mak

root. sword; fight (with a sword), cleave

makla

noun. sword

maktā-

verb. to fight

kar

root. make, build, construct

kar-

verb. make, do

tan

root. make, fashion

tultā-

verb. make come

dab

root. give way, make room, permit, allow

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “give way, make room, permit, allow”, with the derivatives in both Quenya and Noldorin having mostly to do with permission (Ety/DAB).

grad

root. to flatten, lay low/flat, make flat what was standing

A root glossed “to flatten, lay low/flat, make flat what was standing” appearing in a list of roots from rejected page in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s, with variants and √G)RAD and √SRAD and no derivatives (PE22/127). It appears nowhere else.

aktō

noun. artificer, maker, wright

kat

root. shape, make

masag

root. knead, make soft by rubbing, kneading

ninkwitā-

verb. to make white (or pale), whiten

tak

root. fix, make fast, make

tankāta-

verb. to make firm

srad

root. to flatten, lay low/flat, make flat what was standing

tay

root. extend, make long(er), stretch

tek

root. write or draw (signs or letters), make a mark

maʒ

root. hand

etkat-

verb. to fashion

karan

root. red

This root appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “red” (Ety/KARÁN), a later iteration of ᴱ√KṚN of the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s of the same meaning, but with syllabic ṛ (QL/48). Its main Quenya derivative, Q. carnë, retained the same form throughout Tolkien’s life, but its Gnomish forms G. carn(in) “scarlet” and G. crintha “rosy, pink” (GL/25, 27) became N. caran “red” in the 1930s, and retained that form thereafter.

m(b)as

root. knead

mazgā

adjective. soft, pliant

mazgē

noun. dough

mazgō

noun. sticky substance, mire

skelta-

verb. to strip

tanka

adjective. firm

wed

root. bind

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “bind” with derivatives like ᴹQ. vére/N. gwaedh “bond, troth, compact, oath” and ᴹQ. vesta-/N. gwesta- “swear”, though Tolkien deleted Quenya derivatives of this root beginning with ves- saying they fell out of use due to conflict with ᴹ√BES “wed” (Ety/WED). This root might be a later iteration of the hypothetical early root ✱ᴱ√FEDE indicated by words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s like G. fedhin “bound by agreement; ally, friend” and G. fedhra- “unite in a band” (GL/34), but the 1910s and 1930s forms are rather dissimilar so it is hard to say.

mapā

noun. hand

(n)dak

root. slay

al

prefix. without

dak

root. slay

karani

adjective. red

kiris

root. cut

kuldā

adjective. red

lin

root. sing

magā

noun. hand

māʒ

noun. hand

nay

root. lament

nāyǝ

noun. lament

ol

root. grow

rap

root. bind

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “bind” but without derivatives (EtyAC/RAP). The element S. raph (“?rope”) in S. Udalraph “Stirrupless” (“?without (U-) foot-rope”) might be related (UT/313).

rista-

verb. cut