harn

noun. helmet

harn

noun. helmet

norn

adjective. hard

al-

prefix. no, not

dor

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

mû

interjection. no

norn

adjective. twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted

tar-

adjective. tough, stiff

tara

adjective. tough, stiff

um

adjective. bad, evil

dern

hard

adj. hard, thrawn. Also used for Dwarves, esp. in pl2. dernlir. >> gorn

gorn

hard

adj. hard, thrawn. Also used for Dwarves, esp. in pl2. gornhoth (hostile implication). >> dern

dîr

adjective. hard

_ adj. _hard, difficult. dērā << dīrā. >> dír-

gorn

hard

_ adj. _hard, stiff, thrawn. >> gornod, gordh

dîr

adjective. hard, difficult

An adjective glossed “hard, difficult” in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 derived from the root {√DIR >>} √DER of similar meaning (PE17/154). The primitive form was {✶dīrā >>} ✶dērā where [after the change to the root], the [[s|ancient long [ē] became [ī]]] as usual in Sindarin. This word clashes with dîr “man”, but can be distinguished because (a) it is an adjective rather than a noun and (b) its mutations are different, because dîr “man” is from ancient nd- while dîr “difficult” is from ancient d-, as in i nîr dhîr “the difficult man, (lit.) the man difficult”.

Tolkien gave one example of this prefix’s use in dirbedui “hard to utter, difficult to pronounce”. In its prefixal use, Tolkien glossed it as “tough (for lesser efforts)”, contrasting it with gor- “difficult (of things very painful and horrible to do)”; see that entry for discussion.

Neo-Sindarin: I believe that the adjective dîr has the connotation “difficult due to the complexity of the task”. It can be contrasted with rhanc, which I use to mean “difficult due to some resistance or obstacle” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin; compare Q. hranga- “thwart”.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had similar-seeming G. diriol “tedious”, but that was based G. dîr “long (of time)” so was unlikely to be related conceptually (GL/30). In Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document Tolkien considered the form duiriol “tedious” before reverting back to diriol (PE13/112), and there was no sign of this word thereafter except for its possible reemergence as dîr “difficult”.

gor-

prefix. hard, difficult

A prefix meaning “awkward, hard” in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 derived from the root √GUR of similar meaning, used in words such as gornod “hard to count” (PE17/154). This example was given as gornodui [unglossed] in draft notes (PE17/172). Tolkien said:

> Sindarin owing to approach of √GUR- to other stems (as ÑGUR- “death”, NGOR- “terror, dread”) tends to use gor- in a very strong sense of things very painful and horrible to do; and uses dir- (tough) for lesser efforts (PE17/154).

As an example, Tolkien gave gorbedui “only to be said with horror or grief, lamentable to tell” as opposed to dirbedui “hard to utter, difficult to pronounce”.

rhanc

adjective. awkward, hard

An adjective glossed “awkward, hard” in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 derived from the root √SRAK, a variant of √SRAG (PE17/154).

Neo-Sindarin: I believe that S. rhanc has the connotation of “difficult due to some resistance or obstacle”; compare Q. hranga- “thwart”. It can be contrasted with dîr, which I use to mean “difficult due to the complexity of the task” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin.

Conceptual Development: On a rejected page from DLN, rhae < √SRAY was glossed “easy” rather than “difficult” (PE17/172). See the entry as(a)- for a discussion of the conceptual development of words for “easy”.

A much earlier word of similar meaning and derivation to rhanc “difficult” is G. arc “fierce, harsh, ill tempered; awkward, difficult” appearing in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s where it was derived from ᴱ✶r̄k- (GL/20), a root similar to √SRAK. The gap in time makes it hard to say if the two were related conceptually. The Gnomish word may instead have evolved conceptually into N. tara and S. tarch (both meaning “tough, stiff”); see those entries for discussion.

lebethron

noun. name of a hard-wood tree growing in Gondor

n. Bot. name of a hard-wood tree growing in Gondor (Ithilien). Q lepetta. Also used as word for the wood which took a high polish, lebethorn being altered to lebethron and associated with RUN 'rub, grind, smooth, polish'. >> ron. This gloss was rejected.

dirbedui

adjective. hard to utter

_ adj. _hard to utter, difficult to pronounce. >> dír-, gor-, gorbedui

gornod

adjective. hard to count

_ adj. _hard to count.

gorn

adjective. hard, stiff, thrawn

gornod(ui)

adjective. hard to count

dirbedui

adjective. hard to utter, difficult to pronounce

norn

noun/adjective. hard; dwarf

harn

helmet

harn (i charn, o charn), pl. hern (i chern). Note: this is a homophone of two unrelated adjectives harn, one meaning ”southern” and the other ”wounded”.

harn

helmet

(i charn, o charn), pl. hern (i chern). Note: this is a homophone of two unrelated adjectives harn, one meaning ”southern” and the other ”wounded”.

norn

hard

norn (twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted), pl. nyrn. Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)

norn

hard

(twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted), pl. nyrn. Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)

thornang

noun. steel, (lit.) hard-iron

A neologism for “hard-iron” or “steel”, cognate to Q. tornanga “hard-iron”, which might also be used for “✱steel”.

ammuia-

verb. to work (hard) for, to earn

A neologism coined by Fayanzār posted on 2018-01-16 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of an “for” and S. muia- as the equivalent of moia- “labour”.

gorchanui

adjective. complicated, enigmatic, cryptic, hard to understand

norn

twisted

norn (knotted, crabbed, contorted, hard), pl. nyrn . Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)

norn

twisted

(knotted, crabbed, contorted, hard), pl. nyrn . Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)

dôr

noun. land, land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; [G.] people of the land

baw

interjection. no, don't!

castol

noun. helmet

dern

tough

_ adj. _tough. >> dír-

dor

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

dorn

adjective. stiff, tough

dír-

prefix. tough

_ pref. _tough. >> dern, dirbedui

dôr

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

ogol

bad

_ adj. _bad, evil, wrong. Q. olca bad, wicked. oklā << ōklā. >> oew, ogron

tarch

adjective. stiff, tough

thu

bad

_adj. _bad. >> thugar. This gloss was rejected.

ú

prefix. no, not (negative prefix or particle)

û

interjection. no

adv. or interj. no, not (of fact).

ar

outside

(adv. prefix) ar- (without)the literal meaning of a word translated SPY (q.v.)

ar

outside

(without)

arnediad

numberless

arnediad (unnumbered, without reckoning), pl. ?arnediaid. Since the word literally means ”without reckoning” (ar + nediad) it is unclear whether it would pluralize as a common adjective. Alternative form arneidiad (VT46:6).Ó

arnediad

numberless

(unnumbered, without reckoning), pl. ?arnediaid. Since the word literally means ”without reckoning” (ar + nediad) it is unclear whether it would pluralize as a common adjective. – Alternative form arneidiad (VT46:6).

baw!

no

! (interjection expressing refusal or prohibition, not denying facts) baw! (dont!) Prefix

baw!

no

(don’t!) Prefix

bâr

land

(dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

car

make

1. car- (i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (do, build) (WJ:415), 2) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, shape), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

dorn

stiff

1. dorn (tough), lenited dhorn, pl. dyrn; 2) tharn (sapless, rigid, withered), pl. thern.

dorn

stiff

(tough), lenited dhorn, pl. dyrn

dorn

tough

1. dorn (tough), lenited dhorn, pl. dyrn; 2) tara (also tar- as first element of compounds) (stiff), lenited dara. The historically correct pl. would be teiri; if analogy prevailed, it might be altered to terai.

dorn

tough

(tough), lenited dhorn, pl. dyrn

dôr

land

1. dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413), 2) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

dôr

land

(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413)

eth

adverb/adjective. outside

faeg

bad

*faeg (poor, mean). No distinct pl. form. (Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” foeg.)

faeg

bad

(poor, mean). No distinct pl. form. (Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” foeg.)

gú

no, not

also ú

nand

wide grassland

(construct nan) (valley), pl. naind, coll. pl. **nannath **(VT45:36);

parth

enclosed grassland

(i barth, o pharth) (field, sward), pl. perth (i pherth);

tara

tough

(also tar- as first element of compounds) (stiff), lenited dara. The historically correct pl. would be teiri; if analogy prevailed, it might be altered to terai.

tarias

stiffness

(i darias, o tharias) (toughness, difficulty), pl. teriais (i theriais) if there is a pl.

tarlanc

stiff-necked

(obstinate), lenited darlanc, pl. terlainc.

tharn

stiff

(sapless, rigid, withered), pl. thern.

tong

tight

tong (lenited dong; pl. tyng) (taut, resonant [of strings])

tong

tight

(lenited dong; pl. tyng) (taut, resonant [of strings])

um

bad

um (evil), pl. ym. David Salo would read *ûm with a long vowel. (According to VT46:20, it may be that um is intended as a base rather than as a ”Noldorin” word.)

um

bad

(evil), pl. ym. David Salo would read ✱ûm with a long vowel. *(According to VT46:20, it may be that um is intended as a base rather than as a ”Noldorin” word.)*

sarda

hard

sarda adj. "hard" (VT39:17); pl. sardë "hards" may be used in the same sense as sarda tengwi, q.v. (As an independent form we would rather expect a nominal pl. sardar.)

torna

hard

#torna adj. "hard", as in tornanga (q.v.), seemingly -storna after prefixes ending in a vowel, as in the comparative forms aristorna, anastorna (PE17:56; the forms are untranslated and may not necessarily be the same adjective "hard".)

torna

adjective. hard

hrai-

prefix. hard, *difficult

A prefix in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 meaning “hard, ✱difficult”, based on the root √SRAG (PE17/154). Tolkien contrasted it with ur(u)- “hard, difficult” from the root √GUR “hard, stiff, difficult, cumbrous, slow”. Examples of its use include hraicénima (or hraicene) “scarcely visible, hard to see” (PE17/154) and {hrainote} “✱difficult to count”, the latter appearing unglossed and crossed through on a rejected draft page of these notes (PE17/172).

Neo-Quenya: Although Tolkien did not make it explicit, I believe hrai- implies “hard” due to resistance from the thing or people being worked upon, as opposed to ur(u)- meaning “difficult” due to the inherent complexity of the task; compare hranga- “thwart”.

hranga

adjective. awkward, difficult, stiff, hard

An adjective glossed “awkward, hard” in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 derived from the root √SRAG (PE17/154). On a rejected page from these same notes it was glossed “being onerous, harsh”, but that form was marked through (PE17/172). Two other forms on the rejected page, hranye and hrane, may have had similar meanings but appear to have been abandoned. In notes from December 1959 (D59) it was given as hranga “stiff, awkward, difficult”, identical in meaning to hrai (PE17/185), but in DLN hrai(a) was glossed “awkward, difficult” distinct from hranga.

Neo-Quenya: I believe that hranga means “hard” in both the sense “difficult” and “stiff, firm, resistant”, as opposed to hraia which is exclusively “difficult, awkward” and has no implication of physical hardness; see that entry for discussion.

tornanga

noun/adjective. hard-iron, iron hard, iron hard; hard-iron, *steel

A word in notes written between the 1st and 2nd edition of The Lord of the Rings, glossed “hard-iron = iron hard” as a combination of torna “hard” and anga “iron” (PE17/56). It seems it could be used as both a noun and an adjective, though it is possible Tolkien intended it to be only adjectival like the nearby vanimelda “elven-fair”.

Neo-Quenya: This word might also be used to mean “steel” as a replacement for the early word ᴱQ. akse, though I personally retain ᴺQ. axë “steel” for purposes of Neo-Quenya; see that entry for discussion.

ur(u)-

prefix. hard, difficult, difficult, hard

A prefix appearing in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959, meaning “hard, difficult” based on the root √GUR of similar meaning (PE17/154). Tolkien gave as examples of its use: urucarin “made with difficulty” and urcarne or urucárima “hard to make / do”.

Conceptual Development: On a rejected draft page Tolkien also had an unglossed prefixal form ur- apparently derived from √GUR “hard, stiff, difficult, cumbrous, slow”, with an unglossed example urunóte or urnótima, likely “✱difficult to count” (PE17/172). On this same rejected page Tolkien had ur(u) based on √UTHU “unsuitable, bad, improper, useless, wrong”, but since this derivation doesn’t make sense this is probably a slip or misreading for the prefix us-; see that entry for discussion.

Neo-Quenya: I believe that ur(u)- has the connotation “difficult, arduous” due to the inherent complexity of the task, as opposed to hrai- meaning “difficult, hard” due to resistance from the thing or people being worked upon.

urda

adjective. hard, difficult, arduous, difficult, arduous, hard

An adjective appearing in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 glossed “hard, difficult, arduous” based on the root √GUR of similar meaning (PE17/154).

Neo-Quenya: I believe that urda has a connotation of “difficult, arduous” due to the inherent complexity or difficulty of the task, as opposed to hraia or hranga meaning “difficult, hard” due to resistance from the thing or people being worked upon.

úcárima

adjective. hard to do, difficult, *undoable, unmakeable; hard to do, difficult

A word glossed “hard to do, difficult” in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969, a negated form of cárima “able to be done” (PE22/156). This word is from the brief period in 1969 where Tolkien decided that the main negative root was √LA, and ú- meant only “bad, hard, difficult, unfavourable”.

Neo-Quenya: For most of the 1960s, the prefix ú- was used for negation, and thus úcárima is likely to be interpreted as “✱undoable, unmakeable” for those Neo-Quenya writers that subscribe to u-negation; see the entry on the Quenya negative for discussion. To minimize ambiguity, I would instead use hraia or hranga to mean “difficult” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, and urucárima for “hard to make / do”.

Poldor

breaker up of the hard / tough

Poldor, Poldomo noun "breaker up of the hard / tough", Poldor- "land-breaker?", variant forms of Poldórëa, q.v., introduced at a time when Tolkien did not want the root POL to refer to strength or mightiness (PE17:181), cf. polda from an earlier source.

hraicénima

scarcely visible, hard to see

hraicénima adj. "scarcely visible, hard to see" (PE17:154). Also hraicenë.

hranga

awkward, hard

hranga (2) adj. "awkward, hard" (PE17:154), "stiff, awkward, difficult" (PE17:185)

norna

stiff, tough; hard, firm, resistant

norna adj. "stiff, tough; hard, firm, resistant" (WJ:413, PE17:106), "thrawn, tough, obdurate", mainly applied to persons (PE17:181)

sarda tengwë

hard sound

#sarda tengwë noun "hard sound", a term for "consonant", but not used of semi-vowels (y, w) and continuants (l, r, m, noun). (Only pl. sarda tengwi [ñ] is attested; we would rather expect #sardë tengwi with the pl. form of the adjective.) Sarda tengwi are also simply called sardë "hards", see sarda. (VT39:17)

tornanga

iron hard

tornanga adj. "iron hard" (the order of the elements is the opposite in Quenya). (PE17:56)

urcárima

hard to make / do

urcárima, urcarnë adj. "hard to make / do". (PE17:154). Cf. urucarin.

urda

hard, difficult, arduous

urda adj. "hard, difficult, arduous" (PE17:154)

hraicénima

adjective. scarcely visible, hard to see

hrainotë

adjective. *hard to count

norna

adjective. tough, stiff; hard, firm, resistant; thrawn, obdurate

sarda

adjective. hard (*as stone)

urucárima

adjective. hard to make / do

ú-

prefix. no, not, un-, in-; hard, difficult, bad, uneasy; hardly, with difficulty, ‘badly’

úvanima

adjective. not fair, ugly; hard to call beautiful, hideous

anastorna

adjective. *extremely hard

hraicenë

adjective. scarcely visible, hard to see

mólome

noun. hard work, burden

ondórëa

adjective. hard-hearted, pitiless

urcarne

adjective. hard to make / do

ú-

prefix. bad, uneasy, hard

úcárima

adjective. hard to do, difficult

únótima

adjective. hard/impossible to count

úvanima

adjective. hard to call beautiful, hideous

lepetta

noun. Gondorian hardwood

Quenya name for the S. lebethron tree appearing in an undated note likely from the late 1960s, so called “probably because its leaves (like chestnut) [were] shaped like a fingered hand” (PE17/89). As such it was likely derived from √LEP, the basis for finger-words.

sardanar

noun. corundum, (lit.) hard sun

A neologism for “corundum” coined by Valerie on 2022-05-12 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of sarda “hard” and Anar “sun”.

namoia-

verb. to work (hard) for; to earn

A neologism coined by Fayanzār posted on 2018-01-16 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of na “towards” and moia- “labour”.

uruhanyaima

adjective. complicated, enigmatic, cryptic, hard to understand

pollië

adverb. hard, strongly

astaldo

masculine name. Valiant

The sobriquet of Tulkas (S/28), a masculinized form of the adjective astalda “strong” (PE17/115).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, the sobriquet of Tulkas was ᴱQ. Poldórea (LT1/79), which was the adjective ᴱQ. poldórea “muscular” used as a name (QL/75). The name ᴹQ. Poldórea still appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, variously glossed “Strong One” or “Valiant” (SM/79, LR/206). It appeared in The Etymologies as an adjectival form of ᴹQ. poldore “physical strength; might” from the root ᴹ√POL(OD) “physically strong” (Ety/POL).

In later writings, the name Q. Poldórëa appeared in Tolkien’s Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the 1950s, along with variants Poldor and Poldorno, where he considered a new meaning for this name as “breaker up of the hard/tough” with its second element coming from the root √DOR “hard” (PE17/181). Ultimately, though the name was changed to Astaldo in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (MR/149).

car-

verb. make, do, build, form

car- (1) vb. "make, do, build, form" (1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit). Regarding the form carize- (PE17:128), see -s #1. Pa.t. carnë (KAR, PE17:74, 144). The infinitival aorist stem carë ("k") (by Patrick Wynne called a "general aorist infinitive" in VT49:34) occurs in ecë nin carë sa "I can do it" (VT49:34), also in áva carë "don't do it" (WJ:371) and uin carë (PE17:68); in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the "simplest aorist infinitive", the same source referring to carië as the "general infinitive" of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar ("k") "those who form words" (WJ:391, cf. VT49:16), continuative cára, future caruva (PE17:144), carita ("k"), infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" (VT42:33), with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalya(s) "your doing (it)" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle #carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina ("k"), read perhaps *cárina. (Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15.) PE17:68 refers to a "simple past passive participle" of the form carinwa ("kari-nwa"). "Rare" past participle active (?) cárienwa* ("k") "having done" (PE17:68), unless this is also a kind of passive participle (the wording of the source is unclear). Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë ("káre") "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë (LR:362) even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë "war-made", made war (see #ohtacar-). Also cárië with various suffixes: cárier ("kárier") is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence "they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto* ("k") must also be "they made" (cf. -lto). Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë "hard to make / do", urucarin "made with difficulty" (PE17:154), saucarya "evil-doing" (PE17:68).

ú-

verb. not-, un-, in-

ú- (2) prefix "not-, un-, in-", denying presence or possession of thing or quality (VT39:14, UGU/UMU/VT46:20, GŪ, LT1:272), or simply suggesting something bad or immoral (see #úcar-, Úmaiar). Tolkien at one point considered redefining ú- as an element signifying "bad, uneasy, hard"; the already-published form únótima would then mean "difficult/impossible to count" rather than simply "uncountable" (VT42:33). However, Tolkien's very last word on the matter seems to be that ú- was to remain a mere negative (VT44:4). Compare úa, q.v. According to the Etymologies, the prefix ú- usually has a "bad sense", whereas according to early material u- (uv-, um-, un-) is a "mere negation" (UGU/UMU vs. VT42:32) According to a later source, ú- could be used as an uninflected verbal prefix, mainly in verse, but in a normal style the prefix was "verbalized" as ua-, q.v. (PE17:144). The stem Ū, as a negation, was accompanied by "pursed lips and shaking of the head" (PE17:145).

nór

noun. land

A term for “land” as in “(dry) land as opposed to the sea”, mentioned in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/413) and again in notes from around 1968 (PE17/106-107).

Possible Etymology: In the Quendi and Eldar essay this term was derived from primitive ✶ndōro, but in the aforementioned 1968 notes Tolkien clarified that its stem form was nŏr-. This means it was probably derived from ancient ✱ndŏr-, where the long vowel in the uninflected form was inherited from the Common Eldarin subjective form ✱ndōr, a phenomenon also seen in words like nér (ner-) “man”. I prefer this second derivation, as it makes the independent word more distinct from the suffixal form -ndor or -nóre used in the names of countries.

-ndor

land

-ndor, final element in compounds: "land" (Letters:308, UT:253)

ar-

outside

ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17), "by" (PE17:169; in the same source the glosses "near, by, beside" were rejected). Cf. ara.

ara

outside, beside, besides

ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, besides" (AR2, VT49:57). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë "he is out", VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni > arni "beside me", astyë "beside you" (informal), allë "besides you" (formal), arsë "beside him/her", plural anwë > armë "beside us" (exclusive), arwë "beside us" (inclusive), astë > ardë "beside you" (plural), astë > artë "beside them"; dual anwet > armet "beside us (two)". (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-.) The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence "beside the" (VT49:24-25)

ava

outside, beyond

ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)

cassa

helmet

cassa ("k")noun "helmet" (KAS; though spelt cassa also in the Etymologies as printed in LR, VT45:19 indicates that Tolkien's own spelling was kassa). Cf. carma in a later source.

castol

helmet

castol noun "helmet", synonyms tholon (q.v.), sól (q.v), also variant castolo ("k")(PE17:186, 188)

castol(o)

noun. helmet

etsë

outside, exterior

etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)

ettë

outside

ettë noun(and/or adv.?) "outside" (ET)

harna

helmet

harna (3) noun "helmet" (VT45:21)

harpa

helmet

harpa noun "helmet" (VT45:21)

hraia

awkward, difficult

hraia adj. "awkward, difficult" (PE17:154), ephemerally meant "easy" (PE17:172)

il-

verb. no, *un-

il- (prefix) "no, *un-" (LA); cf. ilfirin "immortal" (vs. firin "dead"). This prefix "denotes the opposite, the reversal, i.e. more than the mere negation" (VT42:32). But il- can also mean "all, every"; see ilaurëa, ilqua, ilquen.

la

no, not

la negation "no, not" (see lá); also prefix la- as in lacarë, q.v. (VT45:25)

lá

no, not

lá (1) adv. "no, not" (LA, VT45:25) According to VT42:33, lá is the stressed form, alternating with la when the negation is unstressed. In another conceptual phase of Tolkien's, lá had the opposite meaning "yes" (VT42:32-33), but this idea is contradicted by both earlier and later material: usually lá is conceived as a negation. The negation can receive tense markers and be used as a negative verb "when [another] verb is not expressed" (VT49:13), apparently where the phrase "is not" is followed by a noun or an adjective as a predicate, or where some verb is understood, as in English "I do not" (i.e. "I do not do whatever the context indicates"). With pronominal endings la- in the aorist, e.g. lanyë "I do not, am not" (etc.) (Tolkien abandoned the form lamin.) Exemplified in the sentence melin sé apa lanyë hé *"I love him but I do not [love] him" (another person) (VT49:15). Present tense laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva.

nór

land

nór noun "land" (stem nor-, PE17:106) this is land as opposed to water and sea (nor in Letters:308). Cf. nórë.

nóre

noun. land

nórë

land

nórë noun "land" (associated with a particular people) (WJ:413), "country, land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live, race, clan" (NŌ, NDOR, BAL), also used = "race, tribe, people" (SA:dôr, PE17:169; however, the normal word for "people" is lië). Early "Qenya" hasnórë "native land, nation, family, country" (in compounds -nor) (LT1:272)

sól

helmet

sól, also solma or solos, noun variant words apparently for "helmet", cf. castol, q.v. (PE17:188)

tarya

tough, stiff

tarya adj. "tough, stiff" (TÁRAG)

tauca

stiff, wooden

tauca ("k") "stiff, wooden" (PE17:115)

tholon

helmet

tholon noun "helmet", variant of castol (q.v.), though Tolkien might have mistakenly marked it as Quenya instead of Sindarin (PE17:186)

ui

no

ui interjection "no" (originally an endingless negative verb in the 3rd person aorist: "it is not [so]"; see #u-). Apparently this is the word for "no" used to deny that something is true (compare vá, which is rather used to reject orders, or to issue negative orders). (VT49:28) Compare uito.

urra

adjective. bad

úvanima

not fair, ugly

úvanima noun "not fair, ugly" (VT39:14). Negated form of vanima.

þolon

noun. helmet

der

root. hard, difficult

A root in linguistic notes from 1959 used for the sense “hard, difficult” in Sindarin because other roots like √GUR > S. gor- gained a very negative sense due to collision with the roots √ÑGOR “horror” and √ÑGUR “death” (PE17/154). Tolkien first gave this root as √DIR before switching it to √DER. There is no indication of its use in Quenya, so it is probably a Sindarin-only innovation.

dērā

adjective. hard, difficult

srak

root. hard, difficult

star

root. *stiff, [ᴹ√] stiff

The root ᴹ√STAR “stiff” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. sara/N. thâr “stiff grass” and N. tharn “sapless, stiff, rigid, withered” (Ety/STAR). It had an extended variant ᴹ√STARAN serving as the basis for Ilk. thrôn “stiff, hard” in Ilk. Belthronding (Ety/STARAN). The root √STAR reappeared unglossed in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure of the early 1950s as a verbal root to illustrate certain patterns in the formation of perfect tenses; as such it may not be a “real” appearance of the root (PE22/133).

dirnā

adjective. tough

ndorē

noun. land

ndōro

noun. land

stol

root. helmet

In Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 Tolkien gave the root √STOL “helmet” with derivatives like S. thôl or Q. castol of the same meaning (PE17/186). In etymological notes from around 1964 (DD) Tolkien instead gave √ÞOL “stand up, top” as the basis for these “helmet” words (PE17/188). For purposes of Neo-Eldarin I assume this root is √STOL to allow the retention of G. thol- “roll” for Neo-Sindarin.

swarn

adjective. perverse, obstructive, hard to deal with

The primitive form was undoubtedly skwarnâ with the adjectival ending -nâ. In this case the final vowel of this ending is lost, while it seems to persist in _dunnâ < dunnâ, scella < skalnâ_ and spenna < *spannâ; may the vowel be preserved following double consonants only?

dóri-

noun. land

Isolated from Lindórinan. The independent form of the word may differ; it is unclear where the i of the compound Lindórinan comes from. In the Etymologies, the Eldarin words for "land" are derived from a stem NDOR "dwell, stay, rest, abide" (LR:376).

No Nandorin word is there listed, but Sindarin dor is derived from primitive ndorê. Notice, however, that Tolkien many years later derived the Eldarin words for "land" from a stem DORO "dried up, hard, unyielding" (WJ:413). However, this later source does confirm that the Primitive Quendian form was ndorê, now thought to be formed by initial enrichment d > nd. This is defined as "the hard, dry land as opposed to water or bog", later developing the meaning "land in general as opposed to sea", and finally also "a land" as a particular region, "with more or less defined bounds".

Whether dóri- actually comes from ndorê is highly doubtful (this would rather yield *dora in Nandorin), but it must be derived from the same set of stems.

thâni

noun. land

A noun translated “land” (SD/435) appearing in the Adûnaic names for the Blessed Realm: Amatthâni and thâni’nAmân. Its Primitive Adûnaic form was also ✶thāni, though its primitive was glossed “realm" (SD/420).

zâyan

noun. land

An Adûnaic word for “land” (SD/423). It has an irregular plural form zâin which is the result of the phonetic change (SD/423): [[pad|medial [w] and [j] vanished before [u] and [i]]]. Thus, the archaic plural changed from †zâyîn > zâîn > zâin.

Conceptual Development: In earlier names this word appeared as zen (SD/378, 385).