maiar” ✧ PE17/175; PE17/175
• Q. savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe that E[lessar] really existed and that he was a King of Gondor” ✧ PE22/158; VT49/27
• Q. násië “now and at the hour of our death: Amen” ✧ VT43/34; VT43/34
• Q. sínen i·anda nyarnë metta ar taina andaurenya na quanta “*with this the long tale ends and my extended long day is complete” ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT
• Q. sinomë maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn’ Ambar-metta “In this place will I abide, and my heirs, unto the ending of the world” ✧ LotR/0967; PE17/103; PE22/147
• Q. sustanë Manwëo súlë ten i indo Sindicollo ar he lastanë ar carnes “*the spirit of Manwe blew unto the heart of Thingol and he listened and did it” ✧ NM/239; NM/239
• Q. Valar ar Maiar fantaner nassentar fanainen ve quenderinwe coar ar larmar “Valar and Maiar cloaked their true-being in veils, like to Elvish bodies and raiment” ✧ PE17/174; PE17/175; PE17/175
• Q. ványë ar válmë “I and those with me are against it” ✧ PE22/162

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶as(a) > ar	[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad(a) > az > ar	[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad(a) > ar	[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶as(a) > ar	[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/070
✶ad(ă)/ad > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/071
✶ad > ađ > ař > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/071
✶ada > ar	[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/102
√ADA > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/145
√ar- > ar	[ar]	✧ SA/ar
✶as > ar	[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]	✧ VT47/31

Variations

• Ar ✧ NM/239
• ara ✧ NM/240 (ara)
• a ✧ PE17/071 (a)
• as ✧ PE17/071 (as); PE17/071
• al ✧ PE17/071; PE17/175
• are ✧ VT43/31 (are); VT43/34 (are); VT47/04

arë

and

arë conj. "and", longer form of ar, q.v. (VT43:31)

az

and

az, archaic form of the conjunction ar "and"; see ar #1.

yo

and

yo conj. "and", "often used between _two _items (of any part of speech) that were by nature or custom clearly associated, like the names of spouses (Manwë yo Varda), or "sword and sheath" (*macil yo vainë*), "bow and arrows" (quinga yo pilindi), or groups like "Elves and Men" (Eldar yo Fírimor but contrast eldain a fírimoin [dative forms] in FS, where Tolkien joins the words with a, seemingly simply a variant of the common conjunction ar). In one source, yo is apparently a preposition "with" (yo hildinyar* = "with my heirs", SD:56).

anda

long

anda adj. "long" (ÁNAD/ANDA), "far" (PE17:90).In Andafangar noun "Longbeards", one of the tribes of the Dwarves (= Khuzdul Sigin-tarâg and Sindarin Anfangrim) (PM:320). Compare Andafalassë, #andamacil, andamunda, andanéya, andatehta, Anduinë. Apparently derived from the adj. anda is andavë "long" as adverb ("at great length", PE17:102), suggesting that the ending -vë can be used to derive adverbs from adjectives (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308)

ando

long

ando (2) adv. "long"; maybe replaced by andavë; see anda (VT14:5)

ando

gate

ando (1) noun "gate", also name of tengwa #5 (AD, Appendix E). A deleted entry in the Etymologies gave Ando Lómen, evidently "Door of Night" (VT45:28; notice "Qenya" genitive in -n rather than -o as in LotR-style Quenya)

andavë

long, at great length

andavë adv. "long, at great length" (PE17:102); see anda

nan

but

nan conj. "but" (FS); the Etymologies also gives ná, nán (NDAN), but these words may be confused with forms of the verb "to be", so nan should perhaps be preferred, unless for "but" one uses the wholly distinct word mal. In Tolkien's later Quenya, it may be that he introduced new words for "but" to free up nan for another meaning (perhaps the adverb "back", compare the prefix nan-).

anat

but

anat conj. "but" (VT43:23; possibly an ephemeral form)

yo

conjunction. both ... and

Derivations

• ✶yŭ “both” ✧ PE17/070
  • √YU “both, both, [ᴹ√] two” ✧ PE17/070

Element in

• Q. sanomë tarnë Olórin, Aracorno, Eomer, Imrahil, mi mísë, mi telepta yo morna, mi laiqua yo ninquë, mi luinë, ta Gimli mi lossëa “There stood Gandalf, Aragorn, Eomer and Imrahil in grey, in silver and black, in green and white, and in blue, and also Gimli in white” ✧ PE17/071; PE17/071
• ᴺQ. yola “neither, nor”

Variations

• Yo ✧ PE17/070

as

with

as prep. "with" (together with), also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with thee" (VT47:31, VT43:29). The conjunction ar "and" may also appear in assimilated form as before s; see ar #1.

as

with

o (2) prep. "with" (MC:216; this is "Qenya"; WJ:367 states that no independent preposition o was used in Quenya. Writers may rather use as.) See ó- below.

as

preposition. with

Derivations

• √AS “beside”

Element in

• Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/29

apa

but

apa (3) conj. "but": melinyes apa la hé "I love him but not him" (another) (VT49:15)

apa

conjunction. but

Element in

• Q. melin sé apa lanyë hé “I love him but not him (the other)” ✧ VT49/15
• Q. melinyes apa la hé “I love him but not him (the other)” ✧ VT49/15

Variations

• apa ✧ VT49/15

mal

but

mal conj. "but" (VT43:23)

mal

conjunction. but

Element in

• Q. násië “but deliver us from evil: Amen” ✧ VT43/23

ná

but, on the contrary, on the other hand

ná (2), also nán, conj. "but, on the contrary, on the other hand" (NDAN; the form nan, q.v., is probably to be preferred to avoid confusion with ná "is", *nán "I am").

nó

but

nó (2) conj. "but" (VT41:13)

nó

conjunction. but

ono

but

ono conj. "but" (VT43:23, VT44:5/9)

ono

conjunction. but

Changes

• anat → one “*but” ✧ VT43/23

Element in

• Q. násië “but deliver us from evil: Amen” ✧ VT43/23; VT43/23; VT43/23; VT43/23
• Q. ono alyë eterúna me illumë ilya raxellor “but deliver us always from all dangers” ✧ VT44/09
• Q. orë nin caritas nó namin alasaila “I would like / feel moved to do so but judge it unwise” ✧ VT41/13

Variations

• nō ✧ VT41/13
• anat ✧ VT43/23 (anat)
• one ✧ VT43/23

onë

but

onë conj. "but" (VT43:23)

onë

conjunction. but

car-

with

#car- (2) prep. "with" (carelyë "with thee"), prepositional element (evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien) (VT43:29)

enel

between

enel prep. "between" = "at the central position in a row, list, series, etc. but also applied to the case of three persons" (VT47:11). This preposition refers to the position of a thing between others of the same kind; compare imbë.

mitta

preposition/adverb. between, [ᴹQ.] inwards, into, [ᴱQ.] in; [Q.] between

Derivations

• √MI/IMI “in, within, [ᴹ√] inside” ✧ VT43/30

Element in

• Q. aistana elyë imíca nísi “blessed art thou amongst women” ✧ VT43/30
• Q. Mittalmar “Inlands”
• Q. mittanya- “*to lead (into)”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√mi > mitta-	[mitta]	✧ VT43/30

Variations

• mitta- ✧ VT43/30

sóra

long, trailing

sóra adj. "long, trailing" (LT2:344)

mitta-

between

mitta- (2) prep. "between" (VT43:30; the final hyphen may suggest that suffixes would normally follow)

imbë

between

imbë (1) prep "between" (Nam, RGEO:67, VT47:11, PE17:92). This is "between" referring to a gap, space, barrier, or anything intervening between two other things, like or unlike one another (compare enel). The pluralized form imbi implies "among" of several things (ancalima imbi eleni "brightest among stars"); "in the sense 'among' before plurals [imbë] is usually pluralized > imbi even when a plural noun follows". As pointed out by Patrick Wynne, imbi may also be used in the sense of "between" before two singular nouns connected by "and" (as in the example imbi Menel Cemenyë "between heaven and earth"), whereas imbë is used before dual forms, as in the examples imbë siryat "between two rivers", imbë met "between us". Elided imb' in the phrase imb' illi "among all" (VT47:11, 30). A dual form imbit is also mentioned, used to express "in absolute form the sense 'between two things' when these are not named" (apparently meaning that imbit expresses *"between them" referring to two entities, with no noun following) (VT47:30, PE17:92)

ó

with, accompanying

lé

preposition. with, with, [ᴹQ.] by, [ᴱQ.] with (accompaniment)

Cognates

• S. di “with” ✧ PE17/095

Derivations

• ✶dē “with” ✧ PE17/095

Element in

• ᴺQ. letinwessë “constellation”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶dē > lē > lé	[dē] > [lē]	✧ PE17/095

Variations

• lé ✧ PE17/095 (lé)

lé

with

lé (2) prep. "with" (PE17:95)

ó

preposition. with

Changes

• yó → ó ✧ PE22/162

Element in

• Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/29
• Q. vá meninyë ó le “I won’t come with you” ✧ PE22/162

Variations

• yó ✧ PE22/162 (yó)
• ó- ✧ VT43/29

a

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

a

and

conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> ad, ada, adh

a

and

conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

a

conjunction. and

conj. and. Pedo mellon a minno! 'Say friend and enter'. Q. ar

ad

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ada, adh

ada

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, adh

adh

conjunction. and

ah

conjunction. and

and

adjective. long

and

adjective. long

adj. long. i·arben na megil and 'The Knight of the Long Sword'. >> ann

and

adjective. long

Cognates

• Q. anda “long, far” ✧ PE17/040; PE17/090

Derivations

• √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/040
• ✶andā “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
  • √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/090

Element in

• S. Anach “?Long Neck”
• S. anann “(for) long”
• S. andaith “long-mark”
• S. Andram “Long Wall” ✧ SA/an(d)
• S. Andras “Long Cape”
• S. Andrast “Long Cape”
• S. Angast “Long Cape” ✧ VT42/28
• S. Andrath “Long Climb”
• S. andreth “long-suffering, patience”
• S. Androth “*Long Cave”
• S. Anduin “Great River, (lit.) Long River” ✧ PE17/012; PE17/040; RC/765; SA/an(d)
• S. Anfalas “Langstrand, (lit.) Long Beach” ✧ SA/an(d)
• S. Anfang “Longbeard”
• S. angerthas “runic alphabetic, (lit.) long rune-rows” ✧ SA/an(d)
• ᴺS. annas “length”
• S. Ann-thennath “*Long-shorts”
• S. Cair Andros “Ship of Long Foam” ✧ SA/an(d)
• S. i arben na megil and “Knight of the Long Sword” ✧ PE17/147

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶andā > ann-	[andā] > [anda] > [and] > [ann]	✧ PE17/090

Variations

• ann ✧ PE17/012; PE17/040; PE17/121
• ann- ✧ PE17/090
• an(d) ✧ SA/an(d)
• an(n)- ✧ VT42/28

ar

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

ar

conjunction. and, and, [G.] too, besides

Ídh

and

{ð}_ conj. _and. It was not mutated before vowels. >> a

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, ada

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

ann

adjective. long

adj. long. Rare except in old names (e.g. Anduin). >> and

ann

adjective. long

a

conjunction. and; †by, near, beside

Changes

• a → a “and” ✧ PE17/041
• a → að “and” ✧ PE17/041
• a → a ✧ PE17/041

Cognates

• Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar

Derivations

• ✶as(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31
  • √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31
• ✶ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102
  • √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
• √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145
• √AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ SA/ar

Element in

• S. a Pherhael ar am Meril suilad uin aran o Minas Tirith nelchaenen ned Echuir “to Samwise and Rose the King’s greeting from Minas Tirith, the thirty-first day of Stirring” ✧ SD/129; SD/129
• S. aran Gondor ar Arnor ar Hîr i Mbair Annui “king of Gondor and Arnor and Lord of the Westlands” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
• S. ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT44/28
• S. ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain “and he desires to greet there all his friends” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
• S. ar in Ellath epholar eno vi Eressai “*and the Elves (?remember) still in Eressëa” ✧ VT50/19
• S. ar Iorhael, Gelir, Cordof, ar Baravorn, ionnath dîn “and Frodo, Merry, Pippin and Hamfast his sons” ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; SD/129; SD/129
• S. ar Meril bess dîn, ar Elanor, Meril, Glorfinniel, ar Eirien sellath dîn “and Rose his wife; and Elanor, Rose, Goldilocks and Daisy his daughters” ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129
• S. ar Nienor sel Morwen Níniel “*and Nienor daughter of Morwen, Níniel” ✧ VT50/18
• S. man agorech? “*and said Rían to Tuor: what have we done?” ✧ VT50/20; VT50/20
• S. Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth “The Debate of Finrod and Andreth” ✧ MR/329; PE17/041
• S. Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn “Frodo and Sam, princes of the west” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
• S. Dor-Cúarthol “Land of Bow and Helm”
• S. Narn e·Dant Gondolin ar Orthad en·Êl “*Tale of the Fall of Gondolin and the Raising of the Star” ✧ MR/373
• S. pedo mellon a minno “speak, friend, and enter; (alternately) say ‘friend’ and enter” ✧ LotR/0305; LotR/0305; PE17/041
• S. si loth a galadh lasto dîn “*here flower and tree listen [in] silence” ✧ LB/354

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ad(a) > að > a	[ada] > [aða] > [að] > [a]	✧ PE17/041
✶as(a) > a(h) > a	[asa] > [aha] > [ah] > [a]	✧ PE17/041

Variations

• ar ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; MR/373; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; VT44/28; VT50/18; VT50/19
• a ✧ LB/354; Let/448; LotR/0305; LotR/0953; PE17/041 (a); PE17/041; PE17/041 (a); PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar; VT47/31
• ah ✧ MR/329; VT43/30
• að ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/145
• ath ✧ PE17/041 (ath)
• a(ð) ✧ PE17/102
• að- ✧ PE17/145
• Ar ✧ SD/129; VT50/20
• A ✧ VT50/20 (A)

ah

preposition/conjunction. and, with

The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a.1 , ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT/43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)

anann

adverb. long, for a long time

anann

adverb. long

adv. long. Cuio i Pheriain anann 'May the Halflings live long'.

di

preposition. with

_ prep. _with. Q. lé.

di

preposition. with

Changes

• di → di “with” ✧ PE17/095

Cognates

• Q. lé “with, with, [ᴹQ.] by, [ᴱQ.] with (accompaniment)” ✧ PE17/095

Derivations

• ✶dē “with” ✧ PE17/095

Element in

• S. le nallon sí di’nguruthos “here overwhelmed in dread of Death I cry” ✧ PE17/095

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶dē > di	[dē] > [dī] > [di]	✧ PE17/095

Variations

• di ✧ PE17/095 (di)

na

preposition. with, by (also used as a genitive sign)

na

preposition. to, towards, at

im

preposition. between

Derivations

• √MI/IMI “in, within, [ᴹ√] inside”

Element in

• S. Taur-im-Duinath “Forest between the Rivers” ✧ S/123

Variations

• im ✧ S/123

a

and

a, or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

a

and

or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

and

long

(adjective) and (pl. aind),

and

long

(pl. aind)

and

gate

!and (door), pl. aind, coll. pl. annath. Note that and is more commonly the adj. "long".

and

gate

(door), pl. aind, coll. pl. annath. Note that and is more commonly the adj. "long".

and

noun. gate, door

A neologism proposed by David Salo in his Gateway to Sindarin (GS/239), a non-augmentative form of annon “great gate, door”. I prefer to just use annon for all gates, and attested fen(n) for “door”.

Cognates

• Q. ando “gate, [great] door; †entrances, approaches”

Derivations

• ᴹ√AD “entrance, gate”

andaith

long mark

(no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters, like the Mode of Beleriand.

taen

thin

(lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.

anann

long

(adverb, = "for a long time") anann

anann

long

annon

great gate

(door), pl. *ennyn***

anfang

longbeard

pl. Enfeng, coll. pl. Anfangrim (WJ:10, 108, 205)

annabon

long-snouted one

pl. ennebyn, coll. pl. annabonnath. (Archaic form andabon.)

na

with

(in instrumental sense?) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

with

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

ach

conjunction. but

[it] appears that ach is the contrastive coordinating conjunction 'but'.

ach

conjunction. but

[it] appears that ach is the contrastive coordinating conjunction 'but'.

angerthas

long rune-row

(and + certhas).

ennin

long year

. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

mîn

i

(min-) means ”between” referring to a gap, space, barrier or anything intervening between two other things (VT47:11, 14)

brûn

long endured/established/in use

(old), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin;

im

between

(prep.) im (within), also as prefix im- ”between, inter-”. Note: homophones include the pronoun ”I” and a noun mening ”dell, deep vale”. The word mîn (min-) means ”between” referring to a gap, space, barrier or anything intervening between two other things (VT47:11, 14)

im

between

(within), also as prefix im- ”between, inter-”. Note: homophones include the pronoun ”

mi

between

mi (with article: min)

mi

between

(with article: min)

anda

adjective. long

Element in

• T. andané “long ago, once upon a time” ✧ VT49/31

enel

preposition. between, in the middle

This form was supposedly recorded by the Loremasters (VT47:39). It is derived from a variant of the root ÉNED- "centre" (LR:356), since "d and l interchanged frequently in Common Eldarin" (VT47:39).

agh

conjunction. and

Element in

• Bs. ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul “one ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011

sha

preposition. with

Element in

• Bs. Uglúk u bagronk sha pushdug Saruman-glob búbhosh skai “Uglúk to the cesspool, sha! the dungfilth, the great Saruman-fool, skai; Uglúk to torture chamber with stinking Saruman-filth, dung-heap, skai” ✧ LotR/0445; PE17/079; PM/083

-mâ

preposition. with

A prepositional suffix translated “with” (SD/247, 429).

Conceptual Development: At an earlier conceptual stage, it was the grammatical inflection -ma used for the draft-instrumental (SD/438).

Element in

• Ad. Bârim an-Adûn yurahtam dâira sâibêth-mâ Êruvô “Lords of [the] West, they rent [the] Earth with assent from Eru” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. bārun an-adūn {urahhata >>} urahta dāira sāibēth-mā ēruvō ✧ SD/247

Variations

• -mā ✧ SD/247
• mā ✧ SD/429

sigin Reconstructed

adjective. long

Element in

• Kh. Sigin-tarâg “Longbeards”

as(a)

preposition. and

Changes

• as(a) → ad(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041

Derivations

• √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31

Derivatives

• Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
• S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31

Variations

• as ✧ VT43/30; VT47/31

ʒandā

adjective. long

Derivations

• √ƷAN “adorn; extend; long” ✧ PE17/155; VT47/27

ad(a)

preposition. and, alongside

Changes

• ad → ad(a) ✧ PE17/041

Derivations

• √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071

Derivatives

• Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/070; PE17/071; PE17/071; PE17/102
• Q. ar- “by-, beside, near, by-, beside, near; [ᴹQ.] outside” ✧ PE17/071
• Q. ar(a) “beside, next [to]; out, beside, next [to], *by; out, [ᴹQ.] outside” ✧ PE17/071
• S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102

Variations

• ad ✧ PE17/041 (ad); PE17/070; PE17/071
• ad(ă)/ad ✧ PE17/071
• ada ✧ PE17/102

dē

preposition. with

Derivatives

• Q. lé “with, with, [ᴹQ.] by, [ᴱQ.] with (accompaniment)” ✧ PE17/095
• S. di “with” ✧ PE17/095

mīni

preposition. between

Derivations

• √MI/IMI “in, within, [ᴹ√] inside” ✧ VT47/11

Derivatives

• S. mîn “[thing] between; gap, space, barrier; anything intervening between two other things” ✧ VT47/11

imbi

preposition. between

Derivations

• √MI/IMI “in, within, [ᴹ√] inside” ✧ PE17/092; VT47/11; VT47/30

Derivatives

• Q. imbë “between, among, between, among; [ᴹQ.] in(wards)” ✧ PE17/092; VT47/11; VT47/30
• S. im “valley, valley; [N.] dell, deep vale” ✧ VT47/14
• T. imbe “gap, gully; low/narrow tract between high walls” ✧ VT47/14

Element in

• Q. imbilat “*deep valley” ✧ NM/355
• S. imlad “deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides, gap, gully, deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides, gap, gully, [N.] dell, glen” ✧ NM/355

Variations

• imbĭ ✧ PE17/092; VT47/30

a

conjunction. and

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ar “and; but”

Element in

• N. pedo mellon a minno “speak, friend, and enter” ✧ TI/182

ar

conjunction. and

Derivations

• ᴹ√AR “beside, outside”

Element in

• N. lheben teil brann i annon ar neledh neledhi gar godrebh “five foot high the door and three may walk abreast” ✧ TAI/150

an-

prefix. with, by

ann

adjective. long

ann

adjective. long

Cognates

• ᴹQ. anda “long” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD

Derivations

• On. anda “long”
• ᴹ✶andā “long” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD; Ety/MBUD
  • ᴹ√ANAD “*long” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD; Ety/MBUD

Element in

• N. anann “long”
• N. andeith “long-mark” ✧ Ety/TEK
• N. Andram “Long Wall” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD
• N. anrand “cycle, age, (lit.) long cycle” ✧ Ety/RAD
• N. Andrath
• N. Anduin “Great River”
• N. Anfalas “Langstrand”
• N. An(d)fang “Longbeard” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD
• N. annabon “elephant” ✧ Ety/MBUD
• N. Cair Andros
• N. ennin “Valian year”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶andā > and > ann	[andā] > [anda] > [and] > [ann]	✧ Ety/ÁNAD
ᴹ✶anda > anna-	[anda-] > [anna-]	✧ Ety/MBUD

taen

adjective. long (and thin)

anann

adverb. long

Element in

• N. aglar anann “*glory for long” ✧ SD/046
• N. cuio i Pheriain anann “long live the halflings” ✧ SD/046

Elements

Word	Gloss
an	“of”
ann	“long”

na

preposition. with, by (also used as a genitive sign)

na

preposition. to, towards, at