Sindarin
moravar
proper name. Moravar
Morannon
Morannon
Mordor
Mordor
topon. >> mor
Morgoth
theology. Morgoth
theon. >> mor
Mordor
Mordor
topon.
morannon
proper name. Black Gate
The Black Gate of Mordor (LotR/636), a combination of the element √MOR “black” with annon “gate” (Let/382, SA/annon).
Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, it was first named N. Ennyn Dûr, quickly rejected and replaced by the plural form Mornennyn “Gates of Mordor”. This form then lost its first n to be become Morennyn and finally became the singular Morannon “Black Gate” seen in the published version of The Lord of the Rings (WR/112-3, 122).
mordor
place name. Black Land
The home of Sauron, usually translated “Black Land” (Let/178, RC/75) but sometimes “Black Country” (RC/766, RS/216) or “Land of Darkness” (WJ/370). This name is a combination of morn “black” and dôr “land” (Let/427; SA/mor, dôr).
Conceptual Development: The name Mordor “Black Country” first appeared in the tale of the Fall of Númenor (LR/29), and appeared consistently in this form in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s.
morgai
place name. Black Fence
A ridge of mountains inside Mordor (LotR/899) translated “Black Fence” (RC/601, PE17/101), a combination of morn “black” and the lenited form of cai “hedge” (PE17/101, UT/282).
Conceptual Development: The name was N. Morgai when it first appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/438, SD/26).
morgul
noun. black arts, sorcery, necromancy
The Sindaril word for black magic, a compound of morn “black, dark” and gûl “(evil) knowledge” (PE17/125). Since the adjectival element “black” appears first in the word, this is probably an older compound, though its elements are still discernible. The word guldur is later compound of similar meaning, but with the adjectival element second.
Conceptual Development: The word N. morgul “sorcery” appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s as a marginal note for the root ᴹ√ÑGOL (EtyAC/ÑGOL). In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this word first appeared as N. morgol in the name N. Minas Morgol (TI/127), then later as N. morghul in the names N. Minas Morghul (TI/146) and N. Imlad Morghul (WR/223), before eventually being replaced by N/S. morgul everywhere. It therefore seems likely that the marginal note in The Etymologies was written after the introduction of this word in Lord of the Rings drafts.
mormegil
proper name. Black Sword
Name adopted by Túrin while he was in Nargothrond, translated “Black Sword” (S/210), a combination of morn “black” and megil “sword” (SA/mor, EtyAC/MAK).
Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this name first appeared as G. Mormagli (LT2/84), revised to N. Mormaglir in early Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, then to N. Mormael (SM/313, LR/139) alternating with N. Mormegil (SM/313). Mormegil appeared in an early entry of The Etymologies (EtyAC/MAK), with a later entry suggesting a replacement N. Magladhûr that was never used in the texts (Ety/MAK). It wasn’t until the Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s that Tolkien finally settled exclusively on S. Mormegil (WJ/83, 138 note §268).
Morannon
noun. black gate
mor (from stem mor “dark, black”) + annon (“great door or gate”)
Mordor
noun. black land
morn (“dark, black”) + (n-)dor (“land, dwelling place”)
Moredhel
'Dark-Elf'
pl1. Moredhil {ð} n. 'Dark-Elf', distinguished from the Sindar (and usually also the Nandor). Q. Avar.
Morgai
noun. black fence
morn (“dark, black”) + cai (= cail “fence”)
Morgai
place name. 'Black fence'
topon. 'Black fence'. >> mor
Morgoth
noun. dark enemy
morn (“dark, black”) + coth (“enemy”)
Morgulduin
noun. black magic river
morn (“dark, black”) + (n-)gûl (“magic, necromancy”) + duin (“long and large river”)
Moria
noun. black chasm
mor (from stem mor “dark, black”) + iâ (“abyss, void”)
Mormegil
noun. black sword
morn (“dark, black”) + megil (“sword”)
Morthond
place name. Black Root
Morthond
noun. black root
morn (“dark, black”) + thond (“root”) Nd doesn’t become nn > n at the end of fully accented monosyllables, such as thond.
Morwen
noun. dark lady
mor (stem“dark, black”) + gwend (“woman, maiden”); [Etym. WEN-] since it shows no -d even in the archaic spelling, it probably contains derivative of WEN-, not WENED- stem and the last element is Ilk. gwen (“girl”).
mor-
black
morben
noun. a dark person
morn (“dark”) + pen (“someone, anyone”) is said to be “formally” related to Q Moriquendi; the first element could be mora-, after kala- in Kalaquendi.
morben
'Dark-elf'
pl1. mrbin, pl2. morbennath n. 'Dark-elf', excluding the Sindar.
morbenedh
'Dark-Elf'
pl1. morbenidh {ð} n. #'Dark-Elf'. >> penedh
morchant
noun. shadow
morn (“dark”) + cant (“shape”) #The second element seems to be liquid mutated (internal spirant mutation).
morn
adjective. black
morn-
black
mornedhel
noun. dark elf
morn (“black, dark”) + edhel (“elf”)
moth
noun. dusk
molif
noun. wrist, (lit.) hand-link
A word for “wrist” in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s, a combination of (archaic) †maw “hand” and lîf “link”, hence “(lit.) hand-link” (VT47/6).
Conceptual Development: There was a similar word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s: G. {mabrid >>} mabrin(d) “wrist”, a combination of G. mab “hand(s)” and G. grinn “ankle, wrist” (GL/42, 55).
Moria
'Black Pit
topon. 'Black Pit, Black Chasm'.
molif
noun. wrist
mor
black
_adj. _black.
moravar
noun. 'Dark-Elf'
n. #'Dark-Elf'.
morben
noun. one of the Avari or Easterlings in Beleriand
morchant
noun. shadow (of objects, cast by light), dark shape
morgul
noun. black arts, sorcery, necromancy
morn
adjective. black, dark
mornedhel
noun. Dark-Elf
Amon Amarth
noun. mount [of] doom
amon (“hill, steep-sided mount”), amarth (“fate, doom”)
Amon Uilo
noun. mount of ever-white snow
amon (“hill, steep-sided mount”), #ui (stem of uireb “eternal”) + loss (“snow”) The final s in loss is dropped at the end of a polysyllable [HKF].
Amon Amarth
place name. 'Mount Doom'
topon. 'Mount Doom'. >> amarth
Amon Amarth
'Mount doom'
topon. 'Mount (of) doom'. >> amarth. This gloss was rejected.
amon
noun. hill, steep-sided mount
amon
hill
pl1. emyn n. hill, lump, clump, mass, often applied to (esp. isolated) mountains. Q. umbo(n). FAmon Amarth
erchammon
noun. one-handed man
erchamon
noun. one-handed man
glamog
noun. an Orc, "a yelling one"
Mordor
Mordor
The term Mordor translates to "The Black Land" or "The Dark Land" in Sindarin. mor = "dark, black", dôr = "land" (The Silmarillion, Appendix - Elements in Quenya and Sindarin Names). Mordor is also coincidentally Quenya for "shadows" (plural), though the direct calque of Sindarin Mordor was Morinórë or Morinor, a name also used for the Dark Land.
Morgoth
Morgoth
Moria
Moria
The name Moria is composed of the Sindarin elements mor "black, dark" and iâ "void, abyss". Khazad-dûm was so called in Sindarin by the Gwaith-i-Mírdain, as for them it was but a "Dark Chasm". Although the Dwarves considered it a derogatory name, Celebrimbor went as far as to write the name "Moria" on the West-gate.[source?]
Morwen
Morwen
Morwen means "Dark Maiden" in Sindarin (from môr = "darkness, dark, night" and gwenn = "maiden"). Her epithet, Eledhwen, means "Elf-maiden" (from edhel = "Elf" and gwenn = "maiden"); Tolkien also translates it as "Elfsheen", which is a rendeding of Old English ælf-scīene "bright as fairy, of elfin beauty". Both definitions are in reference to her noble bearing.
Mount Doom
Mount Doom
Mount Doom is the Common Speech translation of Amon Amarth in Gondor. The name was given because the volcano was linked in ancient and little-understood prophecies with the final end of the Third Age, when the One Ring was found again.
molnel
noun. molar
molor
noun. mill
A neologism coined by Fiona Jallings in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) on 2018-07-08, a noun form of ᴺS. mol- “grind”.
Morgoth
the Black Foe
The Sindarin name Morgoth ("the Black Foe") was given him by Fëanor.
Tolkien experimented (but apparently never reached a decision) with different Quenya translations of Morgoth: Moringotto, Moriñgotho, or Morikotto.
molif
wrist
molif (i volif), no distinct pl. form except when article precedes (i molif), coll. pl. molivath
morchant
shadow
1) morchant (i vorchant), pl. morchaint (i morchaint). The literal meaning is ”dark shape”, referring to shadows with a recognizable form. 2) dae (i dhae) (shade), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nae). 3) daew (i dhaew), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndaew) (VT45:8). 4) gwâth (i **wâth; construct gwath) (shade, dim light), pl. gwaith (in gwaith) (UT:261) 5) muil (i vuil) (twilight, dreariness, vagueness), no distinct pl. except with article (i muil**),
morchant
shadow
(i vorchant), pl. morchaint (i morchaint). The literal meaning is ”dark shape”, referring to shadows with a recognizable form.
morgul
sorcery
morgul (i vorgul), pl. morgyl or mergyl (i morgyl/i mergyl for archaic *mörgyl), 3) durgul (i dhurgul), pl. durgyl (i nurgyl). [Or pl. dyrgyl, i nyrgyl? However, the pl. Dúnedain rather than **Dýnedain would suggest that u does not have to be umlauted in the pl. when it occurs in the first part of a compound, and durgul incorporates dur- "black, dark", dur-gûl implying "dark lore/knowledge".]. The word also appears with the elements reversed: guldur (i nguldur = i ñuldur), pl. guldyr (in guldyr = i ñguldyr), or possibly pl. gyldyr (in gyldyr = i ñgyldyr).
morgul
sorcery
(i vorgul), pl. morgyl or mergyl (i morgyl/i mergyl for archaic ✱mörgyl), 3) durgul (i dhurgul), pl. durgyl (i nurgyl). [Or pl. dyrgyl, i nyrgyl? However, the pl. Dúnedain rather than ✱✱Dýnedain would suggest that u does not have to be umlauted in the pl. when it occurs in the first part of a compound, and durgul incorporates dur- "black, dark", dur-gûl implying "dark lore/knowledge".]. The word also appears with the elements reversed: guldur (i nguldur = i ñuldur), pl. guldyr (in guldyr = i ñguldyr), or possibly pl. gyldyr (in gyldyr = i ñgyldyr).****
morn
dark
morn (black), pl. myrn, lenited vorn. Note: the latter word is also used as a noun ”darkness, night”. (Letters:386)
mornedhel
dark elf
Mornedhel (i Vornedhel), pl. Mornedhil (i Mornedhil). Conceivably the entire word could be umlauted in the pl.: Mernedhil. (WJ:409). Also Duredhel (i Dhuredhel), pl. Duredhil (i Núredhil), also called Durion (i Dhurion), *"dark son", pl. Duryn (i Nuryn), coll. pl. Durionnath.
mornedhel
dark elf
Mornedhel (i Vornedhel), pl. Mornedhil (i Mornedhil). Conceivably the entire word could be umlauted in the pl.: ?Mernedhil. (WJ:409) Another term for ”Dark Elf” is Dúredhel (i Dhúredhel), pl. Dúredhil (i Núredhil).
mornedhel
dark elf
(i Vornedhel), pl. Mornedhil (i Mornedhil). Conceivably the entire word could be umlauted in the pl.: Mernedhil. (WJ:409). Also Duredhel (i Dhuredhel), pl. Duredhil (i Núredhil), also called Durion (i Dhurion), ✱"dark son", pl. Duryn (i Nuryn), coll. pl. Durionnath.
moth
dusk
1) moth (i voth), pl. myth (i myth). David Salo would read *môth with a long vowel. 2) dû (i dhû) (night, nightfall, late evening, darkness), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302).
moth
dusk
(i voth), pl. myth (i myth). David Salo would read ✱môth with a long vowel.
mothren
adjective. dusk, dusky
morn
dark
(black), pl. myrn, lenited vorn. Note: the latter word is also used as a noun ”darkness, night”. (Letters:386)
morn
night
(i vorn) (darkness), pl. myrn (i myrn). Note: the word is also used as an adjective ”dark, black” (Letters:386).
ered gorgoroth
place name. Mountains of Terror
The mountains south of Dorthonion where Ungoliant once dwelled (S/95, 121). This name is a combination of the plural of orod “mountain” and the name Gorgoroth, which was also used for a region in Mordor (LotR/636).
Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name appeared as N. Ered Orgoroth (LR/298), because names and nouns in this position underwent soft mutation in Noldorin, as opposed to later Sindarin where only adjectives were lenited in this position. The name was changed in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s, first to Ered Gorgorath with an a (MR/127, WJ/129), then Ered Gorgoroth (MR/297). In later writings this name occasionally appeared with the proper Sindarin plural of orod: S. Eryd (MR/297, WJ/319).
ithil
noun. Moon
The usual name for the Moon in Sindarin, from an augmented form of the root √THIL (Let/425; Ety/THIL). This word is most likely the proper name of the Moon, analogous to English “Luna”: in The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien indicated Ithil was a “poetic name”. Compare this to S. Raun “Wanderer”, which is more descriptive of the nature of the body and hence closer to “Moon” (and “moon”).
Conceptual Development: The first precursor to this name seems to be G. Thilim “Moon” in an early list of names (PE14/13). This became G. {Thil >>} Sil “Rose of Silpion, Moon” (GL/67, 72) and G. {Thilmos >>} Silma in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/33, 67), both derivatives of the early root ᴱ√SILI as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Sil). The name Ithil first appeared in early versions of the tales of Númenor from the 1930s (LR/41).
emel
noun. mother
A word for “mother” in notes on Elvish Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s, along with a diminutive form emelig (VT48/17 note #13). These forms were struck through and replaced by emig as the proper diminutive form from the root √EM (VT48/6), but that doesn’t necessarily invalidate emel = “mother”, which appeared elsewhere as (probably primitive) emel, emer in rough versions of these notes (VT48/19 note #16). These Sindarin forms are unusual in that the medial m did not become v, which means the primitive form was likely based on ✱emm- as suggested by Patrick Wynne (VT48/17 note #14).
Conceptual Development: G. amil “mother” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s along with rejected forms {anwin, amril} and an archaic variant †amaith (GL/19). The forms {emaith >>} amaith appeared unglossed in Gnomish Lexicon Slips revising that document (PE13/109). In The Etymologies of the 1930s there was a form N. †emil for “mother” under the root ᴹ√AM of the same meaning, but Tolkien said this word was archaic, apparently replaced by N. naneth (Ety/AM¹; EtyAC/AM¹). With N. emil, the a became e via i-affection, but the medial m failing to become v requires an explanation similar to that of 1960s S. emel.
Neo-Sindarin: I generally prefer derivatives of the earlier root √AM for “mother” words in Quenya, but in the case of Sindarin, I find emel and emig from √EM to be better and more widely accepted.
ethir
noun. mouth of a river, (lit.) outflow
A noun for the mouth of a river or a river delta, glossed “outflow” in the Unfinished Index of The Lord of the Rings (RC/350; Ety/ET). It was a combination of primitive ✶et “out” and S. sîr “river” (SA/sîr; Ety/ET), where ts > th.
Conceptual Development: The word and its derivation first appeared as N. ethir in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/ET).
feir
noun. Mortal, Mortal, [N.] mortal man
A term used for Men meaning “Mortal”, appearing in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, cognate to Q. Firya of the same meaning, both derived from √PHIR which was the basis of words for natural death (WJ/387). According to Tolkien this word was borrowed from Quenya, since the Noldor had pre-knowledge of the nature of Men having learned of them from the Valar. The plural form of Feir was Fîr and its class plural Firiath, the latter also appearing in contemporaneous Silmarillion drafts (WJ/219 footnote). It is unclear why this word did not become ✱Fair, since ei became ai in Sindarin monosyllables. Perhaps it remained Feir because it was an adaptation from Quenya, or it could be a conceptual remnant of its Noldorin form (see below).
Conceptual Development: Probably the first precursor to this word was ᴱN. fion “man, human being” from Index of Names for The Lay of the Children of Húrin compiled in the early 1920s (PE15/62), also appearing with the gloss “mortal man” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the same period (PE13/143). In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gaven N. {fîr “man, mortal” >>} feir pl. fîr “mortals” under the root ᴹ√PHIR (Ety/PHIR; EtyAC/PHIR), hence with basically the same form, meaning and etymology as it had in later Sindarin.
firin
adjective. mortal, dying, dying, mortal; [N.] human
An adjective glossed “mortal, dying” with variant forms firin or firen appearing as an element in alfirin “immortal” (PE17/101).
Conceptual Development: The adjective [N.] firen had the gloss “human” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√PHIR (Ety/PHIR).
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin I would use this adjective largely for “one in the process dying”, and for “mortal (= one capable of dying)” I would use fíreb.
fíreb
adjective. mortal
An adjective meaning “mortal”, more literally “those apt to die”, a Sindarin adaptation of Q. fírima of the same meaning, both based on the root √PHIR having to do with natural death (WJ/387). It was also used as Fíreb to refer to Mortal Men, a variant of Feir of similar meaning. Tolkien said “Fíreb as compared with Fírima shows the use of a different suffix, since the S equivalent of Q -ima (✱-ef) was not current” (WJ/387).
orod
noun. mountain
The Sindarin word for “mountain”, a derivative of √RŌ/ORO “rise” (PE17/63). Its proper plural form is eryd; the plural form ered in The Lord of the Rings is a late [Gondorian only?] pronunciation (PE17/33).
Conceptual Development: The singular form of this noun was extremely stable. It first appeared as G. orod “mountain” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s beside variant ort (GL/63), and it reappeared as N. orod “mountain” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√OROT “height, mountain” (Ety/ÓROT). It appeared in a great many names in the sixty year span that Tolkien worked on the legendarium.
The development of its plural form is a bit more complex. Its Gnomish plural was orodin (GL/63), but by the Early Noldorin of the 1920s, its plural was eryd (MC/217). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, Tolkien gave its plural form as oroti > ereid > ered (Ety/ÓROT). This fits with normal Noldorin plural patterns of the 1930s: compare plurals N. eregdos → eregdes, N. golodh → geleidh, N. doron → deren, N. thoron → therein. Sindarin plural patterns consistently show o → y in final syllables, such as S. golodh → gelydh or S. Nogoth → Negyth.
This Noldorin plural for orod “mountain” made it into Lord of the Rings drafts, and Tolkien never corrected it before publication. This meant Tolkien was stuck with this remnant of Noldorin plural patterns, which was contradicted by other plural forms in The Lord of the Rings. Tolkien was forced to contrive an explanation for this phenomenon:
> S. Ered. This is used always in L.R. as plural of orod, mountain. But Emyn, pl. of Amon. Cf. also Eryn Forest (oron originally plural = trees?) in Eryn Lasgalen. Rodyn, pl. of Rodon = Vala. It seems necessary to assume that: eryd > ered by late change, but y unstressed remained in certain circumstances, e.g. before nasals. † Use Eryd in Silmarillion (PE17/33).
Despite his statement that y only remained before nasals, ered is the only Sindarin word that retains the Noldorin plural pattern: see the examples golydh and nogyth above, neither involving nasals. Also, despite J.R.R. Tolkien’s intent to use eryd in The Silmarillion, his son Christopher Tolkien retained the form ered in The Silmarillion as published, most likely to avoid confusing readers when they compared this plural to the plural forms in The Lord of the Rings.
Neo-Sindarin: Most knowledgeable Neo-Sindarin writers assume o → y in final syllables is the correct Sindarin plural pattern, and orod → ered is an aberration. I personally assume it is a late Gondorian-only (mis)pronunciation. See the discussion of Sindarin plural nouns for more information.
orodben
noun. mountaineer, one living in the mountains
orodreth
masculine name. Mountaineer
Second son of Finarfin (S/61) translated “Mountaineer” (PE17/182). This name was derived from his Quenya name Artaresto, adapted into Sindarin as Rodreth, then further modified to Orodreth due to his love of mountians (PM/350). His Sindarin name could be interpreted as a combination of orod “mountain” (Ety/ÓROT) and reth “✱climber” (PE17/182).
Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this character was named G. Orodreth (LT2/82) and retained that name through most of Tolkien’s writings. In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the initial element of N. Orodreth was given as orod “mountain” (Ety/ÓROT). In some late writings from 1965 Tolkien considered changing his name to Arothir (PM/350), but that name was not used in the published version of The Silmarillion.
raun
noun. Moon
A word for “moon”, equivalent of Q. Rána, attested in later writings only as the element -rawn in the archaic form S. †cýrawn “new-moon”, in modern speech cýron (VT48/7). Based on its use in this word, as well as in N. cúran “crescent moon” [ᴺS. cúron], it seems this is the ordinary word for “Moon” (or “moon”) as a celestial body, as opposed to S. Ithil which is the proper name of the moon, equivalent to English “Luna”. Raun is derived from primitive ✶rānā from the root √RAN “wander”, and hence originally meant something like “Wanderer”, though its Quenya equivalent is usually translated “Wayward”.
Conceptual Development: A very similar form G. Rân “the moon” appeared in Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/64), as well as ᴱN. rán “moon” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/152), though in this period its etymology is unclear. It appeared as N. Rhân “Moon” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√RAN “wander, stray” (Ety/RAN), but in this period its Quenya equivalent was ᴹQ. Rana with short a. In later writings the Quenya form became Q. Rána, requiring a change to S. Raun since ancient ā became au in Sindarin.
thangorodrim
place name. Mountains of Tyranny
The mountains around the stronghold of Morgoth, translated “Mountain(-chain) of Tyranny” (PE17/116, RC/230) or “Mountains of Oppression” (MR/298). This name is a combination of thang “oppression”, orod “mountain” and the class-plural suffix -rim (SA/thang, orod, rim).
Conceptual Development: The name ᴱN. Thangorodrim first appeared in the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s (LB/8) and the name N. Thangorodrim was translated “Mountains of Duress” in The Etymologies from the 1930s, with the same derivation as given above (Ety/STAG).
Emyn-nu-Fuin
noun. mountains under night
emyn (pl. of amon “hill”) + nu (“under”) + fuin (“dead of night, gloom, darkness”)
Emyn Eglain
noun. mountains of forsaken elves
emyn (pl. of amon “hill”) + eglain (pl. of eglan “a forsaken”)
Ered Gorgoroth
noun. mountains of terror
ered (pl. of orod “mountain”), gor (“extreme horror” duplicated first syllable of goroth) + (n-)goroth (“horror”)
Haudh-en-Nirnaeth
noun. mound of (bitter) tears
haudh (“mound, grave, tomb”) + en (genitive article) + nîr (“tear”) + naeth (“woe”)
Haudh in Gwanur
noun. mound of the brothers
haudh (“mound, grave, tomb”), in (pl. genitive article), gwanur (pl. “brothers, kinsmen”)
Ithilien
noun. moon land
Ithil (“moon”) + end (commonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries)
Orodruin
noun. mountain of blazing fire
orod (“mountain”) + ruin (“fiery red”)
Thangorodrim
noun. mountains of tyranny
thang (“compulsion, oppression”) + orod (“mountain”) + rim (class plural suffix)
firiath
noun. mortal men
fair (“mortal”) + ath (collective plural suffix)
firin
adjective. mortal
adj. mortal. >> firen
haudh
mound in sward
{ð} n. mound in sward.
ithil
noun. Moon
orod
mount
pl1. ered or eryd** ** n. mount, mountain. Q. oro, orto.
orod
mountain
pl1. ered or eryd, pl2. #orodrim _n. _mountain. Tolkien notes that "eryd > ered by late change, but y unstressed remained in certain circumstances, e.g. before nasals" (PE17:33). >> dol, doll, Thangorodrim
Amon Amarth
Mount Doom
Sindarin: amon, "hill" and amarth, "fate, doom".
fíreb
noun. Mortal
Ethir Anduin
noun. mouths of great river (Anduin)
[His.] ed (“out”) + sîr (“flow, river”), and (“long”) + duin (“long and large river”) David Salo: ”dh and mh were liable to revert to d and m when they came to follow a nasal after syncope” TolkLang message 19.31.
Fíriel
noun. mortal maid
amon
steep-sided mount
(hill), pl. emyn.
aegas
noun. mountain peak
cerin
noun. mound
coron
noun. mound
emel
noun. mother
emmel
noun. mother
ethir
noun. mouth (of a river), estuary
fair
noun. mortal
feir
noun. mortal
firiath
noun. mortals, human beings
firieth
noun. mortal woman
firion
noun. mortal man
fíreb
adjective. mortal
orod
noun. mountain
orodben
noun. mountaineer, one living in the mountains
ulunn
noun. monster, deformed and hideous creature
amon
hill
1) amon (pl. emyn) (steep-sided mount), 2) dôl (i dhôl, construct dol) (head), pl. dŷl (i nŷl). Note: In the Etymologies, this word was derived from a root with initial nd- (NDOL), which would make the mutations different (i nôl, pl. i ndŷl). However, the later name Fanuidhol "Cloudyhead" apparently indicates that the lenited form of this d was later to be dh (whereas it would be n if the former derivation had been maintained). 3) tund (i dund, o thund, construct tun) (mound), pl. tynd (i thynd), coll. pl. tunnath.
amon
hill
(pl. emyn) (steep-sided mount)
aeglir
noun. line of peaks, line of peaks, [N.] range of mountain peaks; [ᴱN.] peak, mountain top
A word for a mountain range, a compound of S. aeg “sharp” and S. lîr “line”, or more literally “line of (mountain) peaks”, most notably as an element in S. Hithaeglir “Misty Mountains, (lit.) Line of Misty Peaks” (Let/180; RC/11).
Conceptual Development: The earliest iteration of this word was ᴱN. aiglir “peak, mountain top” in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s, but there it was a singular rather than collective noun, an elaboration of ᴱN. aig “high, steep” (PE13/136, 158). In this period it had a distinct plural form eiglir as in ᴱN. Eiglir Engrin “Iron Mountains” (LB/33, 49). In The Etymologies of the 1930s it appeared as N. oeglir “range of mountain peaks” with essentially the same etymology as given above, except with the Noldorin word N. oeg “sharp” instead of later Sindarin word S. aeg. It appeared as aiglin or aeglin in some earlier versions of the name Hithaeglir (TMME/379; Let/180), but was corrected to aeglir in later versions of The Lord of the Rings.
ras(s)
noun. horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]
A noun for “horn” appearing in notes on the name Caradhras “Redhorn” from the 1950s or 60s (PE17/36). This word was an element in other names as well, such as Methedras “Last Peak” and Nimras “White Horn”.
Conceptual Development: This word appeared as N. rhas “horn” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√RAS “stick up” (Ety/RAS). Christopher Tolkien gave it as rhaes in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road (LR/383), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne corrected this to rhas in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT46/10). In The Etymologies it appeared beside an alternate form N. rhasg, equivalent to ᴹQ. rasko (Ety/RAS; EtyAC/RAS).
Neo-Sindarin: Some Neo-Sindarin writers adapt its variant form as ᴺS. rasg, but I recommend sticking to attested S. ras(s) for a “horn” of both animals and mountains.
Orod na Thôn
place name. 'Mount with Pine Tree'
Orodreth
noun. 'mountainer'
prop. n. 'mountainer'. >> -reth
Thangorodrim
place name. 'Mountains of Tyranny'
topon. 'Mountains of Tyranny'. >> thang
adaneth
noun. (mortal) woman
A term for a mortal woman appearing in Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth written around 1959 (MR/349), a feminized form of Adan “Man (as as species)”.
ithildin
noun. 'moon-star'
n. 'moon-star(light)'. Tolkien notes also that it "Should be ithildim" (PE17:39).
ithildin
'moon-star'
mîdh
noun. dew, dew, *moisture, damp(ness); [ᴱN.] mist, drizzle
A Sindarin word for “dew” given as míð in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the 1950s as a derivative of ✶mizdē “drizzle” (PE19/101), illustrating how [[os|[z] vanished before [d] lengthening preceding vowel]] in (Old) Sindarin.
Conceptual Development: N. mîdh “dew” also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, already with the same derivation as given above (Ety/MIZD), though Tolkien first wrote its gloss as “fine rain” (EtyAC/MIZD). This deleted gloss seems to be a remnant of ᴱN. midh “mist, drizzle” from Early Noldorin Word-lists, but there its primitive form was ᴱ✶míye (PE13/150).
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would extend the meaning of this word to include “✱moisture, damp(ness)” in general, especially as the result of a previous rain.
ras
noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)
The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10
mirian
noun. piece of money, coin used in Gondor
adaneth
noun. (mortal) woman
aeglir
noun. range of mountain peaks
aur
noun. day, sunlight, morning
cerveth
noun. july (month)
cúron
noun. the crescent Moon
cýrawn
noun. new moon
cýron
noun. new moon
dol
noun. hill or mountain
emig
noun. "litte mother"
girithron
noun. december (month)
gwaeron
noun. march (month)
gwirith
noun. april (month)
gûr
noun. heart (in the moral sense), counsel
haudh
noun. (burial) mound, grave, tomb
hithui
noun/adjective. the month of november
ithil
noun. the (full) Moon, lit. 'The Sheen'
ithildin
noun. a silver-colored substance, which mirrors only starlight and moonlight
ivanneth
noun. september (month)
limmid-
verb. to moisten
lothron
noun. the month of May
minuial
noun. "morrowdim", the time near dawn, when the star fade
narbeleth
noun. october (month)
narwain
noun. the month of January
nínui
noun/adjective. the month of february
nórui
noun/adjective. the month of june
orithil
noun. third day of the week, day of the Moon
rasg
noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)
rim
noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)
rinc
noun. twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move
urui
noun/adjective. the month of august
mûl
noun. slave
A word for “slave” appearing in notes on the Common Eldarin Article (CEA) from 1969 (PE23/139). N. mûl “slave, thrall” also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from primitive ᴹ✶mōl under the root ᴹ√MŌ having to do with “labour” (Ety/MŌ). In Sindarin and Noldorin, a [[os|primitive long [ō] became [ū]]] (PE18/96; PE19/91).
Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, one word for “slave” was G. guinir, apparently an agental form of the adjective guin “possessed”. The suffix -(n)ir was usually limited to feminine words, so perhaps this word was exclusively female.
Another word for “slave, thrall, servant” was G. drog (GL/31), and the word ᴱN. drog “slave” reappeared in the Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s (PE13/142, 155). This word was derived from primitive ᴱ✶norokā́ > ✱nrokā after which the [[g|initial [nr] becoming [dr]]] (GL/31), though at this stage its relationship to other roots is unclear.
mîn
noun. motion
A neologism coined by Elaran posted on 2018-11-20 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), derived from √MEN “move”.
Orodreth
mountaineer
The name Orodreth is glossed as "mountaineer".
dîn
mountain pass
dîn (i dhîn) (opening, gap), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nîn); coll. pl. díniath. Note: a homophone means ”silence”.
dîn
mountain pass
dîn (i dhîn) (opening, gap), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nîn); coll. pl. díniath. Note: a homophone means ”silence”.
dîn
mountain pass
(i dhîn) (opening, gap), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nîn); coll. pl. díniath. Note: a homophone means ”silence”.
ethir
mouth of a river
ethir (outflow of a river, estuary), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. ethiriath. Note: a homophone means "spy". (noun):
ethir
mouth of a river
(outflow of a river, estuary), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. ethiriath. Note: a homophone means "spy".****
ithil
moon
1) Ithil (= ”the sheen”); 2) (apparently also used = ”month”) raun (pl. roen, idh roen), coll. pl. ronath. Cf. the ending -ron at the end of month-names. Raun is basically the adj. ”straying, wandering” used as a noun, hence identifying the Moon as ”the Wanderer”. The ”Noldorin” form rhân presupposes a different primitive form and may not correspond to S *rân as would normally be supposed.
ithildin
moon-star
(”magic”metal that only mirrors starlight and moonlight) ithildin
ithildin
moon-star
(”magic”metal that only mirrors starlight and moonlight) ithildin.
naneth
mother
naneth (pl. nenith). Hypocoristic form (”mom”) nana, pl. nenai (but this word is probably rarely pluralized). In a higher style also †emil. No distinct pl. form; coll. pl. emillath. Variant form emel (pl. emil), also spelt emmel (pl. emmil). (VT48:17)
naneth
mother
(pl. nenith). Hypocoristic form (”mom”) nana, pl. nenai (but this word is probably rarely pluralized). In a higher style also †emil. No distinct pl. form; coll. pl. emillath. Variant form emel (pl. emil), also spelt emmel (pl. emmil). (VT48:17)
orodben
mountaineer
(one living in the mountains) orodben, pl. erydbin or orodbin (WJ:376). Archaic pl. ”oerydbin” = örydbin.
raun
moon
(pl. roen, idh roen), coll. pl. ronath. Cf. the ending -ron at the end of month-names. Raun is basically the adj. ”straying, wandering” used as a noun, hence identifying the Moon as ”the Wanderer”. – The ”Noldorin” form rhân presupposes a different primitive form and may not correspond to S ✱rân as would normally be supposed.
am
adverb/adjective. more
dolph
noun. mole
ened
adverb. moreover
fyvril
noun. moth
ithilgalad
3Gな%xな#2# noun. light of the moon, moonlight
ithilgalad
3Gな%xな#2# noun. light of the moon, moonlight
adaneth
mortal woman
(pl. edenith), also firieth (pl. firith).
adaneth
mortal woman
adaneth (pl. edenith), also firieth (pl. firith).
aegas
mountain peak
aegas (pl. aegais) (suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” oeg, pl. oeges).
aegas
mountain peak
aegas (pl. aegais) (suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” *oegas, pl. oeges).
aegas
noun. mountain peak
aegas
mountain peak
(pl. aegais) (suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” oeg, pl. oeges).
aur
morning
aur (day), pl. oer;
aur
morning
(day), pl. oer;
coron
mound
1) coron (i goron, o choron) (globe, ball), pl. ceryn (i cheryn), 2) cûm (i gûm, o chûm, construct cum) (heap), pl. cuim (i chuim).
coron
mound
(i goron, o choron) (globe, ball), pl. ceryn (i cheryn)
cûm
mound
(i gûm, o chûm, construct cum) (heap), pl. cuim (i chuim).
fair
mortal man
(human) fair (fír-), pl. fîr, coll. pl. firiath. Archaic sg. feir (WJ:387). Wheareas the above-mentioned terms are apparently gender-neutral, the following are gender-specific:
fair
mortal man
(fír-), pl. fîr, coll. pl. firiath. Archaic sg. feir (WJ:387). Wheareas the above-mentioned terms are apparently gender-neutral, the following are gender-specific:
firiath
mortal humans
(a coll. pl., WJ:219, 387)
firiath
mortal humans
Firiath (a coll. pl., WJ:219, 387)
firieth
mortal woman
(pl. firith).
firieth
mortal woman
firieth (pl. firith).
firin
mortal
?firin. No distinct pl. form.
firin
mortal
. No distinct pl. form.
firion
mortal man
firion (pl. firyn).
firion
mortal man
firion (pl. firyn) and
firion
mortal man
(pl. firyn).
fíreb
mortal
(adj. and noun) fíreb (pl. fírib), coll. pl. firebrim. The literal meaning is "apt to die" (WJ:387).
fíreb
mortal
(pl. fírib), coll. pl. firebrim. The literal meaning is "apt to die" (WJ:387).
gobem
noun. mouth
iaew
mocking
(noun) iaew (scorn); no distinct pl. form.
iaew
mocking
(scorn); no distinct pl. form.
ithil
moon
(= ”the sheen”)
ithildin
moon-star
limmida
moisten
*limmida- (i limmida, i limmidar), pa.t. limmint. _(The ”N” form in the source [LR:369 s.v. LINKWI] is _lhimmid; not everybody will agree that a final -a should be supplied in Sindarin.)
limmida
moisten
(i limmida, i limmidar), pa.t. limmint. (The ”N” form in the source [LR:369 s.v.
minuial
morrowdim
(i vinuial) (dawn, twilight), pl. minuiail (i minuiail)
minuial
morrowdim
minuial (i vinuial) (dawn, twilight), pl. minuiail (i minuiail)
oll
mountain stream
oll (torrent), pl. yll. (The source also cites the archaic form old.)
oll
mountain stream
oll (torrent), pl. yll. (The source also cites the archaic form old.)
oll
mountain stream
(torrent), pl. yll. (The source also cites the archaic form old.)
orod
mountain
1) orod (pl. ered, eryd; coll. pl. #orodrim isolated from Thangorodrim), 2) ôr (stem orod-), also with pl. eryd, ered. (Names:178). Archaically, the plural forms were öryd, öröd.
orod
mountain
(pl. ered, eryd; coll. pl. #orodrim isolated from Thangorodrim)
orodben
mountaineer
pl. erydbin or orodbin (WJ:376). Archaic pl. ”oerydbin” = örydbin.
pant
noun. money
ranoth
noun. month
uanui
monstrous
uanui (hideous); no distinct pl. form
uanui
monstrous
(hideous); no distinct pl. form
ulunn
monster
1) *ulunn (deformed and hideous creature), pl. ylynn. (The archaic form ulund and the later form ulun_ is cited in LR:396 s.v. Ú
ulunn
monster
(deformed and hideous creature), pl. ylynn. *(The archaic form ulund and the later form ulun is cited in LR:396 s.v.*
ulunn
noun. monster, deformed and hideous creature
ôr
mountain
(stem orod-), also with pl. eryd, ered. (Names:178). Archaically, the plural forms were öryd, öröd.
balla-
verb. to matter; to be of significance, worth, moment
A neologism coined by Elaran posted on 2018-08-03 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), inspired by ᴱQ. valda- of the same meaning.
cúron
crescent moon
(i gúron, o chúron), pl. cúroen (i churoen). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” cúran; compare the Sindarin month-names in -ron.
caeth
noun. cause, reason, motive
ordolel
noun. tomorrow
aeglir
range of mountain peaks
(no distinct pl. form). See also
avorn
not moving
(staying, fast), pl. evyrn
cýron
new moon
cýron (i gýron), pl. cýroen (i chýroen). Archaic *cýraun, spelt cýrawn in the source (VT48:7).
emig
little mother
(no distinct pl. form except with article: in emig). Also used (in children’s play) as a name for the index finger (VT48:6, 17)
gant
adverb. larger, greater, more, (lit.) increased
haudh
burial mound
(i chaudh, o chaudh) (barrow, grave, tomb), pl. hoedh (i choedh), coll. pl. hodhath.
limmid(a)-
verb. to moisten
mam
noun. grandmother, mother
rinc
sudden move
(twitch, jerk, trick), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rinc), coll. pl. ringath.
tinnu
early night without a moon
(i dinnu, o thinnu) (dusk, twilight), pl. tinny (i thynny) if there is a pl.
celeb
noun. silver
The word celeb was the word for “silver” in Sindarin and its conceptual precursors throughout Tolkien’s life.
Conceptual Development: G. celeb “silver” appeared all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, where it was related to the early root ᴱ√TELEPE of the same meaning (GL/25; QL/91). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s ᴱN. celeb was derived instead from ᴱ✶kelekwé with the sound change of primitive kw to p and later to b (PE13/140), though in that same document he considered (but rejected) ᴱ✶t’lépe > ᴱN. tlub “silver” (PE13/154). In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien introduced a new root ᴹ√KYELEP “silver” to be the basis of N. celeb, with the sound change whereby intial ky became k (c) (Ety/KYELEP). This sound change continued to be a feature of Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s, and Tolkien retained this derivation going forward.
criss
noun. cleft, cleft, [N.] cut, slash, [G.] gash; [N.] pass, [G.] gully, ravine
A word for a “cleft, cut, slash” (PE21/81; Ety/KIRIS) derived from √KIRIS, a blend of the roots √KIR and √RIS (PE17/87).
Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to G. criss “cleft, gash, gully” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s where it was probably already a derivative of the early root ᴱ√KIRISI as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (GL/27; LT2A/Cris Ilbranteloth). In the Name-list to The Fall of Gondolin Tolkien gave cris with the definition “a cleft, ravine, or narrow way of waters with high walls” (PE15/21), and in this period it typically appeared in this shorter form within names like G. Cris Ilbranteloth or G. Cris Thorn.
N. criss appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “cleft, cut, slash” under the root ᴹ√KIRIS “cut” (Ety/KIRIS). It also appeared under the root ᴹ√KIR with the gloss “cleft, pass”, but this instance was deleted (EtyAC/KIR). S. criss “cleft” was mentioned in passing in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s as derived from primitive ✶kirissi (PE21/80-81), and it was mentioned as a blending of roots in notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s as described above (PE17/87). Its use in names diminished over time, however, the only remnant in the final version of The Silmarillion being S. Crissaegrim (S/121).
Neo-Sindarin: In The Etymologies of the 1930s it seems this word was principally used as for a “cleft, cut, slash” independent of geography. I would assume the same is true for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, since criss is used only in a single geographic name in Tolkien’s later writings; S. cirith was use more broadly in geographic features. I would also assume it was a larger and more violent cut (a “gash” or “slash”) compared to S. rest for simple cuts.
dîr
noun. man, man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix
A word for “man” as a male person, attested only as an element in compounds or as (archaic?) ndir (PE17/60). This word likely refers to male individuals of all races including Elves, Men, Dwarves and so forth, much like its Quenya cognate Q. nér. This word must have been derived from the primitive subjective form ✶ndēr of the root √N(D)ER “male person”, where the ancient long ē became ī, and the initial cluster nd- became d-, though the ancient cluster would still be reflected in mutated forms, such as in i nîr “the man” rather than ✱✱i dhîr.
Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor to this word is (archaic) G. †drio “hero, warrior” with variants driw, driodweg and driothweg, a cognate of ᴱQ. nēr (GL/22). This Gnomish word was derived from primitive ᴱ✶n’reu̯, where the initial nr- became dr-. At this early stage, the root was unstrengthened ᴱ√NERE (QL/65), as reflected in (archaic) ᴱN. nîr “hero, prince, warrior-elf” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s (PE13/164).
In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root became ᴹ√DER “adult male, man” of any speaking race and the derived form was N. dîr (Ety/DER). However, in this document Tolkien said:
> EN †dîr surviving chiefly in proper names (as Diriel older Dirghel [GYEL], Haldir, Brandir) and as agental ending (as ceredir “doer, maker”) ... In ordinary use EN has benn [for “man”] (properly = “husband”).
Thus in the scenario described in The Etymologies, dîr “man” was archaic and used only as an element in names or as a suffix. In ordinary speech it was replaced by N. benn, which used to mean “husband” but now meant “man”, while the word for “husband” became N. hervenn (Ety/BES). It is unlikely Tolkien imagined this exact scenario in later Sindarin, however, since the 1930s root for benn was ᴹ√BES “wed”, but by the 1960s the root for husband/wife/marry words had become √BER.
Neo-Sindarin: Since the status of N. benn is questionable given ᴹ√BES >> √BER, many Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to use S. ✱dîr as the Sindarin word for man. I am of the opinion that both dîr and benn are acceptable for “man, male person”. This is because I prefer to retain ᴹ√BES as the root for “marry, wed”, since it is the best basis for attested husband/wife words in (Neo) Sindarin.
maw
noun. hand
The Sindarin equivalent of Q. má, likewise derived from the root √MAH or √MAƷ “hand; handle, wield” (PE17/162; VT47/6). However, in Sindarin this word was archaic, used only in poetry, having been replaced in ordinary speech by other words like S. mâb and (less often) cam. Other remnants of this word can be seen in compounds like molif “wrist, (orig.) hand link” and directional words like forvo and harvo for left and right hand side.
Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, G. mô from the early root ᴱ√MAHA was the normal word for “hand”, replacing mab “hand” (< ᴱ√MAHA) which in this document Tolkien decided was instead an irregular dual form of mô (GL/55). It had also had an irregular plural mabin based on this dual, replacing an older plural †maith. In the Gnomish Grammar, its archaic form was †mâ, with the usual Gnomish sound change of ā to ō (GG/14), as opposed to later Sindarin/Noldorin ā to au, spelt -aw when final. Tolkien seems to have abandoned mô as a non-archaic word for “hand” early on, preferring ᴱN. mab “hand” by the 1920s and introducing N. cam “hand” in the 1930s.
men-
verb. to go
The basic Sindarin verb for “go”, derived from the root √MEN (PE17/143). Its archaic past form emēnē was discussed in notes from around 1965 (PE17/93); its modern past would be ✱evín. It also appeared in its gerund form in the sentence niðin mened “I have a mind to go, I intend to go” in notes from 1969 (PE22/165).
min
noun. peak
A word glossed “peak” appearing in the name S. Min-Rimmon “Peak of the Rimmon” from the Unfinished Index to The Lord of the Rings (RC/511). It is probably a derivative of √MIN.
mâb
noun. hand, hand, [N.] grasp
The typical Sindarin word for “hand” (VT47/7, 20), usable in almost any context. It is most notable as an element in the name Mablung “Heavy Hand” (VT47/8). See below for a discussion of its etymology.
Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, where G. mab “hand” appeared as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√MAPA “seize” (GL/55). Tolkien then revised the gloss to “hands”, saying instead it was an irregular dual of G. mô “hand”. The word reverted to singular ᴱN. mab “hand” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/149). These early versions of the word were already an element of Mablung “Heavy Hand(ed)” (LT2/38; LB/311), but also of Ermabwed “One-handed” (LT2/34; LB/119).
In the 1930s it seems Tolkien decided Ilk. mâb “hand” was primarily an Ilkorin word, and the usual word for “hand” in Noldorin was N. cam. Compare Ilkorin Ermabuin “One-handed” and Mablosgen “Empty-handed” with Noldorin Erchamion and Camlost of the same meaning. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien had N. mab “grasp” under the root ᴹ√MAPA “seize”, but the version of the entry with that word was overwritten (EtyAC/MAP), leaving only the Ilkorin form mâb. In this period, Mablung may also have been an Ilkorin name.
After Tolkien abandoned Ilkorin in the 1950s, he kept S. Erchamion and Camlost based on cam, but also kept Mablung “Heavy Hand” which must have become Sindarin. In his later writings Tolkien again revisited the etymology of S. mâb “hand”. In a note from Jan-Feb 1968, he wrote:
> It [Q. má = “hand”] did not survive in Telerin and Sindarin as an independent word, but was replaced by the similar-sounding but unconnected C.E. makwā, Q. maqua, T. mapa, S. mab, of uncertain origin, but probably originally an adjectival formation from MAK “strike” ... (VT47/19).
This sentence was struck through, however. In drafts of notes on Elvish Hands, Fingers and Numerals written in or after 1968, Tolkien again derived mâb from √MAP (VT47/20 note #13), but in the final version of these notes he made the remarkable decision to discard this root despite it being a stable part of Elvish for nearly 50 years, declaring it was used only in Telerin and not Quenya or Sindarin (VT47/7). He coined a new etymology for S. mâb “hand” based on ✶makwā “handful” = ✶mā + ✶kwā (VT47/6-7), a variation on the above etymology from √MAK.
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I prefer to ignore Tolkien’s 1968 removal of √MAP “seize”, and so would continue to derive S. mâb “hand” from that root. However, its ancient meaning may have been “✱grasp”, and its eventual use as “hand” might have been influenced by ancient ✶makwā “handful”.
thond
noun. root, root, [N.] base; root-word
A noun in The Lord of the Rings Appendix E glossed “root”, given as an examples of how “nd remained at the end of fully accented monosyllables” (LotR/1115). It was an element in the river-name S. Morthond “Black Root” (LotR/770), so named “because its source was in the dark caverns of the Dead Men” (RC/766). As such this word refers to things that are the root or base of something, not just plant roots.
Conceptual Development: The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. sunn and sonnas as cognates to ᴹQ. sundo “base, root, root-word” under ᴹ√SUD “base, ground” (Ety/SUD; EtyAC/SUD). These Noldorin forms were revised to N. thund/thonn and N. thonnas while the root was revised to ᴹ√STUD (EtyAC/SUD). The Etymologies also had N. dum “root, foundation” derived from {ᴹ√(N)DUM >>} ᴹ√(N)DUB “lay base, foundation, root; found”, but this entry was deleted (EtyAC/NDUB).
Possible Etymology: This words seems to be a counterexample to the general rule that short u was preserved before nasals]]: compare it to S. mund “bull” and N. lhunt “boat” where the u remained unchanged. The Quenya cognate of this word is typically Q. sundo, so a-affection]] cannot be used to explain the shift of u to o. However in one place Tolkien gave the Quenya form as sunda in Tarmasundar “Roots of the Pillar” (UT/166), so perhaps the Sindarin form was derived from a variant primitive form ✱stundā.
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume thond refers only to an ordinary base or root, and more abstract [N.] thonnas refers to things like root-words or a “✱foundation”.
uilos
place name. Ever-snow
Sindarin name for Mount Q. Oiolossë (PE17/26), usually appearing in the fuller name Amon Uilos. It is a combination of ui “ever” and loss “snow”.
Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies from the 1930s, this name first appeared as (rejected) N. Guilos from the root ᴹ√GEY (Ety/GEY), revised to Uiloss from the root ᴹ√EY (Ety/EY) and finally N. Uilos from the root ᴹ√OY (Ety/OY), with essentially the same derivation as its later Sindarin name.
-dhol
head
_ suff. _head (often applied to hills or mountains that had _not _a sharp apex). >> Fanuidhol
barad-dûr
place name. Dark Tower
cae
noun. earth
This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies
caranthir
masculine name. Red-face
Fourth son of Fëanor, called “the Dark” (S/60). His name is a combination of caran “red” and thîr “face” (VT41/10), an adaptation of his mother name Q. Carnistir “Red-face” (PM/353).
Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, his name was ᴱN. Cranthor (LT2/241). Tolkien change his name to Cranthir in the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s (LB/80) and this was also his name in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/223). N. Cranthir appeared in The Etymologies with the translation “Ruddy-face” (Ety/KARÁN, THĒ), already with essentially the same etymology as its final version.
In Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s, Tolkien vacillated between Cranthir and Caranthir, ultimately settling on the latter (WJ/115).
dol
head
doll
head
dor
noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live
The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor
drû
noun. wild man, Wose, Púkel-Man
In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appeared as "the dark men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word
dôr
noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live
The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor
dúlin
noun. nightingale
A word for “nightingale” appearing in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a combination of N. dû “night” and N. lhinn “tune” (Ety/DOƷ, Ety/LIN², TIN). It appeared as both dúlinn (Ety/LIN²) and dúlin (Ety/TIN). In The Notion Club Papers of the 1940s, Tolkien instead gave duilin “nightingale” as a derivative of primitive ᴹ✶dōmilindē, demonstrating a phonetic development whereby the ancient m became v and then vanished after the u, but the medial i was preserved. However, Christopher Tolkien used the form dúlin in The Silmarillion appendix (SA/dú), and that form is thus better known.
echil
collective name. Followers
fân
shape
_n._shape, with the added notion of light and whiteness. It was thus often used where we might use 'a vision' (of something beautiful and sublime). Q. fana-. Tolkien notes that "Yet being elvish, though it may be used of things remote, it has no implication either of uncertainty or unreality" (PE17:26). In the name Fanuilos of Elbereth, the Fân was the vision of majesty of Elbereth upon the mountain where she dwelt.
gaear
noun. sea
A word for “sea” variously attested as gaear (PE17/027; PM/363; WJ/400), gaer (PE17/27; PE17/149), and aear (Let/386; RGEO/65) in later writings. Of these, I prefer gaear for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, reduced to gaer in compounds.
Possible Etymology: The presence or absence of the initial g- depends on whether the word’s root is √AY(AR) (as it appears in The Etymologies and some later writings) or √GAY(AR) (as it appears in other later writings). See the entry of the root √GAY(AR) for a discussion of this vacillation. Similarly, the form gaer appears primarily as an element in compounds, and can be explained as a reduced form of gaear in that context. For these reasons, this entry uses gaear as the ordinary Sindarin word for “sea”. This has the additional advantage of disambiguating it from the adjective gaer “dreadful”.
Conceptual Development: This word appeared as N. oer or oear “sea” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, reflecting the Noldorin sound change of ai to oe (Ety/AY). However name for the “Great Sea” was N. {Belegar >>} Belegaer in the narratives of this period (LR/19), and the name N. Rhûnaer “Eastern Sea” appeared in draft Lord of the Rings maps from 1943 (TI/307). The element N. oer did appear in the day-of-the-week name N. Aroeren “✱Sea-day” in drafts of The Lord of the Rings appendices, but this was revised to S. Oraeron (PM/130, 138).
hador
masculine name. Warrior
Leader of the House of Hador, one of the three tribes of the Edain (S/147). In a geneology from 1959, the name seems to be translated “Warrior” in Hador Lorindol “the Warrior Goldenhead”, appearing beneath S. Magor “the Sword” and S. Hathol “the Axe” (WJ/234).
Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name appeared as N. Hádor and Hador with both long and short a (LR/146). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. hador was translated as “thrower” (Ety/KHAT).
na
preposition. to
prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2
thalos
place name. Torrent
One of the seven streams from which Ossiriand got its name (S/123), and is simply thalos “torrent” used as a name (Ety/STAL). Given the river’s location in Ossiriand, this name might be Nandorin instead.
Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the name Thalos was designated Ilkorin, with the derivation given above (Ety/STAL). Like many of the river names in Ossiriand, Tolkien did not give a new etymology of the name after he abandoned the Ilkorin language.
mûn
noun. womb
A neologism for “womb”, the Sindarin equivalent of Q. móna. I’m not sure who coined this neologism.
pemp
noun. lip
A neologism for “lip” coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo, the Sindarin equivalent of Q. pempë.
Haudh in Gwanur
Haudh in Gwanûr
It has been suggested that Haudh in Gwanûr means "mound of the brothers" in Sindarin, consisting of haudh ("mound, grave, tomb") + in (pl. genitive article) + gwanûr. In editions of The Lord of the Rings prior to the 2004 edition, the circumflex (^) was omitted.
Ithilien
Ithilien
Ithilien is a Sindarin name meaning "land of the moon". It has been suggested that the name consists of the elements Ithil ("moon") + the affix end.
Orodreth
Orodreth
The name Orodreth is glossed as "mountaineer".
Orodruin
Orodruin
Orodruin is glossed as "burning mountain" and "mountain of the red flame". The name likely consists of orod ("mountain") + ruin ("fiery red").
adan
man
(pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.
aear
sea
aear (ocean); pl. aeair. The shorter form aer (for N oer) is maybe best avoided since it can be confused with aer "holy", unless the latter is actually a lenited form of gaer. Forms with g-, representing an alternative concept of the word for ”sea”: gaear (i **aear) (ocean), pl. gaeair (i ngaeair = i ñaeair) (PM:363), also gaer (i **aer, no distinct pl. form except with article: i ngaer = i ñaer), but homophones of the latter mean "reddish, copper-coloured, ruddy" and also "dreadful, awful, fearful; holy".
aear
sea
(ocean); pl. aeair. The shorter form aer (for N oer) is maybe best avoided since it can be confused with aer "holy", unless the latter is actually a lenited form of gaer. Forms with g-, representing an alternative concept of the word for ”sea”: gaear (i ’aear) (ocean), pl. gaeair (i ngaeair = i ñaeair) (PM:363), also gaer (i ’aer, no distinct pl. form except with article: i ngaer = i ñaer), but homophones of the latter mean "reddish, copper-coloured, ruddy" and also "dreadful, awful, fearful; holy".
aeg
horn
(point, thorn). No distinct pl. form. (but aeglir can be used for a range of mountain peaks). Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". 2) mîn (i vîn), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mîn), coll. pl. míniath. Note: homophones include the numeral ”one” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 3) egnas (sharp point; literally "thorn-point"), pl. egnais, coll. pl. egnassath.
anóren
adjective. sunny
aur
day
aur (morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.
aur
day
(morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.
auth
dim shape
(spectral or vague apparition), pl. oeth, coll. pl. othath. Note: a homophone means "war, battle".
beleg
mighty
1) beleg (great), lenited veleg, pl. belig; 2) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.
bess
woman
bess (i vess, construct bes) (wife), pl. biss (i miss). The word etymologically means ”wife”, but the meaning was generalized.
bess
woman
(i vess, construct bes) (wife), pl. biss (i miss). The word etymologically means ”wife”, but the meaning was generalized.
both
small pool
(i moth, construct both) (puddle), pl. byth (i mbyth). David Salo would lengthen the vowel and read ✱bôth in Sindarin.
calad
light
_(noun) _1) calad (i galad, o chalad), pl. celaid (i chelaid), 2) gaul (i **aul), pl. goel (i ngoel = i ñoel), coll. pl. golath. Note: A homophone means "wolf-howl", but has different mutations. 3) (bright light) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (sunlight, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 4) gâl (gal-, -al in compounds, with article i **âl), pl. gail (i ngail = i ñail).
calad
light
(i galad, o chalad), pl. celaid (i chelaid), 2) gaul (i ’aul), pl. goel (i ngoel = i ñoel), coll. pl. golath. Note: A homophone means "wolf-howl", but has different mutations. 3) (bright light) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (sunlight, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 4) gâl (gal-, -al in compounds, with article i ’âl), pl. gail (i ngail = i ñail).
cam
hand
1) cam (i gam, o cham), pl. caim (i chaim), coll. pl. cammath; 2) mâb (i vâb; construct mab), pl. maib (i maib). 3) Archaic †maw (i vaw), pl. moe (i moe). A homophone means ”soil, stain”. (VT47:6) 4) (fist) dond (i dhond; construct don), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).
cant
shape
(noun) cant (i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i **chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint**; see SHADOW.
cant
shape
(i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint; see SHADOW.
cant
outline
cant (i gant, o chant) (shape), pl. caint (i **chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint**; see SHADOW.
cant
outline
(i gant, o chant) (shape), pl. caint (i chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint; see
cerin
circular enclosure
(i gerin, o cherin) (circular raised mound), no distinct pl. form except with article (i cherin).
coron
globe
coron (i goron, o choron) (ball, mound), pl. ceryn (i cheryn)
coron
globe
(i goron, o choron) (ball, mound), pl. ceryn (i cheryn)
criss
cleft
(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss), 4) iaw (gulf, ravine), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”
cêf
soil
(noun) 1) *cêf (i gêf, o chêf), pl. cîf (i chîf), coll. pl. cevath (suggested Sindarin forms of ”Noldorin” cef, pl. ceif). 2) maw (i vaw) (stain), pl. moe (i moe). Note: a homophone is an archaic word for ”hand”.
cîl
cleft
(i gîl, o chîl) (pass between hills, gorge), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. A homophone means ”renewal”.
cîl
pass between hills
(i gîl, o chîl) (cleft, gorge), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. . A homophone means ”renewal”.
daw
gloom
1) daw (i dhaw) (nighttime), pl. doe (i noe), coll. pl. ?dawath or ?doath; 2) dim (i dhim) (sadness), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nim). Note: a homophone means ”stair”. 3) fuin (darkness, night, dead of night, nightshade). No distinct pl. form. 4) maur (i vaur), pl. moer (i moer) (VT45:35)
dim
gloom
(i dhim) (sadness), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nim). Note: a homophone means ”stair”.
duinen
tide
: 1) (high tide) duinen (i dhuinen), pl. duinin (i nuinin). 2) (low tide) dannen (i nannen, o ndannen) (ebb), pl. dennin (i ndennin) (VT48:26). Notice the homophone dannen ”fallen” (but this past participle has different mutations).
dîr
man
1) (adult male of any speaking race) dîr (dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”. 2) (mortal human as opposed to Elf) Adan (pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.
dîr
man
(dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”.
dôl
hill
(i** dhôl, construct **dol) (head), pl. dŷl (i** nŷl). Note: In the Etymologies, this word was derived from a root with initial nd- (NDOL), which would make the mutations different (i** nôl, pl. i** ndŷl). However, the later name Fanuidhol "Cloudyhead" apparently indicates that the lenited form of this d was later to be dh (whereas it would be n** if the former derivation had been maintained).
dôl
head
dôl (i dhôl, construct dol) (hill), pl. dŷl (i nŷl). Note: In the Etymologies, this word was derived from a root with initial nd- (NDOL), which would make the mutations different (i nôl, pl. i ndŷl). However, the later name Fanuidhol "Cloudyhead" apparently indicates that the lenited form of this d was later to be dh (whereas it would be n if the former derivation had been maintained).
dôl
head
(i dhôl, construct dol) (hill), pl. dŷl (i nŷl). Note: In the Etymologies, this word was derived from a root with initial nd- (NDOL), which would make the mutations different (i nôl, pl. i ndŷl). However, the later name Fanuidhol "Cloudyhead" apparently indicates that the lenited form of this d was later to be dh (whereas it would be n if the former derivation had been maintained).****
dúath
dark shadow
(i dhúath) (nightshade), pl. dúaith (i núaith). Compare the Ephel Dúath or ”Mountains of Shadow” forming th outer fence of Mordor, perhaps suggesting that Dúath is also the word used of Sauron as ”the Shadow”.
dúlinn
nightingale
1) dúlinn (i dhúlinn) (dusk-singer), same form pl. except with article (i núlinn) (SD:302). 2) merilin (i verilin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i merilin), coll. pl. merilinnath. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ”moerilind” = mörilind. 3) tinúviel (”daughter of twilight”, a poetic kenning) (i dinúviel, o thinúviel), pl. ?tinúvil (i thinúvil), coll. pl. tinúviellath (MR:373, WJ:62)
dû
night
1) dû (i dhû) (nightfall, dusk, late evening, darkness), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302), 2) morn (i vorn) (darkness), pl. myrn (i myrn). Note: the word is also used as an adjective ”dark, black” (Letters:386).
dû
darkness
1) dû (i dhû) (night, nightfall, late evening, dusk), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302), 2) fuin (gloom, night, dead of night, nightshade). No distinct pl. form. 3) môr (i vôr, construct mor), pl. mŷr (i mŷr) if there is a pl. (Letters:382); 4 morn (i vorn) (night), pl. myrn (i myrn). Note: the word môr, morn is also used as an adjective ”dark, black”. (Letters:386)
firen
human
(= mortal) firen (pl. firin);
gail
light
(adjective) 1) gail (bright), lenited ngail, no distinct pl. form (VT45:18), 2) lim (clear, sparkling), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fish”.
gilgalad
starlight
1) gilgalad (i ngilgalad = i ñilgalad, o n**gilgalad, pl. gilgelaid (in gilgelaid = i ñgilgelaid) if there is a plural form. 2) gilith (also used = Quenya Ilmen, the region of stars) (i ngilith = i ñilith, o n**gilith) _These mutations presupposed that the root is Ñ, as in MR:388, rather than _ as in the Etymologies (LR:358).
glân
white
1) glân (clear), lenited lân, pl. glain. (UT:390, VT45:13). Note: a homophone means ”hem, border”. 2) nimp (nim-) (pale); no distinct pl. form. 3) faen (radiant). No distinct pl. form. 4) fain; no distinct pl. form.
glân
white
(clear), lenited ’lân, pl. glain. (UT:390, VT45:13). Note: a homophone means ”hem, border”.
gwanur
kinsman
(i ’wanur) (brother), pl. gwenyr (in gwenyr). Note: a homophone of the sg. means ”pair of twins”.
gwass
stain
(noun) 1) gwass (i **wass, construct gwas), pl. gwais (in gwais), also gwath (i **wath), pl. gwaith (in gwaith), 2) (noun) maw (i vaw) (soil), pl. moe (i moe). Note: a homophone is an archaic word for ”hand”. 3) mael (i vael), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mael). Also as adj.
gwathren
dim
(adj.) gwathren (shadowy), lenited wathren; pl. gwethrin. (A lenited pl. is attested in the name Ered Wethrin, Shadowy Mountains.);
gwathren
dim
(shadowy), lenited ’wathren; pl. gwethrin. (A lenited pl. is attested in the name Ered Wethrin, Shadowy Mountains.);
gûr
heart
(i ’ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11).
hoth
host
(noun) 1) hoth (i choth, o choth) (crowd, horde), pl. hyth (i chyth). 2) rim (great number, crowd), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”. 3) gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith). WOLF-HOST, see under WEREWOLF (concerning gaurhoth**).
hûn
heart
1) (physical heart) hûn (i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin), 2) (inner mind) gûr (i **ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11). 3) ind (inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath. 4) nest (core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû**- apparently meaning ”heart”..
lend
way
(journey), pl. lind, coll. pl. lennath. Note: a homophone means ”tuneful, sweet”
lim
light
(clear, sparkling), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fish”.
mae
soft
mae (lenited vae; no distinct pl. form). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” moe. Note: a homophone is the adverb mae = ”well”.
mae
soft
(lenited vae; no distinct pl. form). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” moe. Note: a homophone is the adverb mae = ”well”.
maeas
dough
maeas (i vaeas), pl. maeais (i maeais) if there is a pl. (but coll. pl. maeassath). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” moeas.
maeas
dough
(i vaeas), pl. maeais (i maeais) if there is a pl. (but coll. pl. maeassath). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” moeas.
maed
handy
maed (lenited vaed; no distinct pl. form) (skilled). Note: a homophone means ”shapely”.
maed
handy
(lenited vaed; no distinct pl. form) (skilled). Note: a homophone means ”shapely”.
mael
lust
mael (i vael), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mael). Note: a homophone means ”stain, stained”.
mael
lust
(i vael), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mael). Note: a homophone means ”stain, stained”.
mael
stained
(lenited vael; no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”lust”. Another adj.
maer
good
_(”useful” of things _ not of moral qualities) maer (lenited vaer, no distinct pl. form) (fit, useful). For ”good” as an adjective describing human qualities, the word fael ”fair-minded, just, generous” may be considered.
maf
noun. sheep
A neologism for “sheep” coined by Elaran in 2022 on the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), derived from a variant form ✱mămā of primitive ✶māmā “sheep”, the basis of Q. máma “sheep”. This is only one of various possibilities for neologisms for “sheep”: in VQP (VQP) Gábor Lőrinczi suggested ᴺS. maw “sheep” as a direct cognate of Q. máma, and Fiona Jallings suggested ᴺS. ✱baw as a derivative of ✶mbāba, a primitive form that appeared on VT47/35. Both maw and baw have other meanings in Sindarin, however. I used to recommend a word of my own, bam from a reduplicated primitive form ✱mbambā, but I now prefer Elaran’s suggestion of maf.
maur
gloom
(i vaur), pl. moer (i moer) (VT45:35)
maw
soil
(i vaw) (stain), pl. moe (i moe). Note: a homophone is an archaic word for ”hand”.
maw
hand
(i vaw), pl. moe (i moe). A homophone means ”soil, stain”. (VT47:6)
maw
stain
(i vaw) (soil), pl. moe (i moe). Note: a homophone is an archaic word for ”hand”.
merilin
nightingale
(i** verilin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** merilin), coll. pl. merilinnath. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ”moerilind” = mörilind.
min
cardinal. one
1) (number ”one” as the first in a series) min, mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 2) (number) êr, whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone); 3)
min
one
mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”.
minuial
dawn
minuial (i vinuial) (morrowdim, twilight), pl. minuiail (i minuiail)
minuial
dawn
(i vinuial) (morrowdim, twilight), pl. minuiail (i minuiail)
mithril
true-silver
” (a metal found principally in Moria) mithril (i vithril), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mithril); coll. pl. mithrillath if there are any plural forms. (The Sindarin word seems to mean *”grey brilliance”.)
mithril
true-silver
(a metal found principally in Moria) mithril (i vithril), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mithril); coll. pl. mithrillath if there are any plural forms.
mên
way
1) mên (i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (road), pl. mîn (i mîn), 2) lend (journey), pl. lind, coll. pl. lennath. Note: a homophone means ”tuneful, sweet”, 3) #pâd (construct pad), i bâd, pl. paid (i phaid). Isolated from Tharbad ”Crossroad”. 4) tê (i dê, o thê) (line), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath.
mîdh
dew
1) mîdh (i vîdh, construct midh), no distinct form in pl. except with article (i mîdh), 2) ross (construct ros) (foam, rain, spray [of fall or fountain]), pl. ryss (idh ryss). (Letters:282) Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.
môr
darkness
(i vôr, construct mor), pl. m**ŷr (i m**ŷr) if there is a pl. (Letters:382); 4 morn (i vorn) (night), pl. myrn (i myrn). Note: the word môr, morn is also used as an adjective ”dark, black”. (Letters:386)
môr
black
1) môr (dark), lenited vôr, pl. mŷr (Letters:382), also morn (dark), pl. myrn, lenited #vorn. Note: the word is also used as a noun ”darkness, night”. (Letters:386) The lenited form #vorn appears, compounded, in the name of the
môr
black
(dark), lenited vôr, pl. m**ŷr (Letters:382), also morn (dark), pl. **myrn, lenited #vorn. Note: the word is also used as a noun ”darkness, night”. (Letters:386) The lenited form #vorn appears, compounded, in the name of the
oll
torrent
1) oll (mountain steam), pl. yll. (The source also cites the archaic form old.) 2) thorod, pl. theryd (archaic thöryd).
oll
torrent
(mountain steam), pl. yll. (The source also cites the archaic form old.)
orch
orc
orch (pl. yrch**, archaic †yrchy, coll. pl. orchoth). (RGEO:66, Names:171, Letters:178, MR:195; WJ:390-91, VT46:7). Other terms: 1) urug (monster, bogey), pl. yryg, 2) glamog (i **lamog), pl. glemyg (in glemyg) (WJ:391), 3) ”
rass
horn
(mountain peak), pl. #rais (idh rais). The pl. is attested in the name Ered Nimrais. Side-form rasc, rasg.
rim
host
(great number, crowd), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”.
rinc
twitch
(noun) rinc (jerk, trick, sudden move), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rinc), coll. pl. ringath.
rinc
twitch
(jerk, trick, sudden move), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rinc), coll. pl. ringath.
rist
cleft
(noun) 1) rist (-ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleaver, cutter”, 2) cirith (i girith, o chirith) (cutting, pass), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chirith), 3) cîl (i gîl, o chîl) (pass between hills, gorge), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. A homophone means ”renewal”. 4) criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss), 4) iaw (gulf, ravine), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”, 5) rest (ravine, cut), pl. rist (idh rist), 6) (deep cleft) falch (ravine[?]), pl. felch
rist
cleft
(-ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleaver, cutter”
rom
horn
1) rom (trumpet), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath. (Cf. also romloth ”horn-flower”, tobacco.) 2) rass (mountain peak), pl. #rais** (idh rais). The pl. is attested in the name Ered Nimrais. Side-form rasc, rasg. 3) rafn (wing, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn); 4) tarag (i darag, o tharag), pl. teraig (i theraig**). The word may be used of a ”steep mountain peak” (VT46:17; ”steep mountain path” in LR:391 is a misreading).
ross
dew
(construct ros) (foam, rain, spray [of fall or fountain]), pl. ryss (idh ryss). (Letters:282) Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.
taen
height
taen (i daen, o thaen) (summit of high mountain), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thaen). Note: a homophone means ”long (and thin)”.
taen
height
(i daen, o thaen) (summit of high mountain), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thaen). Note: a homophone means ”long (and thin)”.
tarag
horn
(i darag, o tharag), pl. teraig (i theraig). The word may be used of a ”steep mountain peak” (VT46:17; ”steep mountain path” in LR:391 is a misreading).
taur
mighty
(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.
tinnu
dusk
tinnu (i dinnu, o thinnu) (twilight, starlit evening, early night without a moon, starry twilight), pl. tinny (i thynny) if there is a pl.
tinnu
dusk
(i dinnu, o thinnu) (twilight, starlit evening, early night without a moon, starry twilight), pl. tinny (i thynny) if there is a pl.
tund
hill
(i** dund, o thund, construct tun) (mound), pl. tynd (i** thynd), coll. pl. tunnath.
bôr
trusty man
(boron-) (i vôr, construct bor) (steadfast man, faithful vassal), pl. *b**ŷr* for older beryn, i meryn (archaic böryn, i möryn). In ”Noldorin”, the older pl. forms were berein, beren.
môr
dark
môr (black), lenited vôr, pl. mŷr (Letters:382), also
cant
noun. shape, shape; [N.] outline
dôr
noun. land, land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; [G.] people of the land
edhel
noun. Elf
nim
adjective. white
rhae
adjective. easy
muig
adjective. soft, gentle
Teler
noun. an Elf, one of the Teleri
adanadar
noun. man, one of the Fathers of Men
adanath
noun. men
fael
adjective. fair minded, just, generous
goe
noun. terror, great fear
telerrim
noun. the Teleri, a tribe of Elves
galadhrim
noun. Elves of Lothlórien
mithril
noun. true-silver, a silver-like metal
Anor
noun. sun
Anor
noun. Sun
_n. Astron._Sun. Q. anār/anăr. >> Ithil
Dúnadan
noun. Man of the west, Númenórean
Nogrod
noun. dwarf dwelling
naug (“dwarf”) + grod (“delving, underground dwelling”) Late substitution for Novrod (“hollow underground dwelling”) < nov (AS “hollow”) + grod (“excavation, underground dwelling”), which “retains the older Eldarin order with the adjectival element first”.
Tinnúviel
noun. nightingale
nightingale
adan
noun. man, one of the Second People (elvish name for men)
aear
noun. sea
Tolkien changed this word several times, see gaear
aear
Sea
aear
noun. sea
aearon
noun. great sea, ocean
Tolkien changed this word several times, see gaearon
aer
noun. sea
an
preposition. to, towards, for
With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath
an
to
_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath 'glory to all the Halflings'.
arwen
noun. noble woman
auth
noun. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition
bain
fair
_ adj. _fair, good, blessed, wholesome, favourable, without evil/bad element, not dangerous, evil or hostile. bân or bain << bân pl. bain. >> bân
bain
good
_ adj. _good, wholesome, blessed, fair (esp. of weather). . This gloss was rejected.
belaith
adjective. mighty
adj. mighty. Q. melehta.
belaith
adjective. mighty
An adjective for “mighty” derived from the root √MBELEK in a page of notes having to do with “large & small” words, probably from the late 1960s (PE17/115), apparently from the primitive form ✱✶mbelektā with the ekt vocalizing to eith and then the ei becoming ai in the final syllable.
bess
noun. (young) woman
bess
noun. wife
born
adjective. hot, red
bân
adjective. fair
_ adj. _fair, good, wholesome, favourable, not dangerous, evil or hostile. bân or bain << bân pl. bain. >> bain
calad
gerund noun. light
calad
noun. light
_ n. _light, fire, brightness, shining. >> galad
calan
noun. day, period of actual daylight
Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second.
calben
noun. Elf of the Great Journey (lit. "light person")
calben
noun. all Elves but the Avari
cam
noun. hand
camm
noun. hand
caras
noun. circular earthwall with dike
caras
noun. city (built above ground)
celeb
noun. silver
celeb
silver
cerin
noun. circular enclosure
ceven
noun. Earth
cirith
noun. cleft, high climbing pass, narrow passage cut through earth or rock, ravine, defile
coron
noun. globe, ball
dae
noun. shadow
dae
noun. shadow, shadow (cast by an object or form), [N.] shade
dagnir
noun. slayer
dagnir
noun. bane
delu
adjective. hateful, deadly, fell
dol
noun. head
drúadan
noun. wild man, one of the Woses
dúath
adjective. dark
_ adj. _dark, black shadow.
dúath
noun. darkness, shadow
dúath
noun. nightshade
dúlin
noun. nightingale
dúnedhel
noun. Elf of the West, Elf of Beleriand (including Noldor and Sindar)
dû
night
_ n. _night (when viewed favourably). Q. lóme.
dû
noun. nightfall, late evening, night, dimness
dûr
adjective. dark, sombre
dûr
dark
_ adj. _dark, gloomy, 'hellish'.
edhel
noun. Elf
edhel
noun. Elf
_ n. _Elf, a general name for all the Elves (since the name Quendi had gone out of use in Sindarin). Probably related to or connected with Q. Elda. >> edhellen
edhel
Elf
pl1. edhil, pl2. edhellim {ð} _n. _Elf. A name used by the Sindar for themselves, characterizing other varieties by an adjective or prefix. >> Aredhel, Thinnedhel
edhel
Elf
{ð} _n. _Elf.
edhel
Elf
d _ n. _Elf. Q. elda.
edhelharn
noun. elf-stone
egladhrim
noun. "The Forsaken", Elves of the Falathrim
eglath
noun. "The Forsaken", Elves of the Falathrim
eledh
noun. Elf
ell
noun. elf
n. elf, esp. [?in ?the ?South]. Noldorin form.
elleth
noun. elf-maid
ellon
noun. elf
elvellon
noun. elf-friend
emig
noun. index finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children)
eneth
noun. name
ennorath
noun. central lands, middle-earth
erchamion
adjective. one-handed
erchammui
adjective. one-handed
esta-
verb. to name
fain
noun/adjective. white
fain
noun/adjective. cloud
fain
dim
adj. dim, dimmed (applied to dimmed or fading lights or to things seen in them); filmy, fine-woven, etc. (applied to things that only partially screened light, such as a canopy of young still half-transparent leaves, or textures that veiled but only half-concealed a form).
falch
noun. deep cleft, ravine
fuin
noun. night, dead of night, gloom, darkness
gaear
noun. sea
gaear
Sea
gaearon
noun. great sea, ocean
gaer
noun. sea
gaer
Sea
gaer
noun. sea
gaeron
noun. great sea, ocean
galad
noun. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water)
galad
light
_ n. _light, fire, brightness, shining. >> calad, Caras Galadon
glamhoth
noun. barbaric host of Orcs
glinnel
noun. Elf, one of the Teleri
glân
adjective. white, [bright shining] white; [N.] clear; [G.] pure, †bright; [ᴱN.] clean
golodh
noun. "Deep Elf" or "Gnome", one of the Wise Folk
golodhrim
noun. Deep Elves, Gnomes
graw
noun. bear
graw
noun. bear
A Sindarin word for “bear” in notes from the late 1960s, derived from primitive ✶grā (VT47/12).
Neo-Sindarin: Its Quenya cognate Q. roa had the revised meaning {“bear” >>} “dog”, so for purposes of Neo-Sindarin it is probably best to stick with [N.] brôg and ᴺS. medli [N. megli] as words for “bear”.
groga-
verb. to feel terror
guldur
noun. (dark) sorcery
guruthos
noun. the shadow of death, death-horror
gwain
adjective. fair
adj. fair. . This gloss was rejected.
gwana
noun/adjective. fair
gwân
adjective. fair
_ adj. _fair, pale.
gódhel
noun. "Deep Elf" or "Gnome", one of the Wise Folk
gódhellim
noun. "Deep Elves" or "Gnomes", the Wise Folk
gûl
noun. black arts
n. black arts, sorcery. Q. ñúle, B.S. gûl 'wraith' is probably derived from Sindarin.
hethu
adjective. foggy, obscure, vague
hithui
noun/adjective. foggy, misty
hoth
noun. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense)
iathrim
noun. Elves of Doriath
lachend
noun. Deep Elf (Sindarin name for the Ñoldor)
lachenn
noun. Deep Elf (Sindarin name for the Ñoldor)
laegel
noun. a Green Elf
laegeldrim
noun. the people of the Green Elves
laegrim
noun. the people of the Green Elves
lam
noun. language
lav-
verb. to lick
limp
adjective. wet
lind
adjective. fair
loeg
noun. pool
loeg
noun. pool
loen
adjective. soaking wet, swamped
lîn
noun. pool
ma
adjective. good
_ adj. _good. Archaic and obsolete except as interjection 'good, excellent, that's right'.
mab-
noun. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers)
maed
adjective. handy, skilled, skilful
mael
noun. lust
maelui
adjective. lustful
maer
good
_ adj. _good.
maer
good
adj. good, proper, excellent. Q. mára good, proper, Q. maira excellent. >> mae-. This gloss was rejected.
maw
noun. hand
medli
noun. bear
men
noun. way, road
min
fraction. one (first of a series)
min
cardinal. one, one, [G.] single
miniel
noun. an Elf, one of the Vanyar
mund
noun. bull
mund
noun. bull
An Elvish word for “bull” in a 1972 letter to Meriel Thurston appearing as an element in various names such as Aramund “Noble Bull” (Let/423). Given its lack of final vowel, this could be the Sindarin equivalent of Q. mundo “bull” appearing in another letter to Mrs. Thurston from early in the same year (Let/422). However, if these were proper Sindarin names, this second element of these names would mutate to -vund, so these names are either Anglicanized or pseudo-Elvish mixtures of Quenya and Sindarin elements.
Conceptual Development: The similar word G. mû “ox” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s serving as the basis for various cow-related words (GL/58).
mâb
noun. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers)
mîdh
noun. dew
dew
mîn
fraction. one (first of a series)
môr
noun. darkness, dark, night
na
to
e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2
nedia-
verb. to count
nim
white
_adj. _white. >> Nimbrethil
nim
white
nínui
noun/adjective. watery
nîn
adjective. wet, watery
nîn
wet
_ adj. _wet. Q. nenya. >> Nindalf
nórui
noun/adjective. sunny, fiery
oraearon
noun. seventh day of the Númenórean week, Sea-day
oranor
noun. second day of the week, day of the Sun
orbelain
noun. sixth day of the week, day of the Powers or Valar
orch
Orc
pl1. yrch, pl2. orchoth** ** n. Orc. Nand. ūriſ.
orchoth
noun. the Orcs (as a race)
orgaladh
noun. fourth day of the Númenórean week, day of the White Tree
This day was formerly called orgaladhad in the Elvish calendar
orgaladhad
noun. fourth day of the Elvish week, day of the Two Trees
This day was renamed orgaladh in the Númenórean calendar
orgilion
noun. first day of the week, day of the Stars
ormenel
noun. fifth day of the week, Heavens' day
othlonn
noun. paved way
pen
pronoun. one, somebody, anybody
Usually enclitic and mutated as ben.2
penninor
noun. last day of the year
pâd
noun. way
rass
horn
_ n. _horn. >> Caradhras
rhae
easy
_adj. _easy. Q. rhaia. . This gloss was rejected.
riss
adjective. cleft
_ adj. _cleft, cloven, separate. Q. rista, risse, rinse. >> Imladris
rom
noun. horn, trumpet
silivren
adjective. (white) glittering
tawarwaith
noun. Silvan elves
thanc
adjective. cleft, split, forked
tharbad
noun. cross-way
thond
noun. root
thond
noun. root
n. root.
tolo
verb. come!
tíra-
verb. to see
uilos
noun/adjective. always white, ever white as snow
uilos
noun/adjective. a small white everlasting flower also called simbelmynë or "evermind"
urug
noun. Orc (rarely used)
urug
noun. "bogey", anything that caused fear to the Elves, any dubious shape or shadow, or prowling creature
urui
noun/adjective. hot
ódhel
noun. Deep Elf or Gnome, one of the Wise Folk
ódhellim
noun. Deep Elves or Gnomes, the Wise Folk
Anor
sun
1) Anor (pl. Anoer if there is a pl.) Archaic Anaur (SD:306). 2) naur (mainly in compounds as nar-, -nor) (flame, fire), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath.
Emyn Eglain
place name. Hills of the Forsaken (Elves)
Eru
the one
as a name of God: #Eru, isolated from CHILDREN OF THE ONE (Elves and Men) Eruchín** **(sg. *Eruchen)
Nogrod
Nogrod
ael
pool
1) ael (aelin-, pl. aelin) (lake, mere). In ”Noldorin” oel, pl. oelin. 2)
ael
pool
(aelin-, pl. aelin) (lake, mere). In ”Noldorin” oel, pl. oelin.
amar
earth
(archaic Ambar), pl. Emair
amarth
fate
(doom), pl. emerth; also manadh (i vanadh) (doom, final end, fortune [usually = final bliss]), pl. menaidh (i menaidh);
ammen
for us
(to us).
an
for
(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni ”for the” (+ nasal mutation in plural).
an
for
(adverbial prefix) an-
an
for
(+ nasal mutation), with article ’ni ”for the” (+ nasal mutation in plural).
an
for the
(for) + i (the).
an
to
(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).
an
to
(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)
an-
very
(as adverbial prefix) an-, as in:
an-
very
as in:
bad
go
#bad- (i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.
bad
go
(i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.
bain
fair
bain (beautiful). Lenited vain. No distinct pl. form.
bain
fair
(beautiful). Lenited vain. No distinct pl. form.
bam
noun. sheep
beleg
mighty
(great), lenited veleg, pl. belig
born
hot
(red), lenited vorn, pl. byrn.
brassen
white-hot
(lenited vrassen, pl. bressin)
brôg
bear
(i vrôg, construct brog), pl. brŷg (i mrŷg)
bâr
earth
(dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.
bâr
land
(dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.
cae
noun. earth
cae
earth
(i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also
calan
daytime
(i galan, o chalan), pl. celain (i chelain)
cam
hand
(i gam, o cham), pl. caim (i chaim), coll. pl. cammath
camlann
of the hand
(i gamlann, o chamlann), pl. cemlain (i chemlain).
celeb
silver
1) (noun) celeb (i geleb, o cheleb), pl. celib (i chelib) if there is a pl. form. 2) (adj., "of/like silver") celebren (lenited gelebren, pl. celebrin; also celebrin- as first element of compounds, as in Celebrindal). Also celefn (lenited gelefn, pl. celifn). As for ”silver” as adjective, see also SHINING WHITE. Adj.
cerveth
july
Cerveth (na Gerveth, o Cherveth), also Cadlaer
ceven
earth
1) ceven (i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23), 2) (world) Amar (archaic Ambar), pl. Emair; 3) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds. 4) (maybe ”earth” as substance) cae (i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also SOIL.
ceven
earth
(i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23)
cirith
cleft
(i girith, o chirith) (cutting, pass), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chirith)
coth
enemy
(i goth, o choth), pl. cyth (i chyth).
crûm
left hand
(i grûm, o chrûm, construct crum), pl. cruim (i chruim), coll. pl. crummath. Also ✱hair (i chair), no distinct pl. form (not even with article). Note: hair is also used = ”left” as adjective. Cited in archaic form heir (LR:365 s.v. KHYAR).
cuil
life
cuil (i guil, o chuil), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chuil)
cuil
life
(i guil, o chuil), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chuil)
curunír
man of craft
(i gurunír, o churunír) (wizard), no distinct pl. form except with article (i churunír), coll. pl. ?curuníriath.
cêf
soil
(i gêf, o chêf), pl. cîf (i chîf), coll. pl. cevath (suggested Sindarin forms of ”Noldorin” cef, pl. ceif).
cû
crescent
cû (i gû, o chû) (arch, bow), pl. cui (i chui);
cû
crescent
(i gû, o chû) (arch, bow), pl. cui (i chui);
dae
shadow
(i dhae) (shade), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nae).
dae
very
dae (exceedingly). Lenited dhae.
dae
adverb. very
dae
very
(exceedingly). Lenited dhae.
daew
shadow
(i dhaew), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndaew) (VT45:8).
dath
hole
1) dath (i dhath) (pit, steep fall, abyss), pl. daith (i naith) (VT45:8), 2) gass (i **ass, construct gas) (gap), pl. gais (i ngais** = i ñais), 3)
dath
hole
(i dhath) (pit, steep fall, abyss), pl. daith (i naith) (VT45:8)
daug
warrior
(i naug, o ndaug) (soldier), pl. doeg (i ndoeg), coll. pl. dogath. Compounded as -dog in the name Boldog (= baul-daug, ✱”torment-warrior”)
daw
gloom
(i dhaw) (nighttime), pl. doe (i noe), coll. pl. ?dawath or ?doath
daw
nighttime
(i dhaw) (gloom), pl. doe (i noe), coll. pl. ?dawath or ?doath.
delos
detestation
delos (i dhelos) (fear, horror, abhorrence, dread, loathing), pl. delys (i nelys), coll. pl. delossath. A side-form ends in -oth (pl. -yth) instead of -os (-ys).
delos
detestation
(i dhelos) (fear, horror, abhorrence, dread, loathing), pl. delys (i nelys), coll. pl. delossath. A side-form ends in -oth (pl. -yth) instead of -os (-ys).
delu
hateful
delu (deadly, fell), lenited dhelu; analogical pl. dely. Archaic delw (the only attested form).
delu
hateful
(deadly, fell), lenited dhelu; analogical pl. dely. Archaic delw (the only attested form).
dem
gloomy
1) dem (sad), lenited dhem, pl. dhim; 2) dofn (lenited dhofn; pl. dyfn), 3) duvui (lenited dhuvui, no distinct pl. form)
dem
gloomy
(sad), lenited dhem, pl. dhim
dess
young woman
(i ness, o ndess, constuct des), pl. diss (i ndiss).
dofn
gloomy
(lenited dhofn; pl. dyfn)
doll
dark
doll (dusky, misty, obscure), lenited noll, pl. dyll. Note: In ”Noldorin”, this word appeared as dolt as well as doll, but the latter seems the best form in S.
doll
dark
(dusky, misty, obscure), lenited noll, pl. dyll. Note: In ”Noldorin”, this word appeared as dolt as well as doll, but the latter seems the best form in S.
dond
hand
(i dhond; construct don), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).
dovn
adjective. gloomy
duvui
gloomy
(lenited dhuvui, no distinct pl. form)
dôr
land
1) dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413), 2) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.
dôr
land
(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413)
dúath
dark shadow
(i dhúath) (nightshade), pl. dúaith (i núaith);
dúath
nightshade
(i dhúath) (dark shadow), pl. dúaith (i núaith).
dúlinn
nightingale
(i** dhúlinn) (dusk-singer), same form pl. except with article (i** núlinn) (SD:302).
dúnadan
man of the west
(i Núnadan), pl. Dúnedain (i Ndúnedain) (WJ:378, 386).
dû
dusk
(i dhû) (night, nightfall, late evening, darkness), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302).
dû
darkness
(i dhû) (night, nightfall, late evening, dusk), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302)
dû
nightfall
dû (i dhû) (night, dusk, late evening, darkness), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302)
dû
night
(i dhû) (nightfall, dusk, late evening, darkness), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302)
dûr
dark
dûr (sombre), lenited dhûr, pl. duir
dûr
dark
(sombre), lenited dhûr, pl. duir
echad
shape
(verb) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)
echad
shape
(i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)
edhel
elf
edhel (pl. edhil). Coll. pl. Edhelrim (or Edhellim) (UT:318). Also †eledh, pl. elidh, coll. pl. eledhrim (Letters:281), also elen, pl. elin, also with coll. pl. eledhrim (elen + rim with the regular change nr > dhr). _(WJ:363, 377-78; _the shorter coll. pl. Eldrim > Elrim_ _may also occur). But since elin also means "stars", other terms for "Elf" may be preferred.
edinor
anniversary day
(pl. edinoer). Archaic edinaur. In ”Noldorin”, the word appeared as edinar.
eneth
name
(noun) eneth (pl. enith)
eneth
name
(pl. enith)
ennor
place name. central land, middle-earth
eru
the one
isolated from
ess
noun. name
esta
name
(verb.) esta- (call) (i esta, in estar)
esta
name
(call) (i esta, in estar)
faen
white
(radiant). No distinct pl. form.
fain
white
; no distinct pl. form.
falch
cleft
(ravine[?]), pl. felch
firen
human
(pl. firin);
forgam
right-handed
(pl. fergaim, for archaic förgeim)
fuin
gloom
(darkness, night, dead of night, nightshade). No distinct pl. form.
fuin
darkness
(gloom, night, dead of night, nightshade). No distinct pl. form.
fuin
night, nightshade, dead of night
(gloom, darkness). No distinct pl. form.
fuir
right hand
pl. fŷr. Also used as adj. "right, north" (VT42:20). In ”Noldorin” the word appeared as (”foeir” =) föir, feir (LR:382 s.v. PHOR).
gail
light
(bright), lenited ngail, no distinct pl. form (VT45:18)
galvorn
black metal
(i ’alvorn), pl. gelvyrn (i ngelvyrn = i ñelvyrn) if there is a pl. (WJ:322). 2) donn (swart, swarty, shady, shadowy) (lenited dhonn, pl. dynn). (VT45:11). Also dunn- in compounds.
gass
hole
(i ’ass, construct gas) (gap), pl. gais (i ngais = i ñais)
gaurhoth
werewolf
).
genediad
count
(noun) genediad (i **enediad) (reckoning), pl. genediaid (i ngenediaid** = i ñenediaid) if there is a pl.
genediad
count
(i ’enediad) (reckoning), pl. genediaid (i ngenediaid = i ñenediaid) if there is a pl.
gilgalad
starlight
(i ngilgalad = i ñilgalad, o n’gilgalad, pl. gilgelaid (in gilgelaid = i ñgilgelaid) if there is a plural form.
gilith
starlight
(also used = Quenya Ilmen, the region of stars) (i ngilith = i ñilith, o n’gilith) These mutations presupposed that the root is
girithron
december
Girithron (na **Irithron**)
glaur
golden light
(i ’laur), pl. gloer (in gloer).
glawar
sunlight
(i ’lawar) (gold, radiance of the Golden Tree Laurelin), pl. glewair (in glewair) if there is a pl. (VT41:10)
gloss
white as snow, dazzling white
(in compounds -los), lenited ’loss; pl. glyss.
glóren
shining with golden light
(glórin-) (golden), lenited ’lóren; pl. glórin
goe
terror
1) goe (i **oe) (great fear), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngoe = i ñoe), 2) gorgoroth (i ngorgoroth = i ñorgoroth, o n**gorgoroth) (deadly fear), pl. gergeryth (in gergeryth = i ñgergeryth). Archaic pl. *görgöryth. 3) gost (i ngost = i ñost, o n**gost) (dread), pl. gyst (in gyst** = i ñgyst).
goe
terror
(i ’oe) (great fear), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngoe = i ñoe)
gonod
count up
(i ’onod, i ngenedir = i ñenedir) (reckon, sum up), pa.t. gonont
gorgoroth
terror
(i ngorgoroth = i ñorgoroth, o n’gorgoroth) (deadly fear), pl. gergeryth (in gergeryth = i ñgergeryth). Archaic pl. ✱görgöryth.
gost
terror
(i ngost = i ñost, o n’gost) (dread), pl. gyst (in gyst = i ñgyst).
goth
enemy
1) goth (i ngoth = i ñoth, o n**goth = o ñgoth), pl. gyth (in gyth = i ñgyth), 2) #gûd (i ngûd = i ñûd, o n**gûd = o ñgûd, construct gud) (foe), pl. guid (in guid = i ñgŷd). Isolated from the name Thuringud, Hidden Foe. 3) (also used = ”enmity”) coth (i goth, o choth), pl. cyth (i chyth).
goth
enemy
(i ngoth = i ñoth, o n’goth = o ñgoth), pl. gyth (in gyth = i ñgyth)
graurim
dark people
(VT45:16);
graw
dark
graw (swart), lenited raw, pl. groe. (VT45:16)
graw
dark
(swart), lenited ’raw, pl. groe. (VT45:16)
graw
bear
(noun) 1) graw (i **raw), pl. groe (in groe), coll. pl. ?grawath or ?groath (VT47:12). 2) brôg (i vrôg, construct brog), pl. brŷg (i mrŷg**), 3) *medli (i vedli), no distinct pl. form except with article (i medli). The word literally means ”honey-eater”. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” megli.
graw
bear
(i ’raw), pl. groe (in groe), coll. pl. ?grawath or ?groath (VT47:12).
groga
feel terror
(i ’roga, in grogar) (WJ:415)
guldur
dark sorcery
(i nguldur = i ñuldur), pl. gyldyr (in gyldyr = i ñgyldyr)
gwaen
stained
(lenited ’waen; no distinct pl. form)
gwaeron
march
Gwaeron (na **Waeron**)
gwaith
host
(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith). –
gwass
stain
(i ’wass, construct gwas), pl. gwais (in gwais), also gwath (i ’wath), pl. gwaith (in gwaith)
gwatha
soil
(verb) gwatha- (i **watha, in gwathar**) (stain)
gwatha
soil
(i ’watha, in gwathar) (stain)
gwatha
stain
(verb) gwatha- (i **watha, in gwathar**) (soil)
gwatha
stain
(i ’watha, in gwathar) (soil)
gwathra
dim
(verb) gwathra- (i **wathra, in gwathrar**) (overshadow, veil, obscure)
gwathra
dim
(i ’wathra, in gwathrar) (overshadow, veil, obscure)
gwirith
april
Gwirith (na **Wirith**)
gwâth
shadow
(i ’wâth; construct gwath) (shade, dim light), pl. gwaith (in gwaith) (UT:261)
gwâth
dim light
(i ’wâth; construct gwath) (shadow, shade), pl. gwaith (in gwaith) (UT:261);
gûd
enemy
(i ngûd = i ñûd, o n’gûd = o ñgûd, construct gud) (foe), pl. guid (in guid = i ñgŷd). Isolated from the name Thuringud, Hidden Foe.
gûl
sorcery
1) gûl (i ngûl = i ñûl, o n**gûl = o ñgûl, construct gul) (magic, necromancy, evil knowledge), pl. guil (in guil** = i ñguil) (Silm:App, MR:250, WJ:383), 2)
gûl
sorcery
(i ngûl = i ñûl, o n’gûl = o ñgûl, construct gul) (magic, necromancy, evil knowledge), pl. guil (in guil = i ñguil) (Silm:App, MR:250, WJ:383)
hadron
warrior
(i chadron, o chadron), pl. hedryn (i chedryn), coll. pl. hadronnath.
hallas
noun. height
hethu
foggy
(obscure, vague), analogical pl. hethy; lenited chethu. Cited in archaic form hethw (LR:364 s.v. KHIS, KHITH).
hithui
foggy
1) hithui (misty), lenited chithui; no distinct pl. form. 2) *hethu (obscure, vague), analogical pl. hethy; lenited chethu. Cited in archaic form hethw (LR:364 s.v. KHIS, KHITH).
hithui
foggy
(misty), lenited chithui; no distinct pl. form.
hoth
horde
hoth (i choth, o choth) (crowd, host), pl. hyth (i chyth)
hoth
horde
(i choth, o choth) (crowd, host), pl. hyth (i chyth)
hoth
host
(i choth, o choth) (crowd, horde), pl. hyth (i chyth).
hûd
assembly
hûd (i chûd, o chûd, construct hud), pl. huid (i chuid)
hûd
assembly
(i chûd, o chûd, construct hud), pl. huid (i chuid)
hûn
heart
(i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin)
ind
heart
(inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath.
ivanneth
september
Ivanneth
lav
lick
(i lâf, i levir)
lav
lick
lav- (i **lâf, i levir**)
limp
adjective. wet
limp
wet
(no distinct pl. form).
loeg
pool
loeg (no distinct pl. form: loeg is also atttested with plural meaning) (VT45:29). 4) nên (water, lake, stream, waterland), construct nen, pl. nîn.
loeg
pool
(no distinct pl. form: loeg is also atttested with plural meaning) (VT45:29). 4) nên (water, lake, stream, waterland), construct nen, pl. nîn.
loen
soaking wet
(swamped), no distinct pl. form.
lîn
pool
lîn (lake), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. #**liniath (isolated from Hithliniath**, WJ:194). 3)
lîn
pool
(lake), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. #*liniath*** (isolated from Hithliniath**, WJ:194). 3)
mae
adjective. soft, pliant
maeas
noun. dough
mael
noun. lust
mael
stain
(i vael), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mael). Also as adj.
maelui
lustful
maelui (lenited maelui; no distinct pl. form)
maelui
adjective. lustful
maelui
lustful
(lenited maelui; no distinct pl. form)
maer
good
(lenited vaer, no distinct pl. form) (fit, useful). For ”good” as an adjective describing human qualities, the word fael ”fair-minded, just, generous” may be considered.
maethor
warrior
1) maethor (i vaethor), analogical pl. maethyr (i maethyr), 2) (”thrower” or ”hurler”, i.e. of spears or darts) hadron (i chadron, o chadron), pl. hedryn (i chedryn), coll. pl. hadronnath. 3) (primarily Orkish warrior) daug (i naug, o ndaug) (soldier), pl. doeg (i ndoeg), coll. pl. dogath. Compounded as -dog in the name Boldog (= baul-daug, *”torment-warrior”)
maethor
warrior
(i vaethor), analogical pl. maethyr (i maethyr)
mav-
verb. to like
maw
noun. sheep
medli
bear
(i vedli), no distinct pl. form except with article (i medli). The word literally means ”honey-eater”. – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” megli.
medlin
bearish, of bears
(adjective derived from medli ”bear”), lenited vedlin, no distinct pl. form. – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” meglin.
medlivorn
noun. blackbear
mesc
wet
1) mesc (lenited vesc, pl. misc). Also spelt mesg. 2) limp (no distinct pl. form). 3)
mesc
wet
(lenited vesc, pl. misc). Also spelt mesg.
mithril
true-silver
(i vithril), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mithril); coll. pl. mithrillath if there are any plural forms.
muda
labour
(verb.) muda- (i vuda, i mudar) (toil), pa.t. mudas
muda
labour
(i vuda, i mudar) (toil), pa.t. mudas
muil
shadow
(i vuil) (twilight, dreariness, vagueness), no distinct pl. except with article (i muil)
mund
bull
mund (i vund, construct mun), pl. mynd (i mynd), coll. pl. munnath
mund
bull
(i vund, construct mun), pl. mynd (i mynd), coll. pl. munnath
mâb
hand
(i vâb; construct mab), pl. maib (i maib).
mên
way
(i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (road), pl. mîn (i mîn)
mîdh
dew
(i vîdh, construct midh), no distinct form in pl. except with article (i mîdh)
môr
dark
(black), lenited vôr, pl. m**ŷr* (Letters:382)*, also
mûl
slave
mûl (i vûl, construct mul) (thrall), pl. muil (i muil)
mûl
slave
(i vûl, construct mul) (thrall), pl. muil (i muil)
nand
wide grassland
(construct nan) (valley), pl. naind, coll. pl. **nannath **(VT45:36);
narbeleth
october
Narbeleth
nedia
count
(verb) nedia- (reckon, number) (i nedia, in nediar). Cited in archaic form ”noedia” = nödia- (LR:378 s.v. NOT);
nedia
count
(reckon, number) (i nedia, in nediar). Cited in archaic form ”noedia” = nödia- (LR:378 s.v. NOT);
nend
watery
1) nend (pl. nind), 2) nîn (wet); no distinct pl. form. Note: nîn is also used as a noun ”tear” and as the pl. form of nên ”water”; there is also the possessive pronoun nín ”my”. 3) nínui (tearful); no distinct pl. form
nend
adjective. watery
nend
watery
(pl. nind)
nest
heart
(core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû- apparently meaning ”heart”..
nimp
white
(nim-) (pale); no distinct pl. form.
nínui
watery
(tearful); no distinct pl. form
nîd
wet
nîd (damp, tearful); no distinct pl. form. 4) nîn (watery); no distinct pl. form. Note: nîn is also used as a noun ”tear”; there is also the possessive pronoun nín ”my”.
nîd
wet
(damp, tearful); no distinct pl. form. 4) nîn (watery); no distinct pl. form. Note: nîn is also used as a noun ”tear”; there is also the possessive pronoun nín ”my”.
nîn
watery
(wet); no distinct pl. form. Note: nîn is also used as a noun ”tear” and as the pl. form of nên ”water”; there is also the possessive pronoun nín ”my”.
nórui
sunny
nórui (fiery). No distinct pl. form.
nórui
sunny
(fiery). No distinct pl. form.
parth
enclosed grassland
(i barth, o pharth) (field, sward), pl. perth (i pherth);
pen
cardinal. one
(indefinite pronoun) (= somebody, anybody) pen (WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lords Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean *”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of *ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.
pen
one
(WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lord’s Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean ✱”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of ✱ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.
pen
somebody
pen (one, anybody) (WJ:376); lenited ben
pen
somebody
(one, anybody) (WJ:376); lenited ben
pâd
way
(construct pad), i bâd, pl. paid (i phaid). Isolated from Tharbad ”Crossroad”.
pêl
enclosure
pêl (i bêl, construct pel) (fence, fenced field, garth), pl. peli (i pheli), the latter forms reflecting the stem pele- (root __, LR:380).
pêl
enclosure
(i bêl, construct pel) (fence, fenced field, garth), pl. peli (i pheli), the latter forms reflecting the stem pele- (root PEL(ES), LR:380).
rafn
horn
(wing, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn)
rasg
noun. horn
rest
cleft
(ravine, cut), pl. rist (idh rist)
rhavan
wild man
(?i thravan or ?i ravan – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhevain (?idh revain) (WJ:219). – The following terms apparently apply to ”men” of any speaking race:
ritha
twitch
(verb) ritha- (jerk, snatch) (i ritha, idh rithar)
ritha
twitch
(jerk, snatch) (i ritha, idh rithar)
rom
horn
(trumpet), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath. (Cf. also romloth ”horn-flower”, tobacco.)
rû
sound of horns
pl. rui (idh rui), also romru, pl. remry (idh remry) for archaic römry
silith
silver light
silith (i hilith, o silith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i silith), if there is a pl. form. The word silif is of similar meaning and would have the same mutations.
silivren
glittering white
(lenited hilivren; pl. *silivrin**). *Verb
solch
root
(i holch, o solch), pl. sylch (i sylch)
teilien
sport
teilien (i deilien) (play), pl. teilin (i theilin). The word also occurs with e rather than ei (telien).
teilien
sport
(i deilien) (play), pl. teilin (i theilin). The word also occurs with e rather than ei (telien).
tess
fine pierced hole
(i dess, construct tes), pl. tiss (i thiss). Archaic ters *(VT46:18)*****
tevren
adjective. hateful
thalion
dauntless man
(hero), pl. thelyn. Also used as an adj. ”dauntless, steadfast, strong”.
thalos Speculative
noun. torrent
thanc
cleft
(adj.) thanc (forked, split), pl. thainc
thanc
cleft
(forked, split), pl. thainc
thar
athwart
(adverbial prefix) thar- (across, over, beyond)
thar
athwart
(across, over, beyond)
thond
root
1) thond (construct thon; pl. thynd; coll. pl. thonnath), 2) thonnas, pl. thennais (archaic *thönnais) (VT46:16), 3) thund (construct thun; pl. thynd; coll. pl. thunnath) (VT46:16), 4) (esp. of edible roots) solch (i holch, o solch), pl. sylch (i sylch)
thond
root
(construct thon; pl. thynd; coll. pl. thonnath)
thonnas
root
pl. thennais (archaic ✱thönnais) (VT46:16)
thorod
torrent
pl. theryd (archaic thöryd).
thund
root
(construct thun; pl. thynd; coll. pl. thunnath) (VT46:16)
tilias
line of peaks
tilias (i dilias, o thilias), pl. tiliais (i thiliais), coll. pl. tiliassath.
till
sharp-pointed peak
(i** dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (tine, point, sharp horn), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thill). Archaic †tild.
till
sharp horn
(i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (tine, point, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild.
tinúviel
nightingale
(”daughter of twilight”, a poetic kenning) (i** dinúviel, o thinúviel), pl. ?tinúvil (i** thinúvil), coll. pl. tinúviellath** **(MR:373, WJ:62)
tobla-
verb. to hide
tol
come
tol- (i dôl, i thelir). The present tense tôl is attested (WJ:254). MAKE COME, see FETCH
tol
come
(i dôl, i thelir). The present tense tôl is attested (WJ:254).
toltha
fetch
(make come) toltha- (i doltha, i tholthar)
toltha
fetch
(i doltha, i tholthar)
torech
hole
torech (i dorech, o thorech) (lair, excavation), pl. terich (i therich) for archaic törich.
torech
hole
(i dorech, o thorech) (lair, excavation), pl. terich (i therich) for archaic törich.
tê
way
(i dê, o thê) (line), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath.
êr
one
whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone)
úan
úlug
(pl. úain), 3) urug (bogey, orc), pl. yryg
úmarth
evil fate
(pl. úmerth)
úrui
hot
1) úrui (no distinct pl. form), 2) born (red), lenited vorn, pl. byrn.
úrui
hot
(no distinct pl. form)
A Sindarin term for the dark-elves or Avari, a combination of the element √MOR “black” with (G)avar (PE17/139).