#torna adj. "hard", as in tornanga (q.v.), seemingly -storna after prefixes ending in a vowel, as in the comparative forms aristorna, anastorna (PE17:56; the forms are untranslated and may not necessarily be the same adjective "hard".)
Quenya
sarda
hard
torna
hard
torna
adjective. hard
Derivations
- √STOR “steadfast”
Element in
harna
helmet
harna (3) noun "helmet" (VT45:21)
harpa
helmet
harpa noun "helmet" (VT45:21)
urra
adjective. bad
Changes
unca→ urra “bad” ✧ PE22/168Derivations
- √UG “dislike”
Element in
- Q. umbë nin i hríve nauva urra (si loa) “I have a feeling that winter will be bad (this year)” ✧ PE22/168
Variations
- unca ✧ PE22/168 (
unca)
-ndor
land
-ndor, final element in compounds: "land" (Letters:308, UT:253)
nór
land
nór noun "land" (stem nor-, PE17:106) this is land as opposed to water and sea (nor in Letters:308). Cf. nórë.
nór
noun. land
A term for “land” as in “(dry) land as opposed to the sea”, mentioned in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/413) and again in notes from around 1968 (PE17/106-107).
Possible Etymology: In the Quendi and Eldar essay this term was derived from primitive ✶ndōro, but in the aforementioned 1968 notes Tolkien clarified that its stem form was nŏr-. This means it was probably derived from ancient ✱ndŏr-, where the long vowel in the uninflected form was inherited from the Common Eldarin subjective form ✱ndōr, a phenomenon also seen in words like nér (ner-) “man”. I prefer this second derivation, as it makes the independent word more distinct from the suffixal form -ndor or -nóre used in the names of countries.
Derivations
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶ndōr > nōr [ndōr] > [nōr] ✧ PE17/106 ✶NDŌR/NDŎR- > nôr [ndōr] > [nōr] ✧ PE17/107 ✶ndōro > nór [ndōro] > [ndōr] > [nōr] ✧ WJ/413 Variations
- nōr ✧ PE17/106
- nôr ✧ PE17/107
nóre
noun. land
nórë
land
nórë noun "land" (associated with a particular people) (WJ:413), "country, land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live, race, clan" (NŌ, NDOR, BAL), also used = "race, tribe, people" (SA:dôr, PE17:169; however, the normal word for "people" is lië). Early "Qenya" hasnórë "native land, nation, family, country" (in compounds -nor) (LT1:272)
urda
hard, difficult, arduous
urda adj. "hard, difficult, arduous" (PE17:154)
urda
adjective. hard, difficult, arduous
Cognates
- S. gordh “difficult, laborious” ✧ PE17/154
Derivations
- √GUR “hard, stiff, difficult, cumbrous, slow” ✧ PE17/154
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √GUR > urda [gurda] > [ɣurda] > [urda] ✧ PE17/154
hranga
awkward, hard
hranga (2) adj. "awkward, hard" (PE17:154), "stiff, awkward, difficult" (PE17:185)
hrai-
prefix. hard, *difficult
Derivations
- √SRAG “awkward, awry; hard, (very) difficult” ✧ PE17/154
Element in
- Q. hraicénima “scarcely visible, hard to see” ✧ PE17/154
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √SRAG > hrai- [srai-] > [r̥ai-] ✧ PE17/154
hraia
awkward, difficult
hraia adj. "awkward, difficult" (PE17:154), ephemerally meant "easy" (PE17:172)
tarya
tough, stiff
tarya adj. "tough, stiff" (TÁRAG)
ur(u)-
prefix. hard, difficult
Cognates
Derivations
- √GUR “hard, stiff, difficult, cumbrous, slow” ✧ PE17/154
Element in
- Q. urnótima “*difficult to count” ✧ PE17/172; PE17/172
- Q. urucárima “hard to make / do” ✧ PE17/154; PE17/154
- Q. urucarin “made with difficulty” ✧ PE17/154
- ᴺQ. uruhanyaima “complicated, enigmatic, cryptic, hard to understand”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √GUR > ur(u) [gur-] > [ɣur-] > [ur-] ✧ PE17/154 Variations
- ur(u) ✧ PE17/154
- ur- ✧ PE17/172 (ur-)
hranga
adjective. awkward, difficult, stiff, hard
Cognates
- S. rhanc “awkward, hard” ✧ PE17/154
Derivations
- √SRAG “awkward, awry; hard, (very) difficult” ✧ PE17/154; PE17/172; PE17/185
Element in
- ᴺQ. hrangwë “problem, difficulty”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √SRAG > hranga [sraŋga] > [r̥aŋga] ✧ PE17/154 √SRA-G > hranga [sraŋga] > [r̥aŋga] ✧ PE17/172 √SRA-G > hranya [sranja] > [r̥anja] ✧ PE17/172 √SRAGA > hranga [sraŋga] > [r̥aŋga] ✧ PE17/185 Variations
- hrane ✧ PE17/172 (hrane)
- hranya ✧ PE17/172 (
hranya)
ú-
prefix. bad, uneasy, hard
la
no, not
la negation "no, not" (see lá); also prefix la- as in lacarë, q.v. (VT45:25)
lá
no, not
lá (1) adv. "no, not" (LA, VT45:25) According to VT42:33, lá is the stressed form, alternating with la when the negation is unstressed. In another conceptual phase of Tolkien's, lá had the opposite meaning "yes" (VT42:32-33), but this idea is contradicted by both earlier and later material: usually lá is conceived as a negation. The negation can receive tense markers and be used as a negative verb "when [another] verb is not expressed" (VT49:13), apparently where the phrase "is not" is followed by a noun or an adjective as a predicate, or where some verb is understood, as in English "I do not" (i.e. "I do not do whatever the context indicates"). With pronominal endings la- in the aorist, e.g. lanyë "I do not, am not" (etc.) (Tolkien abandoned the form lamin.) Exemplified in the sentence melin sé apa lanyë hé *"I love him but I do not [love] him" (another person) (VT49:15). Present tense laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva.
cassa
helmet
cassa ("k")noun "helmet" (KAS; though spelt cassa also in the Etymologies as printed in LR, VT45:19 indicates that Tolkien's own spelling was kassa). Cf. carma in a later source.
norna
stiff, tough; hard, firm, resistant
norna adj. "stiff, tough; hard, firm, resistant" (WJ:413, PE17:106), "thrawn, tough, obdurate", mainly applied to persons (PE17:181)
norna
adjective. tough, stiff; hard, firm, resistant; thrawn, obdurate
Cognates
- S. dorn “tough, stiff, thrawn, obdurate” ✧ PE17/181; WJ/413
Derivations
Element in
- Q. Nornalië “People of the Dwarves” ✧ WJ/413
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √NDOR > norna [ndorna] > [norna] ✧ PE17/106 √DOR > norna [dorna] > [norna] ✧ PE17/181 √DORO > norna [dorna] > [norna] ✧ WJ/413
tauca
stiff, wooden
tauca ("k") "stiff, wooden" (PE17:115)
castol
helmet
castol noun "helmet", synonyms tholon (q.v.), sól (q.v), also variant castolo ("k")(PE17:186, 188)
castol(o)
noun. helmet
Cognates
- S. castol “helmet” ✧ PE17/186; PE17/188
Derivations
- √THOL “stand up, top; helmet” ✧ PE17/186
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √STOL > castol [castol] ✧ PE17/186 Variations
- castol ✧ PE17/186
- kastol(o) ✧ PE17/188
sól
helmet
sól, also solma or solos, noun variant words apparently for "helmet", cf. castol, q.v. (PE17:188)
tholon
helmet
tholon noun "helmet", variant of castol (q.v.), though Tolkien might have mistakenly marked it as Quenya instead of Sindarin (PE17:186)
þolon
noun. helmet
Cognates
- S. thôl “helmet, helm” ✧ PE17/186
Derivations
- √THOL “stand up, top; helmet”
Variations
- tholon ✧ PE17/186
ú-
prefix. no, not, un-, in-; hard, difficult, bad, uneasy; hardly, with difficulty, ‘badly’
Cognates
- S. ú- “no, not, negative; impossible, no, not, negative; impossible; [N.] bad-” ✧ PE17/062
Derivations
Element in
- ᴺQ. úpuhta- “to fornicate”
- ᴺQ. úhep- “to lose, (lit.) to un-keep”
- ᴺQ. únet- “to lose, (lit.) to un-get”
- Q. úcalima “dim, murky, dim, murky, *not bright” ✧ PE22/156
- Q. úcar- “*to trespass, do wrong, sin”
- Q. úcarë “*sin, debt, trespass”
- Q. úcárima “hard to do, difficult” ✧ PE22/156
- Q. úcarnë “not red” ✧ PE22/152
- ᴺQ. úcim- “disregard”
- ᴺQ. úfailië “unrighteousness”
- Q. úfantima “not concealable”
- Q. úfanwëa “not veiled, unveiled”
- ᴺQ. úhandë “unreason, incomprehension”
- Q. úχarin “unmarred” ✧ PE17/150
- Q. Úlairi “Ring-wraiths, (lit.) ?Un-living, Un-summer”
- ᴺQ. úlaita- “to dishonour”
- ᴺQ. úlévima “paralyzed, lame”
- Q. Úmaiar “Evil Spirits”
- Q. úmaitë “clumsy(-handed), unskilled”
- Q. Úmaneldi “*Elves not of Aman”
- Q. Úmanyar “Those not of Aman”
- Q. úmara “bad, ill-used, evil, sinister” ✧ VT49/15
- Q. úmárë “not good = evil” ✧ PE22/152
- Q. únat “thing impossible to be or to be done”
- Q. únehta “*atom”
- Q. Úner “Noman” ✧ UT/211
- Q. únotë(a) “not counted, uncounted” ✧ PE17/143; VT39/14
- Q. únótima “numberless, innumerable, countless, difficult/impossible to count” ✧ PE17/062; PE17/063; PE17/143; PE22/156; PE22/160; VT39/14; VT42/33
- ᴺQ. únut- “to untie”
- Q. únyárima “impossible to recount”
- Q. úpa “dumb [unable to speak]”
- Q. úpahtëa “speechless”
- ᴺQ. úpoica “unclean”
- ᴺQ. úqua “nothing”
- ᴺQ. úquen “nobody, no one”
- Q. úquétima “unspeakable, impossible to say or put into words, unpronounceable”
- Q. úsahtië “inducement to do wrong, *temptation”
- Q. úsië “on the contrary” ✧ VT49/18
- Q. úsir “on the contrary” ✧ VT49/18
- ᴺQ. útancië “uncertainty”
- ᴺQ. útulya- “to mislead”
- ᴺQ. útúrima “unruly”
- Q. úvana “marred”
- Q. úvanë(a) “without beauty”
- Q. úvanima “not fair, ugly; hard to call beautiful, hideous” ✧ PE17/143; PE22/156; VT39/14
- Q. úvanimo “monster, corrupt or evil creature”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √UG > ú [ugu-] > [uɣu-] > [ū-] ✧ PE22/160 √û > ú [ū-] ✧ VT42/33 Variations
- ū- ✧ PE17/062; PE17/144; PE22/152; PE22/156
- ū ✧ PE22/156; PE22/167; VT44/04
- ú ✧ PE22/160; VT42/33
- Ú- ✧ UT/211 (Ú-)
il-
verb. no, *un-
il- (prefix) "no, *un-" (LA); cf. ilfirin "immortal" (vs. firin "dead"). This prefix "denotes the opposite, the reversal, i.e. more than the mere negation" (VT42:32). But il- can also mean "all, every"; see ilaurëa, ilqua, ilquen.
ui
no
ui interjection "no" (originally an endingless negative verb in the 3rd person aorist: "it is not [so]"; see #u-). Apparently this is the word for "no" used to deny that something is true (compare vá, which is rather used to reject orders, or to issue negative orders). (VT49:28) Compare uito.
ú-
verb. not-, un-, in-
ú- (2) prefix "not-, un-, in-", denying presence or possession of thing or quality (VT39:14, UGU/UMU/VT46:20, GŪ, LT1:272), or simply suggesting something bad or immoral (see #úcar-, Úmaiar). Tolkien at one point considered redefining ú- as an element signifying "bad, uneasy, hard"; the already-published form únótima would then mean "difficult/impossible to count" rather than simply "uncountable" (VT42:33). However, Tolkien's very last word on the matter seems to be that ú- was to remain a mere negative (VT44:4). Compare úa, q.v. According to the Etymologies, the prefix ú- usually has a "bad sense", whereas according to early material u- (uv-, um-, un-) is a "mere negation" (UGU/UMU vs. VT42:32) According to a later source, ú- could be used as an uninflected verbal prefix, mainly in verse, but in a normal style the prefix was "verbalized" as ua-, q.v. (PE17:144). The stem Ū, as a negation, was accompanied by "pursed lips and shaking of the head" (PE17:145).
pollië
adverb. hard, strongly
Derivations
- √POL “can, have physical power and ability; large, big (strong); pound up, break up small, reduce to powder, can, have physical power and ability; large, big (strong); [ᴹ√] physically strong, [ᴱ√] have stength; [√] pound up, break up small, reduce to powder”
sarda adj. "hard" (VT39:17); pl. sardë "hards" may be used in the same sense as sarda tengwi, q.v. (As an independent form we would rather expect a nominal pl. sardar.)