-ndor

land

-ndor, final element in compounds: "land" (Letters:308, UT:253)

nór

land

nór noun "land" (stem nor-, PE17:106) this is land as opposed to water and sea (nor in Letters:308). Cf. nórë.

nór

noun. land

A term for “land” as in “(dry) land as opposed to the sea”, mentioned in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/413) and again in notes from around 1968 (PE17/106-107).

Possible Etymology: In the Quendi and Eldar essay this term was derived from primitive ✶ndōro, but in the aforementioned 1968 notes Tolkien clarified that its stem form was nŏr-. This means it was probably derived from ancient ✱ndŏr-, where the long vowel in the uninflected form was inherited from the Common Eldarin subjective form ✱ndōr, a phenomenon also seen in words like nér (ner-) “man”. I prefer this second derivation, as it makes the independent word more distinct from the suffixal form -ndor or -nóre used in the names of countries.

Derivations

• ✶ndorē “land” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
  • √NDOR “land; hard, firm; [ᴹ√] dwell, stay, rest, abide” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
  • √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding”
  • √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding” ✧ WJ/413
• ✶ndōro “land” ✧ WJ/413
  • √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding” ✧ WJ/413

Element in

• Q. nortil “cape (of land)”
• ᴺQ. salquenor “grassland, meadow”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ndōr > nōr	[ndōr] > [nōr]	✧ PE17/106
✶NDŌR/NDŎR- > nôr	[ndōr] > [nōr]	✧ PE17/107
✶ndōro > nór	[ndōro] > [ndōr] > [nōr]	✧ WJ/413

Variations

• nōr ✧ PE17/106
• nôr ✧ PE17/107

nóre

noun. land

nórë

land

nórë noun "land" (associated with a particular people) (WJ:413), "country, land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live, race, clan" (NŌ, NDOR, BAL), also used = "race, tribe, people" (SA:dôr, PE17:169; however, the normal word for "people" is lië). Early "Qenya" hasnórë "native land, nation, family, country" (in compounds -nor) (LT1:272)

landa

wide

landa (2) adj. "wide" (LAD). Maybe in landatavárë = *"wide-wood"? (TI:415)

nan

woodland

nan (nand-) noun "woodland" (LT1:261)

tavas

woodland

tavas noun "woodland" (LT1:267)

yanda

wide

yanda adj. "wide" (PE17:115); variant of yána #1, q.v.

yanda

adjective. wide

Cognates

• S. iand “wide” ✧ PE17/115

-sta

suffix. land, *part, *part; [ᴹQ.] close grouping, land

Derivations

• √SAT “space, place; divide, apportion, mark off” ✧ VT42/19

Element in

• Q. Andustar “Westlands” ✧ UT/165
• Q. túrinasta “*kingdom”
• ᴺQ. ciryasta “fleet (of ships)”
• Q. Forostar “Northlands” ✧ UT/165
• Q. Hyarnustar “Southwestlands” ✧ UT/165
• Q. Hyarrostar “Southeastlands” ✧ UT/165
• ᴺQ. lindista “music album”
• ᴺQ. löasta “season, (lit.) year-part”
• Q. Orrostar “Eastlands”
• ᴺQ. ortosta “mountain range”
• ᴺQ. palusta “shelf, bookshelf”
• Q. quentasta “historical account” ✧ VT39/16
• ᴺQ. raxasta “train”
• Q. Tarostar “?King of the Lands”
• Q. tengwesta “grammar, morphology, system or code of signs, collection of matter concerning writing, *language structure” ✧ VT39/16
• ᴺQ. töasta “grove”
• ᴺQ. tollesta “archipelago”
• ᴺQ. tuxasta “one hundredth, *one percent”
• ᴺQ. vendesta “convent”

Variations

• -sta ✧ VT39/16; VT39/20; VT42/30

miruvor

mead

miruvor, full form miruvórë noun "mead", "a special wine or cordial"; possessive miruvóreva "of mead" (Nam, RGEO:66; WJ:399).In the "Qenya Lexicon", miruvórë was defined "nectar, drink of the Valar" (LT1:261).

-ndor

suffix. land, country

Cognates

• S. dôr “land, land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; [G.] people of the land” ✧ SA/dôr

Derivations

• ✶ndorē “land” ✧ SA/dôr
  • √NDOR “land; hard, firm; [ᴹ√] dwell, stay, rest, abide” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
  • √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding”
  • √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding” ✧ WJ/413

Element in

• Q. Andor “Land of Gift”
• Q. Endórë “Middle-earth, (lit.) Middle Land” ✧ SA/dôr
• Q. Laurelindórenan “(Land of the) Valley of Singing Gold” ✧ Let/308; NM/351; UT/253
• Q. Lindelorendor “Singing-dream-land” ✧ Let/308; PE17/080
• Q. Lómëanor “Gloomyland” ✧ Let/308; LotR/1131; PE17/081
• Q. Númenórë “Westernesse, (lit.) West-land” ✧ SA/dôr
• Q. Valandor “Land of the Valar” ✧ SA/dôr

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ndor > ndor	[-ndor]	✧ SA/dôr

Variations

• ndor ✧ Let/308; SA/dôr; UT/253
• nor ✧ Let/308
• (n)dor ✧ Let/383
• -nor ✧ LotR/1131; PE17/081

-nor

suffix. land, country

nómë

place

#nómë noun "place", isolated from Nómesseron, q.v. Cf. also sinomë.

nómë

noun. place

Derivations

• √NOM “place”

Element in

• ᴺQ. ainomë “anyplace, anywhere”
• ᴺQ. ilinomë “everywhere”
• ᴺQ. istanómë “school, academy”
• ᴺQ. mancanómë “market, market-place”
• ᴺQ. minomë “instead, in place of, in exchange of”
• ᴺQ. nanomë “someplace, somewhere”
• ᴺQ. nómëa “local”
• ᴺQ. nómessëa “local”
• Q. nómessë “place-name” ✧ VT42/17
• ᴺQ. -non “-place, -spot (forms place-names, area nouns)”
• Q. Quentalë Ardanómion “*History of the Places of Arda” ✧ WJ/206
• Q. sinomë “here, (lit.) in this place”
• Q. tanomë “there, (lit.) in the place (referred to)”

Variations

• Nóme ✧ VT42/17 (Nóme)

palda

adjective. wide, broad, wide, broad, *expansive

Derivations

• ✶palnā “wide, broad” ✧ VT47/08
  • √PAL “wide, broad, extended, wide, broad, extended; [ᴹ√] wide (open); [ᴱ√] flatness” ✧ VT47/08

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶palnā > palda	[palnā] > [paldā] > [palda]	✧ VT47/08

palla

wide, expansive

palla adj. "wide, expansive" (PAL)

yonda

wide, roomy, extensive

yonda adj."wide, roomy, extensive" (PE17:43), also (as alternative form of yonna) glossed "enclosed", with the latter meaning perhaps intended as the passive participle of the verb yor-

cemi

earth, soil, land

cemi noun "earth, soil, land"; Cémi ("k")"Mother Earth" (LT1:257; the "Qenya" word cemi would correspond to cemen in LotR-style Quenya)

mar

earth

mar (1) noun "earth" (world), also "home, dwelling, mansion". Stem mard- (VT46:13, PE17:64), also seen in the ablative Mardello "from earth" (FS); the word is used with a more limited sense in oromardi "high halls" (sg. oromar, PM17:64), referring to the dwellings of Manwë and Varda on Mt. Taniquetil (Nam, RGEO:66). The initial element of Mardorunando (q.v.) may be the genitive mardo (distinguish mardo "dweller"). May be more or less identical to már "home, house, dwelling" (of persons or peoples; in names like Val(i)mar, Vinyamar, Mar-nu-Falmar, Mardil) (SA:bar, VT45:33, VT47:6). Már is however unlikely to have the stem-form mard-; a "Qenya" genitive maren appears in the phrase hon-maren, q.v., suggesting that its stem is mar-. A possible convention could therefore be to use már (mar-) for "home, house" (also when = household, family as in Mardil, q.v.), whereas mar (mard-) is used for for "earth, world". Early "Qenya" has mar (mas-) "dwelling of men, the Earth, -land" (LT1:251); notice that in LotR-style Quenya, a word in -r cannot have a stem-form in -s-.

aica

broad, vast

aica (2) ("k") adj. "broad, vast" (LT2:338 - this early "Qenya" form is probably obsoleted by # 1 above)

Yón

region, any (fairly extensive) region between obstacles such as rivers or mountains

yón (2), variant of yondë, q.v. Defined as "a region, any (fairly extensive) region _between obstacles such as rivers or mountains" (PE17:43)_

yón

noun. region

kemen

earth

kemen noun "earth"; see cemen.

ména

region

ména noun "region" (MEN). Not to be confused with the present/continuative tense of #men- "go".

nórë

noun. land, country; †people, race, tribe, land, country, [ᴹQ.] region where certain people live, [ᴱQ.] nation; [Q.] †people, race, tribe, [ᴹQ.] folk, [ᴱQ.] family

Cognates

• S. nos(s) “family, kindred, clan, house; race, tribe, people” ✧ PE17/169

Derivations

• ✶nōrē “kindred, race” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107; PE17/169; WJ/413
  • √NŌ/ONO “beget, give birth to; be born, beget, give birth to; be born; [ᴱ√] become” ✧ PE17/026; PE17/106; PE17/107; PE17/169; WJ/413
• √NDOR “land; hard, firm; [ᴹ√] dwell, stay, rest, abide” ✧ PE17/072; PE17/181
  • √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding”
• ✶ndorē “land” ✧ PE19/076
  • √NDOR “land; hard, firm; [ᴹ√] dwell, stay, rest, abide” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
  • √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding”
  • √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding” ✧ WJ/413

Element in

• Q. Alalvinórë “Land of Many Elms”
• Q. Aranórë “Kingsland”
• Q. Eldanor “Elvenland”
• Q. Elenna-nórë “The Land of the Star” ✧ UT/305
• Q. Endórë “Middle-earth, (lit.) Middle Land”
• Q. Lestanórë “Doriath, *(lit.) Land of the Girdle” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. Lóminórë “*Echoing Land”
• Q. -ndor “land, country” ✧ PE17/080
• ᴺQ. nórarwa “economy, (lit.) country-possessions”
• ᴺQ. nórëa “national”
• ᴺQ. nórecáno “governer, (lit.) country-leader”
• ᴺQ. noremma “map”
• ᴺQ. nórihalmë “map”
• ᴺQ. nóretur “governer, (lit.) country-ruler”
• ᴺQ. nóriecáno “president”
• Q. Númenórë “Westernesse, (lit.) West-land” ✧ Let/303; Let/361; SA/dôr
• Q. Ondonórë “Gondor, (lit.) Stone Land”
• Q. Sindanórië “Grey Country, Land of Greyness” ✧ PE17/072
• Q. Valinórë “Land of the Valar” ✧ PE17/106; SA/dôr; WJ/413

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√NDOR > nōre	[ndōre] > [nōre]	✧ PE17/072
✶nōrē > nórë	[nōrē] > [nōre]	✧ PE17/106
✶nō-rē > nóre	[nōrē] > [nōre]	✧ PE17/107
✶(o)nō-re > nóre	[nōre]	✧ PE17/169
√ndŏr > nŏr	[ndor] > [nor]	✧ PE17/181
✶ndōrē > nóre	[ndōrē] > [nōrē] > [nōre]	✧ PE19/076
✶nōrē > nóre	[nōrē] > [nōre]	✧ WJ/413

Variations

• nōrë ✧ Let/303
• nóre ✧ Let/361; PE17/072; PE17/080; PE17/107; PE17/169; PE19/076; WJ/413
• nōre ✧ PE17/072; PE17/106
• nōr ✧ PE17/106

palmë

surface

palmë noun "surface" (PAL)

palúrë

surface, bosom, bosom of earth

palúrë noun "surface, bosom, bosom of Earth" (= Old English folde) (PAL); cf. Palúrien.

tavas

noun. woodland

Derivations

• √TAW “wood”

dôr

noun. land, land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; [G.] people of the land

Cognates

• Q. -ndor “land, country” ✧ SA/dôr

Derivations

• ✶ndorē “land” ✧ PE17/164; SA/dôr; WJ/413
  • √NDOR “land; hard, firm; [ᴹ√] dwell, stay, rest, abide” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
  • √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding”
  • √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding” ✧ WJ/413

Element in

• S. Arnor “Royal Land”
• S. Balannor “Land of the Valar”
• S. bardor “home land, native land” ✧ PE17/164
• S. Berennyr “Brown Lands”
• S. Dor Caranthir “Land of Caranthir”
• S. Dor-Cúarthol “Land of Bow and Helm”
• S. Dor Daedeloth “Land of Great Dread; Land of Shadow of Horror”
• S. Dor Dínen “Silent Land” ✧ S/121
• S. Dor-en-Ernil “Land of the Prince” ✧ UT/245
• S. Dor Firn-i-Guinar “Land of the Dead that Live” ✧ S/188
• S. dorgannas “shapes of the lands, *geography” ✧ WJ/192
• ᴺS. dorgant “landscape, scene, *(lit.) land-shape”
• S. Dor Gyrth i Chuinar “Land of the Dead that Live” ✧ Let/417
• S. Dor Haeron
• S. Doriath “Land of the Fence” ✧ SA/dôr; SI/Doriath; UTI/Doriath; WJ/370
• S. Dor-i-Ndainn “*Land of the Nandor”
• S. Dor i Thuin
• north S. Dor-lómin “*Echoing-land”
• S. Dorloven “*Echoing Land” ✧ PE17/133
• S. Dor-na-Daerachas “Land of Great Dread”
• S. Dor-nu-Fauglith “Land under Choking Ash”
• S. Dor-Rodyn “*Land of the Valar” ✧ MR/200
• S. Dorthonion “Land of Pines” ✧ RC/384; SA/dôr
• S. Dorwinion “Young-land country, land of Gwinion”
• S. Eglador “Land of the Eglir (Forsaken)”
• S. Elennor “*Elf-land”
• S. Eriador “Lonely Land” ✧ SA/dôr
• S. Gondor “Stone-land” ✧ SA/dôr
• S. Mildor “Wine-land”
• S. Mordor “Black Land” ✧ Let/427; SA/dôr
• S. Pelennor “Fenced Land”
• S. Thonador

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ndor > -dor	[-ndorē] > [-ndore] > [-ndor] > [-dor]	✧ PE17/164
✶ndor > dôr	[ndorē] > [ndore] > [dore] > [dor] > [dōr]	✧ SA/dôr
✶ndorē > dôr	[ndorē] > [ndore] > [dore] > [dor] > [dōr]	✧ WJ/413
✶ndorē > -ndor > -nor/-nnor	[-ndorē] > [-ndore] > [-ndor] > [-nnor]	✧ WJ/413

Variations

• Dor ✧ Let/417; MR/200; PE17/133; S/121; S/188; SI/Doriath; UT/245; UTI/Doriath; WJ/192
• dor ✧ Let/427; RC/384
• -dor ✧ PE17/164
• Dôr ✧ WJ/370

land

adjective. wide, broad

land

adjective. open space, level

land

adjective. wide, broad, wide, broad; [N.] open space, level

Cognates

• ᴹQ. landa “wide, wide, [ᴱQ.] broad”

Derivations

• √LAD “bottom, ground, [ᴹ√] lie flat, be flat; [√] bottom, ground”

Element in

• S. Landroval “Broad Winged”
• S. Lothlann “Wide and Empty” ✧ S/123
• S. úlan(n) “narrow, (lit.) not broad” ✧ PE17/144

Variations

• lann ✧ S/123 (lann)

iand

adjective. wide

Cognates

• Q. yanda “wide” ✧ PE17/115

Derivations

• √YAN “wide, extensive, large, vast, huge; extend” ✧ PE17/115

Element in

• S. -ian(d) “-land, country” ✧ PE17/115

lann

adjective. wide, broad

ardhon

noun. world

gardh

noun. bounded or defined region

gardh

noun. world

gardh

noun. region

Cognates

• Q. arda “region, realm, particular land or region, region, realm, particular land or region; [ᴱQ.] place, spot” ✧ WJ/402

Derivations

• ✶gardā “region” ✧ WJ/402
  • ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend”

Element in

• S. Ard-galen “Green Region”
• S. Ardhon “The World”
• S. Calenardhon “Green Province”
• S. gardhon “province”
• S. Garthúrian “Hidden Realm”
• S. Lisgardh “Land of Reeds” ✧ UT/034

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶gardā > gardh	[gardā] > [garda] > [garða] > [garð]	✧ WJ/402

ardhon

noun. great region, province

talath

noun. flat surface, plane

talath

noun. flat land, plain, (wide) valley

talf

noun. flat field, flat land

cae

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

dor

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

pathu

noun. level space, sward

ennorath

noun. central lands, middle-earth

ceven

noun. Earth

dôr

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

parth

noun. field, enclosed grassland, sward

region

noun. holly-tree area

[HKF] reg (Dor. regorn “holly tree”) + ion (Dor. gen. pl. suffix) = Dor. Regornion [Etym. ERÉK-]

bâr

land

(dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

dôr

land

1) dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413), 2) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

dôr

land

(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413)

land

open space

(construct lan, pl. laind) (level), also used as adjective ”wide, plain”.

land

wide

(plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”.

land

space

(open space) land (level), pl. laind, coll. pl. lannath. Also used as adj. ”wide, plain”.

land

space

(level), pl. laind, coll. pl. lannath. Also used as adj. ”wide, plain”.

land

level

land (open space), pl. laind, coll. pl. lannath. Also used as adj. ”wide, plain”.

land

level

(open space), pl. laind, coll. pl. lannath. Also used as adj. ”wide, plain”.

land

open space

land (level), pl. laind. Also used as adj. ”wide, plain”.

land

open space

land (construct lan, pl. laind) (level), also used as adjective ”wide, plain”.

land

open space

(level), pl. laind. Also used as adj. ”wide, plain”.

nand

wide grassland

(construct nan) (valley), pl. naind, coll. pl. **nannath **(VT45:36);

laden

wide

1) laden (plain, flat, open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT), 2) land (plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”. 3) pann (i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with *pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity. 4) ûr (pl. uir). Notice the homophone ûr ”fire, heat”.

laden

wide

(plain, flat,  open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

palan

over a wide area

(far off)

aran

king of a region

(pl. erain)

ardh

region

1) ardh (realm), pl. erdh, also in augmented form ardhon (great region, great province, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath. 2) dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, land), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413), 3) gardh (i **ardh) (bounded or defined place), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh), 4) gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).

ardh

region

(realm), pl. erdh, also in augmented form ardhon (great region, great province, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath.

pann

wide

(i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with ✱pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity.

sant

privately owned place

(i hant, o sant) (field, garden, yard), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20)

sant

field

(i hant, o sant) (garden, yard, or other privately owned place), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20) 

gardh

bounded or defined place

(i ’ardh) (region), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh);

gardh

region

(i ’ardh) (bounded or defined place), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh)

parth

field

1) parth (i barth, o pharth) (sward, enclosed grassland), pl. perth (i pherth), 2) (low, flat field, or wetland) talf (i dalf, o thalf), pl. telf (i thelf), coll. pl. talvath. _(Names:195). Note: a homophone means ”palm”. 3) sant (i hant, o sant) (garden, yard, or other privately owned place), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20)_

parth

field

(i barth, o pharth) (sward, enclosed grassland), pl. perth (i pherth)

sâd

place

sâd (-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (spot, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)

sâd

place

(-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (spot, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)  

talf

field

(i dalf, o thalf), pl. telf (i thelf), coll. pl. talvath. (Names:195). Note: a homophone means ”palm”.

gilwen

region of stars

(Quenya Ilmen), also Gilith. In the Etymologies, this word is derived from a root GIL (LR:358) and would then have the form ’Ilwen (’Ilwith) when lenited. But in a later source, Tolkien cited the relevant root as ÑGIL (MR:388), and the lenited form would then be Ngilwen (Ngilwith).

palath

surface

1) palath (i balath, o phalath), pl. pelaith (i phelaith). 2) (flat surface) talath (i dalath, o thalath) (plane, flatlands, plain, [wide] valley), pl. telaith (i thelaith). Tolkien changed this word from ”Noldorin” dalath_, LR:353 s.v.

palath

surface

(i balath, o phalath), pl. pelaith (i phelaith).

talath

surface

(i dalath, o thalath) (plane, flatlands, plain, [wide] valley), pl. telaith (i thelaith). *Tolkien changed this word from ”Noldorin” dalath, LR:353 s.v. DAL. Compare the Talath Dirnen or ”Guarded Plain” mentioned in the *Silmarillion.

parth

enclosed grassland

(i barth, o pharth) (field, sward), pl. perth (i pherth);

cae

noun. earth

Derivations

• ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth”

cae

earth

(i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also

rîdh

sown field

(acre);  no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (idh rîdh)

ennor

place name. central land, middle-earth

pathu

level place

(i bathu) (sward), analogical pl. pethy (i phethy). Cited in archaic form pathw in the source (LR:380 s.v. PATH); hence the coll. pl. is likely pathwath. In the Etymologies as printed in

amar

earth

(archaic Ambar), pl. Emair

caew

resting place

(i gaew, o chaew) (lair). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chaew).

pathu

level place

(i bathu) (sward), analogical pl. pethy (i phethy). Cited in archaic form pathw in the source (LR:380 s.v. PATH); hence the coll. pl. is likely pathwath. In the Etymologies as printed in

ûr

wide

(pl. uir). Notice the homophone ûr ”fire, heat”.

bâr

earth

(dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

ceven

earth

1) ceven (i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23), 2) (world) Amar (archaic Ambar), pl. Emair; 3) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds. 4) (maybe ”earth” as substance) cae (i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also SOIL.

ceven

earth

(i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23)

dôr

region

(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, land), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413)

gwaith

region

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).

dóri-

noun. land

Isolated from Lindórinan. The independent form of the word may differ; it is unclear where the i of the compound Lindórinan comes from. In the Etymologies, the Eldarin words for "land" are derived from a stem NDOR "dwell, stay, rest, abide" (LR:376).

No Nandorin word is there listed, but Sindarin dor is derived from primitive ndorê. Notice, however, that Tolkien many years later derived the Eldarin words for "land" from a stem DORO "dried up, hard, unyielding" (WJ:413). However, this later source does confirm that the Primitive Quendian form was ndorê, now thought to be formed by initial enrichment d > nd. This is defined as "the hard, dry land as opposed to water or bog", later developing the meaning "land in general as opposed to sea", and finally also "a land" as a particular region, "with more or less defined bounds".

Whether dóri- actually comes from ndorê is highly doubtful (this would rather yield *dora in Nandorin), but it must be derived from the same set of stems.

thâni

noun. land

A noun translated “land” (SD/435) appearing in the Adûnaic names for the Blessed Realm: Amatthâni and thâni’nAmân. Its Primitive Adûnaic form was also ✶thāni, though its primitive was glossed “realm" (SD/420).

Derivations

• ✶Ad. thāni “realm”

Element in

• Ad. Amatthâni “Blessed Realm, (lit.) Land of Manwë” ✧ SD/435
• Ad. thâni’nAmân “Land of Aman” ✧ SD/435

Variations

• thāni ✧ SD/435

zâyan

noun. land

An Adûnaic word for “land” (SD/423). It has an irregular plural form zâin which is the result of the phonetic change (SD/423): [[pad|medial [w] and [j] vanished before [u] and [i]]]. Thus, the archaic plural changed from †zâyîn > zâîn > zâin.

Conceptual Development: In earlier names this word appeared as zen (SD/378, 385).

Element in

• Ad. azra-zâin “sea-lands, maritime regions” ✧ SD/429; SD/435
• Ad. Yôzâyan “Land of Gift”
• Ad. Abarzâyan “Land of Gift”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
Ad. zāyīn > *zāīn > zâin	[zājīn] > [zāīn] > [zāin]	✧ SD/423

Variations

• zāyan ✧ SD/423

dâira

noun. Earth

A noun translated as “Earth” in the final version of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/247). It may be related to S. dôr “land”, as suggested by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynn (AAD/13).

Conceptual Development: In the Lament of Akallabêth (first draft), this noun appeared as kamāt (SD/311).

Element in

• Ad. Bârim an-Adûn yurahtam dâira sâibêth-mâ Êruvô “Lords of [the] West, they rent [the] Earth with assent from Eru” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. bārun an-adūn {urahhata >>} urahta dāira sāibēth-mā ēruvō ✧ SD/247

Variations

• dāira ✧ SD/247

ndorē

noun. land

Derivations

• √NDOR “land; hard, firm; [ᴹ√] dwell, stay, rest, abide” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
  • √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding”
• √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding” ✧ WJ/413

Derivatives

• Q. -ndor “land, country” ✧ SA/dôr
• Q. nór “land” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
• Q. nórë “land, country; †people, race, tribe, land, country, [ᴹQ.] region where certain people live, [ᴱQ.] nation; [Q.] †people, race, tribe, [ᴹQ.] folk, [ᴱQ.] family” ✧ PE19/076
• S. dôr “land, land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; [G.] people of the land” ✧ PE17/164; SA/dôr; WJ/413

Element in

• ✶etlā-ndŏrē “Eglador” ✧ VT42/04; VT42/04
• ✶mbar-ndor “home land, native land” ✧ PE17/164
• Q. Endórë “Middle-earth, (lit.) Middle Land” ✧ Let/384
• Q. Valandor “Land of the Valar” ✧ WJ/413
• S. Ennor “Middle-earth” ✧ Let/384
• S. Eriador “Lonely Land” ✧ VT42/04
• S. Thonador ✧ VT42/04

Variations

• (n)dor ✧ Let/384
• ndōr ✧ PE17/106
• NDŌR/NDŎR- ✧ PE17/107
• ndor ✧ PE17/164; SA/dôr
• ndōrē ✧ PE19/076; VT42/04

ndōro

noun. land

Derivations

• √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding” ✧ WJ/413

Derivatives

• Q. nór “land” ✧ WJ/413

yad

root. wide

ndor

root. land; hard, firm; [ᴹ√] dwell, stay, rest, abide

This root was the basis for “land” words for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared in a deleted note from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s: “Nōre, -nor land is different from family, one = Gnome Dor, other Gor. NᵈOR and NGOR”; the editors indicate that the superscript “ᵈ” was a later addition (QL/67). The Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa also mention nᵈor and ŋor as the basis for ᴱQ. nóre (PE12/66, 67). However in the Qenya Lexicon proper, ᴱQ. nóre “native land, nation, family, country” was given under the root ᴱ√NŌ “become, be born” with variant ᴱ√NDO; the root was originally given as ŊŌ (QL/66). Thus it seems the two roots NDO(R) and ŊO(R) were combined. In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, G. dôr “land, country (inhabited), people of the land” appeared, probably from NDO(R) (GL/30), whereas “family, kinship” was nothri instead, almost certainly from ᴱ√NŌ given its relationship to G. nost “birth” (GL/61).

The two roots were separated again in The Etymologies of the 1930s where the root ᴹ√NDOR “dwell, stay, rest, abide” was the proper basis for “land” words, but in Quenya was blended with nóre “clan, race” from the root ᴹ√NŌ “beget” (Ety/NDOR, NŌ). This derivation allowed Tolkien to retain his preferred suffixes Q. -nóre/-nor vs. N./S. -dor for “-land”, and he mentioned this parallel derivation several times in later writings (PE17/26, 106-107; WJ/413 note #25). The only later change was in the gradual refinement of the meaning of NDOR as more properly referring to (dry) land as opposed to water, seas and swamps (PE17/106, 181), properly a strengthened form of √DOR “hard, tough” (PE17/181; WJ/413).

Derivations

• √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding”

Derivatives

• ✶ndorē “land” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
  • Q. -ndor “land, country” ✧ SA/dôr
  • Q. nór “land” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
  • Q. nórë “land, country; †people, race, tribe, land, country, [ᴹQ.] region where certain people live, [ᴱQ.] nation; [Q.] †people, race, tribe, [ᴹQ.] folk, [ᴱQ.] family” ✧ PE19/076
  • S. dôr “land, land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; [G.] people of the land” ✧ PE17/164; SA/dôr; WJ/413
• Q. nórë “land, country; †people, race, tribe, land, country, [ᴹQ.] region where certain people live, [ᴱQ.] nation; [Q.] †people, race, tribe, [ᴹQ.] folk, [ᴱQ.] family” ✧ PE17/072; PE17/181
• Q. norna “tough, stiff; hard, firm, resistant; thrawn, obdurate” ✧ PE17/106

Element in

• Q. Endórë “Middle-earth, (lit.) Middle Land” ✧ PE17/026
• Q. Valandor “Land of the Valar” ✧ PE17/026
• S. Ennor “Middle-earth” ✧ PE17/026

Variations

• NDŎR/NDŌR ✧ PE17/167
• ndŏr ✧ PE17/181

gardā

noun. region

Derivations

• ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend”

Derivatives

• Q. arda “region, realm, particular land or region, region, realm, particular land or region; [ᴱQ.] place, spot” ✧ WJ/402
• S. gardh “region” ✧ WJ/402

palnā

adjective. wide, broad

Derivations

• √PAL “wide, broad, extended, wide, broad, extended; [ᴹ√] wide (open); [ᴱ√] flatness” ✧ VT47/08

Derivatives

• Q. palda “wide, broad, wide, broad, *expansive” ✧ VT47/08

keme

noun. earth

Derivations

• ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth”

Variations

• kĕmĕ ✧ PE21/80 (kĕmĕ)

kemen

noun. earth

Derivations

• ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth”

Derivatives

• Q. cemen “the earth; earth, the earth; earth, [ᴹQ.] soil”
• S. ceven “Earth, earth; Earth”

nom Reconstructed

root. place

A hypothetical root serving as the basis for Q. nómë “place”.

Derivatives

• Q. nómë “place”

lhand

adjective. wide, broad

lhand

adjective. open space, level

lhand

noun. open space, level

Derivations

• ᴹ√LAT “lie open; be extended, stretch, be situated (of an area)” ✧ Ety/LAT

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LAT > lhand	[?]	✧ Ety/LAT

lhann

adjective. wide, broad

lhann

adjective. wide, wide, [ᴱN.] broad

Cognates

• ᴹQ. landa “wide, wide, [ᴱQ.] broad” ✧ Ety/LAD

Derivations

• ᴹ√LAD “lie flat, be flat” ✧ Ety/LAD

Element in

• N. camland “palm of hand” ✧ Ety/LAD
• N. Lhandroval “Wide-winged”
• N. Lhothlann “Empty and Wide” ✧ Ety/LAD

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LAD > lhand > lhann	[landa] > [land] > [l̥and] > [l̥ann]	✧ Ety/LAD

pann

adjective. wide

pann

adjective. wide

Derivations

• ᴹ✶patnā “wide” ✧ Ety/PAT
  • ᴹ√PAT “*open, [ᴱ√] open, wide, spreading” ✧ Ety/PAT

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶patnā > pann	[patnā] > [padnā] > [padna] > [panna] > [pann]	✧ Ety/PAT

Variations

• pann ✧ Ety/PAT

dalath

noun. flat surface, plane

dalath

noun. flat land, plain, (wide) valley

palath

noun. surface

palath

noun. surface

Cognates

• ᴹQ. palme “surface” ✧ Ety/PAL

Derivations

• ᴹ√PAL “wide (open)” ✧ Ety/PAL

Element in

• N. Palath Nenui “Wetwang”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√PAL > palath	[palatte] > [palattʰe] > [palaθθe] > [palaθθ] > [palaθ]	✧ Ety/PAL

Variations

• palath ✧ Ety/PAL

dor

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

pel

noun. fenced field (= Old English tún)

pathw

noun. level space, sward

amar

noun. earth

amar

noun. Earth

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Ambar “Earth, World” ✧ Ety/MBAR

Derivations

• ᴹ√MBAR “dwell, inhabit” ✧ Ety/MBAR
  • ᴹ√BAR “raise; uplift, save, rescue(?)” ✧ Ety/BAR

Element in

• N. Emerin “Middle-earth” ✧ Ety/MBAR
• N. Gondobar “Stone of the World” ✧ Ety/MBAR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MBAR > ambar > amar	[ambar] > [ambar] > [ammar] > [amar]	✧ Ety/MBAR

ûr

noun. wide

ûr

adjective. wide

Changes

• ûr → ûr “large” ✧ Ety/UR

Cognates

• ᴹQ. úra “large” ✧ Ety/UR

Derivations

• ᴹ√UR “wide, large, great” ✧ Ety/UR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√UR > ûr	[ūra] > [ūr]	✧ Ety/UR

Variations

• ûr ✧ Ety/UR; EtyAC/UR (ûr)

ambar

noun. earth

coe

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

coe

noun. earth

An indeclinable word given as {cíw >>} coe “earth” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√KEM (Ety/KEM; EtyAC/KEM).

Possible Etymology: The primitive form of rejected cíw is given as ᴹ✶kēm and its derivation is clear: the long ē became ī and then the final m reduced to w after i as usual. The derivation of coe is more obscure, however. The likeliest explanation is that Tolkien imagined its ancient form with a slightly lowered vowel which he generally represented as ǣ in this period (in later writings as ę̄). According to the first version of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa and Comparative Vowel Tables from the 1930s (PE18/46; PE19/25), ǣ > ei > ai > ae, and in The Etymologies itself, it seems ai often became oe instead of ae.

Neo-Sindarin: Updating the derivation of hypothetical ✱kę̄m would produced ᴺS. cae in Sindarin phonology. But given the obscurity of its derivation, I recommend using 1950s S. ceven for “earth” instead.

Changes

• cíw → coe ✧ Ety/KEM

Cognates

• ᴹQ. kemen “soil, earth; Great Lands” ✧ Ety/KEM

Derivations

• ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth” ✧ Ety/KEM
• ᴹ✶kēm “*earth” ✧ EtyAC/KEM
  • ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth” ✧ Ety/KEM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KEM > coe	[kǣm] > [kaim] > [kai] > [koe]	✧ Ety/KEM
ᴹ✶kēm > cíw	[kēm] > [kīm] > [kīv] > [kīw]	✧ EtyAC/KEM

Variations

• cíw ✧ EtyAC/KEM (cíw)

dôr

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

Cognates

• Ilk. dôr “land” ✧ Ety/NDOR
• ᴹQ. nóre “land, country, region where certain people live; clan, race, folk, kindred” ✧ Ety/NDOR

Derivations

• ᴹ✶ndorē “land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live” ✧ Ety/NDOR
  • ᴹ√NDOR “dwell, stay, rest, abide” ✧ Ety/NDOR

Element in

• N. Cilthorondor “*Eagle Cleft Land”
• N. Dor Granthir “Land of Cranthir” ✧ LR/265
• N. Dor-Daideloth “Land of (the Shadow of) Dread, Loathly Land”
• N. Dor Firn i Guinar “Land of the Dead that Live”
• N. Doriath “Land of the Cave” ✧ Ety/NDOR
• N. Dor-na-Thuin “Land of Pines” ✧ Ety/THŌN
• N. Dor-lómen
• N. Dorlamren
• N. Dor-na-Fauglith “Land of (Gasping) Thirst” ✧ Ety/PHAU
• N. Elennor “*Elf-land”
• N. Pelennor
• N. Rhofannor “Wilderness”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶ndorē > Dôr	[ndorē] > [ndore] > [dore] > [dor] > [dōr]	✧ Ety/NDOR
N. dy̆r > dȳr	[ndori] > [dori] > [duri] > [dyri] > [dyr] > [dȳr]	✧ PE22/038

Variations

• Dôr ✧ Ety/NDOR
• Dor ✧ Ety/PHAU; Ety/THŌN; LR/265
• dor ✧ EtyAC/NDOR
• dór ✧ PE22/033; PE22/036

rîdh

noun. sown field, acre