harda

realm, region

harda noun "realm, region" _(VT45:12, 16, 17; the word also occurs, unglossed, in the entry EN in the Etymologies)_. Changed to arda later?

arda

realm

arda noun "realm" (GAR under 3AR). It is said that arda, when used as a common noun, "meant any more or less bounded or defined place, a region" (WJ:402), or "a particular land or region" (WJ:413). Capitalized Arda "the Realm", name of the Earth as the kingdom of Manwë (Silm), "the name given to our world or earth...within the immensity of Eä"(Letters:283, there again rendered "realm"), "our planet" (MR:39), once translated "Earth" (SD:246). In a wider sense, Arda can refer to the entire Solar System (MR:337). Also name of tengwa #26 (Appendix E). Masc. name Ardamírë "Jewel of the World" (PM:348), shorter form Ardamir (UT:210); Ardaranyë "the Kingdom of Arda" (PE17:105)

sarda

hard

sarda adj. "hard" (VT39:17); pl. sardë "hards" may be used in the same sense as sarda tengwi, q.v. (As an independent form we would rather expect a nominal pl. sardar.)

torna

hard

#torna adj. "hard", as in tornanga (q.v.), seemingly -storna after prefixes ending in a vowel, as in the comparative forms aristorna, anastorna (PE17:56; the forms are untranslated and may not necessarily be the same adjective "hard".)

torna

adjective. hard

hraicénima

scarcely visible, hard to see

hraicénima adj. "scarcely visible, hard to see" (PE17:154). Also hraicenë.

hranga

awkward, hard

hranga (2) adj. "awkward, hard" (PE17:154), "stiff, awkward, difficult" (PE17:185)

norna

stiff, tough; hard, firm, resistant

norna adj. "stiff, tough; hard, firm, resistant" (WJ:413, PE17:106), "thrawn, tough, obdurate", mainly applied to persons (PE17:181)

sarda tengwë

hard sound

#sarda tengwë noun "hard sound", a term for "consonant", but not used of semi-vowels (y, w) and continuants (l, r, m, noun). (Only pl. sarda tengwi [ñ] is attested; we would rather expect #sardë tengwi with the pl. form of the adjective.) Sarda tengwi are also simply called sardë "hards", see sarda. (VT39:17)

urcárima

hard to make / do

urcárima, urcarnë adj. "hard to make / do". (PE17:154). Cf. urucarin.

urda

hard, difficult, arduous

urda adj. "hard, difficult, arduous" (PE17:154)

hrai-

prefix. hard, *difficult

hraicénima

adjective. scarcely visible, hard to see

hranga

adjective. awkward, difficult, stiff, hard

norna

adjective. tough, stiff; hard, firm, resistant; thrawn, obdurate

sarda

adjective. hard (*as stone)

ur(u)-

prefix. hard, difficult

urda

adjective. hard, difficult, arduous

urucárima

adjective. hard to make / do

ú-

prefix. no, not, un-, in-; hard, difficult, bad, uneasy; hardly, with difficulty, ‘badly’

úcárima

adjective. hard to do, difficult

úvanima

adjective. not fair, ugly; hard to call beautiful, hideous

hraicenë

adjective. scarcely visible, hard to see

hrainote

adjective. *hard to count

mólome

noun. hard work, burden

ondórëa

adjective. hard-hearted, pitiless

tornanga

noun/adjective. hard-iron, iron hard, iron hard; hard-iron, *steel

urcarne

adjective. hard to make / do

ú-

prefix. bad, uneasy, hard

úcárima

adjective. hard to do, difficult

únótima

adjective. hard/impossible to count

úvanima

adjective. hard to call beautiful, hideous

empollië

adverb. *harder

uruhanyaima

adjective. complicated, enigmatic, cryptic, hard to understand

pollië

adverb. hard, strongly

astaldo

masculine name. Valiant

The sobriquet of Tulkas (S/28), a masculinized form of the adjective astalda “strong” (PE17/115).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, the sobriquet of Tulkas was ᴱQ. Poldórea (LT1/79), which was the adjective ᴱQ. poldórea “muscular” used as a name (QL/75). The name ᴹQ. Poldórea still appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, variously glossed “Strong One” or “Valiant” (SM/79, LR/206). It appeared in The Etymologies as an adjectival form of ᴹQ. poldore “physical strength; might” from the root ᴹ√POL(OD) “physically strong” (Ety/POL).

In later writings, the name Q. Poldórëa appeared in Tolkien’s Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the 1950s, along with variants Poldor and Poldorno, where he considered a new meaning for this name as “breaker up of the hard/tough” with its second element coming from the root √DOR “hard” (PE17/181). Ultimately, though the name was changed to Astaldo in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (MR/149).

car-

make, do, build, form

car- (1) vb. "make, do, build, form" (1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit). Regarding the form carize- (PE17:128), see -s #1. Pa.t. carnë (KAR, PE17:74, 144). The infinitival aorist stem carë ("k") (by Patrick Wynne called a "general aorist infinitive" in VT49:34) occurs in ecë nin carë sa "I can do it" (VT49:34), also in áva carë "don't do it" (WJ:371) and uin carë (PE17:68); in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the "simplest aorist infinitive", the same source referring to carië as the "general infinitive" of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar ("k") "those who form words" (WJ:391, cf. VT49:16), continuative cára, future caruva (PE17:144), carita ("k"), infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" (VT42:33), with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalya(s) "your doing (it)" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle #carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina ("k"), read perhaps *cárina. (Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15.) PE17:68 refers to a "simple past passive participle" of the form carinwa ("kari-nwa"). "Rare" past participle active (?) cárienwa* ("k") "having done" (PE17:68), unless this is also a kind of passive participle (the wording of the source is unclear). Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë ("káre") "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë (LR:362) even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë "war-made", made war (see #ohtacar-). Also cárië with various suffixes: cárier ("kárier") is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence "they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto* ("k") must also be "they made" (cf. -lto). Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë "hard to make / do", urucarin "made with difficulty" (PE17:154), saucarya "evil-doing" (PE17:68).

ú-

verb. not-, un-, in-

ú- (2) prefix "not-, un-, in-", denying presence or possession of thing or quality (VT39:14, UGU/UMU/VT46:20, GŪ, LT1:272), or simply suggesting something bad or immoral (see #úcar-, Úmaiar). Tolkien at one point considered redefining ú- as an element signifying "bad, uneasy, hard"; the already-published form únótima would then mean "difficult/impossible to count" rather than simply "uncountable" (VT42:33). However, Tolkien's very last word on the matter seems to be that ú- was to remain a mere negative (VT44:4). Compare úa, q.v. According to the Etymologies, the prefix ú- usually has a "bad sense", whereas according to early material u- (uv-, um-, un-) is a "mere negation" (UGU/UMU vs. VT42:32) According to a later source, ú- could be used as an uninflected verbal prefix, mainly in verse, but in a normal style the prefix was "verbalized" as ua-, q.v. (PE17:144). The stem Ū, as a negation, was accompanied by "pursed lips and shaking of the head" (PE17:145).

cólema

noun. patience, endurance; hardship

nór

noun. land

A term for “land” as in “(dry) land as opposed to the sea”, mentioned in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/413) and again in notes from around 1968 (PE17/106-107).

Possible Etymology: In the Quendi and Eldar essay this term was derived from primitive ✶ndōro, but in the aforementioned 1968 notes Tolkien clarified that its stem form was nŏr-. This means it was probably derived from ancient ✱ndŏr-, where the long vowel in the uninflected form was inherited from the Common Eldarin subjective form ✱ndōr, a phenomenon also seen in words like nér (ner-) “man”. I prefer this second derivation, as it makes the independent word more distinct from the suffixal form -ndor or -nóre used in the names of countries.

-ndor

land

-ndor, final element in compounds: "land" (Letters:308, UT:253)

Poldórëa

valiant

Poldórëa adj. "Valiant"; as title of Tulkas replaced by Astaldo (POL/POLOD, MR:146, 149. In GL:64, poldórëa is glossed "mighty", in QL:75, "muscular".)

ar-

outside

ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17), "by" (PE17:169; in the same source the glosses "near, by, beside" were rejected). Cf. ara.

ara

outside, beside, besides

ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, besides" (AR2, VT49:57). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë "he is out", VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni > arni "beside me", astyë "beside you" (informal), allë "besides you" (formal), arsë "beside him/her", plural anwë > armë "beside us" (exclusive), arwë "beside us" (inclusive), astë > ardë "beside you" (plural), astë > artë "beside them"; dual anwet > armet "beside us (two)". (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-.) The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence "beside the" (VT49:24-25)

artaurë

realm

artaurë noun "realm" (PE17:28). Cf. turmen.

ava

outside, beyond

ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)

cassa

helmet

cassa ("k")noun "helmet" (KAS; though spelt cassa also in the Etymologies as printed in LR, VT45:19 indicates that Tolkien's own spelling was kassa). Cf. carma in a later source.

castol

helmet

castol noun "helmet", synonyms tholon (q.v.), sól (q.v), also variant castolo ("k")(PE17:186, 188)

castol(o)

noun. helmet

etsë

outside, exterior

etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)

ettë

outside

ettë noun(and/or adv.?) "outside" (ET)

harna

wounded

harna (1) adj. "wounded"

harna

helmet

harna (3) noun "helmet" (VT45:21)

harpa

helmet

harpa noun "helmet" (VT45:21)

hraia

awkward, difficult

hraia adj. "awkward, difficult" (PE17:154), ephemerally meant "easy" (PE17:172)

il-

verb. no, *un-

il- (prefix) "no, *un-" (LA); cf. ilfirin "immortal" (vs. firin "dead"). This prefix "denotes the opposite, the reversal, i.e. more than the mere negation" (VT42:32). But il- can also mean "all, every"; see ilaurëa, ilqua, ilquen.

la

no, not

la negation "no, not" (see lá); also prefix la- as in lacarë, q.v. (VT45:25)

lá

no, not

lá (1) adv. "no, not" (LA, VT45:25) According to VT42:33, lá is the stressed form, alternating with la when the negation is unstressed. In another conceptual phase of Tolkien's, lá had the opposite meaning "yes" (VT42:32-33), but this idea is contradicted by both earlier and later material: usually lá is conceived as a negation. The negation can receive tense markers and be used as a negative verb "when [another] verb is not expressed" (VT49:13), apparently where the phrase "is not" is followed by a noun or an adjective as a predicate, or where some verb is understood, as in English "I do not" (i.e. "I do not do whatever the context indicates"). With pronominal endings la- in the aorist, e.g. lanyë "I do not, am not" (etc.) (Tolkien abandoned the form lamin.) Exemplified in the sentence melin sé apa lanyë hé *"I love him but I do not [love] him" (another person) (VT49:15). Present tense laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva.

nór

land

nór noun "land" (stem nor-, PE17:106) this is land as opposed to water and sea (nor in Letters:308). Cf. nórë.

nóre

noun. land

nórë

land

nórë noun "land" (associated with a particular people) (WJ:413), "country, land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live, race, clan" (NŌ, NDOR, BAL), also used = "race, tribe, people" (SA:dôr, PE17:169; however, the normal word for "people" is lië). Early "Qenya" hasnórë "native land, nation, family, country" (in compounds -nor) (LT1:272)

sól

helmet

sól, also solma or solos, noun variant words apparently for "helmet", cf. castol, q.v. (PE17:188)

tarya

tough, stiff

tarya adj. "tough, stiff" (TÁRAG)

tauca

stiff, wooden

tauca ("k") "stiff, wooden" (PE17:115)

tholon

helmet

tholon noun "helmet", variant of castol (q.v.), though Tolkien might have mistakenly marked it as Quenya instead of Sindarin (PE17:186)

turmen

realm

turmen noun "realm" (PE17:28). Turmen Follondiéva "Realm of the North-harbourage", old name for Arnor, TurmenHallondiéva "Realm of the South-harbourage", old name for Gondor (PE17:28)

turmen

noun. realm

ui

no

ui interjection "no" (originally an endingless negative verb in the 3rd person aorist: "it is not [so]"; see #u-). Apparently this is the word for "no" used to deny that something is true (compare vá, which is rather used to reject orders, or to issue negative orders). (VT49:28) Compare uito.

urra

adjective. bad

úvanima

not fair, ugly

úvanima noun "not fair, ugly" (VT39:14). Negated form of vanima.

þolon

noun. helmet

harn

adjective. wounded

An adjective for “wounded” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶skarnā under the root ᴹ√SKAR “tear, rend” (Ety/SKAR).

Conceptual Development: A similar word ᴱN. hardh “wounded” appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/147).

harn

noun. helmet

ardh

noun. realm, region

ardh

noun. realm

harn

adjective. wounded

harn

noun. helmet

norn

adjective. hard

al-

prefix. no, not

dor

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

mû

interjection. no

norn

adjective. twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted

tar-

adjective. tough, stiff

tara

adjective. tough, stiff

um

adjective. bad, evil

dern

hard

adj. hard, thrawn. Also used for Dwarves, esp. in pl2. dernlir. >> gorn

gorn

hard

adj. hard, thrawn. Also used for Dwarves, esp. in pl2. gornhoth (hostile implication). >> dern

dîr

adjective. hard

_ adj. _hard, difficult. dērā << dīrā. >> dír-

gorn

hard

_ adj. _hard, stiff, thrawn. >> gornod, gordh

dirbedui

adjective. hard to utter

_ adj. _hard to utter, difficult to pronounce. >> dír-, gor-, gorbedui

gornod

adjective. hard to count

_ adj. _hard to count.

dîr

adjective. hard, difficult

gor-

prefix. hard, difficult

gorn

adjective. hard, stiff, thrawn

gornodui

adjective. hard to count

rhanc

adjective. awkward, hard

dirbedui

adjective. hard to utter, difficult to pronounce

ardh

realm

ardh (region), pl. erdh

ardh

realm

(region), pl. erdh

norn

noun/adjective. hard; dwarf

harn

wounded

harn (lenited charn, pl. hern). Note: a homophone adjective means ”south, southern”; a third homophone is the noun ”helmet”.

harn

wounded

(lenited charn, pl. hern). Note: a homophone adjective means ”south, southern”; a third homophone is the noun ”helmet”.

harn

helmet

harn (i charn, o charn), pl. hern (i chern). Note: this is a homophone of two unrelated adjectives harn, one meaning ”southern” and the other ”wounded”.

harn

helmet

(i charn, o charn), pl. hern (i chern). Note: this is a homophone of two unrelated adjectives harn, one meaning ”southern” and the other ”wounded”.

norn

hard

norn (twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted), pl. nyrn. Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)

norn

hard

(twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted), pl. nyrn. Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)

gorchanui

adjective. complicated, enigmatic, cryptic, hard to understand

norn

twisted

norn (knotted, crabbed, contorted, hard), pl. nyrn . Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)

norn

twisted

(knotted, crabbed, contorted, hard), pl. nyrn . Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)

dôr

noun. land, land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; [G.] people of the land

arthor

realm

_n. _realm.

arthor

noun. realm

baw

interjection. no, don't!

castol

noun. helmet

dern

tough

_ adj. _tough. >> dír-

dor

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

dorn

adjective. stiff, tough

dír-

prefix. tough

_ pref. _tough. >> dern, dirbedui

dôr

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

ogol

bad

_ adj. _bad, evil, wrong. Q. olca bad, wicked. oklā << ōklā. >> oew, ogron

tarch

adjective. stiff, tough

thu

bad

_adj. _bad. >> thugar. This gloss was rejected.

ú

prefix. no, not (negative prefix or particle)

û

interjection. no

adv. or interj. no, not (of fact).

ar

outside

(adv. prefix) ar- (without)the literal meaning of a word translated SPY (q.v.)

ar

outside

(without)

arnediad

numberless

arnediad (unnumbered, without reckoning), pl. ?arnediaid. Since the word literally means ”without reckoning” (ar + nediad) it is unclear whether it would pluralize as a common adjective. Alternative form arneidiad (VT46:6).Ó

arnediad

numberless

(unnumbered, without reckoning), pl. ?arnediaid. Since the word literally means ”without reckoning” (ar + nediad) it is unclear whether it would pluralize as a common adjective. – Alternative form arneidiad (VT46:6).

baw!

no

! (interjection expressing refusal or prohibition, not denying facts) baw! (dont!) Prefix

baw!

no

(don’t!) Prefix

bâr

land

(dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

car

make

1) car- (i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (do, build) (WJ:415), 2) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, shape), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

dorn

stiff

1) dorn (tough), lenited dhorn, pl. dyrn; 2) tharn (sapless, rigid, withered), pl. thern.

dorn

stiff

(tough), lenited dhorn, pl. dyrn

dorn

tough

1) dorn (tough), lenited dhorn, pl. dyrn; 2) tara (also tar- as first element of compounds) (stiff), lenited dara. The historically correct pl. would be teiri; if analogy prevailed, it might be altered to terai.

dorn

tough

(tough), lenited dhorn, pl. dyrn

dôr

land

1) dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413), 2) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

dôr

land

(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413)

eth

adverb/adjective. outside

faeg

bad

*faeg (poor, mean). No distinct pl. form. (Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” foeg.)

faeg

bad

(poor, mean). No distinct pl. form. (Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” foeg.)

gú

no, not

also ú

nand

wide grassland

(construct nan) (valley), pl. naind, coll. pl. **nannath **(VT45:36);

parth

enclosed grassland

(i barth, o pharth) (field, sward), pl. perth (i pherth);

tara

tough

(also tar- as first element of compounds) (stiff), lenited dara. The historically correct pl. would be teiri; if analogy prevailed, it might be altered to terai.

tarias

stiffness

(i darias, o tharias) (toughness, difficulty), pl. teriais (i theriais) if there is a pl.

tarlanc

stiff-necked

(obstinate), lenited darlanc, pl. terlainc.

tharn

stiff

(sapless, rigid, withered), pl. thern.

tong

tight

tong (lenited dong; pl. tyng) (taut, resonant [of strings])

tong

tight

(lenited dong; pl. tyng) (taut, resonant [of strings])

um

bad

um (evil), pl. ym. David Salo would read *ûm with a long vowel. (According to VT46:20, it may be that um is intended as a base rather than as a ”Noldorin” word.)

um

bad

(evil), pl. ym. David Salo would read ✱ûm with a long vowel. *(According to VT46:20, it may be that um is intended as a base rather than as a ”Noldorin” word.)*

der

root. hard, difficult

A root in linguistic notes from 1959 used for the sense “hard, difficult” in Sindarin because other roots like √GUR > S. gor- gained a very negative sense due to collision with the roots √ÑGOR “horror” and √ÑGUR “death” (PE17/154). Tolkien first gave this root as √DIR before switching it to √DER. There is no indication of its use in Quenya, so it is probably a Sindarin-only innovation.

dor

root. hard, tough, dried up, unyielding

The Elvish words for “oak” had very similar forms throughout Tolkien’s life. In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, it was ᴱQ. nor(ne) from the root ᴱ√NOŘO, which Tolkien marked with a “?” (QL/67). Its Gnomish cognate G. dorna (GL/30) hints that the true form of this early root might have been ✱ᴱ√NDOÐO or something similar. In the 1930s the root became ᴹ√DORON with derivatives ᴹQ. norno/N. doron “oak” (Ety/DÓRON). This somewhat surprising derivation was explained in the Outline of Phonology from the early 1950s, where Tolkien said:

> n ... also appears occasionally as product of [initial] d, instead of l, by assimilation to succeeding nasals, as in dorno > norno (PE19/80).

In etymological notes from the later 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien gave the root √DOR “hard, tough”, that in Quenya was preserved only in the word “oak” and in ndŏr > nŏr “land” (PE17/181). Its connection to “oak” indicates this is a later iteration of ᴹ√DORON, though the connection to √NDOR “land” was new. A similar root √DORO “dried up, hard, unyielding” appeared in the contemporaneous Quendi and Eldar essay from around 1959-1960, again connected to √NDOR but without mention of “oak” (WJ/413). In both sets of notes, √DOR has the Sindarin derivative dorn “tough, stiff, thrawn, obdurate”, also used as another name for the dwarves.

gur

root. hard, stiff, difficult, cumbrous, slow

A root appearing in a set of documents referred to as Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) written around 1959, with the gloss “hard, difficult” (PE17/154). An apparent draft of this note had a longer gloss “hard, stiff, difficult, cumbrous, slow” for √GUR (PE17/172). In the more extensive notes, Tolkien gave a variety of Quenya (ur-) and Sindarin (gor-) derivatives of this root, but noted that “Sindarin owing to approach of √GUR- to other stems (as ÑGUR- “death”, ÑGOR- “terror, dread”) tends to use gor- in a very strong sense of things very painful and horrible to do; and uses dír- (tough) for lesser efforts” (PE17/154). As an example, Tolkien contrasted S. gorbedui “only to be said with horror or grief, lamentable to tell” versus S. dirbedui “hard to utter, difficult to pronounce”.

Thus it seems as a prefix, this root took on a distinctly negative tone in Sindarin, though some of its other derivatives were more neutral, as in S. gordh “difficult, laborious” and S. gorn “hard, stiff, thrawn”. The last of these was given as a word used for the Dwarves (PE17/46), although there were several other competing forms such as S. dern and S. dorn of similar meaning, all coined around 1959-60.

ndor

root. land; hard, firm; [ᴹ√] dwell, stay, rest, abide

This root was the basis for “land” words for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared in a deleted note from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s: “Nōre, -nor land is different from family, one = Gnome Dor, other Gor. NᵈOR and NGOR”; the editors indicate that the superscript “ᵈ” was a later addition (QL/67). The Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa also mention nᵈor and ŋor as the basis for ᴱQ. nóre (PE12/66, 67). However in the Qenya Lexicon proper, ᴱQ. nóre “native land, nation, family, country” was given under the root ᴱ√NŌ “become, be born” with variant ᴱ√NDO; the root was originally given as ŊŌ (QL/66). Thus it seems the two roots NDO(R) and ŊO(R) were combined. In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, G. dôr “land, country (inhabited), people of the land” appeared, probably from NDO(R) (GL/30), whereas “family, kinship” was nothri instead, almost certainly from ᴱ√NŌ given its relationship to G. nost “birth” (GL/61).

The two roots were separated again in The Etymologies of the 1930s where the root ᴹ√NDOR “dwell, stay, rest, abide” was the proper basis for “land” words, but in Quenya was blended with nóre “clan, race” from the root ᴹ√NŌ “beget” (Ety/NDOR, NŌ). This derivation allowed Tolkien to retain his preferred suffixes Q. -nóre/-nor vs. N./S. -dor for “-land”, and he mentioned this parallel derivation several times in later writings (PE17/26, 106-107; WJ/413 note #25). The only later change was in the gradual refinement of the meaning of NDOR as more properly referring to (dry) land as opposed to water, seas and swamps (PE17/106, 181), properly a strengthened form of √DOR “hard, tough” (PE17/181; WJ/413).

srag

root. awkward, awry; hard, (very) difficult

The unglossed root ᴹ√RAG appeared in The Etymologies with the derivative ᴹ✶ragnā > N. rhaen “crooked” (Ety/RAG). A similar root √SRA-G “awry” appeared in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 as a replacement/reversal of the root √SRA, SRAYA “easy, pliant, moving with ease”, with the sense “easy” apparently transferred to √AÞA (PE17/172). The page where √SRA-G initially appeared was ultimately rejected, but √SRAG appeared again in DLN with variant √SRAK among a list of roots all meaning “hard, difficult” (PE17/154). In the later list it had derivatives like Q. hraia “awkward, difficult”, Q. hranga “awkward, hard” and Q. hranga- “thwart”, along with S. rhanc “awkward, hard” derived from the variant √SRAK (PE17/154). In another set of notes from 1959 Tolkien mentioned the root √SRĀ or √SRAGA “awkward, very difficult” with derivatives Q. hrai/Q. hranga “stiff, awkward, difficult” (PE17/185).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would transferred 1930s N. rhaen “crooked” to √SRAG “awkward, difficult”.

dērā

adjective. hard, difficult

srak

root. hard, difficult

nyelek

root. *hard substance

star

root. *stiff, [ᴹ√] stiff

The root ᴹ√STAR “stiff” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. sara/N. thâr “stiff grass” and N. tharn “sapless, stiff, rigid, withered” (Ety/STAR). It had an extended variant ᴹ√STARAN serving as the basis for Ilk. thrôn “stiff, hard” in Ilk. Belthronding (Ety/STARAN). The root √STAR reappeared unglossed in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure of the early 1950s as a verbal root to illustrate certain patterns in the formation of perfect tenses; as such it may not be a “real” appearance of the root (PE22/133).

dirnā

adjective. tough

ndorē

noun. land

ndōro

noun. land

artaurē

noun. Realm

stol

root. helmet

dóri-

noun. land

Isolated from Lindórinan. The independent form of the word may differ; it is unclear where the i of the compound Lindórinan comes from. In the Etymologies, the Eldarin words for "land" are derived from a stem NDOR "dwell, stay, rest, abide" (LR:376).

No Nandorin word is there listed, but Sindarin dor is derived from primitive ndorê. Notice, however, that Tolkien many years later derived the Eldarin words for "land" from a stem DORO "dried up, hard, unyielding" (WJ:413). However, this later source does confirm that the Primitive Quendian form was ndorê, now thought to be formed by initial enrichment d > nd. This is defined as "the hard, dry land as opposed to water or bog", later developing the meaning "land in general as opposed to sea", and finally also "a land" as a particular region, "with more or less defined bounds".

Whether dóri- actually comes from ndorê is highly doubtful (this would rather yield *dora in Nandorin), but it must be derived from the same set of stems.

thâni

noun. land

A noun translated “land” (SD/435) appearing in the Adûnaic names for the Blessed Realm: Amatthâni and thâni’nAmân. Its Primitive Adûnaic form was also ✶thāni, though its primitive was glossed “realm" (SD/420).

zâyan

noun. land

An Adûnaic word for “land” (SD/423). It has an irregular plural form zâin which is the result of the phonetic change (SD/423): [[pad|medial [w] and [j] vanished before [u] and [i]]]. Thus, the archaic plural changed from †zâyîn > zâîn > zâin.

Conceptual Development: In earlier names this word appeared as zen (SD/378, 385).