har-

verb. to dwell, abide, reside; to sit

Changes

• har- → ham- “sit” ✧ Ety/KHAM

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHAD ✧ EtyAC/KHAM; PE22/125

Element in

• ᴹQ. enyasse Manwe hára “there far away dwells Manwe [in Valinor]” ✧ PE22/125
• ᴹQ. lairesse nihare to tarassi, yu unta hrívesse landannar “in the summer I live in [i.e. on] the hills [as a rule], and come down to the plains in the winter” ✧ PE22/125

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHAD > har-	[kʰad-] > [xad-] > [xað-] > [hað-] > [har-]	✧ EtyAC/KHAM

thar-

verb. to stand

Derivations

• ᴹ√THAR “stand” ✧ PE22/126

Element in

• ᴹQ. Taras Mindolluin thāra Ondoresse “Mt. Mindolluin stands in Gondor” ✧ PE22/126

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√THAR > thar-	[tʰar-] > [θar-] > [sar-]	✧ PE22/126

Variations

• thar- ✧ PE22/126

hamma

noun. chair

Cognates

• N. hanw “?chair” ✧ EtyAC/KHAM

Derivations

• ᴹ✶hamwa “chair” ✧ EtyAC/KHAM
  • ᴹ√KHAM “sit (down)” ✧ Ety/KHAM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶harat/hamwa > hamma	[kʰamwa] > [xamwa] > [xamma] > [hamma]	✧ EtyAC/KHAM

handa

noun. chair

Changes

• handa → hamma “chair” ✧ EtyAC/KHAM

Cognates

• N. hand “seat” ✧ EtyAC/KHAM

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHAD ✧ EtyAC/KHAM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHAD > handa	[kʰanda] > [xanda] > [handa]	✧ EtyAC/KHAM

Variations

• handa ✧ EtyAC/KHAM (handa)

harmen

noun. south

istare

noun. knowledge

Elements

Word	Gloss
ista-	“to know”
-(á)re	“general action verbal suffix”

ista

noun. knowledge

tol-

verb. to stand

istya

noun. knowledge

Cognates

• N. ist “lore, knowledge, lore, knowledge; [G.] feeling, sensation; notion” ✧ Ety/IS

Derivations

• ᴹ√IS “*know” ✧ Ety/IS

Element in

• ᴹQ. anaristya “[unglossed]”
• ᴹQ. Istimor “The Wise” ✧ Ety/IS
• ᴺQ. istyalóra “ignorant”
• ᴹQ. istyar “scholar, learned man, lore-master, wizard” ✧ Ety/IS

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√IS > ista	[ista]	✧ Ety/IS
ᴹ√IS > istya	[istja]	✧ Ety/IS

Variations

• ista ✧ Ety/IS