Ae

day

Ae (Quenya?) noun "day" (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK - ae was written over ar [# 2] in the names of the Valinorean week, but ar was not struck out.)

ala

day

[ala (7) noun "day", also alan "daytime". The forms allen, alanen listed after these words could be inflected forms of them, genitive "of daytime", constracted (allen = al'nen) and uncontracted. However, Tolkien struck out all of this (VT45:13).]

ar

day

ar (2) noun "day" (PE17:148), apparently short for árë, occurring in the names of the Valinorean week listed below. Tolkien indicated that ar in these names could also be arë when the following element begins in a consonant (VT45:27). Usually the word for "day" in LotR-style Quenya is rather aurë (or ré), q.v.

ré

day

ré noun "day" (of the sun), a full 24-hour cycle (Appendix D) composed of aurë (day, daylight) and lómë "night" (VT49:45). Short -rë in compounds like Ringarë (q.v.). Allative rénna (VT49:45).

árë

day

árë noun "day" (PM:127) or "sunlight" (SA:arien). Stem ári- _(PE17:126, where the word is further defined as "warmth, especially of the sun, sunlight"). Also name of tengwa #31; cf. also ar # 2. Originally pronounced ázë; when /z/ merged with /r/, the letter became superfluous and was given the new value ss, hence it was re-named essë (Appendix E)_. Also árë nuquerna *"árë reversed", name of tengwa #32, similar to normal árë but turned upside down (Appendix E). See also ilyázëa, ilyárëa under ilya. In the Etymologies, this word has a short initial vowel: arë pl. ari (AR1)

ilaurëa

daily

ilaurëa adj. "daily", "of every day" (il- "every" + aurë "day" + -a adjectival ending) (VT43:18).

arië

daytime

arië noun "daytime" (AR1)

ambarónë

noun. dawn, dawn; [ᴹQ.] uprising, sunrise, Orient

Element in

• Q. Ambaróna “Eastern (Land)” ✧ PE17/082

Elements

Word	Gloss
amba	“up(wards)”
(h)róna	“eastern, east”

Variations

• ambaróne ✧ PE17/082; RC/385

arya

twelve hours, day

arya (3) noun "twelve hours, day" (AR1; compare aurë). In deleted notes this word was also used as an adjective: "of the day, light" (VT45:6). Still according to VT45:6, arya is also the name of Tengwa #26 in the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, but Tolkien would later call #26 arda instead (indeed arya was changed from arda in the source; Tolkien would later change his mind back again). The abandoned name arya suggests that the letter was to have the value ry (rather than rd as in the classical system outlined in LotR Appendix E). Since the word for "day" (daylight period) is given as aurë in later sources, and arya is assigned other meanings in late material (see #1, 2 above), the conceptual validity of arya "day" is questionable.%

ára

dawn

ára noun "dawn" (AR1). According to VT45:6, ára is also the name of the long vowel carrier of the Tengwar system; it would be the first letter of the word ára if spelt in Tengwar.

aurë

sunlight, day

aurë noun "sunlight, day" (SA:ur), "day (of light), a day of special meaning or festival" (VT49:45). locative auressë "in (the) morning" in Markirya, allative aurenna *"on the day" (VT49:43-45). Also compare amaurëa.

sana

day (24 hours)

sana (2) noun "day (24 hours)" (LT1:250; the later word ré is to be preferred to this early "Qenya" form)

amaurëa

dawn, early day

†amaurëa noun "dawn, early day" (Markirya)

illi

all

illi noun "all" (as independent noun, apparently treated as a plural form). Imb' illi "among all" (VT47:30)

illi

noun. all

Element in

• Q. A ancalima imb’ illi “A is brightest of all” ✧ PE17/091

ilya

all

ilya adj. and noun "all" (LR:47, 56; SD:310), "all, the whole" (IL); "each, every, all of a particular group of things" (VT39:20); ilyë before a plural noun, "all" being inflected like an adjective (Nam, RGEO:67): ilyë tier "all paths" (Namárië, VT39:20), ilyë mahalmar "all thrones" (CO), ilya raxellor "from all dangers" (VT44:9; we might expect *ilyë raxellor here), ilyárëa (older ilyázëa) "daily, of every day" (evidently ilya "every" + árë, ázë "day" + -a adjectival ending) (VT43:18). Tolkien apparently abandoned ilyárëa in favour of ilaurëa, q.v.

ilyë

adjective. all

Anar

sun

Anar noun "Sun" (ANÁR, NAR1, SA:nár; UT:22 cf. 51); anar "a sun" (Markirya); Anarinya "my Sun" (FS). See also ceuranar, Úr-anar. (According to VT45:6, Tolkien in the Etymologies mentioned anar "sun" as the name of the short vowel carrier of the Tengwar writing system; it would be the first letter if anar is written in Quenya mode Tengwar.) Compounded in the masc. name Anárion "Sun-son" (Isildur's brother, also the Númenorean king Tar-Anárion, UT:210); also in Anardil "Sun-friend" (Appendix A), a name also occurring in the form Anardilya with a suffix of endearment (UT:174, 418). Anarya noun second day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the Sun (Appendix D). Anarríma name of a constellation: *"Sun-border"??? (Silm; cf. ríma)

anar

noun. Sun

The most common Quenya name for the Sun derived from primitive ✶Anār, an augmented form of the root √NAR “fire” (Let/425; PE17/38; Ety/ANÁR; SD/302, 306).

Conceptual Development: This term appeared in Silmarillion drafts of the 1930s with the gloss “Heart of Flame” (LR/240) and as ᴹQ. Anar “sun” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, already with the derivation given above (Ety/ANÁR, NAR¹).

Cognates

• S. Anor “Sun” ✧ PE17/038; SA/nár

Derivations

• √NAR “fire, fire, [ᴹ√] flame” ✧ Let/425; PE17/038
• ✶Anār “Sun” ✧ SA/nár
  • √NAR “fire, fire, [ᴹ√] flame”

Element in

• Q. Amanar “Yule”
• Q. Anarcalin “*Sun-Bright” ✧ PE21/86
• Q. Anar caluva tielyanna “The sun shall shine upon your path” ✧ UT/022
• Q. Anardil “*Lover of the Sun” ✧ PE17/152
• Q. Anárion “*Son of the Sun” ✧ SA/nár
• Q. anar púrëa tihta “a bleared sun blinking” ✧ MC/222; MC/222
• Q. Anarríma “*Sun Border”
• Q. Anarya “Sunday, (lit.) Sun-day”
• Q. ceuranar “new sun after solstice”
• Q. coranar “(solar) year, (lit.) sun-round”
• ᴺQ. táranar “noon, (lit.) high-sun”
• ᴺQ. oranar “noon, (lit.) above Sun”
• ᴺQ. sardanar “corundum, (lit.) hard sun”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√NAR > Anar	[anār] > [anar]	✧ Let/425
√(A)NAR > anā̆r	[anār] > [anar]	✧ PE17/038
✶(a)nar > Anar	[anār] > [anar]	✧ SA/nár

Variations

• anar ✧ MC/222; PE17/152
• anā̆r ✧ PE17/038

cala

light

cala ("k")noun "light" (KAL). Concerning the "Qenya" verb cala-, see #cal- above.

cala

noun. light, light; [ᴱQ.] daytime (sunlight), 12 hours

This is the most common Quenya word for “light”, derived from the root √KAL of similar meaning (RGEO/62; PE17/84). It appears in numerous compounds, either in its full form or in a reduced form cal-.

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. kala appeared all the way back in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “daytime (sunlight), 12 hours” and derived from the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44), but it had the sense “light” in the phrase ᴱQ. i·kal’antúlien “Light hath returned” (LT1/184), and it was given as the cognate of G. gala “light, daylight” in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/37).

ᴹQ. kala “light” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√KAL “shine” (Ety/KAL). Somewhat curiously in that document its primitive form was given as ᴹ✶k’lā́ (EtyAC/KAL), a form that also appeared in the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ1) from the 1930s (PE18/38). Tolkien may have used this variant form to explain N. glaw “radiance” (< ᴹ✶g’lā́), but in later writings S. glaw “sunshine” was derived from √LAW.

Derivations

• √KAL “light; shine, be bright, light; shine, be bright, [ᴱ√] shine golden” ✧ PE17/084

Element in

• Q. Anducal “*Light of the West”
• Q. Calacirya “Pass of Light” ✧ RGEO/62
• Q. calambar “*light-fated”
• Q. Calantar “Light-giver”
• Q. Calaquendi “Elves of the Light, (lit.) Light Elves”
• ᴺQ. calatengwë “photograph, (lit.) light-writing”
• Q. Calion “*Son of Light”
• Q. Caliondo
• Q. Calmacil “*Sword of Light, Shining Sword”
• Q. Calmindon “Light-tower”
• Q. Herucalmo
• ᴺQ. ruical(a) “firelight”
• Q. ú calo “without the light” ✧ PE17/143; VT39/14

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√CAL > Cala	[kala]	✧ PE17/084

Variations

• Cala ✧ PE17/084; RGEO/62

árë

noun. sunlight, warmth (especially of the sun); day

A word for “sunlight” and “warmth (especially of the sun)” as well as the older name of tengwa #31 (k), which was originally used for the sound [z] matching the archaic pronunciation of this name: †áze (LotR/1123). When this sound fell out of use in Quenya (becoming r) the tengwa was repurposed for [ss] and given a new name: Q. essë. The word árë was derived from the root √AS “warmth” (PE17/18, 148; VT43/18).

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s, ᴹQ. are has the sense “day” as a derivative of the root ᴹ√AR of the same meaning (Ety/AR¹), and it appears with this gloss in some later writings as well (PE17/148, PM/127). By the time Tolkien was writing The Lord of the Rings appendices, though, he had changed the sense of this word to “sunlight” as described above. The sense “day” was transferred to the words aurë and ré.

Cognates

• S. ast “light or heat of the sun” ✧ PE17/018

Derivations

• ✶áse “sunlight” ✧ PE17/018
  • √AS “warmth” ✧ PE17/018
• √AS “warmth” ✧ PE17/148; PE17/148; SA/arien; VT43/18

Element in

• Q. árë nuquerna “árë-reversed” ✧ LotR/1123
• Q. Arien “Maiden of the Sun” ✧ PE17/148
• ᴺQ. árinqua “sunny, (lit.) sunlight-full”
• Q. ilyarëa “*daily”
• Q. siar(ë) “*today, this day”
• Q. hyárë “*today, this day”
• Q. sinar “today, today, [ᴹQ.] this morning”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
Q. áze > áre	[āze] > [āre]	✧ LotR/1123
✶áse > áze > áre	[āse] > [āze] > [āre]	✧ PE17/018
√AS > āze > āre	[āse] > [āze] > [āre]	✧ PE17/148
√AS > ar	[ase] > [aze] > [are] > [ar]	✧ PE17/148
√as- > árë	[āse] > [āze] > [āre]	✧ SA/arien
√AS > áze > áre	[āse] > [āze] > [āre]	✧ VT43/18

Variations

• áre ✧ LotR/1123; PE17/018; PE17/126; VT43/18
• áze ✧ LotR/1123 (áze)
• āre ✧ PE17/126; PE17/148
• ar ✧ PE17/148
• arë ✧ PM/127

cálë

light

cálë ("k")noun "light" (Markirya; in early "Qenya", cálë meant "morning", LT1:254)

cálë

noun. light

A noun for “light” appearing in the versions of the Markirya poem from the 1960s (MC/222-223).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. kále “morning” was a derivative of the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44), and kāle was mentioned again Gnomish Lexicon Slips as a cognate of G. gaul “a light” (PE13/114). The form ᴱQ. kale “day” appeared in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, but was deleted (PE14/43). It might also be an element in ᴹQ. yúkale “twilight” (= “both lights”) from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KAL).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d stick to the better attested Q. cala “light”.

Element in

• Q. cálë fifírula “the light fading” ✧ MC/222

Variations

• kále ✧ MC/222; MC/223

mordo

shadow, obscurity, stain

mordo (1) noun "shadow, obscurity, stain" (MOR)

resta

noun. sown field

sown field, tilled ground, acre

resta

sown field, acre

resta noun "sown field, acre" (VT46:11 cf. RED-). The word parma-restalyanna, probably meaning *"(up)on your book-fair", seems to use #resta in the sense of "fair" (as held in a field?) Carl F. Hostetter however suggests that #resta "fair" may be related to ré "day" (VT49:39-40); if so this word is wholly distinct from resta "sown field".

Narsil

sun

Narsil (Þ) noun the sword of Elendil, compound of the stems seen in Anar "Sun" and Isil "Moon"; see Letters:425 for etymology

calina

light

calina ("k")adj. "light" (KAL), "bright" (VT42:32) "(literally illumined) sunny, light" (PE17:153) but apparently a noun "light" in coacalina, q.v.

Calaventë

sun

Calaventë _("k")_noun "Sun" (LT1:254)

Calavénë

sun

Calavénë _("k")_noun "Sun" (lit. "light-vessel", "light-dish") (LT1:254)

lú

time, occasion

lú noun "a time, occasion" (LU)

lúmë

time

lúmë (1) noun "time" (LU, PE17:168) or "hour", locative lúmessë (VT43:34), pl. locative lúmissen "at the times" (VT49:47), allative lúmenna "upon the hour", elided lúmenn' in the greeting elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo "a star shines upon the hour of our meeting", because the next word begins with a similar vowel. The complete form lúmenna omentielvo is found in WJ:367 and Letters:425 (footnote). Cf. also the compounds lumenyárë and lúmequenta, q.v.; see also #sillumë.

úr(in)

proper name. Sun

A late remnant of earlier names for the Sun: ᴱQ. Ûr and ᴹQ. Úrin. In Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s, this name was changed from Úrin >> Naira >> Vása (MR/198), but the form Úr(in) occasionally appeared in some later writings (PE17/148, MR/377). This name was a derivative of the root √UR “heat, be hot” (PE17/148).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this name was ᴱQ. Ûr, Ur or Úri “Sun”, but literally meaning “Fire” (LT1/187, QL/98). The name became ᴹQ. Úrin in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/240). It was rejected in The Etymologies along with the root form ᴹ√UR, but reappeared sometimes in later writing as noted above.

Changes

• Úrin → Naira ✧ MR/198

Derivations

• √UR “heat, be hot” ✧ PE17/148

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√UR > Úrin	[ūrin]	✧ PE17/148

Variations

• Úrin ✧ MR/198 (Úrin); MRI/Úr; PE17/148
• Úr ✧ MR/377; MRI/Úr

úri

sun

úri noun "sun" (MC:214, 221; this is "Qenya"); genitive úrio "sun's" (MC:216)

ilaurui

adjective. daily

dae

noun. shadow

dae

noun. shadow, shadow (cast by an object or form), [N.] shade

Element in

• S. Daeron ✧ SA/dae
• S. Dor Daedeloth “Land of Great Dread; Land of Shadow of Horror” ✧ SA/dae

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

pân

adjective. all, all, *complete, entire, full, the whole

@@@ extended meaning suggested on Discord 2022-03-11

Cognates

• ᴺQ. qua(na) “all, complete, entire, full, the whole”

Derivations

• √KWA “complete, full, whole, all, every, complete, full, whole, all, every; [ᴹ√] something”

Element in

• S. ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain “and he desires to greet there all his friends” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129

Anor

noun. sun

Anor

noun. Sun

_n. Astron._Sun. Q. anār/anăr. >> Ithil

anor

noun. Sun

The most common Sindarin name for the Sun derived from primitive ✶Anār, an augmented form of the root √NAR “fire” (PE17/38; Ety/ANÁR; SD/302-303, 306). The o is the result of ancient ā becoming au and then this au becoming o in polysyllables.

Conceptual Development: The term Anor was first mentioned in conjunction with early tales of Númenor (LR/41). It briefly appeared as N. {ánar >>} Anar “sun” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the entry for ᴹ√NAR (Ety/NAR¹; EtyAC/NAR¹), but as Anor under ᴹ√ANÁR (Ety/ANÁR). In The Notion Club Papers of the 1940s it was Anor, archaic †Anaur (SD/302-303, 306) and it retained this form thereafter.

Cognates

• Q. Anar “Sun” ✧ PE17/038; SA/nár
• ᴹQ. Anar “Sun” ✧ SDI2/Anar

Derivations

• √NAR “fire, fire, [ᴹ√] flame” ✧ PE17/038
• ✶Anār “Sun” ✧ SA/nár
  • √NAR “fire, fire, [ᴹ√] flame”

Element in

• ᴺS. anóren “sunny”
• S. Anórien “Sunlending, *(lit.) Sun-lands” ✧ SA/nár
• ᴺS. coranor “solar year, (lit.) sun-round”
• S. elanor “pimpernel, small golden star-shaped flower, (lit.) sun-star” ✧ PE17/055
• S. Minas Anor “Tower of the (Setting) Sun” ✧ SA/nár
• S. Oranor “*(lit.) Sun-day, Sunday”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√(A)NAR > anor	[anār] > [anǭr] > [anaur] > [anor]	✧ PE17/038

Variations

• anor ✧ PE17/030; PE17/038; PE17/055

penninor

noun. last day of the year

calad

gerund noun. light

calad

noun. light

_ n. _light, fire, brightness, shining. >> galad

calan

noun. day, period of actual daylight

Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second.

galad

noun. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water)

galad

light

_ n. _light, fire, brightness, shining. >> calad, Caras Galadon

pân

adjective. all, in totality

As no other word beginning in ph- is attested, it is assumed that a nasal mutation is triggered by the pronoun în.1 , hence the form observed in the "King's Letter"

oranor

noun. second day of the week, day of the Sun

rîdh

noun. sown field

sown field, tilled ground

rîdh

noun. sown field, sown field, [N.] acre

A noun for a “sown field” in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) derived from primitive ✶reddā (PE19/91). The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. rîð “‘sown’, sown field, acre” also from primitive ᴹ✶reddā under the root ᴹ√RED “scatter, sow” (Ety/RED; EtyAC/RED). The form N. rîð did not appear in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road (LR/383), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne noted its existence in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT46/11).

Conceptual Development: There were several other “field” words in Tolkien’s earlier writings. G. garw “sown-field” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, also functioning as an adjective meaning “tilled” (GL/38). ᴱN. gwas “field” appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/146).

Cognates

• Q. resta “sown field, tilled ground, acre; *fair” ✧ PE19/092

Derivations

• ✶reddā “sown field, acre” ✧ PE19/091; PE19/092
  • √RED “scatter, sow” ✧ PE19/091; PE19/092

Element in

• ᴺS. rídhas “the country, countryside, farmland”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶reddā > rezdā > rîdh	[reddā] > [rezdā] > [rezda] > [rēda] > [rēða] > [rīða] > [rīð]	✧ PE19/091

Variations

• ríð ✧ PE19/092 (ríð)

minuial

noun. "morrowdim", the time near dawn, when the star fade

morchant

noun. shadow (of objects, cast by light), dark shape

oraearon

noun. seventh day of the Númenórean week, Sea-day

orbelain

noun. sixth day of the week, day of the Powers or Valar

orgaladh

noun. fourth day of the Númenórean week, day of the White Tree

This day was formerly called orgaladhad in the Elvish calendar

ormenel

noun. fifth day of the week, Heavens' day

orgaladhad

noun. fourth day of the Elvish week, day of the Two Trees

This day was renamed orgaladh in the Númenórean calendar

orithil

noun. third day of the week, day of the Moon

orgilion

noun. first day of the week, day of the Stars

lû

noun. a time, occasion

guruthos

noun. the shadow of death, death-horror

lim

light

(clear, sparkling), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fish”.

lû

time

_(a time) _1) lû (occasion), pl. lui, coll. pl. lúath.

lû

time

(occasion), pl. lui, coll. pl. lúath.

aur

day

aur (morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

aur

day

(morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

ilaurui

daily

(adj.) ilaurui (no distinct pl. form)

ilaurui

daily

(no distinct pl. form)

órui

noun. daily

dae

shadow

(i dhae) (shade), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nae).

calan

daytime

(i galan, o chalan), pl. celain (i chelain)

calan

daytime

calan (i galan, o chalan), pl. celain (i chelain) (or, white as snow) gloss (in compounds -los), lenited loss; pl. glyss

daew

shadow

(i dhaew), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndaew) (VT45:8).

minuial

dawn

minuial (i vinuial) (morrowdim, twilight), pl. minuiail (i minuiail)

minuial

dawn

(i vinuial) (morrowdim, twilight), pl. minuiail (i minuiail)

dúath

dark shadow

(i dhúath) (nightshade), pl. dúaith (i núaith). Compare the Ephel Dúath or ”Mountains of Shadow” forming th outer fence of Mordor, perhaps suggesting that Dúath is also the word used of Sauron as ”the Shadow”.

pân

all

(adj.) *pân, pl. pain (only attested in mutated pl. form phain, SD:128-31). Not to be confused with the noun pân ”plank”.

pân

all

pl. pain (only attested in mutated pl. form phain, SD:128-31). Not to be confused with the noun pân ”plank”.

edinor

anniversary day

(pl. edinoer). Archaic edinaur. In ”Noldorin”, the word appeared as edinar.

Anor

sun

1) Anor (pl. Anoer if there is a pl.) Archaic Anaur (SD:306). 2) naur (mainly in compounds as nar-, -nor) (flame, fire), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath.

anor

sun

(pl. Anoer if there is a pl.) Archaic Anaur (SD:306).

gail

light

(adjective) 1) gail (bright), lenited ngail, no distinct pl. form (VT45:18), 2) lim (clear, sparkling), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fish”.

gail

light

(bright), lenited ngail, no distinct pl. form (VT45:18)

naur

sun

(mainly in compounds as nar-, -nor) (flame, fire), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath.

anann

for a long time

.

calad

light

_(noun) _1) calad (i galad, o chalad), pl. celaid (i chelaid), 2) gaul (i **aul), pl. goel (i ngoel = i ñoel), coll. pl. golath. Note: A homophone means "wolf-howl", but has different mutations. 3) (bright light) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (sunlight, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 4) gâl (gal-, -al in compounds, with article i **âl), pl. gail (i ngail = i ñail).

calad

light

(i galad, o chalad), pl. celaid (i chelaid), 2) gaul (i ’aul), pl. goel (i ngoel = i ñoel), coll. pl. golath. Note: A homophone means "wolf-howl", but has different mutations. 3) (bright light) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (sunlight, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 4) gâl (gal-, -al in compounds, with article i ’âl), pl. gail (i ngail = i ñail).

galad

sunlight

1) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (bright light, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 2) glawar (i **lawar) (gold; radiance of the Golden Tree Laurelin), pl. glewair (in glewair**) (VT41:10)

galad

sunlight

(i ngalad = i ñalad), (bright light, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid).

glaur

golden light

(i ’laur), pl. gloer (in gloer).

glawar

sunlight

(i ’lawar) (gold, radiance of the Golden Tree Laurelin), pl. glewair (in glewair) if there is a pl. (VT41:10)

glawar

sunlight

glawar (i **lawar) (gold, radiance of the Golden Tree Laurelin), pl. glewair (in glewair**) if there is a pl. (VT41:10)

gwâth

shadow

(i ’wâth; construct gwath) (shade, dim light), pl. gwaith (in gwaith) (UT:261)

morchant

shadow

1) morchant (i vorchant), pl. morchaint (i morchaint). The literal meaning is ”dark shape”, referring to shadows with a recognizable form. 2) dae (i dhae) (shade), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nae). 3) daew (i dhaew), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndaew) (VT45:8). 4) gwâth (i **wâth; construct gwath) (shade, dim light), pl. gwaith (in gwaith) (UT:261) 5) muil (i vuil) (twilight, dreariness, vagueness), no distinct pl. except with article (i muil**),

morchant

shadow

(i vorchant), pl. morchaint (i morchaint). The literal meaning is ”dark shape”, referring to shadows with a recognizable form.

muil

shadow

(i vuil) (twilight, dreariness, vagueness), no distinct pl. except with article (i muil)

rîdh

sown field

rîdh (acre); no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (idh rîdh)

rîdh

sown field

rîdh (acre); no distinct pl. form except possinly with article (idh rîdh) (VT46:11)

lû

noun. time, occasion

Derivations

• ᴹ√LU “*time”

Element in

• ᴺS. allu “never”
• ᴺS. erlu “once, one time”
• ᴺS. luig “minute, moment”
• ᴺS. mallú “when, (orig.) what time”

glóren

shining with golden light

(glórin-) (golden), lenited ’lóren; pl. glórin

cala

noun. light

resta

noun. sown field

sown field, tilled ground

katha

adjective. all

A word translated “all” in the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/288, VT24/12). This word appeared in the form kâtha in the final typescript version of the Lament (SD/247), but in all other instances appeared as katha. If the final typescript is later than the final manuscript, kâtha may be its final form, but I believe that the manuscript was later, and katha better matches its appearance as an element in kathuphazgân “conqueror” (SD/429). This last example is interesting in that it is an example of an adjective declined into the objective case.

Element in

• Ad. îdô katha batîna lôkhî “now all ways (are) bent” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. īdō kathī batānī rōkhī-nam “lo! now all ways bent-are” ✧ SD/312
• Ad. kathuphazgân “conqueror” ✧ SD/429

nâlu

noun. shadow

A noun attested only in the compound agannâlô “death-shadow [is]” (SD/247, VT24/12). The first element of the compound, agan “death”, as identified elsewhere (SD/426), so the remaining element must mean “shadow”. The compound is the subject of the sentence agannâlô burôda nênud “death-shadow [is] heavy on us” and is therefore in the subjective case. According the grammatical rules of Lowdham’s Report, the only possibly normal form producing this subjective is nâlu: compare nîlu “moon” to its subjective form nîlô (SD/431).

Conceptual Development: In early writings, the compound was (non-subjective) agannūlo, so that the apparent draft form of this noun was nūlo. A similar form nūlu appears on SD/306, described only as “a word with the evil sense of ‘night’ or ‘dark’”. It could be a separate word or another variation of this word, with the development nūlo >> nūlu >> nālu. Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne suggested (AAD/21) that the earlier forms may be related to ᴹQ. nulla “dark, dusky, obscure”.

Element in

• Ad. agannâlô burôda nênud “[the] death-shadow [is] heavy on us” ✧ SD/247; SD/247
• Ad. agannūlo burudan nēnum “death-shade heavy-is on-us” ✧ SD/312

Variations

• nūlu ✧ SD/306
• nūlo ✧ SD/312

ugru

noun. shadow

A noun translated “shadow” (SD/247), also described as “a word with the evil sense of ‘night’ or ‘dark’” (SD/306). It appears in the preprositional phrase ugru-dalad “under shadow” (SD/247) and in the draft-dative form ugrus “‽horror‽shadow” (SD/311).

Element in

• Ad. Êruhînim dubdam ugru-dalad “[the Children of Eru] fell under shadow” ✧ SD/247; SD/247
• Ad. ēruhīn udūbanim dalad ugrus “‽ fell under ‽horror‽shadow” ✧ SD/311
• Ad. ugrudâ- “to overshadow”

ûri

noun. sun

A noun translated “sun” (SD/306, 428). This word appears in the forms ûrê, ûri and ûrî, but Tolkien declared that the form with long î is actually the personified form Ûrî “Lady of the Sun” (SD/426), perhaps the Adûnaic name of Q. Arien. The form ûrê only appears once (SD/426), so ûri is probably to be preferred as the ordinary word for Sun, especially since it is a neuter noun, which ordinarily cannot end in a long -ê (SD/427). Tolkien lists the “later forms Uir, Ŷr” (SD/306), one of which may be the Westron word for “sun”, most likely Wes. uir. As suggested by several authors (AAD/24, EotAL/UR), ûri is probably derived from the Elvish root ᴹ√UR.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Anar “Sun” ✧ SD/306

Derivations

• √UR “heat, be hot”

Derivatives

• Wes. uir “sun” ✧ SD/306

Element in

• Ad. Ûrî “(Lady of the) Sun” ✧ SD/426
• Ad. Ûrinîluwat “Sun and Moon” ✧ SD/428
• Ad. ûriyat nîlô “sun and moon” ✧ SD/428

Variations

• Ūri ✧ SD/306
• ūrē ✧ SD/426
• ūri ✧ SD/428

day

root. *great

The root √DAY appeared in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 beside √NDAY “dreadful, abominable, detestable”, possibly having that same meaning (PE17/151). In this note Tolkien said that in Quenya √DAY was not used, and that the strengthened form √NDAY was in Quenya blended with √NAY “cause bitter pain, grief”.

I suspect that the “dreadful” meaning applied only to the strengthened form √NDAY, since the unstrengthened form √DAY is the most likely basis for the adjective ✶daira > S. daer “great, large” (VT42/11), as seen in names such as S. Athrad Dhaer “Great Ford” (WJ/338) and S. Lond Daer “Great Haven” (UT/263). In the sense “great”, √DAY may have been a restoration of the rejected root ᴹ√DAƷ “great” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/DAƷ).

Whether √DAY meant “great” or “dreadful”, it seems to have replaced another root from The Etymologies of the 1930s: ᴹ√DAY “shadow” (Ety/DAY). The Noldorin word N. dae “shadow” was an element in the 1930s names Daedhelos “Shadow of Fear” and Dor-Daideloth “Land of the Shadow of Dread” (LR/405). But in the aforementioned 1959 note, Tolkien derived S. daedelos from √NDAY and translated it as “horrible fear” (PE17/151), consistent with the Sindarin name for Mirkwood: Taur e-Ndaedelos “Forest of the Great Fear” (LotR/1134). Likewise in later versions of the Silmarillion, S. Dor Daedeloth was translated “Land of Great Dread” (WJ/183) with no mention of “shadow”. Thus it seems ᴹ√DAY “shadow” was abandoned.

Derivatives

• ✶daira “large, great” ✧ VT42/11
  • S. daer “great, large” ✧ VT42/11
• ᴺQ. lai “very”
• ᴺS. dae “very”

Element in

• √NDAY “dreadful, abominable, detestable” ✧ PE17/151

il

root. all

A root meaning “all” in Tolkien’s writings from the 1930s through 1960s (VT48/25) with derivatives in both Quenya and Sindarin, the most notable being Q. Ilúvatar “All-father” (MR/39). Its earliest precursor is the root ᴱ√ILU “ether, the slender airs among the stars” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, whose derivatives include various sky-words as well as ᴱQ. Ilúvatar, since in this early period the name meant “Heavenly Father” (QL/42). The meaning of the root shifted to ᴹ√IL “all” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/IL), and it retained this sense thereafter.

Derivatives

• ✶ilū “all, everything, the whole”
  • Q. ilu “everything, all, the whole, everything, all, the whole; [ᴹQ.] universe, world; [ᴱQ.] ether” ✧ VT39/20
  • ᴺS. ilu “universe, the whole, cosmos”
• Q. il- “every, *all”
• Q. ilya “every, each, all (of a particular group of things), every, each, all (of a particular group of things), [ᴹQ.] the whole”
• S. il “*all”

Element in

• Q. Ilion
• Q. Ilwen
• ᴺS. illad “everything”

anār

noun. Sun

Derivations

• √NAR “fire, fire, [ᴹ√] flame”

Derivatives

• Q. Anar “Sun” ✧ SA/nár
• S. Anor “Sun” ✧ SA/nár

Variations

• (a)nar ✧ SA/nár

wath

noun. shadow

Derivations

• √WATH “*shade, [ᴹ√] shade”

Derivatives

• S. gwath “shadow, dim light, shadow, dim light, [N.] shade” ✧ PE17/041

áse

noun. sunlight

Derivations

• √AS “warmth” ✧ PE17/018

Derivatives

• Q. árë “sunlight, warmth (especially of the sun); day” ✧ PE17/018

kalat

noun. light

Derivatives

• Os. k’lā́t- ✧ PE18/087

Variations

• kalā́t- ✧ PE18/087

ar-

prefix. day

Cognates

• ᴹQ. are “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Derivations

• ᴹ✶ari “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • ᴹ√AR “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Element in

• N. Ar Fennuir “Day of the Fanturi, fourth day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Neleduir “Day of the three kings, fifth day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Nethwelein “Day of the younger Gods, fifth day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Uiar “Day of Ulmo, second day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Vanwe “Day of Manwe, first day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/AR¹
• N. Ar Vedhwen “Day of the Spouses, third day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Velegol “Day of Aule, alternate name of the third day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Ifan “*Day of Yavanna”
• N. edinar “anniversary day”
• N. Aroeren “Sea-day”
• N. Aranor “*Sun-day”
• N. Arvelain “*Day of the Valar”
• N. Argalad “Tree Day”
• N. Argaladath “*Day of the Trees”
• N. Argilion “*Star-day”
• N. Arithil “*Moon-day”
• N. Arvenel “*Heavens-day”
• N. penninar “full year (last day of year)”
• N. Ardórin “?Day of Kings”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶ari- > ar-	[ari] > [are] > [ar]	✧ Ety/AR¹

Variations

• ar- ✧ Ety/AR¹

dae

noun. shadow

daew

noun. shadow

aur

noun. day, morning

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ára “dawn, day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Derivations

• ᴹ√AR “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AR¹ > aur	[āra] > [ǭra] > [oura] > [aura] > [aur]	✧ Ety/AR¹

arad

noun. daytime, a day

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

Anor

noun. sun

anor

noun. Sun

Changes

• ánar → Anar ✧ Ety/NAR¹

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Anar “Sun” ✧ Ety/ANÁR; Ety/NAR¹; LR/041; LRI/Anar; SD/306; SDI2/Anar

Derivations

• ᴹ✶Anār “Sun” ✧ Ety/ANÁR; SD/302; SD/306
  • ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire” ✧ Ety/ANÁR
• ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire” ✧ Ety/NAR¹

Element in

• N. Anórien
• N. elanor “sun-star”
• N. Minas Anor “Tower of the Sun”
• N. Aranor “*Sun-day”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶anār- > Anor	[anārǝ] > [anār] > [anǭr] > [anour] > [anaur] > [anor]	✧ Ety/ANÁR
ᴹ✶Anār > Anaur > Anor	[anār] > [anǭr] > [anour] > [anaur] > [anor]	✧ SD/302
ᴹ✶Anār > Anaur > Anor	[anār] > [anǭr] > [anour] > [anaur] > [anor]	✧ SD/306

Variations

• Anar ✧ Ety/NAR¹
• ánar ✧ EtyAC/NAR¹ (ánar)
• Anaur ✧ SDI2/Anar (Anaur)

gail

noun. bright light

gal-

prefix. light

penninar

noun. last day of the year

anaur

noun. Sun

calad

gerund noun. light

calad

noun. light

Derivations

• ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL

Element in

• N. Cilgalad “Pass of Light” ✧ Ety/KIL
• N. Gil-galad “Starlight”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KAL > calad	[kalata] > [kalat] > [kalad]	✧ Ety/KAL

galad

noun. light

Derivations

• ᴹ√GAL “shine” ✧ Ety/GAL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√GAL > galad	[galata] > [galat] > [galad]	✧ Ety/GAL

glaur

noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)

glawar

noun. sunlight, radiance (of the golden tree Laurelin)

lhû

noun. time, occasion

Cognates

• ᴹQ. lú “time, occasion, time, occasion; [ᴱQ.] 24 hours, day” ✧ Ety/LU

Derivations

• ᴹ√LU “*time” ✧ Ety/LU

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LU > lhû	[lū] > [l̥ū]	✧ Ety/LU

lhû

noun. a time, occasion

glor-

noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)