a

preposition. of

aisc

noun/adjective. sharp, bitter; sharp edge of a blade

adhin

adverb. once (up a time), long ago, formerly

adhwen

noun. approach, avenue

The noun G. adhwen “approach, avenue” appeared the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s near another word G. {anda >>} anna “door” (GL/17, 19). Remnants of this word can also be seen in a torn page of the Gnomish Lexicon Slips, where all that remains is [...]en with the gloss “approach”, with its primitive form ᴱ✶adu̯en- also given (PE13/108). There is no root ᴱ√AD in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon, but this word might be an early manifestation of ᴹ√AD “gate, enter” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/AD).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would adapt this word was ᴺS. anwen “approach, avenue”, derived from a combination of √AN “towards” and √MEN “way”, where [[s|[nm] became [nw]]].

anothrin

adjective. adult (of men), fullgrown; manly

A word appearing as G. anothrin “adult (of men), fullgrown; manly” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of G. anoth “manhood†; man (fullgrown)” (GL/19).

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this word into Neo-Sindarin as ᴺS. anwathren “manly, masculine” as adjectival form of ᴺS. anwas “manhood”, both based on later N. anw “male (person or animal)” (Ety/ƷAN).

arwad

noun. apple tree

A word for “apple tree” in Gnomish Lexicon Slips of the 1910s derived from ᴱ✶orbat-, appearing below and possibly replacing G. urf of the same meaning (PE13/116).

aivrin

place name. Aivrin

aldor

masculine name. Aldor

abod

adverb. again; in return, in exchange; back

aisir

feminine name. Aisir

a nech(a)

alas, o, woe

ar

conjunction. and, too, besides

ar

preposition. at; to, towards

arthi

adverb. also, as well, besides, too

arwalin

place name. Arwalin

auros

masculine name. Auros

airin

feminine name. Airin

afros

place name. Afros

aros

place name. Aros

auredhir

masculine name. Auredhir

adr

preposition/adverb. across, athwart

avlon

masculine name. Avlon

agla

noun. flash

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s given as G. agla “flash” (GL/42); Tolkien made a point that it was not connected to G. augla “ray of sunlight, sunbeam” (GL/20), and thus it was likely derived from the early root ᴱ√KALA (QL/44). In the Gnomish Lexicon Slips it was revised from {aglan or agl >>} aglen “a flash” (PE13/108). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s this became {aglen >>} ᴱN. aglann “ray of light” (PE13/136, 158).

Neo-Sindarin: I think this word can be adapted to Neo-Sindarin as ᴺS. agol “flash”, where the -ol is the usual result of a syllabified final l: ✱agl(a) > agḷ > agol. I would adapt the pre-revision Gnomish form because I think the Early Noldorin form is better as ᴺS. aglan “ray of light”, and agol also happens to compatible with early 1950s ✶ak’la- “shine out, flash” (PE18/87).

alewthion

adjective. having fingers

The word G. alepthog “fingered, having fingers” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of G. leptha “finger” (GL/18). In Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document, it became G. alewthion “having fingers” (PE13/109).

ammos

noun. byrne, hauberk, cuirass

Early iterations of the Elvish languages had a number of different words for “chest” and “breast”. The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. am “breast, front (chest)” (GL/19), a word that reappeared in Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document along with a longer variant amoth, but with only a single gloss “breast” (PE13/109). The lexicon (but not the slips) had a longer word G. {ambos >>} ammos “byrne, hauberk, cuirass”, an element in the word G. ammogrint or crinthammos “red-breast = robin” (GL/19, 27). Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱN. amb, am “breast” along with longer amuith “breast”, as well as ᴱN. am(b)os “breastplate”, but all these forms were rejected.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would retain ᴺS. ammos but with the sense “breast, chest” rather than “breastplate”, to serve as the cognate of ᴺQ. ambos (ambor-) “chest”; the Sindarin variant must have been derived from a primitive form with a double-s: amboss-. It might be an ancient combination of √AM “up” and ᴹ√OS “around”, perhaps with the original sense “upper enclosure (of the body)”.

an

noun. person, -body, one, anyone, someone, they; creature

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s for “person”, also used pronominally as “one, anyone, someone, they” and as a suffix meaning “-body” (GL/19). It is probably derived from the same (undefined) root that is the basis for ᴱQ. anu “a male” and ᴱQ. anai “woman” (QL/31).

anoth

noun. †manhood; man (fullgrown), warrior

A noun appearing as G. anoth in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s originally meaning “manhood” as an elaboration of G. an “person”, but later coming to mean ”man (fullgrown), warrior” (GL/19).

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this word into Neo-Sindarin as ᴺS. anwas with the sense “manhood”, based on later N. anw “male (person or animal)” (Ety/ƷAN).

asc

noun. water

A noun glossed “water” appearing in the Official Name List for the Lost Tales of the 1910s, probably based on the early root ᴱ√ASAKA which was used for words meaning “waterfall” (PE13/101).

augla

noun. ray of sunlight, sunbeam

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “ray of sunlight, sunbeam” (GL/20), likely a derivative of the early root ᴱ√AWA “burn; be parched, yellow, warm” (QL/33).

auth

noun. sunshine, warmth; noontide

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “sunshine, warmth; noontide” (GL/20), likely a derivative of the early root ᴱ√AWA “burn; be parched, yellow, warm” (QL/33). It also appeared as unglossed {ôth >>} auth in the Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying this document (PE13/111).

amrod

adjective. wandering, living in wilds

An adjective in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “wandering, living in the wilds” based on G. amra- “go up and down = wander” (GL/19).

amrog-dorn

noun. brown wanderer, gipsy

A word glossed “brown wanderer, gipsy” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of G. amrog “wanderer” and the mutated form of G. torn “swart, dark-brown”, with a plural form amruith-torni (GL/19). It is not clear how plural amruith relates to singular amrog, but it might contain a variant form of G. gwaith “people” (GL/44): amr + gw(a)ith > amrwith > amruith.

anos

noun. man (fullgrown), warrior

A word for “man (fullgrown), warrior” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a masculinized form of G. an “person” (GL/19).

ail

noun. lake, pool

ailion

noun. lake, pool

ainil

noun. (female) god

ainos

noun. (male) god

alfa

noun. swan

alm

noun. back (from shoulder to shoulder), shoulders

am

adverb. up, upwards, towards head of, above

amabwed

adjective. having hands

amra-

verb. to go up and down; live in the mountains; roam, wander

angorodin

place name. Iron Mountains

ar-

prefix. beside, along with, compared with

arog

adjective. swift, rushing, torrential

ausir

masculine name. Wealth (Personified)

avos

noun. wealth, fortune, prosperity; luck

abont

adverb. back; backwards

ador

noun. father

aidra-

verb. to expiate

ailwing

feminine name. Lake Foam

air(in)

adjective. holy, sacred

aist

noun. reverence, awe

aith(i)or

noun. warrior, swordsman

aithra

adjective. piercing, sharp; thorny

aithron

noun. warrior, †swordsman

alepthog

adjective. fingered, having fingers

altha

noun. shoot, sprig, scion, sapling

am

noun. breast, front (chest)

am(b)ros(t)

noun. dawn

amlad

noun. surface

ammogrint

adjective. red-breast[ed]

amrint

noun. lark

angtham

place name. Halls of Iron

annai

adverb. far away

argulthion

adjective. equal, equivalent

armin

noun. desert, waste

artha-

verb. to approach

aul

adverb. ill, badly

amon

adverb. uphill, against stream

amon gwareth

place name. Hill of Watch

aurfaiglim

proper name. the Sun at noon

aina

adjective. small

aistog

adjective. holy, revered, awful

aitheb

adjective. sharp, piercing

aithrog

noun. warrior

aithweg

noun. warrior

alfuil(in)

noun. swan

anthor(in)

adjective. lofty (of mountains)

archos

noun. savagery, evil temper

ada

noun. daddy

adi

noun. daddy

adrum

noun. hammer

aglen

noun. flash

agrectharol

adjective. despicable, contemptible

aidros

noun. expiation

ainog

noun. *(male) god

ainuil

noun. *(female) god

alaf

noun. broad of the back

alf

noun. swan

amoth

noun. breast

amrost

noun. dawn

anthos

adverb. up, above

anthum

preposition. upwards, cg. onto

athru

adjective. secondly, once more, again

avas

noun. wealth; luck

alos

noun. forest

A noun for “forest” the Gnomish Lexicon with an archaic variant †aloth, apparently an elaboration of G. âl “wood” (GL/19). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s it appeared as ᴱN. aulos “forest”, but this word was deleted (PE13/137).

aur(a)

noun. Sun

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as Aur “Sun” (GL/20), probably a cognate of ᴱQ. Ûr from the root ᴱ√URU as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Ûr; QL/098). It appeared as aura in G. nalos·aura “sunset” and G. orosaura “sunrise” (GL/59, 62). The word G. aur “sun” was also mentioned in Gnomish Lexicon Slips with corrections for that document (PE13/114), but by The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. aur meant “day”, whereas N. Anor became the name of the Sun (Ety/ANÁR, AR¹).

aibin

noun. cherry (tree)

A word appearing as G. aibin “cherry tree” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s along with a variant aibios, both cognates to ᴱQ. aipio of similar meaning (GL/18). Its initial element was from the early root ᴱ√AYA having to do with reverence (QL/34), and its final elements were variants of the berry words G. pibin and G. piog (GL/64). In Gnomish Lexicon Slips the word became {ebin >>} eibin “cherry” (PE13/113), with the vowel change due to the newly introduced i-affection.

Neo-Sindarin: I would update this word to ᴺS. aebin which is more compatible with the phonetic developments of Sindarin in the 1950s and 60s, where ai become ae. I would use it for both a “cherry” and a “cherry tree”.

aidha

noun. nest

The word G. aidha “a nest” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s derived from primitive ᴱ✶ai-idh (GL/17). Immediately above it, G. aivor was glossed “nest” but this gloss was crossed out (see that entry for discussion). Elsewhere in the Gnomish Lexicon, Tolkien gave G. end “birds nest” from primitive ᴱ✶aı̯·ind, but this entry was deleted (GL/32).

Neo-Sindarin: I’d adapt this word as ᴺS. aedh “nest” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, related to S. aew “bird”, since the primitive diphthong ai becoming the ae in Sindarin. Its primitive form might be ✱ai̯[w]dē.

aithos

noun. thorn bush

A noun appearing as G. aithos “thorn-bush” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of G. aith “thorn” and G. tath “hedge”, derived from primitive ᴱ✶eχt·taþ· (GL/18). This word also appeared in Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document (PE13/108).

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this word as ᴺS. eithos “thorn bush” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, since the diphthong ai was ei in non-final syllables in Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s. I would re-etymologize this word as a combination of the later words [N.] êg “thorn” (< √EK) and [N.] toss “bush”, where primitive ekt- became eith-.

aivor

noun. rookery, colony of birds

The words G. aivor and aivin appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with the glosses “rookery, colony of birds” (GL/17). The gloss of aivor was initially “nest”, and the form aivin was originally aivar, but Tolkien edited the entry to remove the gloss “nest” and change {aivar >>} aivin.

Neo-Sindarin: I’d adapt this word as ᴺS. aemar “rookery, colony of birds”, related to S. aew “bird” with the second element being S. bâr (mb-) “home”.

amosgarn

noun. robin

The word G. amosgarn “robin” appeared in Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (PE13/110), a combination of G. ammos “breast(plate)” and G. carn(in) “scarlet” and equivalent to ᴱQ. karneambar “robin, (lit.) red-breast” (QL/48).

Conceptual Development: Several similar forms appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon proper: G. {ambogrintha, amrintha >>} ammogrint “red breast” (GL/19) and G. {crinthambos >>} crinthammos “red breast, robin” (GL/27), but these words used G. crintha “rosy, pink” rather than G. carn(in) “scarlet”.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would adapt this word as ᴺS. amosgarn “robin, (lit.) red-breast” as a combination of ᴺS. ammos “breast” and a modified form of S. caran “red”.

arin(g)

noun. kiln

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s for “kiln” with forms arin or aring (GL/20), probably cognates of ᴱQ. arin “hearth” under the early root ᴱ√ARA “be dry” (QL/32).

arthaid-

verb. to join

A verb for “to join” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s formed with the prefixal form of G. artha- “approach” (GL/20). Its second element might be G. gada- “join, connect, unite” (GL/36).

auglas

noun. bright sunshine

A noun for “bright sunshine” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with variants auglas and [augl]os, an elaboration of G. augla “ray of sunlight, sunbeam” (GL/20).

archod

noun. difficulty

A noun form of G. arc “awkward, difficult” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/20).

a(n)

preposition. of

adros

noun. crossing, ford

ain

noun. god

aithl

noun. spring

alwen

noun. tree

amon

noun. hill, mount, steep slope

ang

noun. iron

angainos

masculine name. Iron-god

angband

place name. Hells of Iron

angol

place name. Ironcliffs

angrin

adjective. of iron, iron

aura-nûmin

proper name. Sunset

a(d)

preposition. into

a-

prefix. ?

a-

pronoun. it, they; 3rd-person pronoun

abair

noun. victory

ach

adverb. too, *excessively

aglar

noun. glory

agra

adjective. extreme, vehement, excessive

agrech

noun. contempt

agrectha-

verb. to despise, contemn

ai

interjection. oh!

aigli

noun. bird

ais

noun. knowledge, wisdom

aista-

verb. to revere

aith

noun. thorn

aith

noun. sword

aithog

adjective. thorny

alan

noun. shoulder

alw(eg)

adjective. lofty (of living things, trees, men)

amil

noun. mother

anna

noun. door, opening

annor(in)

adjective. lofty

antha

adjective. upper

antha-

verb. to give

asg

noun. bone; stone of fruit

auba

noun. shout

aura

masculine name. Smith

adron

adverb. further, beyond, over; on other side

aglar(i)ol

adjective. glorious

agros

adverb. excessively, too; excess

aithla-

verb. to spring (from), issue forth, bubble up

alm(oth)

noun. forest

atha

pronoun. they, 3rd pl. pronoun

athla

adverb. twice

aluin

masculine name. Time

aglath

noun. glory

agraith

noun. contempt

agrecthion

adjective. despised

aibios

noun. cherry (tree)

aitha-

verb. to prick, sting

aithi

noun. sword

aithr

noun. thorn, †sword

aithwen

noun. sword

aithyl

noun. spring

aivin

noun. rookery, colony of birds

altha-

verb. to shoot up, grow (high)

amaith

noun. mother

ann

noun. door

annuir

adjective. lofty

archuis

noun. evil temper

arn

noun. son

asc

noun. bone; stone of fruit

ath

pronoun. they, 3rd pl. pronoun

athron

adjective. second, other

athwi

adjective. both

auglos

noun. bright sunshine

aulin

adjective. wrong

avin

preposition. into

awl

adjective. *lofty

awsirol

adjective. fortune

a·laithra nin

I forget it, *(lit.) it slips for me

blectha

noun. a flame

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “a flame” derived from the early root ᴱ√(M)BELEKE (GL/22). Tolkien marked this word as “Q”, but the editors pointed out this is almost certainly a slip for “G”.

bess mora

a good wife

barthi

adverb. at home, home

An adverb appearing as barthi, barai in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s and glossed “at home, home”, with a simpler variant G. bar that was likely its basis (GL/21).

bringlast

noun. alabaster

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s for “alabaster”, a combination of G. brin(in) “a glassy substance” and G. glast “marble” (GL/24).

cariod(wen)

noun. activity

A noun for “activity” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√KARA “do, make” (GL/25).

cwanchri

noun. ailment

A word for “ailment” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a noun form of G. cwanc “sickly” (GL/28).

duivrant

noun. aqueduct

A noun appearing as G. duivrant “aqueduct” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of G. duif “stream” and G. rantha “bridge” (GL/31).

Neo-Sindarin: This word can be salvaged as ᴺS. duiniant by switching the initial element to S. duin “river” and the final element to S. iant “bridge”.

bal

noun. anguish, pain; evilness

bandra

adverb. away, gone, departed, lost

bóra

adverb. always, ever, continuously

barai

adverb. at home, home

drauthiol

adjective. arduous, labourious

cwivra-

verb. to awaken (intr.)

A verb appearing as G. cwivra- “awaken (intr.)” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root ᴱ√QIV (GL/29).

Neo-Sindarin: I would update this verb as ᴺS. echuia- “to awaken, wake up (intr.)” as suggested by Fiona Jallings, a verb form of echui “awakening”.

fas-

verb. to wash

A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “wash”, marked with a “✱” indicating it also served as a primitive root ✱ᴱ√FASA (GL/34).

fasc

adjective. clean

An adjective in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “clean”, related to the verb G. fas- “wash” (GL/34).

glair

noun. meadow

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “meadow” (GL/34). It also had an archaic variant form †lair, but Tolkien rejected this (GL/52). It was probably derived from the early root ᴱ√LAẎA “be alive, flourish” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Tári-Laisi; QL/52).

cang

noun/adjective. tangled, confused, mixed up, awry; tangle, confusion, mêllay

A word appearing as G. cang in the Gnomish Lexicon, functioning as both an adjective “tangled, confused, mixed up, awry, wrong” and a noun “tangle, confusion, mêllay” (GL/25). It is likely based on the early root ᴱ√KANGA or ᴱ√KAŊA “weave, twine” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/45, 98).

Neo-Sindarin: I would retain the word ᴺS. cang for purposes of Neo-Sindarin based on a Neo-Root ᴺ√KANGA “✱tangle”.

cantha

noun. flame

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “flame” (GL/25), probably based on the early root ᴱ√KṆŘṆ [KṆÐṆ] “shine” (QL/47).

drab-

verb. to labour, work; (impersonal) to irk, annoy

A verb appearing as G. drab- meaning “labour, toil” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/30), with the sense “to irk, annoy” when used impersonally.

Neo-Sindarin: I retain ᴺS. drab- for (unpleasant) work for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, since it does not conflict with any later words or roots. [N.] muda- “labour, toil, ✱work” can be used for work without the unpleasant connotation.

fidhra

noun. collective hair

A noun appearing as G. fidhra “collective hair” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/35) clearly derived from the early root ᴱ√FIŘI [FIÐI] (QL/38). It may refer to “✱all hair on the body” given its elaboration G. fidhrad “hairy, hirsute”.

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this word as ᴺS. fidhras, generalized from the adjective ᴺS. fidhren “having hair”.

glast

noun. marble

A noun appearing as G. glast “marble” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/39), probably derived from ᴱ✶ʒalast- like its cognate ᴱQ. alas (alast-) “marble” in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/30).

Neo-Sindarin: I think this word may be salvageable in Neo-Sindarin as ᴺS. glast, reconceived as a derivative of ᴹ√GALAS “joy, be glad”, perhaps from ᴺ✶galast- originally with the sense “thing pleasant to touch”.

glastrin

adjective. marble

An adjective appearing as G. glastrin “marble” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of G. glast (GL/39).

Neo-Sindarin: If adapted to Neo-Sindarin, I think this word would become ᴺS. glathren: compare S. othrond from S. ost + S. rond.

lentha-

verb. to come towards speaker, approach, draw near

A verb appearing as G. lentha- “come towards speaker, approach, draw near” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/53), likely based on the early root ᴱ√LEHE “come, be sent, approach” (QL/52). A variant G. lenu- appeared above it, marked with a “?”; see that entry for discussion.

famfa-

verb. to maul

A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon given as {fampa- >>} famfa- “maul”, an elaboration of G. famp “feeling, stroking” (GL/33).

bladwen

noun. plain

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “a plain” (GL/23), probably derived from the root ᴱ√PALA “flatness” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Palúrien; QL/071).

bractha-

verb. to refresh; to revive, arouse, awaken

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “refresh; revive, arouse, awaken”, a verb form of G. brag “fresh” (GL/23).

daimoth

noun. heaven

dor athro

place name. Land Beyond

fang

noun. (long) beard

gail

noun. star

gal-

verb. to shine (golden, as the Sun)

gar ainion

place name. Place of the Gods

gar thurion

place name. Secret Place

gilfanon

masculine name. Gilfanon

gwalien

place name. Land of the Valar

gwalt

noun. good luck, any providential occurrence or thought

gwandra

adjective. beautiful

umbart

noun. fate

(n)ada

noun. daddy, father

barchol

adjective. terrible, awful

bardha

noun. realm

bart

noun. change

cara

noun. deed, act

carm

noun. deed, act, exploit

cranta-

verb. to finish, achieve, accomplish, complete

crinthammos

noun. robin, (lit.) red-breast

cwibra-

verb. to arouse (tr.)

cwiptha-

verb. to arouse (tr.)

dant

noun. lamp

elma-

verb. to marvel at, admire

engan

noun. spear

faroth

noun. boundary

fô(tha)

noun. hoard

gadron

noun. fellow, associate

gag

noun. jaw

ganthan

adjective. waxen, grown big, grown up, adult, [originally?] large

gartha-

verb. to admire, have affection or respect for

golma

noun. lore, wisdom, ancient lore

hai

interjection. go!, hence, begone, away

ictha-

verb. to egg on, excite, arouse, agitate

lantha-

verb. to fall onto, settle on, alight

nathon

noun. father

danuin

masculine name. Day

indrafang

proper name. longbeard

surfang

proper name. Long-beard

baron

adverb. from home, out, away, abroad

bartha-

verb. to change, exchange, alter

eltha-

verb. to alter, change

fiont(ha)

adjective. later

fanuin

masculine name. Year

barog

adverb. from home, out, away, abroad

falas

noun. beach

galwen

noun. brilliance

glamra-

verb. to abominate, loath, detest

glesta-

verb. to gather

gwanin

adjective. beautiful

gais

noun. steel

A word appearing as G. gais “steel” in the Gnomish Lexicon where it was cognate to {yakse >>} ᴱQ. yaisa “steel” (GL/37).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I use ᴺQ. axë (axi-) “steel” based on words from the 1920s and derived from ✱gaksē via the Neo-Root ᴺ√GAK. In the phonology of the 1930s, this would produce ᴺS. gaes “steel”; compare to N. taes “nail” < ᴹ✶taksē. Based on this, I use gaes for “steel” in my version of Neo-Sindarin.

There is evidence that the phonological developments in Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s were different, however, given S. ach “neck” < ✶aks (PE17/92). In this later phonology, the result would be ✱gach. Since I retain words like N. taes, I’m comfortable with words like gaes “steel” as dialectical variants. If you dislike this, you might instead use ᴺS. thornang “steel, (lit.) hard-iron” as a cognate to Q. tornanga “hard-iron”.

benna-

verb. to wed

A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “to wed” based on the early root ᴱ√Beđ (GL/22).

cwam

adjective. ill

A word glossed {“sick, unwell” >>} “ill” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/28). In an earlier but deleted version of the entry it was connected to adjective ᴱQ. qamba, and hence it was based on the early root ᴱ√QAMA (QL/76).

dolfa

noun. mole

A noun appearing as G. {doldos >>} dolfa and {doldrin >>} dolmeg in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√NDOLO “delve” (GL/30). The form G. doldrin “mole” appeared undeleted in the Gnomish Grammar and the Official Name List for the Lost Tales (GG/8; PE13/104).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin I would adapt these words as ᴺS. dolph, reconceived of as a derivative of the root ᴹ√NDOL “✱hill, head”, describing these creatures as hill-makers.

fag-

verb. to cut

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “cut”, marked with a “✱” indicating it was the basis of a set of related words (GL/33).

fanc

noun. cut

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “a cut”, a noun form of G. fag- “cut” (GL/33).

gach

noun. milch cow

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as {gacha “cow” >>} G. gach “a milch cow”, cognate to ᴱQ. yakse of the same meaning (GL/36), which was derived from the early root ᴱ√Ẏak “a head of cattle” (QL/105).

Neo-Sindarin: I would retain this word in Neo-Sindarin as ᴺS. gach “cow” (< ✱gyaksē) based on the Neo-Root ᴺ√GYAK, with the sound changes (a) gy- &gt; g- and (b) ks &gt; ch.

gersauth

noun. mine

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “mine” with variants gersauth and gersoth, a combination of G. groth “ore” and G. sauth “hole” (GL/38).

gogail

noun. mouth

A noun appearing as G. gogel “mouth” in The Gnomish Grammar (GG/8) and as {gogel >} gogíl or gogail “mouth” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/40). In the latter document, Tolkien said it was a combination of G. go- “together” and G. cail “lip”, from more archaic forms gwa-caíl, gwa-cil. An unrelated word G. mem “mouth” also appeared in Gnomish Lexicon (GL/57), perhaps related to G. beg “chin” which Tolkien connected to ᴱQ. pé “(closed) mouth” = “the two lips” (GL/57; QL/72).

Neo-Sindarin: I’ve used these Gnomish words as the inspiration for a neologism ᴺS. gobem “mouth”, based on the (neologism) ᴺS. pemp “lip”, where the reduction of -mp to -m finally is an irregular assimilation to the preceding voiced b: -mp > -mb > -m.

fuglathrod

noun. pipe

A noun appearing as G. fuglathrod in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “a pipe”, a combination of G. fuglas “tobacco” and G. rod “tube” (GL/36).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin I would update this word to ᴺS. galenathrod “(smoking) pipe” using the later word galenas for “tobacco”.

áugwila

adjective. sunny, sunlit

A word for “sunny, sunlit” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, apparently an adjectival form of G. augla “ray of sunlight, sunbeam” (GL/20). This function of the accent mark on the initial áu is not clear.

gatha

?. [unglossed]

@@@ form does not appear elsewhere and similar forms are not relevant

blaith

noun. spirit

blath

noun. floor

duruchalm

proper name. Yule

gainu

proper name. Tormentor

galdon

noun. tree

golda

noun. Gnome, wise one

pelectha-

verb. to hew

udathriol

adjective. countless

-(a)vlid

suffix. -less

ba

preposition. in

band

noun. hell

baur

noun. house

calph

noun. bucket

crictha-

verb. to bend

ectha

noun. sword

gam

noun. shout

gantha

adverb. more

garth

adjective. beloved

gaul

noun. burden

gontha

noun. boy

guira-

verb. to possess

harog

noun. wolf

halm na-dhuruthon

proper name. Yule

bada-

verb. to build

baldrin

adjective. mighty

baravlid

adjective. homeless

cwathil

noun. plume

fabli

noun. sense of touch

gaid

adverb. more

galaduir

proper name. Sun

gaul

noun. light

gawlas

noun. forest

goltha

noun. Gnome

gwarin

noun. circle of trees

hadron

preposition/adverb. opposite

harw

noun. wolf

ûna

noun. hope

bleg

noun. a flame

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “a flame” (GL/23), probably derived from the early root ᴱ√(M)BELEKE (GL/22).

gong

proper name. one of a tribe of the orcs, a goblin

bod

adverb. behind, back, of time ago, ‘a while back’

dwindi

noun. a swift (bird)

dîn

adverb. once (up a time), long ago, formerly

fo

noun. a clan

gilt

noun. a gleam

beleth(os)

noun. 144, a gross; a great number

benli

noun. a pretty

cuithos hû le mui

a cat and dog life

cuilog

adjective. alive, lively

A word appearing as G. cuilog “alive, lively” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of G. cuil “life” (GL/27). Tolkien specified that this word was “usually metaph[oric]”, so probably “lively” was a better translation than “alive”.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d update this word to ᴺS. cuileb “lively” using the later adjective suffix -eb, but for “alive” I’d use [N.] cuin.

cwim

adjective. awake, alert, alive

An adjective appearing as G. cwim “awake, alert, alive” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s from the early root ᴱ√QIV (GL/28).

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this word as ᴺS. cui(w) “awake, alert” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, inspired by the second element of S. echui(w) “awakening”, but for “alive” I’d use [N.] cuin.

cwimp

adjective. alert, vigilant

An adjective in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “alert, vigilant” based on the early root ᴱ√QIP (GL/28-29).

eithog

noun. ancestor, †father, sire

A word for “ancestor” in the Gnomish Lexicon Slips of the 1910s with variants eithog or eithweg, and an original meaning of “†father, sire” (PE13/113). Tolkien indicated the variant eithog was derived from ᴱ✶attū + ōka, where the first element clearly means “father” and the second element is probably some kind of ancient masculine or agental suffix because (a) that is consistent with G. -weg in the other variant and (b) G. -og was often an agental suffix in the Gnomish Lexicon. However, it is not at all clear how ᴱ✶attū became eith-.

cith

noun. affair, matter, thing

A word appearing as G. cith “affair, matter, thing” in the Gnomish Lexicon, an elaboration of G. cî “here” (GL/26), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√KI “this by me” (QL/46). Cith was originally glossed “hither”, but this gloss was deleted and elsewhere G. sith has glossed “hither” derived from a newer root ᴱ√SI(N) “this here by me” (GL/68).

Neo-Sindarin: Given the alteration of the root, I would adapt this early word as ᴺS. sith “affair, matter”, as opposed to [N.] nad “thing”. Compare also the later Quenya word tama “that matter” based on a different demonstrative.

cwileg

noun. alder

A word for “alder” [a type of birch tree] in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, apparently based on G. cwîl “quiet” (GL/28).

tuvrin

adjective. acceptable

An adjective appearing as G. tuvrin “acceptable” in the Gnomish Lexicon based on G. tû- “get, receive, take”, followed by -riol indicated a variant form [tuv]riol (GL/71).

cwivros

noun. awakening

-in

suffix. adjective ending

-og

suffix. adjectival suffix

-os

suffix. abstract noun

blith

noun. air, breeze, zephyr

born

noun. age, great period

bâ

adverb. away, off

cuib

adjective. alive

feng

noun. arrow, war arrow

gor-

prefix. all, altogether, quite

ob

preposition. after, close behind (time and place)

-eg

suffix. adjectival suffix

-ios

suffix. abstract noun

ereg

adjective. alone, only

erthi

adverb. also, as well, besides, too

gofedhrog

noun. ally

le

preposition. and

nuiri

noun. afternoon

tuvriol

adjective. acceptable

fuis

noun. hoard

There were various words for “hoard” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, all based on the early root ᴱ√foχo and related to ᴱQ. foa “hoard, treasure” (GL/36; QL/38). Of these, only G. fuis and G. fûn were retained, the latter with a variant fufuin. Tolkien had fû “hoard”, but this was revised to fuis. Tolkien also had {fûl >> fund >>} fûn, and {fûlin or fûlim >>} fûn. On another page he had G. fô or fôtha “a hoard”, but these were revised to G. fô “snow” and G. fôtha “it snows” respectively (GL/35). Before their change in meaning, these last two were connected to (rejected) G. fâ- “have, hold, possess” (GL/33).

fôs

noun. bath

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “a bath”, related to the verb G. fas- “wash” (GL/34).

fent

noun. snake

A word for “snake” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, along with a deleted variant fenlug (fenlog-) (GL/34), the latter probably a combination with G. lûg “snake”. It was clearly a cognate of ᴱQ. fent “serpent” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/38).

floss

noun. breaker

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “breaker”, a variant of G. thloss under the influence of G. flass “surf” (GL/35, 73).

glôs

noun. flower, best of anything; blooming time, acme, floruit

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s that archaically meant the same as G. lôs “flower”, but came to also have the meaning “best of anything” and from this the sense “blooming time, acme [the point at which something is best], floruit [the time in which a person flourished]” (GL/40).

dulwen

noun. feast

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “feast” based on a (hypothetical) early root ᴱ√DULU having to do with dining (GL/31).

glindwil

noun. swallow

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s for the bird “swallow” with variants glindwil and lindwil, a combination of G. glin “sound” and the suffixal form -wil of G. bil bird (GL/39, 54).

bâb

noun. father

A word for “father” in the Gnomish Lexicon Slips (PE13/111). In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s itself, G. babi or baba was “mummy, mamma” (GL/21, 57). As pointed out by Gilson, Welden, Hostetter and Wynne, there is a complementary change of {nân “father” >>} G. nân “mother” elsewhere in the Gnomish Lexicon Slips (PE13/115).

eithlos

noun. family

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon Slips of the 1910s glossed “family, etc.” of unclear derivation, though it may be related to G. eithog “ancestor, †father, sire” (PE13/113).

gedrin

adjective. sib, akin

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “sib, akin”, an adjectival form of G. ged which archaically meant “†kinsman” (GL/38).

gofedhin

adjective. united, allied, ‘friends’

An adjective glossed “united, allied” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of G. go- “together” and G. fedhin “ally, friend” (GL/34, 40). It was also glossed “friend” in quote, probably intended to indicate that gofedhin could be used adjectivally to mean “one who is a friend”

lendriol

adjective. coming, approaching

An adjective appearing as G. lendriol or lenthol “coming, approaching” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/53). The first is probably an elaboration of len “come, arrive”, and the second is probably a participle form of lentha- “come towards speaker, approach, draw near”.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would instead use the active participle ᴺS. tolol “coming, approaching”.

bod-

prefix. back, again; un- (= backwards)

crisc

adjective. sharp

curu

noun. magic

dor lómin

place name. Land of Shadow

finn

noun. lock of hair

fith

noun. single hair

gimri

noun. hearkening, attention

heb

preposition. round about, around

belon

noun. sail

blenc

adjective. brilliant

cross

noun. ball

elt

noun. change

enn

noun. name

fedhir

noun. law; (properly) bond, convention, agreement

feleg

adjective. equal

fing

adjective. narrow

funt

noun. elephant

fûn

noun. hoard

glest

noun. moot, gathering, concourse, assembly

gôr

adjective. each, all

ig

noun. excitement, fuss, ado

li

preposition. with; and

nîr

noun. woman

odrum

noun. hammer

elwing

feminine name. Lake Foam

cruith

noun. colour, complexion, appearance

driog

adjective. valiant

dân

noun. day

ecthor

noun. warrior, swordsman

ermin

noun. desert, waste

fenlug

noun. snake

fufuin

noun. hoard

fund

noun. hoard

gedfel

adjective. friendly, affable, amiable

gîrin

adjective. bygone, old, belonging to former days, olden, former, ancient

igin

adjective. excited, agitated

lenthol

adjective. coming, approaching

umrod

noun. fate

ômgulwen

noun. patience

cum-

verb. to lie (down)

A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “lie (down)” (GL/27), probably related to the early root ᴱ√KAMA of the same meaning (QL/44).

goloth

noun. forest

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “forest”, derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋgua-aloþ- (GL/41). This is likely a combination of ᴱ✶ŋu̯a “together” and some elaboration of the root ᴱ√ALA “spread”, the basis of “tree” words, so probably originally “✱together spread(ing)”. In The Gnomish Grammar it had the form gôloth (GG/8) and in Gnomish Lexicon Slips the form gawlas derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋgwa-alassa (PE13/114).

urc

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/75), likely related to ᴱQ. ulku “wolf” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon derived from the early root ᴱ√ULUKU (QL/97). In the Qenya Lexicon Tolkien gave the Gnomish form as ulug, but in the Gnomish Lexicon the gloss of G. ulug was changed {“wolf” >>} “dragon” (GL/74).

bil

noun. bird

A word for “bird” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing next to G. bilinc “sparrow”, but this word was deleted and the gloss for bilinc was expanded to “a small bird, especially sparrow” (GL/22-23). The form bil appeared in a couple other places in the Gnomish Lexicon (GL/23, 31), but seems to represent a “root” rather than a word. Tolkien indicated bil was derived from ᴱ✶du̯il (GL/31), but the exact mechanism whereby du̯- became b- isn’t clear, but a similar change is seen in 1920s ᴱ✶du̯ag- > ᴱT. baga- “beat” and ᴱ✶tu̯ak- > ᴱQ. pak- “apply, attach” (PE14/66).

cilobinc

noun. robin

A word for “robin” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with a variant cílobi, related to the verb G. ciloba- “chirp” (GL/26) and ᴱQ. kilapi “robin” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/46).

clochiol

adjective. stone

An adjective for “stone” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as an element in G. gôf·clochiol “stone-fruit” (GL/40), derived from G. cloch “a stone” (GL/26).

fegrin

adjective. free

An Gnomish adjective for “free” mentioned in passing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√FAẎA (QL/37). It did not appear in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon.

fileg

noun. fern

A noun appearing as G. fileg or filc “fern” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/35), cognate to ᴱQ. filqe “fern” under the early root ᴱ√FILI “fine, thin” (GL/35).

Neo-Sindarin: In Tolkien’s later writing, N. fileg was “small bird”, so I would adapt this Gnomish word as ᴺS. fileb “fern”, assuming a primitive form of ✱philikwe with kw becoming p (and then b) as usual for Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s. I would also assume that, like N. fileg “small bird”, the singular fileb “fern” was reconstructed based on the plural filib “ferns”.

fimli

noun. skill

A word appearing as {finweth >>} finwi, fimli “skill” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, apparently a noun form of G. fim “clever, right hand” (GL/35).

rum

noun. noise

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “noise” with variants rum and brum (GL/66), perhaps derived from a variant of the early root ᴱ√RAMA from which ᴱQ. ran (ram-) “noise” was derived (QL/78).

closs

noun. shingle

A word for “shingle” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, related to G. clog or cloch “a stone” and thus probably with the sense “mass of pebbles” (shingle bank) rather than “roof tile” (GL/26).

culwin

adjective. golden

A word appearing as culwin or culuin “golden” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of G. culu “gold” (GL/27).

gerd(h)olm

noun. mine

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “mine” with variants gerdolm and gerdholm, a combination of G. ger “ore” and G. dolm “pit” (GL/38).

thithrin

adjective. dusty

A word for “dusty” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, simply an adjectival form of G. thith “dust” (GL/73).

cli Reconstructed

adjective. ?attractive

celeb

noun. silver

culu

noun. gold

dâ

adjective. high

dólin

noun. song

er

adjective. one

findel

noun. tress

fingl

noun. tress

fui

noun. night

fûr

noun. lie

glôr

noun. gold

gorin

noun. circle of trees

lir-

verb. to sing

oros

noun. rising

beb

adverb. [unglossed]

bi

preposition. in

brid-

verb. [unglossed]

clidhron

noun. [unglossed]

climbol

noun. [unglossed]

crog

noun. hook

crui

noun. colour

crî

noun. knife

crôl

adjective. round

cub

adjective. hollow

cwist

noun. secret

dolc

adjective. deep

doldrin

noun. mole

dolm

noun. pit

dolmeg

noun. mole

don

pronoun. who

dungort

noun. (evil) idol

dôn

?. [unglossed]

dûl

adjective. hollow

eg

noun. point

end

noun. birds nest

erth

noun. wish

finc

noun. trick

fir

adjective. less

flig-

verb. to hew

fofrin

adjective. foolish

fôf

noun. fool

gort

noun. idol

grum

adjective. fierce

inc

adjective. little

neglis

noun. honey

ôn

noun. gift

ûthi

noun. outside

umboth-muilin

place name. Pools of Twilight

doros

noun. throne

egriol

adjective. excessive

goldrin

adjective. Gnome

bin

preposition. into

brum

noun. noise

cuilin

adjective. golden

culon

noun. *gold

cwelm

noun. dusk

cílobi

noun. robin

dumgort

noun. (evil) idol

eiben

noun. cherry

eilin

noun. pool

eirin

adjective. holy

engri[n]

adjective. of iron

felu-

verb. to seem

filc

noun. fern

finig

noun. trick

finnil

noun. tress

finwi

noun. skill

fî

noun. [unglossed]

gersoth

noun. mine

gogel

noun. mouth

gogìl

noun. mouth

gold

noun. Gnome

gond

noun. stone

gruim

adjective. fierce

gul

noun. Gnome

helfin(n)

noun. icicle

helfingl

noun. icicle

hodhir

noun. hope

turioth

noun. kingship

ulug

noun. wolf