har-

verb. to stand

A verb appearing as har “stand” on the back of one version of Thror’s Map from the 1930s (AotH/56). It might be related to ᴹQ. thar- “stand” from 1948 (PE22/126).

Neo-Sindarin: Since the later Elvish root for “stand” is √TAR, I would update this verb to ᴺS. tar- as suggested by Elaran.

haf-

verb. to sit

dortha-

verb. to dwell, stay

hadh-

verb. sit

harad

noun. south

harad

noun. south

har na ond i mid

stand by the grey stone

A phrase on the back of one version of Thror’s Map, and hence probably from the early 1930s. The English translation appears further down the page.

har-

verb. to sit, stay, to sit, stay, [ᴱQ.] remain; [ᴹQ.] to dwell, abide, reside

This is the common Quenya verb for “to sit” (UT/305, 317), also used to mean “stay” (PE17/162) or “remain” (QL/39). An elf might say in greeting hara máriessë, but this means “stay in happiness” rather than being a literal invitation to sit down. The verb har- was derived from the root √KHAD “sit” (PE18/95; PE22/148). When describing buildings (and shorter hills) in Quenya, they are said to “sit” rather than “stand” unless they are particularly tall (PE22/125).

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. har- dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where it was glossed “remain” under the early root ᴱ√HAŘA [HAÐA] “cleave [to], remain” (QL/39). The Qenya Lexicon had ᴱQ. soro- as the verb for “sit” under the early root ᴱ√SORO [ÐORO] (QL/85). The English-Qenya Dictionary (EQG) of the 1920s also had soro “sit” (PE15/77), and the Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) from this period had the past form sórie “sat” (PE14/46, 78).

The verb ᴹQ. har- reappeared with the gloss “sit” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KHAD of the same meaning, but this verb and its root were revised to ᴹQ. ham- and ᴹ√KHAM (Ety/KHAM; EtyAC/KHAM). At some point Tolkien introduced a new root ᴹ√KHAM “call to, summon, name by name”, writing “KHAM sit (replacing KHAD, cancelled)”, which apparently meant ᴹ√KHAD “sit” was restored.

The Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948 had both har- and ham-, but in that document ham- meant “sit” and har- meant “dwell, abide, reside” (PE22/125). In that document Tolkien said “Q ham- ‘sit’ is used often of cities, towns, houses (and also of hills that are not very high): dwellings, buildings (except high towers) are not said to stand”. √KHAD “sit” appeared in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) written around 1950 (PE18/95), and there are no signs of ham- “sit” thereafter, only har-.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume that Tolkien’s 1948 statements about the use of ham- “sit” for buildings also applies to har- “sit”. I would also ignore the 1948 use of har- to mean “dwell, abide, reside”, using Q. mar- for that purpose instead.

har-

verb. sit, stay

har- vb. "sit, stay", pl. present hárar in CO (i hárar "those who sit, those who are sitting"). Imperative hara in the phrase (hara) máriessë "(stay) in happiness" (PE17:162). According to VT45:20, har- "sit" is derived from a stem KHAD which Tolkien abandoned in the Etymologies, but since CO is later than Etym, he may seem to have restored KHAD. If so, the past tense of har- would be *handë.

har-

verb. dwell, abide, reside permanently

har

near

har, harë adj.? adv.? "near" (LT1:253)

tar-

verb. to stand

The root √TAR is translated “stand” in notes from around 1967 (PE17/186), and its past form tarne “stood” appears in a sentence from the same document: sanome tarne Olórin, Aracorno... “there stood Gandalf, Aragorn...” (PE17/71).

Conceptual Development: Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱQ. hyā- “stand” (PE16/132). The Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948 had a past form ᴹQ. tolle “stood” (PE22/117) and an inceptive verb ᴹQ. tolu- “stand up” (PE22/114) clearly based on ᴹ√TOL (Ety/TOL²), but later in the same document had ᴹQ. thar- “stand” based on the root ᴹ√THAR (PE22/126), probably a precursor to later tar- “stand” < √TAR.

ham-

verb. sit

ham- (1) vb. "sit" (KHAM)

Harmen

south

[Harmen] noun "south" (MEN)(Changed to hyarmen.)

Hyarastorni

south

Hyarastorni place-name, region in Númenor, apparently including hyar- "south" and perhaps orni "trees" (UT:210)

hyarmen

south

hyarmen, Hyarmen noun "south" (SA, SA:men, KHYAR), literally "lefthand-direction" (VT49:12), since the Elves named the directions as they were to a person facing the Blessed Realm in the West Also name of tengwa #33 (Appendix E). In Hyarmendacil masc.name, "South-victor" (Appendix A), apparently also in the place-name Hyarmentir (name of a mountain; the element -tir means *"watch[ing point]".) (SA) Hyarnustar "the Southwestlands" of Númenor; Hyarrostar the "Southeastlands" (UT:165)

tyul-

verb. to stand

A neologism coined by Alex Grigny de Castro in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, based on the root ᴹ√TYUL “stand up (straight)”, along with an intransitive variant ᴺQ. tyulya- and a transitive form ᴺQ. tyulta- (inspired by ᴱQ. tyulta-) suggested by Helge Fauskanger. I’d stick to attested tar- instead for “stand (intr.)”, which was published in 2007.

har-

prefix. left-hand

_pref. _left-hand, south. Q. hyar-. >> harn

harn

adjective. southern, south

An adjective for “southern” based on ᴹ√KHYAR “left hand” (PE17/18; Ety/KHYAR).

Conceptual Development: ᴱN. harn appeared untranslated in Noldorin word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/147).

tar-

verb. to stand

harad

adjective. south

_adj. _south, southern. Q. hyarmen, hyarna. >> har-

harad

noun. south

harad

noun. south

The Sindarin word for “south” based on the root ᴹ√KHYAR “left-hand” (LotR/1123; PE17/18; Ety/KHYAR). It was the “left-hand direction” since the Elves reckoned their directions while facing west, so that “south” was to the left (LotR/1123). It can also be used for “the South” as a region but without a definite article (PE23/133), that is just Harad rather than i Charad.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s it was first given as haran (EtyAC/KHYAR).

caeda-

verb. sit

dortha

dwell

dortha- (i northa, i ndorthar) (stay)

dortha

dwell

(i northa, i ndorthar) (stay)

harad

south

1. (”the South” as an area) Harad (i Charad, o Charad, 2) hâr (i châr, o châr, construct har) (also = ”left”). 3) The word Harven (i Charven, o Charven) may refer primarily to ”south” as a direction; the final element -ven means ”way”. (VT45:23). Adj.

harad

south

(i Charad, o Charad

haradren

south, southern

(lenited charadren; pl. heredrin), also harn (lenited charn, pl. hern). Note: a homophone of the latter means ”wounded”, and as noun harn also means ”helmet” (so haradren may be preferred for clarity).

haradrim

southerners, southrons

(a coll. pl., ”people of the south”)

harven

south

(i Charven, o Charven) may refer primarily to ”south” as a direction; the final element -ven means ”way”. (VT45:23). Adj.

hav

sit

hav- (i châf, i chevir), pa.t. hamp (with endings hemmi-, as in hemmin ”I sat”) or havant. (VT45:20)

hav

sit

(i châf, i chevir), pa.t. hamp (with endings hemmi-, as in hemmin ”

hâr

south

(i châr, o châr, construct har) (also = ”left”).

na

near

(as preposition, = ”at, by”) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

near

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

nev

near

(adj. pref.) nev- (hither, on this side). Also used as a preposition nef ”on this side of”.

nev

near

(hither, on this side). Also used as a preposition nef ”on this side of”.

khad

root. sit

The roots √KHAD and √KHAM were in competition for words having to do with “sit” and “seat” for a significant portion of Tolkien’s life. Both roots have antecedants in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, but in that early document the root for “sit” was given as ᴱ√ÐORO or ᴱ√SORO (QL/85), replacing rejected ᴱ√SOŘO [ᴱ√SOÐO] and ᴱ√SODO (QL/85). Of these, the true form was clearly ᴱ√ÐORO given Gnomish derivative G. dorn “seat”, G. doros “throne”, G. dortha- “settle” (GL/30). This root seems to have been abandoned in Tolkien’s later writing, though N. dortha- “dwell, stay” was reassigned to ᴹ√NDOR in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/NDOR).

As for √KHAD and √KHAM, their clearest antecedents in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s were ᴱ√HAÐA “cleave, remain” and ᴱ√HAM (QL/39), the latter without gloss but with derivatives having to do with the ground such as ᴱQ. hamba “on the ground” and G. ham “ground” (QL/39; GL/48). Some variant of ᴱ√HAÐA seems to have drifted in the direction of “sit” based on ᴱN. haud “seat” from Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s (PE13/147, 155).

Tolkien initially used the root ᴹ√KHAD for words having to do with “sit” and “seat” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/KHAM), but it was replaced by ᴹ√KHAM “sit” (Ety/KHAM) and this root seems to have survived for some time, since ᴹ√KHAM “sit down” appeared in the Quenya Verbal System from 1948 (PE22/103). However, at some point Tolkien added a new root ᴹ√KHAM “call to, summon, name by name” to The Etymologies, and in this new entry he said “KHAM sit (replacing KHAD, cancelled)” indicating ᴹ√KHAD was restored (EtyAC/KHAM²). This seems to represent an ongoing vacillation between √KHAD and √KHAM in the 1930s and 40s.

However, √KHAD “sit” appeared in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa written around 1950 (PE18/95), Q. hárar “sit” (not ✱✱hámar) appears in Cirion’s Oath (UT/305), and in late notes on verbs from 1969 Tolkien had ✶khadmā “seat” as the basis for Q. hanw̃a S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √KHAM “sit” in this period, so it seems Tolkien chose √KHAD for “sit” in the 1950s and 60s.

Neo-Eldarin: I think √KHAD “sit” is the best choice for Neo-Eldarin, since it also lets us use ᴹ√KHAM “call to, summon, name by name” more freely.

þarma

noun. left-hand