ló, lo (2) prep. "from", also used = "by" introducing the agent after a passive construction: nahtana ló Turin *"slain by Túrin" (VT49:24). A similar and possibly identical form is mentioned in the Etymologies as being somehow related to the ablative ending -llo, but is not there clearly defined (VT45:28). At one point, Tolkien suggested that lo rather than the ending -llo was used with proper names (lo Manwë rather than Manwello for "from Manwë"), but this seems to have been a short-lived idea (VT49:24).
Quenya
o
preposition. from
Derivations
- ✶ăwă “from” ✧ PE17/148
- √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/148
- ✶hō “from, coming from, as described by a genitive” ✧ PE22/168
- √HO “from, coming from” ✧ WJ/361
Variations
- ō ✧ PE22/168
-o
suffix. of; genitive ending
Cognates
Derivations
Variations
- -ō ✧ WJ/368
ho
from
ó
with, accompanying
ó
preposition. with
Changes
yó→ ó ✧ PE22/162Element in
- Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/29
- Q. vá meninyë ó le “I won’t come with you” ✧ PE22/162
Variations
- yó ✧ PE22/162 (
yó)- ó- ✧ VT43/29
ló
from
-va
from
-va possessive ending, presumably related to the preposition va "from". In Eldaliéva, Ingoldova, miruvóreva, Oroméva, rómeva, Valinóreva (q.v. for references), Follondiéva, Hyallondiéva (see under turmen for references). Following a consonant, the ending instead appears as -wa (andamacilwa "of the long sword", PE17:147, rómenwa *"of the East", PE17:59). Pl. -vë when governing a plural word (from archaic -vai) (WJ:407), but it seems that -va was used throughout in late Exilic Quenya (cf. miruvóreva governing the plural word yuldar in Namárië). Pl. -iva (-ivë*), dual -twa, partitive pl. -líva**.
va
from
va prep. "from" (VT43:20; prefixed in the form var- in var-úra "from evil", VT43:24). In VT49:24, va, au and o are quoted as variants of the stem awa "away from".
lé
preposition. with, with, [ᴹQ.] by, [ᴱQ.] with (accompaniment)
Cognates
- S. di “with” ✧ PE17/095
Derivations
- ✶dē “with” ✧ PE17/095
Element in
- ᴺQ. letinwessë “constellation”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶dē > lē > lé [dē] > [lē] ✧ PE17/095 Variations
- lé ✧ PE17/095 (lé)
as
with
as prep. "with" (together with), also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with thee" (VT47:31, VT43:29). The conjunction ar "and" may also appear in assimilated form as before s; see ar #1.
as
with
o (2) prep. "with" (MC:216; this is "Qenya"; WJ:367 states that no independent preposition o was used in Quenya. Writers may rather use as.) See ó- below.
as
preposition. with
Derivations
- √AS “beside”
Element in
- Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/29
car-
with
#car- (2) prep. "with" (carelyë "with thee"), prepositional element (evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien) (VT43:29)
imi
in
imi prep. "in"; see mi (VT43:30)
imi
preposition. in, in, [ᴱQ.] inside
lé
with
lé (2) prep. "with" (PE17:95)
mi
in, within
mi prep. "in, within" (MI, VT27:20, VT44:18, 34, VT43:30; the latter source also mentions the variant imi); mí "in the" (Nam, RGEO:66; CO gives mi; the correct forms should evidently be mi = "in" and mí = mi i "in the"; VT49:35 also has mí with a long vowel, though the gloss is simply "in"). Used in PE17:71 (cf. 70) of people clad "in" various colours, e.g. mi mísë "in grey". Allative minna "to the inside, into" (MI), also mina (VT43:30). The forms mimmë and mingwë seem to incorporate pronominal suffixes for "us", hence ?"in us", inclusive and exclusive respectively. The pronoun -mmë denoted plural inclusive "we" when this was written, though Tolkien would later make it dual instead (see -mmë). Second person forms are also given: mil or milyë *"in you" (sg.), millë "in you" (pl.) (VT43:36). A special use of mi appears in the phrase Wendë mi Wenderon "Virgin of Virgins" (VT44:18); here mi appears superfluous to achieve the desired meaning, but this combination of singular noun + mi + plural genitive noun may be seen as a fixed idiom expressing that the initial noun represents the most prominent member of a class.
mi
preposition. in, in, [ᴹQ.] within
Cognates
- S. mi “*in”
Derivations
Element in
- Q. Aina Wendë mi Wenderon “Holy Virgin of virgins” ✧ VT44/18
- Q. aistana elyë imíca nísi “blessed art thou amongst women” ✧ VT43/30; VT43/30
- Q. alcar mi Tarmenel na Erun “glory [be] to God in the highest” ✧ VT44/34
- Q. ar mi cemen rainë i hínin “and on earth peace, good will toward men” ✧ VT44/34; VT44/34
- Q. Átaremma i ëa han Eä “our Father who art in Heaven” ✧ VT43/13
- ᴺQ. micol- “to import”
- Q. mina “into, in, into, in, [ᴹQ.] to the inside”
- ᴺQ. minomë “instead, in place of, in exchange of”
- Q. mi oromardi lissë miruvóreva “of the sweet mead in lofty halls” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
- Q. lissë miruvóreva mí oromardi “of sweet nectar in the high-halls” ✧ RGEO/58
- Q. mirröanwë “incarnate”
- Q. Mírondina “Incarnate”
- Q. nai tiruvantes i hárar mahalmassen mi Númen “in the keeping of those who sit upon thrones of the West” ✧ UT/305
- Q. sanomë tarnë Olórin, Aracorno, Eomer, Imrahil, mi mísë, mi telepta yo morna, mi laiqua yo ninquë, mi luinë, ta Gimli mi lossëa “There stood Gandalf, Aragorn, Eomer and Imrahil in grey, in silver and black, in green and white, and in blue, and also Gimli in white” ✧ PE17/071; PE17/071; PE17/071; PE17/071; PE17/071
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶mī > mĭ [mi] ✧ PE17/092 √mi > imi [imi] ✧ VT43/30 √mi > mi [mi] ✧ VT43/30 ✶mī > mĭ [mi] ✧ VT47/30 Variations
- mĭ ✧ PE17/092; VT47/30
- mī ✧ RGEO/58; VT49/35
- imi ✧ VT43/30
- mil ✧ VT43/30 (
mil)
ho prep. "from" (3O); cf. hó-