tre-

prefix. through

A prefixal form of N. trî “through” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, appearing as tre- when unstressed (the norm) and tri- when stressed, though there are no examples of the latter (Ety/TER). Presumably this refers to ancient rather than modern stress.

trevad-

verb. to traverse

A verb for “traverse” in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing in its Noldorin-style infinitive form trevedi derived from ON. tre-batie under the root ᴹ√BAT “tread” (Ety/BAT). Its stem form would thus be ✱trebat-, a combination of N. tre- “through” and N. ✱bad- “tread”.

trenar-

verb. to recount, tell to the end

trenarn

noun. account, tale

tre-

prefix. through (but denoting completeness when prefixed to verbs, cf. English idioms like "talk something through")

trenar-

verb. to recount, to tell to end

trenarn

noun. account, tale

trevad-

verb. to traverse

galadhrien

feminine name. Tree-lady

An early name for S. Galadriel appearing in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s as a combination of galadh “tree” and the lenited form of rhien “lady” (TI/249). There were also (rejected) variants Rhien and Galdri(e)n.

Conceptual Development: Tolkien soon changed her name to Galadriel (TI/246), but it likely that at this early stage, her name still included galadh “tree”, since Tolkien often represented [ð] with “d” instead of “dh” in Lord of the Rings drafts: compare N. Caradras with S. Caradhras. The derivation of Galadriel’s name from S. galad “light” is probably a later innovation.

galathir

masculine name. Tree-lord

An early name for S. Celeborn appearing in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s as a combination of galadh “tree” and the lenited form of hîr “lord” (TI/249).

argalad

noun. Tree Day

celeborn

proper name. Tree of Silver

fangorn

masculine name. Treebeard

galadh

noun. tree

galadrim

collective name. Tree-folk

melthinorn

proper name. Tree of Gold

orn

noun. tree

galadh

noun. tree

gowest

noun. contract, compact, treaty

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “contract, compact, treaty” under the root ᴹ√WED “bind”, a combination of N. go- “together” and N. gwest “oath” (Ety/WED).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. fedhir “law” more properly meaning “bond, convention, agreement”, along with G. fedhwen of similar sense but particularly used for “treaty” (GL/34).

mîr

noun. jewel, precious thing, treasure

brethel

noun. beech, beech-tree, silver birch

ereg

noun. holly-tree, thorn

eregdos

noun. holly, holly-tree

fêr

noun. beech-tree

gowest

noun. contract, compact, treaty

lalf

noun. elm-tree

lalven

noun. elm-tree

lhalorn

noun. elm-tree

lhalwen

noun. elm-tree

mîr

noun. jewel, precious thing, treasure

orn

noun. (any large) tree

tathor

noun. willow-tree

thaun

noun. pine-tree

toss

noun. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.)

tulus

noun. poplar-tree

bad- Reconstructed

verb. *to tread, travel, *to tread, [G.] travel

The earliest appearance of this verb was G. bad- “travel” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/21), probably based on the early root ᴱ√VAHA (QL/99). N. bad- appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as an element in the verb N. trevad- “traverse” under the root ᴹ√BAT “tread” (Ety/BAT), so probably of similar meaning.

The verb bad- was probably the original basis for the passive participle N. govannen “met” in the phrase mai govannen “well met” in Lord of the Rings drafts of the 1940s (RS/194). In Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s, Tolkien gave the primitive form of this passive participle as ✶gwā-ƀandina (PE17/17). In this same set of notes he considered basing govannen on a Sindarin verb form ba(n)- “go” (PE17/16). By 1959 Tolkien had abandoned √BA(N) “go” and replaced it with √MEN (PE17/143); see those entries for discussion.

Neo-Sindarin: I don’t think the verb S. ba(n)- “go” can be used, but I think N. bad- can be salvaged with the sense “to tread”. For “travel” I prefer glenna-.

trî

preposition. through

A preposition meaning “through” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ON. trī under the root ᴹ√TER(ES) “pierce” (Ety/TER), so presumably derived from ✱trē with ancient ē > ī as usual in Noldorin and Sindarin. In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road Christopher Tolkien gave the Noldorin and Old Noldorin forms as trî and trí following the usual orthographic conventions of those languages (LR/392), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne indicated they were both trī in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT46/18).

brethil

noun. beech

godrebh

adverb. through together

brethel

noun. beech

caw

noun. top

caw

noun. top

ercha-

verb. to prick

fast

noun. shaggy hair

findel

noun. (braided) hair

finnel

noun. (braided) hair

gwanod

noun. tale, number

harad

noun. south

harad

noun. south

lhaws

noun. hair ringlet

malen

adjective. yellow

malen

adjective. yellow, yellow, [ᴱN.] yellowish, pale, wan, sickly

mirion

noun. great jewel, Silmaril

narn

noun. a tale or a saga, that is told in verse to be spoken and not sung

nasta-

verb. to prick, point, stick, thrust

pent

noun. tale

tathren

adjective. of willow, having willows

thlind

adjective. fine, slender

thlinn

adjective. fine, slender

thlinn

adjective. fine, slender

tri

prefix. through (but denoting completeness when prefixed to verbs, cf. English idioms like "talk something through")

trî

preposition. through

trîw

adjective. fine, slender

tre

through

(adverbial prefix, sometimes = ”completely”) tre-, tri-. For an example of this prefix, see TELL TO END.

tre

through

tri-. For an example of this prefix, see

trenar

tell to end

(i** drenar, i** threnerir) (recount), pa.t. trenor****

trenar

recount

trenar- (i drenar, i threnerir) (tell to end), pa.t. trenor

trenar

recount

(i drenar, i threnerir) (tell to end), pa.t. trenor

trenar

tell to end

trenar- (i drenar, i threnerir) (recount), pa.t. trenor

trenarn

account

trenarn (i drenarn, o threnarn) (tale), pl. trenern (i threnern)

trenarn

account

(i drenarn, o threnarn) (tale), pl. trenern (i threnern)

trevad

traverse

(i drevad, i threvedir), pa.t. trevant

fangorn

masculine name. Treebeard

Sindarin name of Treebeard (LotR/464), more literally translated “beard-(of)-tree” (LotR/1131, PE17/84). His name is a combination of fang “beard” and orn “tree” (SA/orn, PE17/84).

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, his name also appeared as N. Fangorn “Treebeard” (TI/412).

celeborn

proper name. Tree of Silver

A tree in Tol Eressëa (S/59), translated “Tree of Silver” (MR/155) or “Silver Tree” (UT/266). This name is a combination of celeb “silver” and orn “tree”.

Conceptual Development: The name N. Celeborn appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s with the translation “Tree of Silver” (LR/210).

find

noun. tress; single hair, tress, [ON.] lock of hair; [ᴱN.] hair (in general); [S.] single hair

This word had a quite lengthy history as an element in the name S. Glorfindel “Golden Hair”. It appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as G. finn “a lock of hair” (GL/35), simply as ᴱN. find or finn “hair” in Early Noldorin Word-lists (PE13/143), and as Old Noldorin sphinde “lock of hair” from The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√SPIN (Ety/SPIN). In notes from the mid-1960s Tolkien said that find, finn meant a “single hair (of man or elf)” vs. S. †findel for a head of hair (PE17/17), but in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 Tolkien said it meant “tress” and was derived from primitive ✶phindē (PM/362 note #37).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use fîn for a single hair, find for hair in general or for a tress or lock of hair, and finnel for an entire head of hair.

galadh

noun. tree

The basic Sindarin word for “tree” (LotR/1113), derived from primitive ✶galadā and very well attested. This word dates back at least to The Etymologies of the 1930s, where N. galadh “tree” appeared under the root ᴹ√GALAD (Ety/GALAD). See also orn “(tall) tree” of similar meaning.

Conceptual Development: Gnomish of the 1910s had some earlier version of this “tree” word: G. galdon >> alwen “tree” in the Name-list to the Fall of Gondolin (PE15/24) and archaic/poetic G. †alwen “tree” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/19), the latter probably from the early root ᴱ√ALA “spread” that was the basis for ᴱQ. alda “tree” (QL/29).

galadhremmen

adjective. tree-meshed

An adjective meaning “tree-meshed” appearing in the A Elbereth Gilthoniel poem in its plural form galadhremmin (LotR/238). It was a combination of galadh “tree” and remmen “meshed” (PE17/25-26). This word is probably poetic, not in common use.

galadhrim

collective name. Tree-people

A name for the Elves of Lórien translated “Tree-people” (LotR/341). This name is a combination galadh “tree” and the class-plural suffix -rim often used in the names of peoples (Let/426, PE17/50).

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s and in the 1st edition of Lord of the Rings, this name appeared as N. Galadrim as part of Tolkien’s general trend to simplify dh [ð] to d (TI/239, RC/305). In the 2nd edition he restored the proper Sindarin form Galadhrim, deciding that Galadrim was the Nandorin form (PE17/50).

hírilorn

place name. Tree of the Lady

A great beech-tree in Doriath (S/172), translated by Christopher Tolkien as “Tree of the Lady” (SI/Hírilorn). This name is a combination of híril “lady” and orn “tree” (SA/heru, orn).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, the tree was first named G. Golosbrindi “Queen of the Forest” (LT2/51), revised to G. Hirilorn “Queen of Trees” (LT2/18). In the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s, the name was translated “Beechen Queen” (LB/202). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, Ilk. Hirilorn was given as a Doriathrin name, most likely with the same meaning as above (Ety/NEL).

melthinorn

proper name. Tree of Gold

A name of Laurelin translated “Tree of Gold” (MR/155), apparently a combination of a variant form of the adjective [N.] malthen “of gold” and orn “tree” (Ety/SMAL). The initial adjective melthin- appears to be plural, though the reason why is unclear since the second element is obviously singular.

Conceptual Development: The name N. Melthinorn appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/30). It also appears in The Etymologies, which is the source of the derivation above (Ety/SMAL). In the same entry, there is an archaic form †Mellinorn, apparently containing a plural of N. mallen.

Fangorn

noun. treebeard

fang (“beard”) + orn (“tree”)

cathrae

noun. tressure, *headdress

A noun for “tressure” in notes from the late 1960s derived from ✶cas-raya = √KAS “head” + √RAY “net, lace” (VT42/12). Given this word’s etymology, Tolkien was probably using “tressure” with its Middle English sense = “headdress”.

galadh

tree

_n. Bot._tree, like oak (nordh) and beech. A galadh was more thick, dense and branching than a orn. In Sindarin, there was no much distinction in size between galað and orn. A galað was more thick, dense and branching than a orn. Birch, ash and oak are of the orn kind. Q. alda. >> orn

galadh

tree

{ð} n. tree. In Sindarin, there was no much distinction in size between galað and orn. A galað was more thick, dense and branching than a orn. Birch, ash and oak are of the orn kind. Q. alda. >> orn

galadhremmen

tree-tangled

pl1. galadhremmin {ð} adj. tree-tangled. _o galadh-remmin ennorath _lit. 'from tree-tangled middlelands'. Q. aldarembina.

oron

noun. tree

n. Bot. tree. Also in compound -(o)rŏnō. >> orn

úgarth

noun. trespass, *(lit.) misdeed

cathrae

noun. tressure, net for combining the hair

finn

noun. tress; single hair, tress; single hair; [ᴱN.] hair; [G.] lock of hair

galadh

noun. tree

galadhremmen

adjective. tree-woven, tree-tangled

athra-

verb. to treat medically

A Sindarin verb appearing in rough notes from 1969 as {garthra, garthur >>} arthra, arthur “to treat medically” derived from √HATH “treat kindly/make easy, (help to) cure”, where last few characters of the second form {g}arthur are unclear (PE22/166 note #109-110). The removal of the initial g may reflect uncertainty on the primitive form or the exact Sindarin phonetic developments, or possibly both.

mîr

noun. jewel, precious thing, treasure

The noun N. mîr “jewel, precious thing, treasure” first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√MIR (Ety/MIR), and continued to appear regularly in Tolkien’s later writings with similar derivations and glosses (LotR/1115; PE17/37, 165; PM/348; RGEO/65). It is a frequent element in names.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s instead had G. idri “a treasure, a thing of great worth, a jewel” below a more archaic form of the same word G. †îd, both related to the name Idril (GL/50). Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱN. himp “jewel” (PE13/147), probably related to ᴱQ. sinqe “jewel” from this same period (PE14/42, 71), where initial s usually became h in Noldorin of the 1920s and labialized velars became labials (nq > mp).

eitha-

verb. to prick with a sharp point, stab; to treat with scorn, insult

A verb mentioned in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 with the basic meaning “prick with a sharp point, stab”, but also used to mean “treat with scorn, insult, often with reference to rejection or dismissal” (WJ/365). It was derived from ✶ek-tā based on the root √eke “sharp point”.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. aitha- “prick, sting” related to G. aith “thorn”, both derived from the early root ᴱ√EKE (GL/18). Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s instead had ᴱN. eithra- “to prick, stab” (PE13/143, 158).

esbin

a tress

n. a tress. >> findel

esbin

noun. thin thread, tress

A word for “thin thread” derived from the root √SPIN- in notes from the mid-1960s (PE17/17). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 this word was glossed “a tress” (PE17/119), but for purposes of Neo-Sindarin I’d stick to the “thread” meaning.

galadhrim

noun. 'Tree-people'

pl2. n. 'Tree-people'. True S. form of Galadrim. >> Galadrim

galadrim

noun. 'Tree-people'

pl2. n. 'Tree-people'. Sylvan word, true S. Galadhrim. >> Galadhrim

lebethron

noun. a tree - its black wood was used by the woodwrights of Gondor

In the original manuscript, one of the earlier (rejected) form of this name was lebendron. Didier Willis proposed the etymology lebed+doron "finger-oak", actually a real tree name (Finger Oak or Quercus digitata)

maen

noun. a treasure

_ n. _a treasure. Q. _maina _a thing of excellence, a treasure (O.E. máþum).

mîr

a treasure

_ n. _a treasure, a jewel. Q. mire a treasure, a precious thing. F >> míria-, míriel, miruvor

brethil

noun. beech, beech-tree, silver birch

eitha-

verb. to treat with scorn, insult

ereg

noun. holly-tree, thorn

find

noun. a tress

finn-

noun. a tress

fîn

noun. a tress

lalorn

noun. elm-tree

lalwen

noun. elm-tree

malhorn

noun. golden tree of Lothlórien

mallorn

noun. golden tree of Lothlórien

malthorn

noun. golden tree of Lothlórien

mîr

noun. jewel, precious thing, treasure

orn

noun. (any large) tree

tathar

noun. willow-tree

thôn

noun. pine-tree

úgarth

noun. bad deed, sin, trespass

mírad

noun. treasury, hoard

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo as a replacement for various “hoard” words from the 1910s and 20s. It is based on mîr “a precious thing”.

cathrae

tressure

cathrae (i gathrae, o chathrae) (hairnet). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chathrae). (VT42:12))

cathrae

tressure

(i gathrae, o chathrae) (hairnet). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chathrae). (VT42:12))

eitha

treat with scorn

(prick with a sharp point, stab, insult) (i eitha, in eithar)

eitha

treat with scorn

eitha- (prick with a sharp point, stab, insult) (i eitha, in eithar)

fend

treshold

fend (door), construct fen, pl. find, coll. pl. fennath

fend

treshold

(door), construct fen, pl. find, coll. pl. fennath

find

tress

find (lock of hair). Construct fin; no distinct pl. form; coll pl. finnath.

find

tress

(lock of hair). Construct fin; no distinct pl. form; coll pl. finnath.

galadh

tree

1) galadh (i **aladh), pl. gelaid (i ngelaidh = i ñelaidh) (Letters:426, SD:302). 2) orn (pl. yrn**). Note: a homophone means ”tall”.

galadh

tree

(i ’aladh), pl. gelaid (i ngelaidh = i ñelaidh) (Letters:426, SD:302).

galadhremmen

tree-tangled

*galadhremmen (pl. galadhremmin) (word used to describe the woodlands of Middle-earth)

galadhremmen

tree-tangled

(pl. galadhremmin) (word used to describe the woodlands of Middle-earth)

gowest

treaty

gowest (i **owest) (compact, contract), pl. gewist (i ngewist = i ñewist). Archaic pl. göwist**.

gowest

treaty

(i ’owest) (compact, contract), pl. gewist (i ngewist = i ñewist). Archaic pl. göwist.

mîr

treasure

mîr (i vîr, construct mir) (precious thing, jewel), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mîr), coll. pl. míriath.

mîr

treasure

(i vîr, construct mir) (precious thing, jewel), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mîr), coll. pl. míriath.

orn

tree

(pl. yrn). Note: a homophone means ”tall”.

neldor

beech tree

(pl. neldyr), also brethorn (i vrethorn), pl. brethyrn (i mrethyrn) (VT46:3). The mallorn or ”golden-tree” found in Lórien was supposedly beechlike: mallorn (i vallorn), pl. mellyrn (i mellyrn).

toss

low-growing tree

(i** doss, o thoss, construct tos), pl. tyss (i** thyss). Tolkien mentioned ”maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.” as examples of the low-growing trees covered by this word. Specific trees, see

potha-

verb. to tremble, quiver

galadhon

of or related to trees

(lenited ‘aladhon, pl. galadhoen). Archaic ✱galadhaun. The latter is based on David Salo’s analysis of the name Caras Galadhon; others have interpreted the last word as some kind of genitive plural, maybe influenced by Silvan Elvish.

galadhrim

people of the trees

(Elves of Lórien). Adj.

huorn

walking tree of fangorn

(i chuorn, o chuorn), pl. huyrn (i chuyrn).

lebethron

oak tree

.

nothlir

family tree

(family line); no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. nothliriath.

neldor

noun. beech

A Sindarin word for “beech” appearing in the names Taur-na-Neldor “Beech-forest” (LotR/469; RC/384) and Neldoreth, the name of a forest with beeches (S/55; PE17/81).

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s, Ilk. neldor was an Ilkorin word based on ᴹ√NÉL-ED “three”, which Tolkien said was “properly name of Hirilorn the great beech of Thingol with three trunks = neld-orn ? [question mark from Tolkien]” (Ety/NEL). In the 1910s and 20s, ᴱQ. neldor “beech” was an Early Qenya word (PE16/139; QL/65), and its cognates in this period were G. deldron “beech” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/30), G. deil(i)an or delwen “beech” in Gnomish Lexicon Slips (PE13/112), and ᴱN. {de(i)lian >>} deilian “beech-tree” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/142).

Possible Etymology: The Ilkorin derivation from √NELED is no longer suitable in Sindarin, since we would expect [[s|[d] > [ð]]] as in S. neledh “three”. It is possible Tolkien simply never reexamined the etymology of this word after it became Sindarin. Alternately, it could be nel- “tri-” + taur “forest” or -dor “-lord” or something similar.

alaf

noun. elm

The Sindarin word for “elm” appearing in notes from 1959, derived from the root √ALAB of similar meaning (PE17/153).

Conceptual Development: Tolkien used similar “elm” words for much of his life. The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. lalm or larm “an elm, elm-wood” along with a more elaborate form G. {lalmin >>} lalmir “an elm tree” (GL/52). These were clearly cognates to ᴱQ. alalme “elm (tree)” under the early root ᴱ√ALA “spread” (QL/29). Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s had an unrelated form ᴱN. {aulin >>} ólin “elm” (PE13/151). In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien reverted to N. lalf or N. lalven “elm-tree” under the root ᴹ√ÁLAM of the same meaning (Ety/ÁLAM). This root had a variant ᴹ√LÁLAM, under which Tolkien had N. lhalwen or lhalorn “elm-tree” (Ety/LÁLAM).

Neo-Sindarin: In theory the 1930s “elm” words might be used with some adaptations like ᴺS. lalorn for N. lhalorn, but I’d simply stick to the 1959 “elm” word alaf for purposes of Neo-Sindarin.

fing

noun. lock of hair

A noun appearing in 1967 notes on the Nomenclature of the Lord of the Rings as an element in Finglas “Leaflock” (RC/760). The form fineg appeared unglossed in notes from around 1965 as a derivative of ✶phinik (PE17/17). The word fing is more obscure than S. find of similar meaning.

Conceptual Development: The word G. fingl or finnil “a tress” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/35). In that period, the gl was probably the result of the sound change whereby ðl became gl, since this early form was likely derived from the root ᴱ√FIŘI [FIÐI] (QL/38). When it first appeared, the name N. Finglas (= find + las?) may also have had a similar sound change, but since Tolkien abandoned that phonetic rule in Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s (compare S. edlenn vs. N. eglenn “exiled”), Tolkien needed to come up with a new etymology.

maetha-

verb. to handle

_ v. _to handle, treat, manage, etc. Q. mahta-. >> maeth

athrada

traverse

1) athrada- (cross) (i athrada, in athradar), 2) trevad- (i drevad, i threvedir), pa.t. trevant

bad

go

#bad- (i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.

bad

go

(i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.

find

lock of hair

find (tress). Construct fin; no distinct pl. form; coll pl. finnath

find

lock of hair

(tress). Construct fin; no distinct pl. form; coll pl. finnath

fîn

hair

1) (a single hair) fîn (construct fin), no distinct pl. form. (PM:362), 2) (lock of hair, tress) find (construct fin), no distinct pl. form, coll. pl. finnath.

gowest

contract

gowest (i **owest) (compact, treaty), pl. gewist (i ngewist = i ñewist). Archaic pl. göwist**.

gowest

contract

(i ’owest) (compact, treaty), pl. gewist (i ngewist =  i ñewist). Archaic pl. göwist.

mîr

jewel

mîr (i vîr, construct mir) (precious thing, treasure), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mîr), coll. pl. míriath. GREAT JEWEL (Silmaril) Mirion (i Virion), pl. Míryn (i Míryn). (LR:373 s.v. MIR lists the archaic ”Noldorin” plural Miruin.)

mîr

jewel

(i vîr, construct mir) (precious thing, treasure), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mîr), coll. pl. míriath.

narn

tale

1) narn (saga; versified tale to be spoken rather than sung), pl. nern**; 2) pent (i bent, o phent) (story), pl. pint (i phint), coll. pl. pennath; 3) trenarn (i drenarn, o threnarn) (account), pl. trenern (i threnern); 4) gwanod (i **wanod) (number), pl. gwenyd (in gwenyd).

narn

tale

(saga; versified tale to be spoken rather than sung), pl. *nern***; 2) pent (i** bent, o phent) (story), pl. pint (i** phint), coll. pl. pennath; 3) trenarn (i** drenarn, o threnarn) (account), pl. trenern (i** threnern); 4) gwanod (i ’wanod) (number), pl. gwenyd (in gwenyd**).

remmen

tangled

remmen (woven, netted), pl. #remmin attested (as part of the phrase galadhremmin ennorath, LotR Appendix E): TREE-TANGLED *galadhremmen (pl. galadhremmin) (word used to describe the woodlands of Middle-earth)

rêg

holly

rêg (construct reg) (thorn), pl. rîg (idh rîg). See also LOW-GROWING TREE

toss

bush

(low-growing tree) toss (i doss, o thoss, construct tos), pl. tyss (i thyss). Tolkien mentioned ”maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.” as examples of the low-growing trees covered by this word.

toss

bush

(i doss, o thoss, construct tos), pl. tyss (i thyss). Tolkien mentioned ”maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.” as examples of the low-growing trees covered by this word.

godref

adverb. through together

maetha-

verb. to handle, wield, manage, deal with

alaf

noun. elm

_ n. Bot. _elm. Q. albe.

eitha-

verb. to prick with a sharp point, to stab

ereg

noun. holly

_ n. Bot. _holly. >> Eregion

esbin

noun. thin thread

n. thin thread.

galan

elm

pl1. gelain _ n. Bot. _elm. . This gloss was rejected.

glaer

noun. tale, [N.] long lay, narrative poem, [S.] tale, song

harad

noun. south

harad

adjective. south

_adj. _south, southern. Q. hyarmen, hyarna. >> har-

harad

noun. south

laws

noun. hair ringlet

lhind

adjective. fine, slender

maetha-

verb. to handle

v. to handle. Q. mahta-.

mírdan

noun. jewel-smith

mîr

noun. jewel

_ n. _jewel, precious thing. Q. míre, pl1. míri. >> advir

narn

noun. a tale or a saga, that is told in verse to be spoken and not sung

narn

noun. tale, tale, [N.] saga

padra-

verb. to walk

A verb for “walk” in Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s, contrasted with pad- “step” (PE17/34).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s also had G. padra- “walk”, based on the early root ᴱ√pat- (GL/63).

tathar

noun. willow

n.Bot. #willow. >> taor, taur

tathren

adjective. of willow, having willows

thaun

pine

pl1. thoen n.Bot. #pine. Presented as a noldorized S. form. >> Dor I thoen, thôn. This gloss was rejected.

thôn

noun. pine

n.Bot. #pine. Presented as a noldorized S. form. >> thôn, thaun . This gloss was rejected.

thôn

noun. pine

n.Bot. #pine. Presented as a noldorized S. form. >> Dor I thoen, thôn. This gloss was rejected.

athrada

traverse

(cross) (i athrada, in athradar)

baran

yellow brown

(swart, dark brown, golden-brown), pl. berain.

brand

fine

1) brand (high, lofty, noble), lenited vrand, pl. braind, 2) trîw (lenited drîw; no distinct pl. form) (slender) , 3) *lhind (slender), lenited ?thlind or ?lind (the lenition product of lh is uncertain); no distinct pl. form. Sugggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thlind.

brand

fine

(high, lofty, noble), lenited vrand, pl. braind

caw

top

caw (i gaw, o chaw), pl. coe (i choe)

caw

top

(i gaw, o chaw), pl. coe (i choe)

ercha

prick

(verb) 1) ercha- (i ercha, in erchar), 2) nasta- (i nasta, in nastar) (point, stick, thrust)

fast

shaggy hair

(pl. faist if there is a pl.).

find

hair

(construct fin), no distinct pl. form, coll. pl. finnath.

fing

lock of hair

fing (no distinct pl. form)

fêr

beech

†fêr (stem feren-, pl. ferin) (mast);

fêr

beech

(stem feren-, pl. ferin) (mast);

fîn

hair

(construct fin), no distinct pl. form. (PM:362)

golovir

noldo-jewel

(i Ngolovir = i Ñolovir, o N’golovir = o Ñgolovir), no distinct pl. form except with article (in Golovir = i Ñgolovir). Adj.

harad

south

1) (”the South” as an area) Harad (i Charad, o Charad, 2) hâr (i châr, o châr, construct har) (also = ”left”). 3) The word Harven (i Charven, o Charven) may refer primarily to ”south” as a direction; the final element -ven means ”way”. (VT45:23). Adj.

harad

south

(i Charad, o Charad

haradren

south, southern

(lenited charadren; pl. heredrin), also harn (lenited charn, pl. hern). Note: a homophone of the latter means ”wounded”, and as noun harn also means ”helmet” (so haradren may be preferred for clarity).

haradrim

southerners, southrons

(a coll. pl., ”people of the south”)

harven

south

(i Charven, o Charven) may refer primarily to ”south” as a direction; the final element -ven means ”way”. (VT45:23). Adj.

hâr

south

(i châr, o châr, construct har) (also = ”left”).

iaew

scorn

iaew (mocking); no distinct pl. form.

iaew

scorn

(mocking); no distinct pl. form.

lhind

fine

(slender), lenited ?thlind or ?lind (the lenition product of lh is uncertain); no distinct pl. form. Sugggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thlind.

lhind

adjective. fine, slender

lhê

fine thread

(?i thlê or ?i lê – the lenition product of lh is uncertain) (spider filament), pl. lhî (?i lî). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thlê.

lhê

fine thread

*lhê (?i thlê or ?i lê the lenition product of lh is uncertain) (spider filament), pl. lhî (?i lî). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thlê.

lhê

fine thread

*lhê (?i thlê or ?i lê the lenition product of lh is uncertain) (spider filament), pl. lhî (?i lî). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thlê. -THREAD, see MIST.

maetha

handle

(i vaetha, i maethar) (wield, manage, deal with). In Tolkien’s earlier material, the verb maetha- meant ”fight”.

malen

yellow

malen (lenited valen; pl. melin).

malen

yellow

(lenited valen; pl. melin).

matha

handle

(i vatha, i mathar) (stroke, feel; wield)

mirion

great jewel

(i Virion), pl. Míryn (i Míryn). (LR:373 s.v. MIR lists the archaic ”Noldorin” plural Miruin.)

mâl

yellow powder

(i vâl; construct mal) (pollen), pl. mail or archaic mely (i mail, i mely). Older pl. meil (LR:386 s.v. SMAL).

mírdan

jewel-smith

(i vírdan), pl. mírdain (i mírdain)

míriel

jewel-like

(lenited víriel, pl. míril) (sparkling like a jewel)

nara

story

(i nara, in narar);

remmen

tangled

(woven, netted), pl. #remmin attested (as part of the phrase galadhremmin ennorath, LotR Appendix E):

rêg

holly

(construct reg) (thorn), pl. rîg (idh** rîg**). See also

tathar

willow

tathar, also tathor (i dathar/-or; o thathar/-or), pl. tethair (i thethair) or (if tathor has an analogical plural) tethyr (i thethyr). Adj.

tathar

willow

also tathor (i dathar/-or; o thathar/-or), pl. tethair (i thethair) or (if tathor has an analogical plural) tethyr (i thethyr). Adj.

tathren

of willow, having willows

(lenited dathren, pl. tethrin)

tess

fine pierced hole

(i dess, construct tes), pl. tiss (i thiss). Older ters (VT46:18).

trî

through

(prep.) trî ;

trî

through

;

trîw

fine

(lenited drîw; no distinct pl. form) (slender)

úgarth

sin

*úgarth (ill deed), pl. úgerth (VT44:23)

úgarth

sin

(ill deed), pl. úgerth (VT44:23)

aldinga

noun. tree-top

A word for “tree-top” in notes from the late 1960s, a combination of alda “tree” and inga “top” (VT47/28).

alda

noun. tree, tree, [ᴱQ.] branch

The basic Quenya word for “tree” (LotR/1113), derived from primitive ✶galadā and very well attested. This word dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s where ᴱQ. alda “tree” appeared under the early root ᴱ√ALA “spread” (QL/29). Tolkien seems to have switched its derivation to ✱galadā in The Etymologies of the 1930s, where ᴹQ. alda “tree” appeared under the root ᴹ√GALAD of the same meaning (Ety/GALAD). See also ornë “(tall) tree” for a discussion of another similar word.

Conceptual Development: There were a few instances where the word alda had a different meaning. In Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, alda was glossed “branch” (PE16/139). In notes from 1959 Tolkien said “✱galadā, originally only large flourishing plant, as tree, and especially one that flowered, Q alda, S galað; the general word for ‘tree’ was Q orne ‘upstanding plant’ (PE17/153)”. But in its numerous appearance elsewhere, alda was simply a general word for “tree”.

aldalómë

place name. Tree-twilight

An older name of Fangorn forest (LotR/469). It is a compound alda “tree” and lómë “twilight” (RC/385).

aldarembina

adjective. tree-meshed

Quenya cognate to S. galadhremmen “tree-meshed” (PE17/136) from the Sindarin poem A Elbereth Gilthoniel (LotR/238). It is a combination of Q. alda “tree” and Q. rembina “meshed” (PE17/25-26).

carrëa

noun. tressure, tressure, *headdress

A noun for “tressure” in notes from the late 1960s derived from ✶cas-raya = √KAS “head” + √RAY “net, lace” (VT42/12). Given this word’s etymology, Tolkien was probably using “tressure” with its Middle English sense = “headdress”.

findelë

noun. tress, lock [of hair]

A word for “a head of hair, a person’s hair as a whole” appearing in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 (PM/345). In notes from 1965 Tolkien instead gave Q. findilë (with an i) for “head of hair” (PE17/17).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, Tolkien had ᴱQ. findl “lock of hair” under the early root ᴱ√FIŘI [FIÐI] (QL/38). In the contemporaneous Name-list to the Fall of Gondolin he had ᴱQ. findil “lock” (PE15/24).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use findelë for a lock or tress of hair, and 1968 findessë for a full head of hair (PM/345); see the entry for findë for more suggestions on the application (Neo) Quenya hair words.

harma

noun. treasure, treasure, [ᴹQ.] treasured thing

A word for “treasure” and name of tengwa #11 [d] in The Lord of the Rings Appendix E (LotR/1123).

Conceptual Development: In notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1930s, harma “treasure” was the name of the tengwar ½ (later called halla) while ohta was the name of d (PE22/22). By the 1940s harma had become the name of d (PE22/51). In The Etymologies of the 1930s ᴹQ. harma was glossed “treasure, a treasured thing” and derived from the root ᴹ√ƷAR “have, hold” (Ety/ƷAR).

malinalda

proper name. Tree of Gold

Another name of Laurelin (S/38), a compound of malina “yellow, golden” and alda “tree” (SA/alda, mal).

Conceptual Development: The name ᴹQ. Malinalda also appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/210), likely with the same meaning and etymology.

ornendur

noun. tree-keep, forester, woodsman

A word in 1959 notes Tolkien described as “a tree-keep, a forester, a ‘woodsman’, a man concerned with trees as we might say ‘professionally’ (NM/20)”. It was given as an example of the use of the suffix -(n)dur, and its initial element is ornë “tree”.

Aldëa

tree-shadowed

Aldëa noun,what the Númenóreans called the fourth day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to Telperion, the White Tree (Appendix D). The day was originally called Aldúya, referring to both of the Two Trees, but Númenóreans altered the name to Aldëa (presumably < *aldajā), referring to one tree (the White) only. (Appendix D) Early "Qenya" also has an adjective aldëa "tree-shadowed" (LT1:249).

alda

tree

alda noun "tree" (GALAD, GÁLAD, SA, Nam, RGEO:66, LR:41, SD:302, LT1:249, LT2:340, VT39:7), also name of tengwa #28 (Appendix E). Pl. aldar in Narqelion; gen. pl. aldaron "of trees" in Namárië. Etymology of alda, see Letters:426 and UT:266-7. The latter source states that primitive ¤galadā, whence Quenya alda, originally applied to stouter and more spreading trees such as oaks or beeches, while straighter and more slender trees such as birches were called ¤ornē, Quenya ornë - but this distinction was not always observed in Quenya, and it seems that alda became the general word. According to PE17:25, primitive galada (sic) referred to "a plant (large) and was a general term". Place-name Aldalómë ""tree-night" or "tree-shade-night" (LotR2:III ch. 4, translated in PE17:82); Aldarion masc. name, *"Son of (the) Trees" (Appendix A), Tar-Aldarion a Númenorean King (UT:210). Aldaron a name of Oromë (Silm); aldinga "tree-top" (VT47:28), aldarembina (pl. aldarembinë attested) adj. "tree-tangled", the cognate of Sindarin galadhremmin**(PM:17:26).Aldúya fourth day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the Trees (Appendix D). The word seems to include Aldu, a dual form referring to the Two Trees. The Númenóreans altered the name to Aldëa (presumably < aldajā), referring to one tree (the White) only. The dual Aldu seems to occur also in Aldudénië** "Lament for the Two Trees" (a strange word, since Quenya does not permit intervocalic d as in this word perhaps the Vanyarin dialect of Quenya did) (Silm)

aldinga

treetop

aldinga noun "treetop" (VT47:28)

amaldar

trees

amaldar ??? (Narqelion; may include aldar "trees")

carrëa

tressure

carrëa (for cas-raya) noun "tressure" (net for confining the hair). (VT42:12)

findelë

tress, lock

findelë noun "tress, lock" (PE17:119); apparently a synonym of findë #1, q.v.

harma

treasure, a treasured thing

harma (1) noun "treasure, a treasured thing" (3AR), also name of tengwa #11, later (MET) called aha (Appendix E).

harwë

treasure, treasury

harwë (2) noun "treasure, treasury" (3AR)(For clarity, harma may be used for "treasure")

ornë

tree

ornë noun "tree" _(Letters:308, SD:302: "when smaller and more slender like a birch or rowan", Etym stem ÓR-NI: "tree, high isolated tree"). For the etymology, see Letters:426; for (original) difference in meaning between ornë and alda, see alda. In ornemalin "tree-yellow"; see laurelindórenan lindelorendor... (LotR2:III ch. 4; cf. Letters:308), also as final element in malinornë "yellow-tree, mallorn" (q.v.) Masc. name Ornendil *"Tree-friend" (Appendix A)_, compound Ornelië "tree-folk" (Quenya name of the Galadhrim, the tree-people of Lórien) (TI:239).

alda

noun. tree

asarta

verb. treat medically

hasa-

verb. treat (medically), (help to) cure

rohta

noun. *debt, trespass

Tolkien experimented with various words for “debt, trespass” in drafts of the Átaremma prayer from the 1950s. In the earliest draft Tolkien had lucassë (VT43/8), revised to lucië in the second draft (VT43/9-10), and luhta in the third (VT43/11), all based on luc-. In the third version luhta was deleted and replaced by rohta, with luhta reappearing in the fourth version only to be revised again to rohta (VT43/11-12). In the final two versions Tolkien used úcarë (VT43/12), but this may have a different sense such as “misdeed” or “sin”: compare úcarindo “✱sinner” from the Aia María prayer (VT43/11-12).

The derivations of the luc-forms are unclear, as none of the attested meanings of the root √LUK seem to fit. Likewise the attested meaning of ᴹ√ROK has to do with horses, which also doesn’t fit.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would ignore the luc-forms, but would retain rohta for the sense “debt”. For example, Helge Fauskanger used rohta “debt” in his NQNT (NQNT).

aldamir

masculine name. *Tree Jewel

The 23rd king of Gondor (LotR/1038). His name seems to be a compound alda “tree” and mírë “jewel”.

findë

noun. hair (especially of the head), tress or plait of hair, hair (especially of the head); tress or plait of hair, [ᴹQ.] braid of hair

A word mentioned by Tolkien in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 with glosses “hair, especially of the head” (PM/340) and “hair - a tress or plait of hair” (PM/345). The word finde also appeared in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 with the gloss “tress, lock” alongside a long form Q. findelë of the same meaning (PE17/119). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, it was ᴹQ. finde “tress, braid of hair” under the root ᴹ√SPIN (Ety/SPIN). The root was likewise √SPIN(ID) in the 1957 Notes on Names, but in the 1968 Shibboleth Tolkien used the root form √PHIN.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use findë as a general word for hair (though primarily used for head-hair), also able to refer to a tress, plait or braid of hair, though the word Q. findelë is more specific to that sense. An entire head of hair would be Q. findessë (PM/345), while a single hair would be Q. finë (PE17/17; PM/340). Despite Tolkien’s 1968 change of √SPIN >> √PHIN, I would assume a root form of √SPIN(ID) “hair”, since elsewhere √PHIN usually meant “skill(ful)” (PE17/17, 119, 181; Ety/PHIN).

hasa-

verb. to treat (medically), (help to) cure; to treat kindly, make easy

A verb in notes from 1969 given as haþa- and translated “treat kindly/make easy, (help to) cure” or just “treat (medically)”, derived from the root √HATH (PE22/166 notes #109-110). After þ > s in Quenya, it would be pronounced hasa-.

mahta-

verb. to handle, wield, use, make use of; to manage, deal with, treat, control, to handle, wield, use, make use of; to manage, deal with, treat, control; [ᴹQ.] to stroke, feel; to wield a weapon, fight

A well-attested verb whose original sense seems to be “handle”, based on the root √MAH or √MAƷ for “hand”. It had other glosses such as “wield, use, make use of”, but also “manage, deal with, treat, control”. It thus seems to be usable for both “handle, wield, use” a concrete physical item and “handle, manage, deal with” an abstract process or situation.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s the verb ᴹQ. mahta- meant “stroke, feel, handle; wield” as a derivative of ᴹ√MAƷ “hand” (Ety/MAƷ), but also “wield a weapon, fight” as a derivative of ᴹ√MAK “sword; fight (with a sword)” (Ety/MAK). Earlier versions of the entry for ᴹ√MAK had glosses like “slay with sword” or “kill with sword” (EtyAC/MAK), which seem to be holdovers from ᴱQ. makta- “slay, slaughter” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√MAKA (QL/58).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use mahta- for both “handle” and “fight” (mainly in the sense “wield a weapon”) as a blending of √MAH and √MAK, along with the meaning “stroke, feel” a physical thing.

maina

noun. thing of excellence, treasure

A noun for “a thing of excellence, a treasure”, equivalent to Old English máþum of similar meaning, appearing in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 and based on the root √MAY “excellent, admirable” (PE17/163). There was a faint letter written over the n, possibly k according to Christopher Gilson and thus indicating a revision to maika, but its Sindarin cognate S. maen “a treasure” was not altered.

mírë

noun/adjective. jewel, gem, precious thing, treasure; precious

A word first appearing with the gloss “jewel, precious thing, treasure” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√MIR (Ety/MIR). It appeared regularly in Tolkien’s later writings with the same etymology and glosses like “gem”, “jewel” and “precious thing”, and it was a common element in names. In one place Tolkien said it could also be used as an adjective “precious” (PE17/165).

ornendil

masculine name. *Tree-friend

Eldest son of king Eldacar of Gondor, slain by Castamir the Usurper (LotR/1047). This name seems to be a compound ornë “(tall) tree” and the suffix -(n)dil “-friend, -lover”, making it a tree-name similar to that of his younger brother Aldamir “✱Tree Jewel”.

ornë

noun. (tall) tree, (tall) tree, [ᴹQ.] high isolated tree

A word for a “(tall) tree” in Quenya, derived from primitive ✶ornē (Let/426; PE17/25, 50). This word can be compared to the more common alda “tree”. Talking about the primitive forms Tolkien said:

> ... ✱ornē “tree” originally and usually applied to the taller, straighter, and more slender trees, such as birches [as opposed to] ... stouter and more spreading trees, such as oaks and beeches, were called in C.E. galadā “great growth” (NM/349 and note #1).

I would use ornë in Quenya only for tall straight trees, and alda as either the general word for “tree”, or where applicable for broad and spreading trees.

Conceptual Development: The earliest precursor to this word seems to be ᴱQ. orond- “bush”, cognate to G. orn “tree” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/62). It became {orne >>} ᴱQ. orme “tree” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/139) and then ᴹQ. orne “high isolated tree” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ᴹ✶ÓR-NI “high tree” (Ety/ÓR-NI). It retained the form orne thereafter.

tintila-

verb. to twinkle, sparkle, glitter, give tremulous light, †tremble

A verb appearing in the Namárië poem, where Tolkien translated it as “tremble” (LotR/377). It is clear form his writings elsewhere that this a poetic rendering, and the actual meaning of the word is “twinkle, give tremulous light” (PE17/66) or “sparkle, glitter” (RGEO/61). It seems to be a combination of the roots √TIN “sparkle” and √THIL “shine silver” (PE17/66), and so is especially appropriate for describing starlight.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies from the 1930s, there was a similar verb ᴹQ. tintina- “to sparkle”, likely a reduplication of the root ᴹ√TIN “sparkle”. For Neo-Quenya writing, it is probably preferable to use the better known tintila-.

Nísimaldar

fragrant trees

Nísimaldar noun "Fragrant trees", a region in Númenor (UT:167; evidently #nísima "fragrant", attested here only, + aldar "trees").

aina-

verb. to hallow, bless, treat as holy

aina- (1) vb. "to hallow, bless, treat as holy" (PE17:149)

alalmë

elm, elm-tree

alalmë (2) noun "elm, elm-tree" (ÁLAM, LÁLAM, LT1:249). Cf. alvë in a post-LotR source.

aldarwa

having trees, tree-grown

aldarwa adj "having trees, tree-grown" (3AR). See -arwa.

arwë

possessions, wealth; treasure

[arwë (2) noun "possessions, wealth; treasure" (VT45:14, 16)]

feren

beech, beech-tree

feren (stem fern-, as in pl. ferni) noun "beech, beech-tree". Also fernë. (BERÉTH, PHER/PHÉREN)

findl

lock of hair, tress

findl noun "lock of hair, tress" (but findil elsewhere in LotR-style Quenya, no word can end in -dl). (LT2:341)

foa

hoard, treasure

foa (2) noun "hoard, treasure" (LT2:340; perhaps obsoleted by #1 above)

lucassë

debt, trespass

#lucassë noun "debt, trespass" (VT43:19, attested in the pl. with a pronominal suffix: lucassemmar "our trespasses")

lucië

debt, trespass

#lucië noun "debt, trespass" (VT43:19, attested in the pl. with a pronominal suffix: luciemmar "our trespasses")

luhta

debt, trespass

[#luhta (3) noun "debt, trespass" (VT43:19, attested in the pl. form luhtar, but deleted by Tolkien)]

ovesta

contract, compact, treaty

[ovesta] noun "contract, compact, treaty" (WED, WŌ)

rohta

debt, trespass

#rohta noun "debt, trespass" (attested in the pl.: rohtar, and with a pronominal suffix: rohtammar "our trespasses") (VT43:19) Variant #ruhta. #Rohtalië, #ruhtalië *"trespass-people" = those who trespass (attested in the ablative: rohtaliello, ruhtaliello "from [our] debtors" (VT43:21)

úcar-

verb. to sin, trespass; to do wrong

#úcar- vb. "to sin, trespass; to do wrong" (pl. aorist úcarer in VT43:12, we would rather expect úcarir, a form seemingly indicated by an emendation in one variant of the text in question, VT43:21). The verb is car- "do" with the prefix ú-, here suggesting something morally bad ("do wrong") rather than simple negation.

úcarë

debt, trespass

#úcarë noun "debt, trespass" (úcaremmar "our debts, our trespasses", VT43:19). The related words #úcar- "to sin" and #úcarindo "sinner" would suggest that #úcarë can also be translated "sin". One may question whether the simplex form is #úcarë or just #úcar (+ -e- as a mere connecting vowel before the pronominal ending in úcaremmar), but compare lacarë, hrúcarë.

lucassë

noun. *debt, trespass

lucië

noun. *debt, trespass

luhta

noun. *debt, trespass

úcar-

verb. *to trespass, do wrong, sin

úcarë

noun. *sin, debt, trespass

aina-

verb. to hallow, bless, treat as holy

aldëa

noun. *Tuesday, Tree-day (Númenórean)

cuvoitë

adjective. hiding, secretive; treacherous

pampilë

noun. trembling

pampilëa

adjective. tremulous

pap-

verb. to tremble

ovesta

noun. contract, compact, treaty

sánë

noun. pine

In notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien had Q. {sāne >>} th-, sāne- “pine” derived from {✶stāna >>} ✶thānĭ-, but this note was deleted (PE17/81). It was replaced by a marginal note in which S. thôn “pine” was derived from ✶thŏno.

Neo-Quenya: In light of the final primitive form ✶thŏno, I would update the Quenya word to ᴺQ. sono [þ] “pine” for purposes of Neo-Quenya. Petri Tikka instead proposed ᴺQ. sónë [þ] in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s inspired only by S. thôn “pine”, before the above primitive forms were published in 2007.

Conceptual Development: The Early Qenya “pine” word was ᴱQ. aiqaire “fir or pine” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an elaboration of ᴱQ. aiqa “steep” (QL/29). It became ᴱQ. aikasse “pine-tree” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a cognate to G. aigos and derivative of primitive ᴱ✶aikasse (GL/17). This in turn became ᴱQ. aikor “pine-tree” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s, derived from ᴱ✶aikos-sa and still a cognate to G. aigos (PE13/158).

Hyarastorni

south

Hyarastorni place-name, region in Númenor, apparently including hyar- "south" and perhaps orni "trees" (UT:210)

alvë

noun. elm

A word appearing as alve or albe “elm” in notes from 1959, derived from the root √ALAB of similar meaning (PE17/146, 153).

Conceptual Development: This word was ᴱQ. alalme (alalmi-) “elm (tree)” in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√ALA “spread” (QL/29; PME/29). It was ᴱQ. alalme “elm” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/140), and ᴹQ. alalme or lalme “elm-tree” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the roots ᴹ√ALAM or ᴹ√LALAM (Ety/ÁLAM, LÁLAM). The change to alve/albe was fairly late, as noted above.

arwa

in control of, possessing

arwa (1) adj. "in control of, possessing" (followed by genitive, e.g. *arwa collo, "having a cloak [colla]"). Also suffix -arwa"having", as in aldarwa "having trees, tree-grown" (3AR). In a deleted entry in the Etymologies, -arwa was glossed "having, possessing, holding, controlling" (VT45:14)

findë

hair

findë (1) noun "hair" (especially of the head) (PM:340), "a tress or plait of hair" (PM:345), "tress, braid of hair, lock of hair" (SPIN)

inga

top, highest point

inga (1) noun "top, highest point" (PM:340), "only applied to shapes pointing upwards...[it] referred primarily to position and could be used of tops relatively broad". Compounded in the nouns aldinga "tree-top" (alda + inga) (VT47:28), ingaran "high-king" (PM:340)

mahta-

verb. handle

handle, deal with, manage, wield, treat

malina

yellow

malina adj. "yellow" (SMAL, Letters:308), "yellow, of golden colour" (PE17:51). Malinalda *"Yellow-tree", a name of Laurelin (SA:mal-; evidently malina + alda), translated "Tree of Gold" in the Silmarillion index. Cf. also malinornë.

mírë

jewel

mírë noun "jewel" (MIR, SA:mîr), "a treasure, a precious thing" (PE17:37).Cf. Elemmírë; short form -mir in Tar-Atanamir (SA:mîr); see also Artamir.

pata-

verb. to walk, to walk, *stroll; [ᴱQ.] to rap, tap (of feet)

A verb appearing in notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings glossed “walk”, equivalent to S. pad- of similar meaning (PE17/34).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. pata- “to rap, tap (of feet)”, derived from the early root ᴱ√PATA which mostly had to do with rattling and clattering, but it did have a derivative ᴱQ. patinka “shoe, slipper” having to do with feet (QL/72).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would interpret this verb to mean “continuously stepping”, so meaning “walk” when moving forward but also “rap, tap (of feet)” when standing still. For clarity the second meaning may include a reference to “feet”, as in i elda patane talya “the elf rapped/tapped his/her foot”. As for the sense “walk”, I would use pata- mainly in the sense of a casual walk = “✱stroll”. For a longer, more serious walk I would use [ᴹQ.] vanta- “walk, ✱trudge, trek”.

rembina

entangled

rembina adj. "entangled" (VT42:12); aldarembina pl. aldarembinë "tree-tangled", Quenya equivalent of Sindarin galadhremmin(PE17:26)

ter

through

ter (1), also terë, prep. "through", "throughout" (Notes on CO, UT:317, TER/TERES, Narqelion, VT44:33, 35, VT49:41, 42). The preposition is used both with spatial and temporal reference: ter i·aldar "through the trees" (Narqelion, cf. VT49:42), ter coivierya "throughout his/her life", ter yénion yéni "through years of years" (VT49:42, VT44:33, 35)

tervanta-

verb. to traverse

A neologism coined by Boris Shapiro in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, a combination of ter “through” and [ᴹQ.] vanta- “walk”, inspired by N. trevad- “traverse”.

ipsin

noun. fine thread

A word for “fine thread” derived from the root √SPIN- in notes from the mid-1960s (PE17/17).

tasar(ë)

noun. willow

The Quenya word for “willow” appearing as both tasar (PE17/81) and tasare (SA/tathar), derived from the root √TATHAR. This form of the word dates back to The Etymologies of the 1930s where ᴹQ. tasar, tasare “willow” appeared under the root ᴹ√TATHAR (Ety/TATHAR).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had a slightly different word ᴱQ. tasarin (tasarind-) “willow” under the early root ᴱ√TASA, though Tolkien marked it with a “?” (QL/89). This became tassarin “willow” with a double-s in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/139) before Tolkien adopted the form tasar(e) [þ] in the 1930s, as noted above.

sono

noun. pine

airita-

verb. to hallow

Harmen

south

[Harmen] noun "south" (MEN)(Changed to hyarmen.)

Ipsin

fine thread

Ipsin noun "fine thread" (PE17:17)

ainas

hallow, a fane

ainas noun "a hallow, a fane", perhaps with stem ainass- (PE17:149). Compare yána #2.

ainima

blessed, holy (of things)

ainima adj. "blessed, holy (of things)" (PE17:149)

airita-

verb. hallow

#airita- vb. "hallow" (only pa.t. airitánë is attested) (VT32:7)

alalmino

elm

alalmino noun? "Elm"-something? (Narqelion)

albë

noun. elm

almárëa

blessed

almárëa adj. "blessed". In a deleted entry in Etym, the gloss provided was "bless", but this would seem to be a mistake, since the word does not look like a verb. Another deleted entry agrees with the retained entry GALA that almárëa means "blessed" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)

alvë

elm

alvë noun "elm" (PE17:146), also pronounced albë. In an earlier source, the word for "elm" is given as alalmë, lalmë.

aman

blessed, free from evil

aman adj. "blessed, free from evil". Adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:399), though in other versions Tolkien cited an Elvish etymology (cf. VT49:26-27). Place-name Aman the Blessed Realm, from the stem mān- "good, blessed, unmarred" (SA:mān), translated "Unmarred State" (VT49:26). Allative Amanna (VT49:26). Adj. amanya "of Aman, Amanian" (WJ:411), nominal pl. Amanyar "those of Aman", Elves dwelling there (with negations Úamanyar, Alamanyar "those not of Aman"). Also fuller Amaneldi noun "Aman-elves" (WJ:373).Masc. name Amandil *"Aman-friend" (Appendix A, SA:mān), the father of Elendil; also name of the Númenorean king Tar-Amandil (UT:210).

amanya

blessed

amanya adj. "blessed" (VT49:39, 41)

arma

possessions, goods, property

[arma (2) noun "possessions, goods, property" (VT45:14), "a piece of goods or property" (VT45:16)]

cuvoite

adjective. hiding, secretive

ercassë

holly

ercassë ("k") noun "holly" (ERÉK)

finë

hair

finë (1) (stem *fini-, given the primitive form ¤phini) noun "a hair" _(PM:340, PE17:17) or "larch" (SPIN)_

haura, hauza

noun. hoard

hoard, store

hyarmen

south

hyarmen, Hyarmen noun "south" (SA, SA:men, KHYAR), literally "lefthand-direction" (VT49:12), since the Elves named the directions as they were to a person facing the Blessed Realm in the West Also name of tengwa #33 (Appendix E). In Hyarmendacil masc.name, "South-victor" (Appendix A), apparently also in the place-name Hyarmentir (name of a mountain; the element -tir means *"watch[ing point]".) (SA) Hyarnustar "the Southwestlands" of Númenor; Hyarrostar the "Southeastlands" (UT:165)

lelya-

verb. go, proceed (in any direction), travel

lelya- (1) vb. "go, proceed (in any direction), travel", pa.t. lendë / elendë (WJ:363, VT14:5, PE17:139) At one point Tolkien assigned a more specific meaning to the underlying root LED: "go away from the speaker or the point in mind, depart" (PE17:52), which would make lelya- a near synonym of auta-. The same source denies that the derivatives of _LED _were used simply for "go, move, travel", but elsewhere Tolkien assigns precisely that meaning to lelya-.

lenna-

verb. go

lenna- vb. "go", pa.t. lendë "went" (LED; cf. lelya-). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the word lenna- wrongly appears as **linna-; see VT45:27.

lia

fine thread, spider filament

lia noun "fine thread, spider filament" (SLIG).

loxë

hair

loxë (1) ("ks")noun "hair" (LOK). In later sources Tolkien uses findë, findessë, findilë for "hair", leaving the conceptual status of loxë uncertain.

lára

blessed

[lára (3) adj. "blessed", also lárëa (VT45:26)]

malda

yellow, of golden colour

malda adj. "yellow, of golden colour" (PE17:51), variant of malina. An earlier source (the Etymologies, entry SMAL) has malda as the noun "gold" but LotR gives malta, q.v., and according to VT46:14 the form malta originally appeared in the Etymologies as well. Since Quenya sometimes uses adjectives as nouns (see for instance fanya), malda could still be regarded as a valid side-form of the noun malta "gold".

manaitë

blessed

manaitë adj. "blessed" (VT49:41, 42)

manaquenta

blessed

manaquenta adj. "blessed" (VT44:10; see manquë, manquenta)

manna

blessed

manna adj. "blessed" (also mána, q.v.) (VT43:30, VT45:32, VT49:41)

manquë

blessed

manquë, manquenta adj. "blessed" (VT44:10-11; it cannot be ruled out that manquë spelt manque in the source is simply an uncompleted form of manquenta. Whatever the case, Tolkien decided to use the form manaquenta instead, q.v.)

manta-

verb. to bless

A verb for “bless” appearing only in its “pres. continuative” form mānata in the phrase nai Eru tye mānata “God bless you, (lit.) may God you bless” in notes from 1967 (PE17/75). Carl Hostetter suggested that mānata may be a variant present tense form for a TALAT-stem verb manta (VT49/52); compare present tense talātā- from talta- (PE22/133).

Neo-Quenya: Given this verb’s peculiar formation, I would recommend using manya- instead for “to bless”.

manya-

verb. to bless

men-

verb. go

#men- (4) vb. "go" (VT47:11, cf. VT42:30, VT49:23), attested in the aorist (menë) in the sentence imbi Menel Cemenyë menë Ráno tië "between Heaven and Earth goes the path of the Moon". In the verb nanwen- "return" (or go/come back), -men- is changed to -wen- following nan- "back" (etymological form cited as nan-men-, PE17:166). In examples from VT49:23, 24, Tolkien used men- in the sense of "go as far as": 1st person sg. aorist menin (menin coaryanna "I arrive at [or come/get to] his house"), endingless aorist menë, present tense ména- "is on point of arrival, is just coming to an end", past tense mennë "arrived, reached", in this tense usually with locative rather than allative (mennen sís "I arrive[d] here"), perfect eménië "has just arrived", future menuva "will arrive". All of these examples were first written with the verb as ten- rather than men-, Tolkien then emending the initial consonant.

mána

blessed

mána 1) adj. "blessed" (FS); also manna, q.v. 2) noun "any good thing or fortunate thing; a boon or blessing, a grace, being esp. used of some thing/person/event that helps or amends an evil or difficulty. (Cf. frequent ejaculation on receiving aid in trouble: yé mána (ma) = what a blessing, what a good thing!)" (VT49:41)

nasta-

verb. prick, sting

nasta- (2) vb. "prick, sting" (NAS)

neldor

beech

neldor noun "beech" (LT2:343)

nurtalë

hiding

nurtalë noun "hiding" (evidently a verbal stem #nurta- "hide" with the verbal noun ending -lë); Nurtalë Valinóreva "the Hiding of Valinor" (Silm)

nurtalë

noun. hiding

nyar-

verb. to tell

nyar- vb. "to tell" (1st pers. aorist nyarin "I tell") (NAR2, VT45:36). Compare nyárë, nyarië, nyarna.

nyarna

tale, saga

nyarna noun "tale, saga" (NAR2), compounded in nyarmamaitar noun "storyteller" (PE17:163), literally *"tale-artist" (see maitar).

nyáre#

noun. account

account

nyárë

tale, saga, history

nyárë noun "tale, saga, history". Compounded in Eldanyárë "History of the Elves", lumenyárë "history, chronological account" (NAR2, LR:199). Compare nyarië, nyarna.

quenta

tale

quenta ("q")noun "tale" (KWET), "narrative, story" (VT39:16); Quenta Silmarillion "the Story/Tale of the Silmarils", also Quenta Eldalien "History of the Elves" (SD:303), notice "Qenya" genitive in -n in the latter title. Quenta is also translated "account", as in Valaquenta "Account of the Valar".

quenta#

noun. account

account

quentalë

account, history

quentalë ("q") noun "account, history" (KWET), "narration, History" as abstract, but the word may also be used with a particular reference, as in quentalë Noldoron or quentalë Noldorinwa "the history of the Noldor", referring to the real events rather than an account of them: "that part of [universal] History which concerned the Noldor". (VT39:16; in this source the spelling really is "quentale" rather than "qentale")

sánë

pine

sánë (þ) noun "pine" (PE17:81), stem sáni- (? the primitive form is given as ¤thānĭ, which would normally give Quenya sánë/sáni-, but the Quenya noun is also cited as sáne- as if e persists before an ending).

tasarin

willow

tasarin noun "willow" (LT2:346; in Tolkien's later Quenya tasar, tasarë)

ter

preposition. through

The word ter was the common Quenya word for “through” for most (but not all) of Tolkien’s life. The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. pen “through” under the early root ᴱ√PENE, a variant of ᴱ√PERE “go through, pierce; endure, undergo” (QL/73), so probably meaning “through” both spatially and temporally. In ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya drafts from around 1930, Tolkien instead had ᴱQ. ter “through” in the phrase ᴱQ. karnevaite úri kilde hīsen ter nie nienaite (PE16/62, 72), translated “when the sky was red; the Sun gazed through a haze of tears” (PE16/68); this new preposition may have been based on the early root ᴱ√TEŘE [TEÐE] “pierce” (QL/91; PME/91).

Indeed, in The Etymologies from about 1937 Tolkien had ᴹQ. tere or ter “through” under the root ᴹ√TER “pierce” (Ety/TER). This ter “through” continued to appear in Tolkien’s later writings from the 1950s and 60s, in phrases like et sillumello ter yénion yéni tenn’ ambarmetta “✱from this hour, through years of years until the ending of the world” (VT44/33) and nai amanya onnalya ter coivierya “✱may your child be blessed through his/her life” (VT49/41).

Most of the later uses for ter “through” seem to be temporal in nature, such as in the phrase vanda sina termaruva Elenna·nóreo alcar enyalien “This oath shall stand in memory of the glory of the Land of the Star” (UT/305), where the verb termar- “stand” is more literally ter + mar- = “through-abide” (UT/317 note #43). However, it I think it is reasonable to assume ter “through” retained its spatial sense as well, given its 1930s connection to the root ᴹ√TER “pierce”, indicating a physical penetration.

tereva

fine, acute

tereva adj. "fine, acute" (TER/TERES), "piercing"_ (LT1:255; though glossed "fine, acute" in the Etymologies, the stem _TER is defined as "pierce")

tintila-

verb. twinkle

tintila- vb. "twinkle", present (or maybe rather aorist) pl. tintilar (Nam, RGEO:67)

tulca

yellow

tulca (3) ("k") adj. "yellow". Adopted and adapted from Valarin; the normal Quenya word for "yellow" is rather malina (WJ:399)

tussa

bush

tussa noun "bush" (TUS)

vanya-

verb. go, depart, disappear

vanya- (2) vb. "go, depart, disappear", pa.t. vannë (WAN). The verb auta- may have replaced this word in Tolkien's later conception.

ingëa

adjective. top

@@@ Discord 2022-05-23

hath

root. treat kindly/make easy, (help to) cure

This root appeared only in very late notes on Quenya verbs from 1969 (PE22/166), where it was given as an alternative to √ATHA, a root Tolkien introduced back in late 1950s or early 1960s to explain Q. asëa aranion/S. athelas “kings foil”. In the 1969 note, Tolkien at first reaffirmed that √ATHA was the basis for these words, but in the margins he wrote:

> This needs correction. √ATHA = be willing, agree, consent, grant - assist, join with others[?]. It is HATHA, Q haþa- that meant treat kindly/make easy, (help to) cure (PE22/165-166, note #109).

On the back of the page Tolkien then explored various possible derivatives of the new root √HATHA, among them Q. {asea} >> aþea but also Q./T. haþa- “treat (medically)”, various Quenya words for “doctor” (aþumo >> aþar(o); aþarta) and several Sindarin forms including {gathra} >> athra, which seems to be another verb meaning “to treat medically” (PE22/166 note #110). The presence and absence of initial h- in the Quenya forms and the presence and absence of initial g- in the Sindarin forms are probably a reflection of Tolkien’s indecision in the late 1960s on the proper phonetic development of initial velar spirants in the Elvish languages; see the entry on how [[aq|initial [ɣ] became [h]]] in Ancient Quenya for further discussion.

For the most part, Tolkien had initial primitive h- survive in Quenya, making the derivation of Q. asea “healing herb” directly from √HATHA problematic. But perhaps Tolkien intended that √HATHA was blended with √ATHA to produce asea; something similar happened with the root √HAN “add to, enhance” in these same 1969 verbal notes, which influenced Q. anta- “give” (PE22/163). In any case, √HATHA is our best source for Elvish “doctor” words, and it provides a useful semantic distinction from √ATHA which has more varied roles, serving among other things as the basis for the Sindarin future suffix -atha (PE22/167).

galadarembinā

adjective. tree-meshed

phindē

noun. tress

spindē

noun. tress, braid of hair

aya(n)

root. blessed; treat with awe/reverence, blessed; treat with awe/reverence; [ᴱ√] honour, revere

The root √AYA and its extended form √AYAN were associated with “holy” and “blessed” things all the way back in Tolkien’s earliest conception of the languages. It appeared as ᴱ√AY̯A “honour, revere” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. Ainu/Aini “god/goddess” and adjectives ᴱQ. aina or ᴱQ. aira “holy” (QL/34). Gnomish equivalents appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. ain “god” and adjectives aistog “holy” or †air(in) (GL/18).

The Etymologies of the 1930s gave this root as ᴹ√AYAN with very similar derivatives ᴹQ. Ainu, Aini and aina (Ety/AYAN), except Ainu/Aini was translated “holy one, angelic spirit (m./f.)” reflecting Tolkien’s evolving conception of his legendarium. In this period there was an unaugmented variant ᴹ√YAN with the derivatives ᴹQ. yána/N. iaun “holy place” (Ety/YAN). It is not clear whether the short form √AYA was valid in this period; there is nothing like aira “holy”, for example.

The root √AYA and √AYA-N reappeared in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959, variously glossed “blessed” or “treat with awe/reverence” (PE17/147, 149). The (re)appearance of Q. airë “holy, holiness”, Q. aira “holy”, and S. aer “holy” in later writing beside Ainu/Aini further supports the reintroduction of the short form of this root. However, in the 1968 Shibboleth of Fëanor, Tolkien said the root for aira and aire was √GAY, gaining the sense “holy” due to the influence of Valarin ayanūz from which Ainu was derived (PM/363). In this scenario, √AYA would only have the sense “holy” in the Quenya language branch, and Sindarin words like aer (if they exist) would be loans from Quenya.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I prefer to assume √AYA is a Common Eldarin root, perhaps a very early loan from Valarin, to allow the existence of (Neo) Sindarin words based on that root. The continued use of the root √AYA in Tolkien’s later writing might also justify the restoration of a number of religious words derived from the early root ᴱ√AYA in the 1910s.

ayanā

verb. to hallow, bless, treat as holy

galadā

noun. great plant, tree

ornē

noun. (straight) tree

pap

root. *tremble

alab

root. elm

A root for “elm” in etymological notes probably written around 1959-1960 (PE17/146, 153). It seems to be a replacement for the root ᴹ√(L)ALAM from The Etymologies of the 1930s. This earlier root was connected to √AL(A) “blessed”, and the later variant may have had the same relationship. Tolkien made a point that the later version of this root was not related to √GAL “grow” or the words for “tree” after rejecting alternate roots √GALAB (?“flower”) and √GALAM for “elm” (PE17/146). The derivation ✶galmā > Q. alma “flower” was allowed to stand, so perhaps √GALAM remained valid with the alternate sense “flower”.

spini-

noun. thin thread

thŏno

noun. pine

galam

root. elm

phin

root. hair

stona

noun. pine

galad

noun. tree

galadrim

collective name. Tree-people

galad

noun. tree

Derived from galadâ "great growth", "tree", applied to stout and spreading trees such as oaks and beeches (UT:266, Letters:426; in the latter source, the root GAL is defined as "grow", intransitive). It is interesting to notice that this word, given in a source much later than the Etymologies that provides most of the Nandorin material, nonetheless agrees well with the older words cited by Tolkien: again we see the loss of original final -â, whereas original post-vocalic d is unchanged as in the word edel.

galad

noun. tree

>> Galadrim

galada

noun. tree

galla

noun. tree

hatha-

verb. to treat (medically)

hauda

noun. hoard

hoard, store

bat- Reconstructed

verb. to walk

A hypothetical verb, perhaps meaning “walk”, that may appear as an element in the noun batân “road, path, way”.

zimra Reconstructed

noun. jewel

An element appearing in the names Zimraphel (UT/224) and Zimrathôn (UT/222) and also the Hadorian name Zimrahin (WJ/234). The corresponding Quenya names Q. Míriel and Q. Hostamir both seem to contain mírë “jewel”, so this is the likely meaning of the Adûnaic word as well, as suggested by most authors (AAD/25, AL/Adûnaic, EotAL/ZIM’R).

tithilla-

verb. twinkle

tulka

adjective. yellow