sa

it

sa pron. "it", 3rd person sg, corresponding to the ending -s (VT49:30). Used of inanimate things or abstracts (VT49:37; plants are considered animate; see se). For sa as object, cf. the sentence ecë nin carë sa "I can do it" (VT49:34). Stressed sá (VT49:51). Ósa "with it" (VT43:36). Also compare the reflexive pronoun insa "itself", q.v. In one text, sa is also defined as "that" (VT49:18); apparently Tolkien also at one point considered giving sa a plural significance, so that it meant *"they, them" of inanimate things, the counterpart of "personal" té (VT49:51).

sa

it (inanimate); that

@@@ in Qenya living things as trees etc. are never regarded as neuter (PE14/44)

Note that most vegetable objects (esp. trees) are rarely classed as neuter or “inanimate” in Qenya - while all things may in nonce-use be personified (PE14/73)

sa

conjunction. that

sa

pronoun. it

sa

pronoun. them (inanimate)

sarafinwë

masculine name. Sarafinwë

The father-name of Turgon in some notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings, appearing alongside his “title” Turukondo from which (in those notes) his Sindarin name was derived (PE17/113). The second element of this name is clearly his grandfather’s name Finwë, but the meaning of the initial element is unclear.

Conceptual Development: Turgon’s father name in later writings was given as Turucáno (PM/345).

salmar

masculine name. Salmar

A Maia who served Ulmo and made his horns, the Ulumúri (S/40). The meaning of this name is unclear.

Conceptual Development: Even in the earliest Lost Tales, ᴱQ. Salmar was listed among the companions of Ulmo (LT1/58). At this stage, he was also known as Lirillo or Noldorin, the “Valar of Song” (QL/54, 67), and he had a larger role in the stories. As suggested by Christopher Tolkien, the early form of this name was probably a derivative of the root ᴱ√SALA “✱harp(ing), lyre” (LT1A/Salmar) since it was said he played the harp and lyre (LT1/75), but there is no evidence that this root remained valid in Tolkien’s later writing.

sarmo

masculine name. Sarmo

A revised name for the father of Nerdanel in notes from 1959, earlier named Mahtan which is the form Christopher Tolkien used in The Silmarillion (PM/366). The meaning of this name are unclear, but it might be related to the root √SAR.

Salmar

salmar

Salmar masc. name; etymology unclear - cf. salma? (Silm)

sau-

verb. sau-

sau- prefix denoting doing something very badly, as in saucarë, q.v. (PE17:183)

sanwë-menta

thought-sending, mental message

sanwë-menta noun "thought-sending, mental message" ((VT41:5, PE17:183)

sanwementa

noun. thought-sending, mental message

Sauro

the abhorred

Sauro (þ) (1), usually in longer form Sauron (þ), masc. name "the Abhorred", name of a Maia, the second Dark Lord (said to be the name by which he was "afterwards called", MR:147; according to PE17:183, his original name was Mairon, q.v.). Earlier Thauron (SA:thaur, THUS), archaic *Θaurond- (Letters:380, where the initial Greek letter represents th). The stem of Sauron* would then be Saurond-. Another form of the name is Súro**.

sa-rincë

hook

sa-rincë ("k"), apparently the name of the "hook" that may be attached to a tengwa letter to indicate a following s (VT46:11). If so, sa may be a name of S (as a sound).

san

then

san (1) adv. "then" (MC:216; also twice in Narqelion), a "Qenya" term apparently replaced by tá in Tolkiens later conception. In his later Quenya, san would be the dative form of sa "it", hence "for it; to it".

sanga

crowd, press, throng

sanga (þ) noun "crowd, press, throng" (STAG, SA:thang, LT2:342; pl. sangar (?) twice in Narqelion). In Sangahyando (þ) masc. name "Throng-cleaver", name of a man in Gondor _(SA:thang; a footnote in Letters:425 explains that "throng" here means a closely formed body of enemy soldiers. In the Etymologies, stems STAG, SYAD, _sangahyando is said to be a swordname, and LT2:342 likewise defines the word as a name of Turambar's sword: "cleaver of throngs, Throng-cleaver".)

sauron

masculine name. Abhorred

The Dark Lord of the Second and Third Ages, originally a Maia corrupted by Morgoth (LotR/51, S/32). In The Silmarillion, he was given the epithet “the Cruel” (S/32), and Christopher Tolkien translated his name as “Abhorred” (SI/Sauron). J.R.R. Tolkien said that this name was used in Sindarin, but was probably originally Quenya (PE17/183). Elsewhere Tolkien stated that this name was derived from primitive ✶Thaurond- containing the element ✶thaurā “detestable” (Let/380) and was associated with the adjective saura “cruel, foul, evil” of similar origin (PE17/68, 183-4).

Conceptual Development: According to Christoper Tolkien, the earliest precursor of this character was Tevildo “Prince of Cats” from the Lost Tales (LT2/54), but this early appearance was radically different from Sauron’s later role in the tales. This character first emerged in his later form as the shape-shifting lord of werewolves in The Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s, where he was initially named ᴱN. Thû (LB/16, 227-8).

In the early Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, he kept the name N. Thû (or N. Gorthû), but Tolkien also coined his Quenya name: first ᴹQ. Sûr (LR/15) and then ᴹQ. Sauron (LR/30). The name ᴹQ. Sauron appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√THUS “✱smell, stench”, the same root from which Thû was derived (Ety/THUS). At this stage, his name was associated with the adjective ᴹQ. saura “foul, evil-smelling, putrid”.

This association with foul smells persisted into Tolkien’s notes from the 1950s, where he initially derived Sauron from either √THOW or √SAW with senses similar to earlier ᴹ√THUS (PE17/68, PE17/183). He eventually decided that Q. saura was instead derived from √THAW meaning “cruel” (PE17/184), and this seems to have been the basis of later derivations.

sangahyando

masculine name. Throng-cleaver

A descendant of Castamir who led the forces of Umbar against Gondor (LotR/1048). His name is a compound of sanga “throng” and hyando “cleaver” (Let/425, PE17/116).

Conceptual Development: In the early Qenya Lexicon, ᴱQ. Sangahyando “cleaver of throngs” was given as a name for Túrin Turambar’s sword (QL/81), and the name ᴹQ. Sangahyando appeared in The Etymologies as the name of a sword (Ety/STAG, SYAN). Its use for a man of Umbar did not emerge until The Lord of the Rings appendices, where it appeared as Sangahyanda in the 1st edition of The Lord of the Rings, changed in the 2nd edition to Sangahyando (PM/215).

For the most part, Tolkien gave the meaning “throng” to the initial element and “cleaver” to the final element, but in his phonetic notes from the Tengwesta Qenderinwa and the Outline of Phonology from the 1950s, he seems to have considered assigning the meaning “throng” to the second element (PE18/101, PE19/92).

A short form Sangian “throng-hewer” appeared in linguistic notes from the early 1930s (PE21/32).

sana-

verb. *to think, reflect

@@@ suggested by Helge Fauskanger (QQ/sanar)

sar

noun. stone (small)

A word for “stone”, most notably in the name Q. Elessar “Elfstone” (LotR/375). The genitive for that name was given as Elesarno (PE22/158; VT49/28), so the stem for this word is probably sarn-, especially given its better-attested Sindarin cognate S. sarn. It is a derivative of the root ᴹ√SAR, and referred to a small (individual) stone (Ety/SAR), as opposed to Q. ondo which is stone as a material or large rocks or bodies of stone.

Conceptual Development: The earliest hint of this word was ᴱQ. sar “earth, soil” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, but this was marked with an “X” and ᴱQ. kemen (of similar meaning) was written next to it as an alternative (PE16/139). ᴹQ. sar “(small) stone” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√SAR, but there it had a plural sardi and hence a stem form of sard- (Ety/KEM). In that document, N. sarn was “stone as material” and hence not directly related. But later S. sarn was used for individual stones, and thus was probably a direct cognate of Q. sar (sarn-), as discussed above.

sarnië

noun. shingle, pebble bank

A noun for a “shingle, pebble bank” in The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from the late 1960s from primitive ✶sarniye, also the basis for the river name S. Serni (VT42/11). It is clearly an abstract noun formation based on Q. sar (sarn-) “(small) stone”. Here the gloss “shingle” is used in the sense of a mass of smell pebbles rather than as a roofing tile.

Sahóra

the south

Sahóra "the South" (LT1:248, 255; rather Hyarmen in LotR-style Quenya)

Sanavaldo

the almighty

Sanavaldo noun "the Almighty" (SD:401). The word is difficult to fully explain, since sana- is not elsewhere associated with the meaning "al(l)".Compare iluvala.

Sancossi

the goblins

Sancossi ("k") pl. noun "the Goblins" (LT2:341)

Sarquindi

cannibal-ogres

Sarquindi ("q")pl. noun "Cannibal-ogres" (LT2:347)

Sauro

carpenter, wright, builder

[sauro] (2) (þ) noun "carpenter, wright, builder", changed by Tolkien to samno (VT46:15)

saca-

pursue, look for, search

saca- ("k") (1) vb. "pursue, look for, search" (QL:81; pa.t. sácë.)

saca-

draw, pull

saca- (þ) ("k") (2) vb. "draw, pull" (VT43:23; this word must come from older *þaca- because it is said to be related to sahta-, older þahta-, "induce", q.v.)

saccantë

rent

saccantë ("k")vb. "rent" (past tense of an otherwise unattested verb #saccata- "rend"?) (SD:246)

sahta-

induce

#sahta- (þ) vb. "induce", apparently primarily in negative sense: *"tempt, seduce". Compare the gerund or abstract noun sahtië (þ) "pressure or force (to do something against one's will or conscience)" (VT43:22-23; also compare úsahtië.)

saicelë

famine

saicelë noun "famine" (QL:82)

saila

wise

#saila adj. "wise" (isolated from alasaila [q.v.] "unwise" in a late source)

saira

wise

saira adj. "wise" (SAY, VT46:12; a later source has the alternative formation #saila as above)

sairina

magic

sairina adj.? "magic" (evidently adj. rather than noun) (GL:72)

sairon

wizard

sairon noun "wizard" (SAY); according to LT2:337 and GL:29, Sairon is also the Quenya (or Qenya) name of Dairon (Daeron).

saiwa

hot

saiwa adj. "hot" (LT1:248, 255, 265); rather lauca in Tolkien's later Quenya

salma

lyre

salma noun "lyre" (LT1:265)

salmë

harp-playing

salmë noun "harp-playing" (LT1:265; rather nandelë in Tolkien's later Quenya)

salpa

bowl

salpa (2) noun "bowl" (LT1:266), also #salpë isolated from tanyasalpë "Bowl of Fire") LT1:292

salpa-

lick up, sup, sip

salpa- (1) vb. "lick up, sup, sip" (SÁLAP), "take a sup of" (LT1:266)

salquë

grass

salquë ("q")noun "grass" (SALÁK-(WĒ) )

sam-

have

#sam- vb. "have" (cited as samin, 1st person sg. aorist), pa.t. sámë (PE17:173)

sambë

room, chamber

sambë (þ) noun "room, chamber" (STAB)

samin

silk

samin (samind-) noun "silk" (QL:81)

saminda

silken

saminda, saminwa adj. "silken" (QL:81)

samna

wooden post

samna (þ) noun "wooden post" (STAB)

samnar

diphthongs

samnar noun "diphthongs" (sg. #samna "diphthong"?) (SAM; in one text probably dating to late 1930s, Tolkien rejects "osamnar" as the word for "diphthong", introducing the form ocamna to replace it. See VT44:13-14.)

samno

carpenter, wright, builder

samno (þ) noun "carpenter, wright, builder" (STAB)

sampa

spade

sampa noun "spade" (QL:82, PE16:145); cf. the verb sapa- "dig"

san

so

san (2) adv. ephemeral word for "so" (ya(n)...san "as...so"; san na "thus be" = let it be so, "amen"); this form was apparently quickly abandoned by Tolkien (VT43:16, 24, VT49.18)

sana

day (24 hours)

sana (2) noun "day (24 hours)" (LT1:250; the later word ré is to be preferred to this early "Qenya" form)

sana

that very thing (already referred to)

sana (1) demonstrative "that very thing (already referred to)" (PE16:97). Sana wendë "that maiden" (PE16:96 cf. 90)

sanar

mind

sanar noun "mind" (literally "thinker" or "reflector", suggesting an underlying verb #sana- "to think, to reflect") (VT41:13)

sanca

cleft, split

sanca (þ) ("k") noun? (or adj, or both?) "cleft, split" (STAK)

sancë

hateful

sancë ("k")adj. "hateful" (LT2:341)

sanda

name

[sanda, sandë] (þ) (2) noun "name" (VT46:16)

sanda

firm, true, abiding

sanda (þ) (1) adj. "firm, true, abiding" (STAN)

sandastan

shield-barrier

sandastan noun "shield-barrier", a battle-formation (UT:282; probably with stem sandastam_- since the final element is derived from a stem stama- "bar, exclude". Compare _talan with stem talam- from the root TALAM.)

sanganë

gather

sanganë vb.? "gather" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")

sangië

necessity

#sangië (evidently þ, cf. sanga above) noun "necessity" (evidently in the sense of *"tribulation, pressure"; compare sanga, of which #sangië is an abstract formation). Isolated from sangiessemman "in our necessities" (VT44:8)

sangwa

poison

sangwa noun "poison" (SAG)

sanomë

there

sanomë adv. "there" (PE17:71). Cf. sinomë, tanomë.

sanwecenda

thought-inspection, thought-reading

sanwecenda ("k")noun "thought-inspection, thought-reading" (VT41:5, PE17:183)

sanwë

thought, an act of thinking

sanwë noun "thought, an act of thinking" (VT39:23, 30; VT41:5, 13, PE17:183)

sanwë-latya

thought-opening

sanwë-latya noun "thought-opening", direct, telepathic thought-transfer (VT39:23)

sanya

name

[sanya] (þ) (2) noun ?"name" (reading of gloss uncertain, VT46:16)

sanya

regular, law-abiding, normal

sanya (þ) (1) adj. "regular, law-abiding, normal" (STAN); variant vorosanya with a prefixed element meaning "ever" (VT46:16)

sanya

truth, fact

[sanya] (þ) (3) noun "truth, fact" (VT46:16)

sanyë

rule, law

sanyë (þ) noun "rule, law" (STAN)

sap-

dig

sap- or sapa- vb. "dig", pa.t. sampë (PE16:145, QL:82); cf. sampa, and sapsanta below.

sapsanta

grave-into

sapsanta noun in allative: "grave-into" (MC:221; this is "Qenya"; notice old allative in -nta, later dual allative only)

sar

(small) stone

sar (sard-, as in pl. sardi) noun "(small) stone" (SAR). In Elessar, q.v. Since Tolkien let this name have a stem in -sarn- (genitive Ele[s]sarno, VT49:28), he may seem to have changed the stem-form of sar from sard- to sarn-.

sara

stiff dry grass, bent

sara (3) (þ) noun "stiff dry grass, bent" (STAR). The word "bent" would here mean "open place covered with grass" (cf. LT1:274).

sarat

letter

sarat (pl. sarati given) noun "letter", any individual significant mark, used of the letters of Rúmil after the invention of Fëanor's tengwar (WJ:396). Cf. sarmë.

sarco

flesh

sarco ("k") noun "flesh" (LT2:347; Tolkien's later Quenya has hrávë)

sarcuva

corporeal, bodily

sarcuva ("k") adj. "corporeal, bodily" (LT2:347; hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, since it connects with sarco above)

sarda

hard

sarda adj. "hard" (VT39:17); pl. sardë "hards" may be used in the same sense as sarda tengwi, q.v. (As an independent form we would rather expect a nominal pl. sardar.)

sarda tengwë

hard sound

#sarda tengwë noun "hard sound", a term for "consonant", but not used of semi-vowels (y, w) and continuants (l, r, m, noun). (Only pl. sarda tengwi [ñ] is attested; we would rather expect #sardë tengwi with the pl. form of the adjective.) Sarda tengwi are also simply called sardë "hards", see sarda. (VT39:17)

sarmë

writing

sarmë noun "writing" (VT39:8). Cf. sarat.

sarna

of stone

sarna adj. "of stone" (SAR)

sarnië

shingle, pebble-bank

sarnië (sarniyë) noun "shingle, pebble-bank" (UT:463, VT42:11)

sarno

table

sarno noun "table" (QL:82)

sarnë

stony place

sarnë noun "stony place" _(SAR; in the _Etymologies as printed in LR, the gloss reads "strong place", but according to VT46:12 the proper reading is "stony place")

sarqua

fleshy

sarqua ("q")adj. "fleshy" (LT2:347) Compare sarco, sarcuva.

sarta

steadfast, trusty, loyal

sarta adj. "steadfast, trusty, loyal" (PE17:183)

sarto

trusty follower, loyal companion (member of comitatus of a lord, or prince)

sarto noun "trusty follower, loyal companion (member of comitatus of a lord, or prince)", also satar (PE17:183)

sat-

set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner

#sat- vb. "set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner" (VT42:20). Cited in the form "sati-"; the final -i may be simply the connecting vowel of the aorist (as in *satin "I set aside"). This verb "was in Quenya applied to time as well as space" (VT42:20)

satar

trusty follower, loyal companion (member of comitatus of a lord, or prince)

satar noun "trusty follower, loyal companion (member of comitatus of a lord, or prince)", often in form sarto (PE17:183)

satto

cardinal. two

satto, "Qenya" numeral "two" (in Tolkiens later Quenya atta) (VT49:54)

satya

private, separate, not common, excluded

satya adj. "private, separate, not common, excluded" (VT42:20)

saucarya

evil-doing

saucarya adj. "evil-doing" (PE17:68). Cf. saucarë.

saucarë

doing or making a thing very badly

saucarë noun "doing or making a thing very badly" (PE17:183)

sauna

wooden post

[sauna] (þ) noun "wooden post", changed by Tolkien to samna (VT46:15)

saura

foul, evil-smelling, putrid

saura (þ) adj. "foul, evil-smelling, putrid" (THUS), "foul, vile" (PE17:183). This adjective underlies the name Sauro, Sauron (q.v.) Alternatively explained to mean "cruel" (PE17:184); a deleted gloss defined the word as "bad, unhealthy, ill, wretched" (PE17:172). Tolkien did not consistently hold that the initial s represents older þ; sometimes he derived saura (and so implicitly Sauron) from stems with original s-.

sav-

believe (that statements, reports, traditions, etc. are) true, accept as fact

sav- vb. "believe (that statements, reports, traditions, etc. are) true, accept as fact" (VT49:27; the fist person aorist savin is given). Not used with a person as object (in the sense of believing that this person tells the truth); with a noun, name or corresponding pronoun as object, sav- implies "I believe that he/she/it really exists/existed": Savin Elessar "I believe that Elessar really existed" (VT49:27). To "believe in" someone meaning "believe that (s)he tells the truth" can be paraphrased as (for instance) savin Elesarno quetië "I believe in Elessars words" (lit. speaking). (VT49:28)

savin elessar ar <u>i</u> nánë aran ondórëo

that

i (3) conj. "that". Savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo "I believe that Elessar really existed and that [he] was a king of Gondor" (VT49:27), savin…i E[lesarno] quetië naitë *"I believe that Elessars speaking [is] true" (VT49:28) Also cf. nai, nái "be it that" (see nai #1), which may seem to incorporate this conjunction.

sá

fire

sá noun "fire" (LT1:265; "Qenya" spelling sâ. Rather nárë in LotR-style Quenya.)

sanga

noun. throng, press, pressure, press, pressure; throng, [ᴹQ.] crowd, pack; [ᴱQ.] tight mass; [ᴹQ.] crowded, packed

sav-

verb. to believe

sac-

verb. to close

sahta

adjective. marred

sahta-

verb. to induce

sahtië

noun. pressure or force (to do something against one’s will or conscience)

saila

adjective. wise

sal-

verb. [unglossed]

sam-

verb. to have

samna

noun. delved hole, pit

sampanë

noun. combination

sana

adjective. that very thing (already referred to)

@@@ Possibly anaphoric vs. tana spatial, see discord.com

sanar

noun. mind, thinker, reflector

sana wendë nieninquëa

*that maiden like a snowdrop

sanda

noun. shield

sandastan

noun. shield-barrier

sangië

noun. necessity

sanwecenda

noun. thought-inspection, thought-reading

sanwë

noun. thought, an act of thinking

sanwë-latya

noun. thought-opening

sarat

noun. letter (of the Rúmilian alphabet)

sarda

adjective. hard (*as stone)

sarmë

noun. writing

sarta

adjective. steadfast, trusty, loyal

sat-

verb. to set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner

satar

noun. trusty follower, loyal companion

satya

adjective. private, separate, not common, excluded

sau-

prefix. very badly

saucarya

adjective. evil-doing

saucarë

noun. doing or making a thing very badly

sá

adverb/interjection. very good, all right, I will, I agree of course, of course I do

söa

noun. filth

sac-

verb. close

sal-

verb. ?

sampane#

noun. combination

combination

sana

that

sanga

crowded, packed; pack, throng

san na

interjection. *amen, (lit.) may it be so

sanomë

adverb. there

sanwe

noun. thinking, thought

sanya

adjective. normal

normal

sapsarra-

verb. keep on rubbing, fray away

sarto

noun. trusty follower, loyal companion

sav-

verb. believe true, accept as fact

Elessar

elf-stone

Elessar masc. name "Elf-stone" (Elen + sar, actually "Star-stone", cf. Elendil concerning elen "star" being used to mean "Elf") (LotR3:V ch. 8). Genitive Elesarno _(VT49:28, read _Elessarno?) indicates that the stem is -sarn-. As a common noun, elessar or "elf-stone" may signify "beryl" (in the chapter Flight to the Ford in the LotR, Aragorn finds "a single pale-green jewel" and declares: "It is a beryl, an elf-stone"). Elessar as a name may also be seen as a pun or variant of Elesser "Elf-friend".

asambar

neighbour

asambar, asambaro noun "neighbour"; also armaro (VT48:20). Since the ending -o is associated with the masculine gender, the form asambar may be gender-neutral whereas the other forms are gender-marked as masculine.

assa

hole, perforation, opening, mouth

assa "hole, perforation, opening, mouth" (GAS)

insa

itself

insa *"itself", 3rd person sg. impersonal reflexive pronoun, e.g. *tiris insa "it watches itself" (but apparently the general reflexive pronoun immo may also be used, and it may even be preferable since the cluster ns seems unusual for Quenya). Compare insë, the corresponding personal form.

osamnar

diphthong

osamnar, noun a word for "diphthong" (actually plural "diphthongs", sg. #osamna?) which Tolkien in the late thirties (?) replaced by ocamna, q.v.

passa

smooth, glabrous

passa adj. "smooth, glabrous" (PE17:171)

vorosanya

regular, law-abiding, normal

vorosanya (þ) adj. "regular, law-abiding, normal" (VT46:16); also just sanya (þ). The prefix voro- means "ever" or "continually".

úsahtië

inducement to do wrong

úsahtië (þ) noun "inducement to do wrong" (VT43:23); allative úsahtienna attested (the alternative form úsahtíenna with a long í must be erroneous, as pointed out by the editors [ibid.]). Compare sahta-, sahtië.

insa

pronoun. itself

malsa

?. [unglossed]

násan

interjection. *amen, (lit.) may it be so

psar-

verb. to rub

asambar(o)

noun. *neighbor

sá, asa

interjection. very good/all right/I will/I agree

Salmar

Salmar

The Q(u)enya name Salmar is derived from salma ("lyre, small harp"). Lirillo is a Qenya name meaning "Valu of the Song" (containing either glîr "a song, poem" or lir- "sing" + masculine ending -illo).

sandastan

Sandastan

The final element in sandastan is derived from the stem stama- meaning bar or exclude, so the literal translation is probably 'shield-barrier'.

sangahyando

Sangahyando

The Quenya name Sangahyando literally means "Throng-cleaver" (said to be interpretable as "hewer of hostile ranks"). The first element in the name is sanga ("throng"). In the first edition of The Lord of the Rings, the name was misprinted as Sangahyanda.

sarma

noun. saw

salpa

noun. broth

A neologism for “broth” created by Boris Shapiro in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, equivalent to N. salff.

sarnincë

noun. pebble

A neologism for “pebble” coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo (updated from sardincë to sarnincë in 2021), a diminutive form of Q. sar (sarn-) “stone”. There are a number of Early Qenya words for “pebble” from the 1910s and 20s, but all have various issues for adapting them to Neo-Quenya.

sarassë

noun. hassock, footstool

A neologism for “hassock, footstool” created by Boris Shapiro in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, based to N. tharas of the same meaning.

saicelë

noun. famine

saicelëa

adjective. famished

saicë

noun. hunger

saiqua

adjective. hungry

saitalë

noun. education

saitya-

verb. to starve

salca

noun. scythe

salca-

noun. to mow, scythe, mow down

salpë

noun. sip, taste

samin

noun. silk

saminda

adjective. silken

sangarë

noun. oppression

santa-

verb. to decide

sanyengolmo

noun. lawyer

sap-

verb. to dig

sappa

adjective. hollow, dug-out, excavated

saunë

noun. bath, small pool

sac-

verb. to be hurt

sacillë

noun. splinter

A neologism for “splinter” created by Boris Shapiro in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, derived from the root ᴹ√STAK “split, insert”. I prefer instead to adapt the early word ᴱQ. kinda “splinter” as ᴺQ. cirda.

sahta-

verb. to split

saipo

noun. boot

salyon(do)

noun. hero, dauntless man

sar-

verb. to cross

sausa

noun. bath water, hot water

quet-

say, speak

quet- vb. "say, speak" (SA:quen-/quet-, LT2:348), sg. aorist quetë in VT41:11 and VT49:19 (spelt "qete" in the latter source), not to be confused with the infinitival aorist stem in the example polin quetë "I can speak" (VT41:6); pl. aorist quetir in VT49:10-11, present tense quéta in VT41:13, pa.t. quentë in PM:401, 404, apparent gerund quetië in VT49:28 (by Tolkien translated as "words", but more literally evidently *"speaking"). Imperative in the command queta Quenya! "speak Quenya!" (PE17:138), see Quenya regarding the meaning of this phrase. The same verb is translated "tell" in the sentence órenya quetë nin "my heart tells me" (VT41:15). Cf. also #maquet-

ëar

sea

ëar noun "sea" (AYAR/AIR [gives also dat. sg. ëaren],WJ:413; see Letters:386 for etymology). Not to be confused with the pl. form of the verb ëa "be, exist". Pl. ëari "seas" (FS, LR:47); Eär "the Great Sea" (cf. ëaron "ocean"), ablative Eärello "from the Great Sea", et Eärello "out of the Great Sea" (EO). Eärë noun "the open sea" (SD:305). Compound ëaruilë noun "seaweed" (UY). Found in proper names like Eärendil "Sea-friend", Eärendur masc. name, *"Sea-servant"; in effect a variant of Eärendil(Appendix A). Eärendur was also used ="(professional) mariner" (Letters:386).Fem. name Eärwen "Sea-maiden" (Silm); Eärrámë "Sea-wing", "Wings of the Sea", name of Tuor's ship (RAM, AYAR/AIR, SA)

eques

noun. saying, (current or proverbial) dictum, quotation from someone’s uttered words, saying, (current or proverbial) dictum, quotation from someone’s uttered words, *quote, statement

@@@ gloss “statement” suggested by Sami Paldanius

equë

verb. say, says, said

A defective verb in Quenya that meant “say”, “says” or “said”, the only remnant of the verbal function of the ancient root √KWE (WJ/392). This verb is “defective” in the sense that is does not have most verbal inflections:

> It has no tense forms and usually receives no pronominal affixes, being mostly used only before either a proper name (sg. or pl.) or a full independent pronoun, in the senses “say / says” or “said”. A quotation then follows, either direct, or less usually indirect after a “that”-conjunction (WJ/392).

Thus it resembles the English verb “quoth”, which is likewise a defective verb that is not inflected for tense: Eque Manwe = “Quoth Manwe”, which would then be followed by the thing that Manwe said. This difference is that English “quoth” sounds archaic and can only be used of past quotations, whereas Quenya eque is not archaic and can used of either past quotations or habitual quotations: things the speaker regularly says. The only inflections this verb can take are pronominal suffixes, which are attached directly to eque such as equen “said I” or eques “said he”, and such inflections are only used when reporting a dialogue (WJ/415).

ataquetië

saying again, repetition

ataquetië noun (or gerund of verb) "saying again, repetition" (PE17:166). Cited as at(a)quetië, implying an alternative form atquetië.

cildë

saw

cildë _("k")_pa.t. vb.? "saw" (???) The phrase úri kilde hísen níe nienaite is translated "the Sun with wet eyes dropped tears of mist", literally perhaps something like "the Sun saw (through) misty tears tearfully"??? (MC:221; this is "Qenya"; cf. cildo)

ciryando

sailor

ciryando ("k")noun "sailor" (PE17:58).

círa

sail

círa ("k")vb. "sail" (apparently the continuative stem of #cir-) (Markirya)

enga

save

enga prep. "save" (= except) (FS)

eques

saying, dictum, a quotation from someone's uttered words, a current or proverbial dictum

eques (equess-, as in pl. equessi) noun "a saying, dictum, a quotation from someone's uttered words, a current or proverbial dictum" (WJ:392); I Equessi Rúmilo "the Sayings of Rúmil" (WJ:398)

equë

say/says

equë vb. "say/says" or "said" (a tenseless pseudo-verb used to introduce quotations or a "that"-construction); with affixes equen "said I", eques "said he/she" (WJ:392, 415)

immo

same one, self

immo, "same one, self" (VT49:33), general singular reflexive pronoun (covering both the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person sg.), except where the subject is impersonal, in which case imma is used instead (VT47:37). Hence *tirin immo* "I watch [my]self", tirilyë immo "you watch [your]self", tiris immo "(s)he watches [him/her]self" (but apparently tiris imma** "it watches [it]self").

imya

same, identical, selfsame

imya adj. "same, identical, selfsame" (VT47:37)

litsë

sand

litsë noun "sand" (LIT)

lunganar

sagged

lunganar adj. "sagged" (MC:221; this is "Qenya")

lúlë

sapphire

lúlë noun "sapphire" (QL:57)

lútier

sailed

lútier vb. in pa.t.? "sailed" (MC:216; this is "Qenya")

lútë

sail

lútë noun "sail" (MC:213; this is "Qenya")

moina

safe, secure

moina (2) adj. "safe, secure" (GL:58; this "Qenya" word is evidently obsoleted by # 1 above. This second moina seems to reappear as muina "hidden, secret" in Tolkien's later Quenya.)

singwa

salt

singwa adj. "salt" (salty) (QL:83)

singë

salt

singë noun "salt" (QL:83)

varna

safe, protected, secure

varna adj. "safe, protected, secure" (BAR)

ataquetië

noun. saying again, repetition

im-

prefix. same

imma

pronoun. same, self-same, same thing

immo

pronoun. same one (person), self

imya

adjective. same, identical, self-same

quenna

noun. saying, proverb

ciryando

noun. sailor

airen

noun. sea

airë

sea

airë (2) noun "sea" (the form airen is given, intended as a genitive singular when Tolkien wrote this; in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be a dative sg.) (AYAR/AIR; cf. airon)

airë

noun. sea

An archaic word for “sea” which fell out of use to due conflict with “holy” words like aira or airë; it was a noun form of primitive ✶gaı̯ră (PE17/27). The more common modern word for “sea” is ëar.

Conceptual Development: ᴹQ. aire “sea” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of ᴹ√AYAR (Ety/AY); it appeared beside a form ᴹQ. airen that might be a genitive form, or might be a longer form; see the entry on ᴹQ. airon for discussion.

váya

sea

váya noun "sea" (considered as "waters, motion"). The wording of the source indicates that Tolkien only tentatively considered such a word (PE17:33)

vëa

sea

vëa (3) noun "sea" (MC:213, 214, 216; possibly obsoleted by #1 and #2 above, though some argue that the initial element of the late names Vëantur and Vëandur [q.v.] could be vëa #3 rather than #2 (it can hardly be #1) . In any case, the normal word for "sea" in LotR-style Quenya seems to be ëar.) Inflected vëan "sea" (MC:220), vëar "in sea" (a "Qenya" locative in -r, MC:213), vëassë "on sea" (MC:220). Cf. also vëaciryo.

asanta-

verb. to decide

mando

custody, safe keeping

mando noun "custody, safe keeping" (MR:350) or "prison, duress" (in Mandos, see below, also compare Angamando being translated 'Iron-Gaol') (SA:band). A variant #manda occurs in the place-name Angamanda (see Angamando). Personal name Mando "the Imprisoner or Binder", usually lengthened Mandos. In a deleted version of the entry MBAD of the Etymologies, Tolkien gave mando the meaning "doomsman, judge" instead of "custody" (MBAD (ÑGUR, GOS/GOTH, SPAN), VT45:33)

hravani

collective name. Wild-men, Savages

A term for savage humans, appearing both as Hravani (WJ/219) and Hrávani (PE17/18). The term is the plural of the noun hravan “wild beast”.

cir-

verb. to cut, to cut, [ᴱQ.] cleave; *to sail

@@@ Helge Fauskanger suggested that it means “sail” in Markirya: (QQ/círa).

ciryaquen

shipman, sailor

ciryaquen ("k") "shipman, sailor" (WJ:372)

enquete-

repeat, say again

enquete- vb. "repeat, say again" (PE17:167)

nyarna

tale, saga

nyarna noun "tale, saga" (NAR2), compounded in nyarmamaitar noun "storyteller" (PE17:163), literally *"tale-artist" (see maitar).

nyárë

tale, saga, history

nyárë noun "tale, saga, history". Compounded in Eldanyárë "History of the Elves", lumenyárë "history, chronological account" (NAR2, LR:199). Compare nyarië, nyarna.

rehtië

rescue, saving

rehtië noun "rescue, saving" (seemingly the gerund of a verb *rehta- "rescue, save"; the underlying root REK is defined as "recover, get out/away, save from ruin/peril/loss") (PE17:38)

váquet-

to say no

váquet- vb. (1st pers. aorist váquetin and 1st pers. past tense váquenten are given) "to say no" (not denying that something is true, but denying to do or to allow something: "to say I will not/do not"; "to refuse", "to forbid" (WJ:370, 371)

yána

holy place, fane, sanctuary

yána (2) noun "holy place, fane, sanctuary" (YAN). Compare ainas in a post-LotR source.

mando

noun. custody, safe keeping; prison, duress

airë

noun/adjective. holy; sanctity, holiness

apta-

verb. to refuse, deny, say nay

enquet-

verb. to repeat, say again

rehta-

verb. to rescue, save

rehtië

noun. rescue, saving

quet-

verb. to say, speak, tell, to say, speak, tell, [ᴱQ.] talk

ainas

noun. hallow, fane, hallow, fane, *shrine, holy place, sanctuary

aira

adjective. holy, sanctified, holy, sanctified, [ᴱQ.] worshipful

ciryaquen

noun. shipman, sailor

finwa

adjective. clever, fine, delicate; dexterous, ️dexterous, clever; fine, delicate; [ᴱQ.] acute, sagacious

lue

it is heavy, sad

nyárë

noun. history, account, history, account, [ᴹQ.] tale, saga

quequetta-

verb. repeat, keep on saying

Thauron

thauron

†Thauron (þauron) masc. name, earlier form of Sauron, before the change th > s (SA:thaur, cf. Letters:380, which suggests a stem _θ_aurond-; the initial Greek letter represents th). See Sauro, Sauron.

aina

holy

aina (2) adj "holy" (AYAN), derived from Ainu. Adopted and adapted from Valarin. According to VT43:32, the word is "obsolete, except in Ainur", apparently suggesting that airë or airëa (q.v.) was the normal term for "holy" in later Quenya. However, Tolkien repeatedly used aina in his translation of the Litany of Loreto: Aina Fairë "Holy Spirit", Aina Neldië "Holy Trinity", Aina Maria "Holy Mary", Aina Wendë "Holy Virgin". He also used Aina Eruontari for "holy Mother" in his rendering of the Sub Tuum Praesidium(WJ:399, FS, SA, VT43:32, VT44:5, 12, 17-18)

aman

blessed, free from evil

aman adj. "blessed, free from evil". Adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:399), though in other versions Tolkien cited an Elvish etymology (cf. VT49:26-27). Place-name Aman the Blessed Realm, from the stem mān- "good, blessed, unmarred" (SA:mān), translated "Unmarred State" (VT49:26). Allative Amanna (VT49:26). Adj. amanya "of Aman, Amanian" (WJ:411), nominal pl. Amanyar "those of Aman", Elves dwelling there (with negations Úamanyar, Alamanyar "those not of Aman"). Also fuller Amaneldi noun "Aman-elves" (WJ:373).Masc. name Amandil *"Aman-friend" (Appendix A, SA:mān), the father of Elendil; also name of the Númenorean king Tar-Amandil (UT:210).

car-

make, do, build, form

car- (1) vb. "make, do, build, form" (1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit). Regarding the form carize- (PE17:128), see -s #1. Pa.t. carnë (KAR, PE17:74, 144). The infinitival aorist stem carë ("k") (by Patrick Wynne called a "general aorist infinitive" in VT49:34) occurs in ecë nin carë sa "I can do it" (VT49:34), also in áva carë "don't do it" (WJ:371) and uin carë (PE17:68); in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the "simplest aorist infinitive", the same source referring to carië as the "general infinitive" of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar ("k") "those who form words" (WJ:391, cf. VT49:16), continuative cára, future caruva (PE17:144), carita ("k"), infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" (VT42:33), with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalya(s) "your doing (it)" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle #carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina ("k"), read perhaps *cárina. (Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15.) PE17:68 refers to a "simple past passive participle" of the form carinwa ("kari-nwa"). "Rare" past participle active (?) cárienwa* ("k") "having done" (PE17:68), unless this is also a kind of passive participle (the wording of the source is unclear). Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë ("káre") "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë (LR:362) even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë "war-made", made war (see #ohtacar-). Also cárië with various suffixes: cárier ("kárier") is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence "they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto* ("k") must also be "they made" (cf. -lto). Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë "hard to make / do", urucarin "made with difficulty" (PE17:154), saucarya "evil-doing" (PE17:68).

cirya

ship

cirya _("k")_noun "ship" (MC:213, 214, 220, 221), "(sharp-prowed) ship" (SA:kir-, where the word is misspelt círya with a long í; Christopher Tolkien probably confused it with the first element of the Sindarin name Círdan. It seems that Círyon, the name of Isildur's son, is likewise misspelt; read Ciryon as in the index and the main text of the Silmarillion. Cf. also kirya_ in Etym, stem KIR.) _Also in Markirya. In the Plotz letter, cirya is inflected for all cases except plural possessive (*ciryaiva). The curious dual form ciriat occurs in Letters:427, whereas Plotz gives the expected form ciryat. Locative ciryasse "upon a ship" (MC:216). Compounded in ciryaquen "shipman, sailor" (WJ:372), also ciryando (PE17:58), cf. also ciryamo "mariner" (UT:8). Masc. names Ciryaher* "Ship-lord" (Appendix A), Ciryandil "Ship-friend" (Appendix A), Ciryatan "Ship-builder" (Appendix A), also Tar-Ciryatan**, name of a Númenórean king, "King Shipbuilder" (SA:kir-)

falas

shore, beach

falas (falass-), falassë noun "shore, beach" (LT1:253, LT2:339); falassë "shore, line of surf" (SA:falas), "shore especially one exposed to great waves and breakers" (VT42:15), "beach" (PHAL/PHÁLAS); Falassë Númëa place-name "Western Surf" (LT1:253), Andafalassë "Langstrand" (PE17:135)

hyarmen

south

hyarmen, Hyarmen noun "south" (SA, SA:men, KHYAR), literally "lefthand-direction" (VT49:12), since the Elves named the directions as they were to a person facing the Blessed Realm in the West Also name of tengwa #33 (Appendix E). In Hyarmendacil masc.name, "South-victor" (Appendix A), apparently also in the place-name Hyarmentir (name of a mountain; the element -tir means *"watch[ing point]".) (SA) Hyarnustar "the Southwestlands" of Númenor; Hyarrostar the "Southeastlands" (UT:165)

mar

earth

mar (1) noun "earth" (world), also "home, dwelling, mansion". Stem mard- (VT46:13, PE17:64), also seen in the ablative Mardello "from earth" (FS); the word is used with a more limited sense in oromardi "high halls" (sg. oromar, PM17:64), referring to the dwellings of Manwë and Varda on Mt. Taniquetil (Nam, RGEO:66). The initial element of Mardorunando (q.v.) may be the genitive mardo (distinguish mardo "dweller"). May be more or less identical to már "home, house, dwelling" (of persons or peoples; in names like Val(i)mar, Vinyamar, Mar-nu-Falmar, Mardil) (SA:bar, VT45:33, VT47:6). Már is however unlikely to have the stem-form mard-; a "Qenya" genitive maren appears in the phrase hon-maren, q.v., suggesting that its stem is mar-. A possible convention could therefore be to use már (mar-) for "home, house" (also when = household, family as in Mardil, q.v.), whereas mar (mard-) is used for for "earth, world". Early "Qenya" has mar (mas-) "dwelling of men, the Earth, -land" (LT1:251); notice that in LotR-style Quenya, a word in -r cannot have a stem-form in -s-.

ondo

stone

ondo noun "stone" as a material, also "rock" (UT:459, GOND). Pl. ondor in an earlier variant of Markirya; partitive pl. locative ondolissë "on rocks" in the final version. Compounded in ondomaitar "sculptor in stone" (PE17:163), Ondoher masc.name, *"Stone-lord" (ondo alluding to Ondonórë = Sindarin Gondor, "stone-land") (Appendix A), #ondolunca ("k") "stonewain", possessive form in the place-name Nand Ondoluncava "Stonewain Valley" (PE17:28, also Ondoluncanan(do) as a compound). Ondolindë place-name "Gondolin" (SA:gond, J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 193); see Ondo. Earlier "Qenya" has Ondolinda _(changed from Ondolin) "singing stone, Gondolin" (LT1:254)_

quetta

word

quetta noun "word" (SA:quen-/quet-, GL:28), pl. quettar (WJ:391). An quetta "a word more" (phrase used = "to add to what has been said") (PE17:91)

rimbë

crowd, host, great number

rimbë noun "crowd, host, great number" (RIM, SA:rim, Letters:282)

se

he, she, it

se (1) pron. "he, she, it" also object "him, her, it", 3rd person sg. Used "of living things including plants" (VT49:37; the corresponding inaimate pronoun is sa). The pronoun comes directly from se as the original stem-form (VT49:50). Stressed form sé, VT49:51, attested in object position in melin sé "I love him" (VT49:21). Ósë "with him/her", VT43:29; see ó-. Long dative/allative sena "[to/for] him" or "at him", VT49:14, allative senna "to him/her" (VT49:45, 46). Compare the reflexive pronoun insë *"himself, herself".

sánë

noun. pine

In notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien had Q. {sāne >>} th-, sāne- “pine” derived from {✶stāna >>} ✶thānĭ-, but this note was deleted (PE17/81). It was replaced by a marginal note in which S. thôn “pine” was derived from ✶thŏno.

Neo-Quenya: In light of the new primitive form, I would update the Quenya word to ᴺQ. sono [þ] “pine” for purposes of Neo-Quenya. Petri Tikka instead proposed ᴺQ. sónë [þ] in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s inspired only by S. thôn “pine”, before the above primitive forms were published in 2007.

Conceptual Development: The Early Qenya “pine” word was ᴱQ. aiqaire “fir or pine” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an elaboration of ᴱQ. aiqa “steep” (QL/29). It became ᴱQ. aikasse “pine-tree” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a cognate to G. aigos and derivative of primitive ᴱ✶aikasse (GL/17). This in turn became ᴱQ. aikor “pine-tree” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s, derived from ᴱ✶aikos-sa and still a cognate to G. aigos (PE13/158).

tir-

watch, watch over, guard, heed

tir- vb. "watch, watch over, guard, heed", 1st pers. aorist tirin "I watch", pa.t. tirnë (TIR), imperative tira (VT47:31) or á tirë (PE17:94), future tense tiruva "shall heed" in Markirya (also MC:213, 214); also in CO with pronominal endings: tiruvantes "they will guard it" (tir-uva-nte-s "guard-will-they-it"). The stem also occurs in palantíri (q.v.), Tirion place-name "Great Watchtower", a city of the Elves (SA:tir; in MR:176 the translation is "Watchful City")

úr(in)

proper name. Sun

A late remnant of earlier names for the Sun: ᴱQ. Ûr and ᴹQ. Úrin. In Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s, this name was changed from Úrin >> Naira >> Vása (MR/198), but the form Úr(in) occasionally appeared in some later writings (PE17/148, MR/377). This name was a derivative of the root √UR “heat, be hot” (PE17/148).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this name was ᴱQ. Ûr, Ur or Úri “Sun”, but literally meaning “Fire” (LT1/187, QL/98). The name became ᴹQ. Úrin in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/240). It was rejected in The Etymologies along with the root form ᴹ√UR, but reappeared sometimes in later writing as noted above.

nessornë

noun. sapling

A neologism for “sapling” created by Petri Tikka and Ales Bican in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, a combination of [ᴹQ.] nessa “young” and ornë “tree”.

imyalë

noun. sameness

lemba

adjective. sad

rehto

noun. savior

@@@ also rehtando

singë

noun. salt

tyausta

noun. savour, flavour

yanca

noun. sacrifice

maxë

noun. sale

quenna

noun. saying, proverb

@@@ used in NQNT; its original etymology is no longer valid, but it might be re-derived from √KWEN

veluntë

noun. sail

nimbë

noun. gloom, sadness

colonda

adjective. burdened, weighed down, sad

cemendë tambe erumandë

on Earth as [it is] in Heaven

The fifth line of Átaremma, Tolkien’s Quenya translation of the Lord’s Prayer. The first word cemendë “on Earth” is an assimilated locative form of cemen “earth”. The word tambë likely corresponds to “as”, while Erumandë “in Heaven” is an assimilated locative form of Eruman “Heaven”. The English words “it is” are not represented in the Quenya phrase.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> cemen-dë tambe Eruman-dë = “✱earth-on as [it is] Heaven-in”

Conceptual Development: In earlier versions of this phrase (I-V), Tolkien used menel for “Heaven”. Elsewhere, Tolkien said that menel referred to the dome of the sky or “the firmament”, and therefore was not proper for “Heaven” (MR/387, PE17/152), which is probably why he changed the word to Eruman in version VI of the prayer.

Tolkien experimented with various ways of comparing Earth to Heaven: ier ... ar tér (I), ier ... tier (IIa), ya(n) ... ar san (IIb) and san ... ya (III-IV), each probably meaning something like “as ... so ...”, as suggested by Wynne, Smith and Hostetter (VT43/16-7). In versions V and VI Tolkien switched to a single word “as”: sívë (V) and tambë (VI).

The English words “it is” are only expressed in version III-IV, with the Quenya verb na, appearing at the end of the phrase as is typical of declarative statements.

| |  I  |IIa|IIb|III|IV|V|VI| |{yé >> ye >>}|ier|ya(n)|san| | |menelle|menelze|menelde|cemende| |ar tér|tier|ar san|ya|sívë|tambe| |{kemenze >>}|cemenze|cemende|melelde|Erumande| | |na| |

-on

name

-on gen.pl. ending (3O), in aldaron, aranion, elenion, Eldaron, #esseron, Ingweron, Istarion, Númevalion, Quendion, Silmarillion, Sindaron, tasarion (see Nan-Tasarion), Valion, wenderon, yénion. Normally the ending -on is added to the nominative plural, whether it ends in -i or -r, but some nouns in -ë that would have nominative plurals in -i seem to prefer the ending -ron in the genitive (hence #esseron as the gen. pl. of essë "name", though the nominative pl. is attested as essi and we might have expected the gen. pl. *ession; similarly wenderon, Ingweron).

-ya

elvish

-ya (5) adjectival ending, as in the word Quenya "Elvish" itself; when added to a verbal stem it may derive a kind of short active participle, as in melumatya "honey-eating" (mat- "eat"), saucarya "evil-doing" (car- "do"). (PE17:68)

Curumo

cunning one

Curumo masc. name *"Cunning One", "Saruman" (UT:401)

Istar

wizard

Istar noun "Wizard", used of Gandalf, Saruman, Radagast etc. Pl. Istari is attested. Gen. pl. in the phrase Heren Istarion "Order of Wizards" (UT:388). "The istari are translated wizards because of the connexion of wizard with wise and so with witting and knowing" (Letters:207); by this translation Tolkien tries to reproduce the relationship between Quenya istar and ista- #1, 2.

airë

holy

airë (1) adj. "holy", #Airefëa "the Holy Spirit" (VT43:37, dative airefëan on the previous page), airetári or Airë Tári "holy queen" (a title of Varda, PM:363), genitive aire-tário "holy-queen's" (Nam, RGEO:67). However, according to PM:363, airë is the noun "sanctity", while aira is the adjective "holy". VT43:14 refers to an etymological note of "Sept.-Oct. 1957" where airë is said to be a noun "sanctity, holiness", and the adjective "holy" is given as airëa. However, the verb #airita- "hallow" seems to be formed from an adjective airë, airi- "holy". Evidently airë can function as both adjective ("holy") and noun ("holiness"); if so airë as adj. could represent a primitive adjective gaisi, whereas airë as noun may descend from gaisē. The former but not the latter would have the stem airi- (as observed in the derived verb #airita-), and compounds like airetári (rather than *airitári) would seem to contain properly the noun "holiness".

ala

not

ala, #ála (1) imperative particle á, a combined with the negation lá, -la "not" to express a prohibition (VT43:22; see lá #1). Also with 1st person suffix -lyë (alalyë and álalyë, VT43:10, 22, VT44:8) and 1st person pl. object suffix -më (alamë and álamë, "do not [do something to] us", as in álamë tulya, "do not lead us", VT43:12, 22). In the essay Quendi and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well coexist with ala, #ála.

ala-

not

ala- (2) negative prefix "not", "un-", reduced to al- before a vowel (VT42:33, GALA, VT45:25), though the example Alcorin would suggest that al- can sometimes appear before a consonant as well. In a deleted entry in Etym, al(a)- was defined as "not" and said to be a "pure negative" (VT45:5). In alahasta, Alamanyar, alasaila, Alcorin.

armaro

neighbour

armaro noun "neighbour"; also asambar, asambaro (VT48:20, VT49:25)

avante

verb. refused

refused, denied, said nay

cenda-

watch

cenda- vb. "watch" (not "guard", but observe to gain information), also used = "read". Cenda = also noun "reading", as in sanwecenda "thought-inspection, thought-reading". (VT41:5, PE17:156)

curuvar

wizard

curuvar _("k")_noun "wizard" (LT1:269 but Gandalf, Saruman etc. were istari)

essë

name

essë (1) noun "name", also later name of Tengwa #31, originally (MET) called árë (ázë). (Appendix E). With a pronominal ending esselya "thy name" (VT43:14). Pl. #essi in PM:339 and MR:470, gen.pl. #esseron "of names" in the compound Nómesseron (q.v.); we would rather have expected *ession, given the nom.pl. essi; perhaps #esser is a valid alternative plural form. Essecarmë noun "name-making" (MR:214, 470), Eldarin ceremony where the father announces the name of his child. Essecenta *("k") noun "Name-essay" (see centa) (MR:415); Essecilmë noun "name-choosing", an Eldarin ceremony where a child named him- or herself according to personal lámatyávë (q.v.) (MR:214, 471). The meaning Tolkien originally assigned to the word essë** in the Etymologies was "place" rather than "name" (VT45:12).

etelehta-

deliver

etelehta- vb. "deliver" (= "save") (VT43:23)

eterúna-

deliver

eterúna- vb. (also etrúna-, though the cluster tr seems unusual for Quenya) "deliver" (= "save"). Tolkien may have abandoned this verb in favour of etelehta-, q.v. (VT43:23; VT44:9), but the root also appears in #runando "redeemer", so maybe eterúna- can stay with the meaning "redeem".

finwa

dexterous; clever, fine, delicate

finwa adj. "dexterous; clever, fine, delicate" (PE17:119, 181), a similar word is glossed "sagacious" in very early material (LT1:253)

hravan

wild beast

hravan noun "wild beast"; pl.Hravani "the Wild", used as a name of non-Edain Men (PE17:78, WJ:219). PE17:18 has Hrávani with a long á, glossed "Wild-men, Savages".

hrávë

noun. flesh

A word for “flesh” appearing in documents from 1959, derived from primitive ✶srāwe based on the root √SRAW (MR/349-350).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, Tolkien had ᴱQ. hara or haranda “flesh-meat” (QL/39), also mentioned as hara(nda) “fleshmeat” in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/39). These early forms might have been a precursor to later hrávë. Another potential precursor is ᴱQ. sarko (sarku-) “flesh, living flesh, body” from the early root ᴱ√SṚKṚ “fat” (QL/86).

ilúvala

omnipotent

ilúvala adj. "omnipotent" (VT39:20). Cf. Sanavaldo.

imma

itself

imma *"itself", impersonal reflexive pronoun referring to the "same thing" (VT47:37) as the subject; compare immo.

ista-

know

ista- (2) vb. "know", pa.t. sintë (IS, LT2:339, VT48:25). This past tense Tolkien called "certainly irregular" (VT48:25, where an alternative pa.t. isintë is also mentioned, but sintë is said to be the older form; compare editorial notes in VT48:32. Ista- is also used for "can" in the sense of "know how to", as in istan quetë "I can speak (because I have learned (a) language)" (VT41:6) Passive participle sinwa "known, certain, ascertained" (VT49:68)

iswa

wise

iswa adj. "wise" (LT2:339); rather saila in Tolkiens later Quenya.

ita

very, extremely

ita, íta adv. 2) "very, extremely" (PE17:112). Like #1 above, this element emerged as part of Tolkiens efforts to explain the initial element of the name Idril (Q Itaril), so it is questionable if #1 and #2 were ever meant to coexist in the "same" version of Quenya.

latya

opening

latya (1) noun "opening" (used as abstract in the source) (VT39:23). See sanwë-latya.

lerta-

can

lerta- vb. "can" in the sense "be free to do", being under no restraint (physical or other). Lertan quetë "I can speak (because I am free to do so, there being no obstacle of promise, secrecy, or duty)". Where the absence of a physical restraint is considered, this verb can be used in much the same sense as pol- (VT41:6)

menta

sending

menta (2) noun "sending" or "message" as in sanwe-menta "thought-sending, mental message" (VT41:5)

máma

noun. sheep

A word for “sheep” appearing in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 as a derivative of ✶māmā (WJ/395). It appeared again in notes from 1968 as a derivative of ✶mbāba (VT47/35), apparently with some amount of assimilation since the second primitive b > m as suggested by Patrick Wynne (VT47/36).

Conceptual Development: A similar word ᴱQ. moa “sheep” appeared in both the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s, in the former under the entry for the early root ᴱ√MAWA “cry, bleat” (QL/060). In Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, the word for “sheep” was instead ᴱQ. sauve (PE16/132).

na

to be

na (1) form of the verb "to be", evidently the imperative (or subjunctive): Tolkien stated that na airë would mean "be holy" (VT43:14), and san na (q.v.) must mean "thus be" = "let it be so"; see ná #1 Cf. also the sentence alcar mi tarmenel na Erun "glory in high heaven be to God" (VT44:32/34). Inserted in front of a verb, na expresses a wish: aranielya na tuluva "may thy kingdom come" (ibid).

násië

amen

násië interjection "amen", "may it be so" (VT43:24, 35. As a translation of "amen", Tolkien apparently abandoned the earlier form násan and the two-word variant san na, VT43:24)

pasta

smooth

pasta (2) adj. "smooth" (PATH), variant of passa

pen-

to have

pen- vb. negative of #sam- "to have" (q.v.), used as a negative answer to inquires on ownership: penin "no / I haven't" (PE17:173)

sinomë

this place

sinomë compound noun "this place" (EO), used as adverb (or uninflected locative) = "in this place" = "here" (VT49:18). Variant sínomë (VT44:36). Cf. sanomë, tanomë.

sáma

mind

sáma noun "mind" (pl. sámar and dual samat [sic, read *sámat?] are given) (VT39:23, VT41:5, VT49:33, PE17:183)

sára

bitter

sára (1) adj. "bitter" (SAG)

sáva

juice

sáva noun "juice" (SAB)

ta

then

ta (4) conj., said to be a reducted form of tá "then", used "before each new item in a series or list"; "if as often in English the equivalent of and was omitted, and placed only before a final item [e.g. Tom, Dick, and Harriet], this would in Quenya represent a discontinuity, and what followed after ta would be an addition of something overlooked or less important". (PE17:70) Hence the use of arta (ar ta, "and ta") for "et cetera"; in older language ta ta or just ta.

tai

that which, what

tai (1) pron. "that which, what", "which fact" (VT42:34, VT49:12, 20). The word occurs in the sentence alasaila ná lá carë tai mo navë mára, translated "it is unwise not to do what one judges good". So tai = "what", but it means more literally "that which" (VT49:12), ta + i (cf. ta #1 and the use of i as a relative pronoun). In one note, Tolkien emended tai to ita, reversing the elements (VT49:12) and also eliminating the ambiguity involving the homophone tai #2, see below.

tana

that

tana (1) demonstrative "that" (said to be "anaphoric") (TA). According to VT49:11, tana is the adjective corresponding to ta, "that" as a pronoun.

tanomë

in the place (referred to)

tanomë adv. "in the place (referred to)" (VT49:11). Cé tulis, tanomë nauvan *"if (s)he comes, I will be there" (VT49:19). Compare sanomë, sinomë.

tengwa

letter

tengwa (pl. tengwar is attested) (1) noun "letter" Tengwa (ñ) is defined as "any one visible sign representing (theoretically) any one audible teñgwe" (phoneme) (VT39:17). In non-technical usage tengwa was equivalent to "consonant", since only the consonants were full signs (WJ:396, TEK). In the Etymologies, tengwa was apparently emended from tengwë (VT46:17).

tengwë

indication, sign, token

tengwë (pl. tengwi attested) noun "indication, sign, token", in linguistics used for phonemes(VT39:7, WJ:394); hloníti tengwi "phonetic signs" (WJ:395). The term tengwë was particularly associated with consonants (VT39:16). In the Etymologies, stem TEK, tengwë is glossed "writing"; this gloss would seem to be obsolete (for this meaning the word sarmë occurs in Tolkien's later material).

torna

hard

#torna adj. "hard", as in tornanga (q.v.), seemingly -storna after prefixes ending in a vowel, as in the comparative forms aristorna, anastorna (PE17:56; the forms are untranslated and may not necessarily be the same adjective "hard".)

tára

wise

tára (2) ?"wise". (From tentative notes trying to explain Daur [unlenited *Taur] as Sindarin name of Frodo; the more normal word for "wise" seems to be saila/saira.)

wendë

maid

wendë noun "maid" (GWEN), wendë > vendë "maiden" (WEN/WENED, VT45:16, VT47:17). Sana wendë "that maiden" (PE16:96 cf. 90). According to VT47:17, this word for "maiden" is "applied to all stages up to the fully adult (until marriage)".Early "Qenya" also had wendi "maid, girl" (LT1:271); this may look like a plural form in Tolkiens later Quenya. On the other hand, VT48:18 lists a word wendi "young or small woman, girl". It is unclear whether this is Quenya or a Common Eldarin form, but probably the former: PE17:191 displays the word for "maiden" as wendē, so the Quenya stem form is probably *wende- rather than wendi*-, the stem-form that would result from Common Eldarin wendi). In his Quenya translation of the Sub Tuum Praesidium, Tolkien used Wendë/Vendë to translate "virgin" with reference to the Virgin Mary. Here the plural genitive Wenderon appears in the phrase Wendë mi Wenderon "Virgin of Virgins"; we might have expected Wendion instead (VT44:18).If the pl. form of wendë is wender rather than wendi, as the gen.pl. wenderon suggests, this may be to avoid confusion with the sg. wendi** "girl".

wil-

fly

wil- vb. "fly" (1st pers. aorist wilin "I fly"; changed from vilin pa.t. villë, which would be the forms used in later Exilic Quenya. The older pa.t. would be willë.) (WIL). The early "Qenya" lexicon haswili- "sail, float, fly" (LT1:273)

Sáya

sáya

Sáya, name of the fire-fay (GL:66)

sámo

helper

#sámo (þ) noun "helper", tentatively isolated from Rómestámo "East-helper", q.v. When initial, st- would normally simplify as s-, for archaic þ-.

sánë

pine

sánë (þ) noun "pine" (PE17:81), stem sáni- (? the primitive form is given as ¤thānĭ, which would normally give Quenya sánë/sáni-, but the Quenya noun is also cited as sáne- as if e persists before an ending).

sára

fiery

sára (2) adj. "fiery" (LT1:248; this "Qenya" word may have been obsoleted by # 1 above)

anar

noun. Sun

The most common Quenya name for the Sun derived from primitive ✶Anār, an augmented form of the root √NAR “fire” (Let/425; PE17/38; Ety/ANÁR; SD/302, 306).

Conceptual Development: This term appeared in Silmarillion drafts of the 1930s with the gloss “Heart of Flame” (LR/240) and as ᴹQ. Anar “sun” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, already with the derivation given above (Ety/ANÁR, NAR¹).

ita-

verb. to sparkle

quetta

noun. word

harya-

verb. to have, to have, [ᴹQ.] possess

tai

pronoun. them (inanimate)

littë

noun. ash

A neologism for “ash” coined by Helge Fauskanger in his NQNT (NQNT), the Quenya equivalent of S. lith “ash”. In The Etymologies of the 1930s the Quenya cognate of N. lith was ᴹQ. litse (Ety/LIT), but in that document these words were glossed “sand”. Introducing a separate neologism ᴺQ. littë “ash” helps keep these two senses distinct.

hröava

adjective. corporeal, bodily

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2022 specifically for Eldamo as a replacement for ᴱQ. sarkuva, it is simply an adjectival form of Q. hröa “body”.

sámo Reconstructed

noun. helper

@@@ sámo suggested by Helge Fauskanger (QQ/sámo).

arafinwë

masculine name. *Noble Finwë

Father-name of Finarfin (PM/344) from which his Sindarin name was derived. It is a compound ar(a)- “high, noble” and the name of his father, Finwë.

armaro

noun. *neighbor

atta

cardinal. two

conta-

verb. [unglossed]

hravan

noun. wild beast

A word for a “wild beast” in notes from the mid-1960s, derived from the root √S-RAB “wild, in senses not tamed, domesticated” (PE17/78), hence meaning “wild animal” vs. a “tamed animal”, which would probably be Q. laman.

ita

conjunction. that which, what

latya

noun. opening

melda

adjective. dear, beloved, beloved, dear, [ᴹQ.] sweet

naira

adjective. dreadful, horrible, unendurable, dreadful, horrible, unendurable, [ᴱQ.] dire, grievous

quëan

cardinal. ten

sáma

noun. mind

tanomë

adverb. there, (lit.) in the place (referred to)

tassë

adverb. there

suhta-

verb. to drain

sányelóra

adjective. lawless

sáquetië

noun. agreement

-ro

he

-ro pronominal ending "he", in antaváro, q.v. In Tolkiens later Quenya, the ending -s covers both "he", "she" and "it".

Ellairë

summer

Ellairë alternative name of June (PM:135); evidently incorporating lairë "summer"; the el- part is probably an assimilated form of er-, an element meaning one or first, June being the first summer month.

Harmen

south

[Harmen] noun "south" (MEN)(Changed to hyarmen.)

Hyarastorni

south

Hyarastorni place-name, region in Númenor, apparently including hyar- "south" and perhaps orni "trees" (UT:210)

Naira

dreadful, horrible, unendurable

naira (3) adj. "dreadful, horrible, unendurable" (PE17:151)

Nolmë

knowledge, philosophy (including science)

Nolmë ("ñ")noun "knowledge, Philosophy (including Science)" (PM:360 cf. 344)

ailinë

shore, beach

#ailinë (nominative uncertain) noun "shore, beach" (in Tolkien's later Quenya rather hresta). Only attested in inflected forms: sg. ablative ailinello "shore-from" (MC:213), sg. locative ailinisse "on shore" (MC:221), pl. locative ailissen "on beaches" (for *ailinissen?) (MC:221)

aina-

to hallow, bless, treat as holy

aina- (1) vb. "to hallow, bless, treat as holy" (PE17:149)

ainima

blessed, holy (of things)

ainima adj. "blessed, holy (of things)" (PE17:149)

aira

holy

aira (2) adj. "holy"; see airë #1

airëa

holy

airëa adj. "holy"; see airë.

aista

holy

aista (1) adj. "holy" (VT43:37)

almárëa

blessed

almárëa adj. "blessed". In a deleted entry in Etym, the gloss provided was "bless", but this would seem to be a mistake, since the word does not look like a verb. Another deleted entry agrees with the retained entry GALA that almárëa means "blessed" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)

amanya

blessed

amanya adj. "blessed" (VT49:39, 41)

ampa

hook

ampa noun "hook", also name of tengwa #14 (GAP, Appendix E, VT47:20)

ampa

noun. hook, hook, [ᴹQ.] crook

amu-

raise

amu- vb. "raise" (LT2:335; LotR-style Quenya has orta-)

amya-

verb. [unglossed]

an-

very

an- (2) intensive or superlative prefix carrying the idea of "very" or "most", seen in ancalima "most bright" (cf. calima "bright"), antara "very high, very lofty" and #anyára "very old" or "oldest" (the latter form occurring in the so-called Elaine inscription [VT49:40], there with the dative ending -n). Assimilated to am- before p-, as in amparca ("k") "very dry", and to al-, ar-, as- before words in l-, r-, s- (though Tolkien seems to indicate that before words in l- derived from earlier d, the original quality of the consonant would be preserved so that forms in and- rather than all- would result). See also un-. (Letters:279, VT45:5, 36) Regarding the form of the superlative prefix before certain consonants, another, partially discrepant system was also set down in the Etymologies and first published in VT45:36. The prefix was to appear as um- or un- before labialized consonants like p-, qu-, v- (the consonant v preserving its ancient pronunciation b- following the prefix, thus producing a word in umb-), as in- (technically iñ-) before c- and g- (the latter presumably referring to words that originally had initial g-, later lost in Quenya but evidently preserved following this prefix), and as an- otherwise. However, this system would contradict the canonical example ancalima, which would have been *incalima if Tolkien had maintained this idea. In a post-LotR source, the basic form of the prefix is given as am- instead (see am- #2). In this late conception, the prefix still appears as an- before most consonants, but as ama- before r, l, and the form an- is used even before s- (whether original or from þ), not the assimilated variant as- described above. General principles would suggest that the form am- should also appear before y- (so the form #anyára probably presupposes an- rather than am- as the basic form of the prefix, Tolkien revisiting the earlier concept in the _Elaine inscription). (PE17:92)_

arra

adjective. [unglossed]

atta

cardinal. two

atta (1) cardinal "two" (AT(AT), Letters:427, VT42:26, 27, VT48:6, 19). Elen atta "two stars" (VT49:44); notice how a noun is indeclinable before this numeral, and any case endings are "singular" and added to the numeral rather than the noun, e.g. genitive elen atto "of two stars" (VT49:45). Attalyar "Bipeds" (sg. *Attalya) = Petty-dwarves (from Sindarin Tad-dail) (WJ:389). A word atta_ "again" was struck out; see the entry _TAT in Etym and cf. ata in this list.

ava-

verb. refuse, forbid

avanwa

refused, forbidden, banned

avanwa adj. "refused, forbidden, banned" (PE17:143), blended in meaning with vanwa, q.v.

avaquet-

refuse, forbid

avaquet- ("q")vb. "refuse, forbid" (KWET)

cainen

cardinal. ten

[cainen] ("k") cardinal "ten" (KAYAN/KAYAR). According to VT48:12, Tolkien eventually rejected this word (cainen would only mean "I lay", sc. the pa.t. cainë with the ending -n "I"). See quain, quëan.

cainen

cardinal. ten

cairë

?. [unglossed]

canta-

verb. ?

canya

adjective. wise

cemi

earth, soil, land

cemi noun "earth, soil, land"; Cémi ("k")"Mother Earth" (LT1:257; the "Qenya" word cemi would correspond to cemen in LotR-style Quenya)

cilinyul

drinking-vessel

cilinyul noun "drinking-vessel" (made of glass) (PE17:37)

ciris

cleft, crack

ciris _("k")_noun "cleft, crack" (LT2:337 - obsoleted by cirissë?)

comya-

gather, assemble

comya- ("k")vb. "gather, assemble" (transitive)(PE17:158)

corda

temple

corda _("k")_noun "temple" (LT1:257)

cunta

rule

cunta, also cunya, vb. (or less likely noun) "rule" (PE17:117)

cëa

cardinal. ten

[cëa, cëan ("k") cardinal "ten", forms Tolkien later abandoned in favour of quain or quëan. An adjectival form caina ("k") was also listed, but must likewise be considered obsolete. (VT48:12-13, VT49:54)]

cëa(n)

cardinal. ten

cúma

noun. [unglossed]

ea-

verb. be, exist

ecca

hole

ecca ("k")noun "hole", apparently associated with Sindarin torech "secret hole, lair" (PE17:188)

en

there, look! yon (yonder)

en (1) interjection "there, look! yon (yonder)" (EN, VT45:12)

enne

noun. thought, purpose

esse

noun. name

essë

noun. name

essë

he

essë (2) pron? "he" (and also "she, it"?), possible emphatic 3rd sg. emphatic pronoun, attested in the sentence essë úpa nas "he is dumb" (PE17:126)

esta-

verb. name

falqua

cleft, mountain pass, ravine

falqua ("q") noun "cleft, mountain pass, ravine" (LT2:341)

felca

adjective. [unglossed]

felco

cave, mine, underground dwelling

felco noun "cave, mine, underground dwelling" (PE17:118); also felca, felehta

felehta-

verb. [unglossed], *to excavate, tunnel, mine

An untranslated form appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 derived from the root √PHELEG/PHELEK (PE17/118), possibly a verb derived from ✱phelektā- or ✱phelegtā-. The derivatives of this root had to do with mines and tunnels, so perhaps this verb meant “✱to excavate, tunnel, mine”.

felya

cave

felya noun "cave" (PHÉLEG), "mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwel[ling]" (PE17:118)

finca

clever

finca adj. "clever" (in petty ways) (PE17:119). A distinct form finca is also mentioned as the cognate of Sindarin fineg, but neither form is clearly glossed. The word-group under consideration has to do with hair(PE17:17).

finca

noun. [unglossed]

finya

adjective. clever

fion

bowl, goblet

fion (2) "bowl, goblet" (LT1:253)

foa

hoard, treasure

foa (2) noun "hoard, treasure" (LT2:340; perhaps obsoleted by #1 above)

fínëa

dexterous

fínëa adj. "dexterous" (PE17:119), also finwa, q.v.

fínëa

adjective. dexterous

handë

knowledge, understanding, intelligence

handë noun "knowledge, understanding, intelligence" (KHAN). Note: *handë is (probably) also the past tense of the verb har- "sit".

hanya-

understand, know about, be skilled in dealing with

hanya- vb. "understand, know about, be skilled in dealing with" (KHAN, VT45:21)

harin

marred

*harin adj. "marred" (PE17:150). The word is given as χarin*, where the initial Greek chi presumably represents [x]; in later [MET] pronunciation and spelling, this would become harin**.

hastaina

adjective. marred

haura, hauza

noun. hoard

hoard, store

hendas

?. [unglossed]

heru-

to rule

heru- vb. "to rule" (LT1:272; rather tur- in LotR-style Quenya)

hindo

noun. [unglossed]

hindë

noun. [unglossed]

hloima

poison

hloima noun "poison", "a poisonous substance" (PE17:185)

holdë

noun. [unglossed]

hosta-

gather, collect, assemble

hosta- vb. "gather, collect, assemble" (Markirya), "gather hastily together, pile up" (PE17:39), hostainiéva "will be gathered", future tense of the stative verb *hostainië*, derived from hostaina "gathered", past participle of hosta- "gather". Such stative verbs are probably not conceptually valid in Tolkien's later Quenya; see -ië**. (FS)

hresta

shore, beach

hresta noun "shore, beach", ablative hrestallo *"from (the) shore" in Markirya

hráva

wild

hráva adj. "wild" (PE17:78); see ráva #1.

hrávë

flesh

hrávë noun "flesh" (MR:349)

hrúcarë

evil-doing

hrúcarë, also rúcarë, noun "evil-doing" (PE17:170)

hrúcarë

noun. evil-doing

huan

hound

huan (hún-, as in dat. sg. húnen) noun "hound" (KHUGAN, KHUG). Cf. hú, huo.

hyanda

noun. throng

throng, crowd, pressed mass

hyatsë

cleft, gash

hyatsë noun "cleft, gash" (SYAD), apparently changed by Tolkien from hyassë (VT46:16)

háro

?. [unglossed]

hú

hound

hú noun "hound" (PE17:86), cf. huan, huo

i

pronoun. that

i, antevokaliskt in

conjunction. that

ilúvala

adjective. omnipotent

isqua

wise

isqua ("q") adj. "wise" (LT2:339).

issë

knowledge, lore

issë noun "knowledge, lore" (LT2:339; rather ista or istya in Tolkien's later Quenya)

ista

knowledge

ista (1) noun "knowledge" (IS). Also istya.

ista

verb. know

istare

noun. knowledge

istima

adjective. wise, knowledgeable, v.well informed

istya

knowledge

istya noun "knowledge" (IS). Also ista (#1).

ita

that which

ita 3) pron "that which" (VT49:12), emended from tai (#1, q.v.) The form ita is compounded from the relative pronoun i + the pronoun ta "that, it".

kemen

earth

kemen noun "earth"; see cemen.

lai

very

[lai adverbial particle "very" (VT45:8)]

laiquë

herb

laiquë noun "herb" ("anything green, but especially as used for food") (PE17:159)

laiquë

noun. herb

A noun for “herb” appearing in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957, a combination of the roots √LAY and √KWĒ (PE17/159). Tolkien specified that it was used for “anything green, but especially [herbs] as used for food”.

laire

noun. summer

lairë

summer

lairë (1) noun "summer" (Letters:283, VT45:26), in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 72 days, but also used without any exact definition (Appendix D). Oiolairë "Eversummer", name of a tree (UT:167), see also Coron Oiolairë. Lairelossë noun *"Summer-snow", name of a tree (UT:167), perhaps with white flowers.

lairë

noun. summer

laita-

bless, praise

laita- vb. "bless, praise": a laita, laita te! Andavë laituvalmet! ... Cormacolindor, a laita tárienna "bless them, bless them! Long shall we bless them! ... [The] Ring-bearers, praise [them] to [the] height!" (lait[a]-uva-lme-t "bless-shall-we-them) (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308; the meaning of the suffix -lmë _was revised from inclusive to exclusive "we", VT49:55). Verbal noun laitalë "praising", isolated from Erulaitalë (UT:166, 436)_

laivë

ointment

laivë noun "ointment" (LIB2)

lanya-

verb. to cross

latta

hole, pit

latta (1) noun "hole, pit" (DAT/DANT, VT45:8)

lav-

verb. to lick

A verb for “to lick” based on the root √LAB of similar meaning (PE17/72; PE22/151-152; RGEO/59).

Conceptual Development: This verb dates all the way back to ᴱQ. lava- “lick” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s where it was derived from the early root ᴱ√LAVA (QL/52). It retained this form in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/134), and in The Etymologies of the 1930s it appeared as ᴹQ. lavin “I lick” under the root ᴹ√LAB “lick” (Ety/LAB). The verb and root continued to appear regularly in Tolkien’s later writings.

lingi-

verb. [unglossed]

linquë

grass, reed

linquë (2) noun *"grass, reed" (J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 199, note 34)

lumbë

gloom, shadow

lumbë noun "gloom, shadow" (LUM)

lumenyárë

history, chronological account

lumenyárë noun "history, chronological account" (NAR2 - read *lúmenyárë?) According to VT45:36, the manuscript spelling actually seems to be lumennyáre, but Hostetter and Wynne conclude that this is "probably a slip": The double nn would be difficult to justify.

luntë

boat

luntë noun "boat" (LUT, MC:216), "ship" (LT1:249, LT1:255)

luntë

noun. boat, boat, [ᴱQ.] ship

lára

blessed

[lára (3) adj. "blessed", also lárëa (VT45:26)]

lára

grave

[lára (2) noun "grave" (VT45:8)]

lúmequenta

history, chronological account

lúmequenta ("q")noun "history, chronological account" (LU)

lúmequentalë

history

lúmequentalë ("q")noun "history" (LU, KWET). According to VT45:29, the accent marking the ú as a long vowel is actually missing in the entry LU in Tolkien's original Etymologies manuscript; yet it is apparently included both in the entry KWET and in the related words lúmequenta and lúmequentalëa; its omission in the entry LU is therefore probably just a slip.

maita

hungry

maita (1) adj. "hungry" (VT39:11)

maita

adjective. hungry

An adjective for “hungry” in notes from around 1960 derived from the root √MAT “eat” via i-infixion (VT39/11), which produced a small class of desiderative words in Quenya, as in “desiring to eat”.

maitya

?. [unglossed]

manaitë

blessed

manaitë adj. "blessed" (VT49:41, 42)

manaquenta

blessed

manaquenta adj. "blessed" (VT44:10; see manquë, manquenta)

manna

blessed

manna adj. "blessed" (also mána, q.v.) (VT43:30, VT45:32, VT49:41)

manquë

blessed

manquë, manquenta adj. "blessed" (VT44:10-11; it cannot be ruled out that manquë spelt manque in the source is simply an uncompleted form of manquenta. Whatever the case, Tolkien decided to use the form manaquenta instead, q.v.)

manta-

bless

*manta- vb. "bless", only attested in the present/continuative tense: mánata (VT49:39, 52, 55)

manta-

verb. to bless

perhaps another TALAT-form verb

manya-

bless

manya- vb. "bless" "sc. either to afford grace or help or to wish it" (VT49:41)

manya-

verb. to bless

matl

food

matl noun "food"; read *matil in LotR-style Quenya (in which language final syllabic -l becomes -il) (QL:59); however, the word matso from a later source may be preferred.

matso

food

matso noun "food" (PE16:141)

matta

noun. food

matta

noun. food

A noun for “food” from the Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) of the early 1950s, derived from primitive ✶matnā, originally an ancient adjective meaning “eaten” (PE22/136).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s the word for “food” was ᴱQ. matl under the early root ᴱ√MATA (QL/59). This became ᴱQ. {masta} >> matso in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/141). In EVS2 the word was originally manna “food”, but this was struck through and replaced by matta (PE22/136 note #36), which likely reflects Tolkien’s shift in the phonetic developments of primitive tn, so that tn became tt rather than nn as it did in Tolkien’s earlier writings (PE19/85 and note #79).

Neo-Quenya: I find the phonetic developments associated with the above sound change to be problematic for various reasons. Therefore, I prefer to assume the primitive form of this word was an ancient noun: ✱mattā.

melin

dear

melin adj. "dear" (MEL)

melya-

verb. [unglossed], *to be in love

merca

wild, untamed

[merca ("k")adj. "wild, untamed" (MERÉK, VT45:34)] Compare verca.

moc-

hate

moc- _("k")_vb. "hate" (given as mocir ["k"] "I hate" in LT1:258; read *mocin if the word is to be adapted to Tolkien's later Quenya)

máma

sheep

máma noun "sheep" (WJ:395)

mána

blessed

mána 1) adj. "blessed" (FS); also manna, q.v. 2) noun "any good thing or fortunate thing; a boon or blessing, a grace, being esp. used of some thing/person/event that helps or amends an evil or difficulty. (Cf. frequent ejaculation on receiving aid in trouble: yé mána (ma) = what a blessing, what a good thing!)" (VT49:41)

naicea

adjective. cruel

naina-

lament

naina- vb. "lament" (NAY), also reduplicated nainaina- (VT45:37). Gerund nainië, "lament" as a noun (RGEO:66)

nainië

noun. lament, lament, *lamentation

nairea

adjective. sorrowful

nairë

lament

nairë noun "lament" (NAY)

nandelë

harping

nandelë ("ñ")noun "harping" (ÑGAN/ÑGÁNAD)

narca-

to rend

narca- ("k")vb. "to rend" (NÁRAK; the form "narki" in LR is a misreading for narka; see VT45:37)

naue

?. [unglossed]

ne

that

ne (2) conj. "that" (as in "I know that you are here") (PE14:54), evidently replaced by i in Tolkiens later Quenya (see i #3).

nir-

press, thrust, force (in a given direction)

nir- vb. "press, thrust, force (in a given direction)" ("Though applicable to the pressure of a person on others, by mind and 'will' as well as by physical strength, [this verb] could also be used of physical pressures exerted by inanimates.") Given as a 1st person aorist nirin (VT41:17). Pa.t. probably *nindë since the R of nir- was originally D (the base is given as NID; compare rer- pa.t. rendë from RED concerning the past tense)

nir-

verb. press, thrust, force

noi

lament

noi noun "lament" (NAY)

nolwë

wisdom, secret lore

nolwë ("ñ")noun "wisdom, secret lore" (ÑGOL)

nwalca

cruel

nwalca ("k")adj. "cruel" (ÑGWAL; this must represent earlier *ñwalca = *ngwalca; these forms are not given in Etym, but compare nwalmë_ below. In Tengwar writing, the initial NW would be represented by the letter nwalmë.)_

nyéna-

lament

nyéna- vb. "lament" (LT1:262). Compare naina- in Tolkiens later Quenya.

násië

interjection. *amen, (lit.) may it be so

náva

adjective. hollow

nëa

to be

nëa (2) an optative form of the verb na- "to be"? (nëa = LotR-style Quenya nai?): ya rato nëa "which soon may (it) be" = "which I hope will be soon" (Arct)

nóla

wise, learned

nóla ("ñ") (1) adj. "wise, learned" (ÑGOL) (note that this and the next nóla would be spelt differently in Tengwar writing, and originally they were also pronounced differently, since nóla "wise, learned" was ñóla in First Age Quenya).

nómë

place

#nómë noun "place", isolated from Nómesseron, q.v. Cf. also sinomë.

nómë

noun. place

ocamna

diphthong

ocamna ("k")noun "diphthong" (VT44:13)

ocamnar

noun. diphthongs

diphthongs

ohlon

diphthong

ohlon (pl. ohloni is attested) noun "diphthong", used of both vocalic diphthongs and "consonantal diphthongs" like mb(VT39:9)

ohlon

noun. diphthong

on

stone

on, ondo noun "stone" (LT2:342, LT1:254 probably only ondo in LotR-style Quenya, see below). Various "Qenya" forms: ondoli "rocks" (MC:213; this would be a partitive plural in LotR-style Quenya), ondolin "rocks" (MC:220), ondoisen "upon rocks" (MC:221), ondolissen "rocks-on" (MC:214; the latter form, partitive plural locative, is still valid in LotR-style Quenya).

orta

verb. raise

orta-

verb. raise

raise

orto-

raise

orto- vb. "raise" (LT1:256; in Tolkien's later Quenya orta-)

palis

sward, lawn

palis noun "sward, lawn" (LT1:264)

pirya

juice, syrup

pirya noun "juice, syrup" (PIS)

poica

clean, pure

poica ("k")adj. "clean, pure" (POY)

pol-

can

pol- (1) vb. "can" = have physical power and ability, as in polin quetë "I can speak (because mouth and tongue are free)". Cf. ista-, lerta- as verbs "can" with somewhat different shades of meaning. (VT41:6, PE17:181)

quain

cardinal. ten

quain cardinal "ten" (also quëan); quainëa ordinal "tenth" (VT48:6, 20; VT42:25). Quain or quëan replaced the form cainen in Tolkiens conception.

quain

cardinal. ten

quent

word

quent ("q")noun "word" (LT2:348; in Tolkien's later Quenya quetta)

quenta

tale

quenta ("q")noun "tale" (KWET), "narrative, story" (VT39:16); Quenta Silmarillion "the Story/Tale of the Silmarils", also Quenta Eldalien "History of the Elves" (SD:303), notice "Qenya" genitive in -n in the latter title. Quenta is also translated "account", as in Valaquenta "Account of the Valar".

quetta

noun. word

quëan

cardinal. ten

quëan cardinal "ten", also quain (VT48:6, 12, 20). Quain or quëan replaced the form cainen in Tolkiens conception.

quín

crest, ridge

quín, quínë noun "crest, ridge" (PE17:24)

quín, quínë

crest, ridge

quín, quínë noun "crest, ridge" (PE17:24. 173)

ranga

yard, full pace

ranga (pl. rangar is attested) noun "yard, full pace". This Númenórean linar measure was "slightly longer than our yard, approximately 38 inches [= 96.5 cm]". (UT:285, 461)

ranta

part

#ranta noun "part". Pl. rantali attested. (PE14:117)

rince

noun. hook

roita-

pursue

roita- vb. "pursue" (ROY1)

ronta

hollow

ronta adj.? noun? "hollow" (also rotwa) (LT2:347. In Tolkien's later Quenya, the preferred words for "hollow" are unqua adj. and unquë noun.)

rotelë

cave

rotelë noun "cave" (LT2:347)

rotto

cave, tunnel

rotto noun "cave, tunnel" (VT46:12), "a small grot or tunnel" (PM:365)

rotwa

hollow

rotwa adj.? noun? "hollow" (also ronta) (LT2:347. In Tolkien's later Quenya, the preferred words for "hollow" are unqua adj. and unquë noun.)

ruinë

fire, a blaze

ruinë noun "a fire, a blaze" (PE17:183). Compare nárë.

runda

smooth, polished

runda (1) adj. "smooth, polished" (PE17:89)

rú

proper name. Wose

Given as the Quenya word for “Wose” (UT/385), most likely an adaptation of its Sindarin cognate S. Drû.

rúcare

noun. evil-doing

rúcarë

evil-doing

rúcarë noun "evil-doing". Variant of hrúcarë. (PE17:170)

sinya

new

sinya adj. "new" (SI)

siqu-

sigh

siqu- ("q")vb. "sigh" (cited in form "siqi"), pa.t. síque (QL:84)

sirya-

verb. to flow, to flow [smoothly]

solor

surf

solor noun "surf" (SOL); solor, solossë noun "surf, surge" (LT1:266)

solossë

surf, surge

solossë noun "surf, surge" (LT1:266); also solor

sonda

dear, fond

[sonda adj. "dear, fond" (VT46:15)]

sorna

steadfast

sorna (þ) adj. "steadfast" (PE17:113)

sorna

adjective. steadfast

sulpa

soup

sulpa noun "soup" (LT1:266)

sungwa

drinking-vessel

sungwa noun "drinking-vessel" (SUK)

sélo

?. [unglossed]

síma

mind, imagination

síma noun "mind, imagination" (VT49:16); variant isima. Also attested with endings: símaryassen "in their imaginations" (with the ending -rya used = "their" rather than "his/her", according to colloquial useage) (VT49:16)

sóla

?. [unglossed]

ta

that, it

ta (1) pron. "that, it" (TA); compare antaróta** "he gave it" (FS); see anta-. The forms tar/tara/tanna "thither", talo/tó "thence" and tás/tassë* "there" are originally inflected forms of this pronoun: "to that", "from that" and "in that" (place), respectively. Compare "there" as one gloss of ta (see #4).

ta

there

ta (5) adv. "there" (VT49:33; this may be an Elvish root or "element" rather than a Quenya word; see tanomë; see however also tar, tara, tanna under ta #1).

ta

so, like that, also

ta (2) adv. "so, like that, also", e.g. ta mára "so good" (VT49:12)

ta

pronoun. them (inanimate)

tai

then

tai (3) adv. "then", also tá (which form may be preferred because tai has other meanings as well) (VT49:33)

tai

1lE adverb. then

tai

conjunction. that which, what

tambë

so

tambë prep. (1) "so" or "as" (referring to something remote; contrast sívë). Sívë...tambë "as...so" (VT43:17).

tana

that

tanca

firm, fixed, sure

tanca ("k")adj. "firm, fixed, sure" (TAK)

tanya

that

tanya demonstrative "that" (MC:215; this is "Qenya", perhaps corresponding to later tana)

tarwa

garden, enclosure

tarwa noun "garden, enclosure" (QL:87)

tasse

there

tassë

there

tassë adv. "there" (VT49:11), short form tás. These seem to be properly locative forms of ta "that, it", hence "in that [place]". Compare allative tanna "thither" and ablative talo "thence".

tenna

noun. thought

thought, notion, idea

ter

so

ter (2), also tér, prep. (?) ephemeral word for "so" (see ier), abandoned by Tolkien in favour of tambë (VT43:17)

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

tiris

watch, vigil

tiris (tiriss-), also tirissë, noun "watch, vigil" (LT1:258, QL:93)

tolpo

bowl

tolpo noun "bowl" (PE16:142)

tomba

noun. [unglossed]

tompë

noun. [unglossed], *pulse, beat

@@@ Neo-meaning “✱pulse, beat” suggested by Röandil on 2023-04-20

torna

adjective. hard

tsette

noun. fly

tuc-

draw

tuc- ("k")noun "draw" (1st pers. aorist tucin "I draw") (TUK)

tulca

firm, strong, immovable, steadfast

tulca (1) ("k") adj. "firm, strong, immovable, steadfast" (TULUK)

turma

shield

turma (1) noun "shield" (TURÚM).

tyal-

verb. play

play

tyal-

play

tyal- vb. "play" (1st pers. aorist tyalin "I play") (TYAL)

tá

then

tá 1) adv. "then" (VT49:11). Cf. ta #4.

tá

adverb. then

tára

adjective. wise

tás

there

tás adv. "there" (VT49:11); also tassë, q.v.

tás

adverb. there

tévië

hatred

tévië noun "hatred" (LT1:268; according to QL:90 the first vowel should be long)

um(ba)-

prefix. [unglossed]

umbacarin

noun. [unglossed]

umbas

shield

umbas (þ) noun "shield" (VT45:33)

unqua

hollow

unqua ("q")adj. "hollow" (UNUK)

unquë

hole, hollow

unquë noun "hole, hollow" (VT46:20, UNUK), also name of tengwa #16 _(Appendix E; there spelt unque, while the Etymologies has unqe)_

urda

hard, difficult, arduous

urda adj. "hard, difficult, arduous" (PE17:154)

uru

fire

uru noun "fire" (LT1:271)

uruitë

fiery

uruitë adj. "fiery" (UR; thisstem was struck out in Etym, but several words that must be derived from it occur in LotR, so it seems that Tolkien restored it.)

uruvoitë

fiery

uruvoitë adj. "fiery" (LT1:271)

urya-

be hot

urya- vb. "be hot" (PE17:148), "burn" (intransitive) (LT1:271)

vala-

to rule

vala- (2) vb. "to rule", only with reference to the Valar (see Vala). Future tense valuva is attested (WJ:404)

vard-

rule, govern

vard- vb. "rule, govern" (LT1:273; hardly valid in Tolkien's later Quenya)

verca

wild

verca ("k")adj. "wild" (BERÉK)

vórima

adjective. faithful, faithful, *(lit.) able to endure; [ᴹQ.] continuous, enduring, repeated; [ᴱQ.] everlasting

wen

maid, girl

wen noun "maid, girl" (*wend-), in early "Qenya" also wendi (Tolkien's later Quenya form wendë occurs in MC:215 and in Etym, stems GWEN, WEN/WENED). (LT1:271, 273)

wendi

maid, girl

wendi noun "maid, girl" (LT1:271), "young or small woman, girl" (VT48:18); see wendë

winya

new, fresh, young

winya (1) adj. "new, fresh, young" _(VT45:16; though the entry including this form was struck out in the Etymologies, _vinya "new" is a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, and it is meant to represent older winya. Compare winyamo, q.v.)

yana

that

yana demonstrative "that" (the former) (YA)

yaru

gloom, blight

yaru noun "gloom, blight" (GL:37)

yu-

prefix. both, both, [ᴱQ.] twice

yúyo

both

yúyo noun? adv.? "both" (YŪ, VT48:10). Used adjectivally in yúyo má "both hands"; notice that the noun following yúyo receives no plural or dual marker.

yúyo

adjective. both

éna

?. [unglossed]

ócom-

gather, assemble

#ócom- vb. "gather, assemble" (intransitive)(PE17:157, 158). Cited in the form ócomë "gathers, assembles", evidently an endingless aorist. Perfect ócómië given.

úpa-

verb. [unglossed]

úr

fire

úr noun "fire" (UR)This stem was struck out in Etym, but a word that must be derived from it occurs in LotR, so it seems that Tolkien restored it. Early "Qenya" also has Ûr, noun "the Sun" (also Úri, Úrinci ("k"), Urwen) (LT1:271). Cf. Úri.

úruva

fiery

úruva adj. "fiery" (from UR; this stem was struck out in Etym, but several words that must be derived from it occur in LotR, so it seems that Tolkien restored it. The word úruva also occurred in early "Qenya"; in LT1:271 it is glossed "like fire".)

úvana

adjective. marred

þúna

?. [unglossed]

ʼondō

noun. stone

PQ. stone

χarina

adjective. marred

amyára

noun. elder

calampa

noun. spoon

A neologism for “spoon” coined by Tamas Ferencz, an elaboration on the root ᴹ√KALPA “water vessel”.

cesië

noun. search

corda

noun. temple

harina Reconstructed

adjective. marred

huar

noun. wild dog, jackal

huarda

noun. pack (of dogs, wolves)

itsë

noun. fly

lai

adverb. very

maitië

noun. hunger

A neologism coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT), an abstract noun form of Q. maita “hungry”.

mis

noun. urine

paluhta

noun. table

paswa

noun. sward

silta-

verb. to sift, sort out, winnow

sono

noun. pine

suilië

noun. greeting

sulpa

noun. soup

sáralë

noun. bitterness

tevinqua

adjective. hateful

tolpo

noun. bowl

yarië

noun. antiquity