Sindarin
harn
adjective. southern, south
harn
noun. the South
sarn
noun/adjective. (small) stone, pebble, gem; stony (place), (small) stone, pebble, gem[stone]; stony (place); [N.] stone as a material
A Sindarin noun for a small individual stone or pebble (RC/327; VT42/11) in contrast to S. gond for large blocks of stone or rock (Ety/GOND) or stone as a material (PE17/28). However, sarn also functioned as an adjective “stony”, and when used unqualified could also refer to a “stony place” (RC/163). It was a derivative of the root ᴹ√SAR (Ety/SAR). In notes on the Common Eldarin Article (CEA) from 1969, Tolkien translated this word as “small stone, pebble, gem” (PE23/139), and I think the last gloss indicates this word can be used for valuable stones as well, in the sense “gem[stone]”.
Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s where Tolkien had G. sarn “a stone” (GL/67), and it was also an element in the negative word ᴱN. orsarn “stoneless” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/156). It appeared as N. sarn, a derivative of ᴹ√SAR, in The Etymologies of the 1930s, but in this document it was glossed “stone as a material”, and also functioned as an adjective, apparently a blending of ✱sarnē and ᴹ✶sarnā (Ety/SAR), in contrast to N. gonn which in this document was only “a great stone or rock” (Ety/GOND). In later writings sarn could still function as an adjective “stony” (RC/163) but as a noun generally referred to an individual (small) stone, as in the name S. Edhelharn “Elfstone” (SD/128).
hand
noun. [unglossed]
harn
helmet
harn (i charn, o charn), pl. hern (i chern). Note: this is a homophone of two unrelated adjectives harn, one meaning ”southern” and the other ”wounded”.
harn
wounded
harn (lenited charn, pl. hern). Note: a homophone adjective means ”south, southern”; a third homophone is the noun ”helmet”.
harn
helmet
(i charn, o charn), pl. hern (i chern). Note: this is a homophone of two unrelated adjectives harn, one meaning ”southern” and the other ”wounded”.
harn
wounded
(lenited charn, pl. hern). Note: a homophone adjective means ”south, southern”; a third homophone is the noun ”helmet”.
castol
noun. helmet
cidinn
?. [unglossed]
cinnog
?. [unglossed]
madu
?. [unglossed]
maud
?. [unglossed]
An adjective for “southern” based on ᴹ√KHYAR “left hand” (PE17/18; Ety/KHYAR).
Conceptual Development: ᴱN. harn appeared untranslated in Noldorin word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/147).