ta

that, it

ta (1) pron. "that, it" (TA); compare antaróta** "he gave it" (FS); see anta-. The forms tar/tara/tanna "thither", talo/tó "thence" and tás/tassë* "there" are originally inflected forms of this pronoun: "to that", "from that" and "in that" (place), respectively. Compare "there" as one gloss of ta (see #4).

ta

they, them

ta (3) pron. "they, them", an "impersonal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring "only to 'abstracts' or to things (such as inanimates) not by the Eldar regarded as persons" (VT43:20, cf. ta as an inanimate Common Eldarin plural pronoun, VT49:52). Compare te, q.v. The word ta occurring in some versions of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer may exemplify this use of ta as an "impersonal" plural pronoun: emmë avatyarir ta** "we forgive them" (VT43:8, 9; this refers to trespasses, not the trespassers). However, since Tolkien also wanted ta to mean "that" (see #1 above), he may seem to be somewhat dissatisfied with ta "they, them", introducing variant forms like tai (VT49:32) to free up ta as a sg. pronoun. In one document, tai was in turn altered to te (VT49:33), which could suggest that the distinction between animate and inanimate "they, them" was abandoned and the form te (q.v.) could be used for both. In some documents, Tolkien seems to use tar as the plural form (VT49:56 mentions this as an uncertain reading in a source where the word was struck out; compare ótar under ó**-).

ta

there

ta (5) adv. "there" (VT49:33; this may be an Elvish root or "element" rather than a Quenya word; see tanomë; see however also tar, tara, tanna under ta #1).

ta

then

ta (4) conj., said to be a reducted form of tá "then", used "before each new item in a series or list"; "if as often in English the equivalent of and was omitted, and placed only before a final item [e.g. Tom, Dick, and Harriet], this would in Quenya represent a discontinuity, and what followed after ta would be an addition of something overlooked or less important". (PE17:70) Hence the use of arta (ar ta, "and ta") for "et cetera"; in older language ta ta or just ta.

ta

so, like that, also

ta (2) adv. "so, like that, also", e.g. ta mára "so good" (VT49:12)

ta

pronoun. them (inanimate)

ta

pronoun. that, there, that, there, [ᴹQ.] it

Derivations

• √TA “that, there, then; demonstrative”

Element in

• Q. A carnë ta yallë B (carnë) “A did that as / like B (did)” ✧ PE17/074
• Q. epetai “consequently, thereupon, thence, whereupon, (lit.) following which (fact)” ✧ VT49/08
• Q. etta “*therefore, (lit.) out of that”
• Q. ita “that which, what” ✧ VT49/12
• Q. taitë “of that sort” ✧ VT49/11
• Q. tallë “like that”
• Q. talo “thence” ✧ VT49/11
• Q. talumë “at that time” ✧ VT49/11
• Q. tama “that matter” ✧ VT49/11
• Q. tana “that”
• Q. tanen “in that way” ✧ VT49/11
• Q. tanna “thither”
• Q. tanomë “there, (lit.) in the place (referred to)” ✧ VT49/11
• Q. tar(a) “thither, thither; [ᴹQ.] beyond” ✧ VT49/33
• Q. tassë “there” ✧ VT49/11

Variations

• ta ✧ PE17/074; VT49/08; VT49/12; VT49/32; VT49/33
• tă ✧ VT49/11

ta

adverb/conjunction. so, like that, also; and also, then

Derivations

• ✶ta “that, then” ✧ PE17/070
  • √TA “that, there, then; demonstrative”

Element in

• Q. arta “etcetera” ✧ PE17/071
• Q. sanomë tarnë Olórin, Aracorno, Eomer, Imrahil, mi mísë, mi telepta yo morna, mi laiqua yo ninquë, mi luinë, ta Gimli mi lossëa “There stood Gandalf, Aragorn, Eomer and Imrahil in grey, in silver and black, in green and white, and in blue, and also Gimli in white” ✧ PE17/071
• Q. ta mára “so good” ✧ VT49/12

Variations

• ta ✧ PE17/070; PE17/070; PE17/070; PE17/071; PE17/071
• tă ✧ VT49/12

ita

that which

ita 3) pron "that which" (VT49:12), emended from tai (#1, q.v.) The form ita is compounded from the relative pronoun i + the pronoun ta "that, it".

tai

that which, what

tai (1) pron. "that which, what", "which fact" (VT42:34, VT49:12, 20). The word occurs in the sentence alasaila ná lá carë tai mo navë mára, translated "it is unwise not to do what one judges good". So tai = "what", but it means more literally "that which" (VT49:12), ta + i (cf. ta #1 and the use of i as a relative pronoun). In one note, Tolkien emended tai to ita, reversing the elements (VT49:12) and also eliminating the ambiguity involving the homophone tai #2, see below.

tai

they, them

tai (2) pron. "they, them", 3rd person pl., used with reference to inanimates rather than persons or living things (VT49:32, see ta #3 above). Perhaps to avoid the clash with tai "that which", the pronoun tai "they, them" was altered to te in at least one manuscript (VT49:33), so that it would merge with the pronoun used of living beings and the distinction between animate and inanimate would be abandoned (see te).

tai

then

tai (3) adv. "then", also tá (which form may be preferred because tai has other meanings as well) (VT49:33)

tai

1lE adverb. then

tai

pronoun. them (inanimate)

Element in

• Q. sív’ emmë apsenet tien i úcarir emmen “as we forgive those who trespass against us” ✧ VT43/20

Variations

• ta ✧ VT43/20
• tai ✧ VT49/32
• sa ✧ VT49/51

tar

adverb. thither

PQ. thither

tar

thither

tar (1) adv. or technically pron. with old allative ending: "thither" (TA). This is ta #1 with the same allative ending -r (from primitive -da) as in mir "into". Compare tanna. According to VT49:11, tar may also appear in the logner form tara.

tá

high

tá 2) adj. "high" (LT1:264; there spelt tâ. This is hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, but cf. tára "lofty".)

tá

then

tá 1) adv. "then" (VT49:11). Cf. ta #4.

tá

adverb. then

Derivations

• √TA “that, there, then; demonstrative”

Element in

• Q. tenta “still, yet [past], still, yet [past], *up until then”

Variations

• tā ✧ VT49/11; VT49/33
• tai ✧ VT49/33

arta

etcetera

arta (3) adv. "etcetera" (PE17:71); see ta #4.

arta

adverb. etcetera

Variations

• arta ✧ PE17/071

i

pronoun. that

i, antevokaliskt in

conjunction. that

ne

that

ne (2) conj. "that" (as in "I know that you are here") (PE14:54), evidently replaced by i in Tolkiens later Quenya (see i #3).

sa

conjunction. that

sana

that

savin elessar ar <u>i</u> nánë aran ondórëo

that

i (3) conj. "that". Savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo "I believe that Elessar really existed and that [he] was a king of Gondor" (VT49:27), savin…i E[lesarno] quetië naitë *"I believe that Elessars speaking [is] true" (VT49:28) Also cf. nai, nái "be it that" (see nai #1), which may seem to incorporate this conjunction.

talo

thence

talo adv. "thence". Also tó. Basically these are simple ablative/genitive forms of ta (#1) "that"; compare silo, sio. (VT49:11)

talo

adverb. thence

Element in

• Q. náto “it is that; *yes (emphatic)” ✧ VT49/29
• Q. uito “it is not that” ✧ VT49/29

Variations

• tō ✧ VT49/11; VT49/29
• tălo ✧ VT49/11

tana

that

tana (1) demonstrative "that" (said to be "anaphoric") (TA). According to VT49:11, tana is the adjective corresponding to ta, "that" as a pronoun.

tana

that

Element in

• Q. tambë “*as, so”

Elements

Word	Gloss
ta	“that, there, that, there, [ᴹQ.] it”

Variations

• tănā ✧ VT49/11

tanya

that

tanya demonstrative "that" (MC:215; this is "Qenya", perhaps corresponding to later tana)

tar-

affix. high, high; [ᴹQ.] king or queen (in compounds)

Cognates

• S. -dor “*king, lord”

Derivations

• √TĀ/TAƷ “high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble”

Element in

• Q. Alatar
• Q. Annatar “Lord of Gifts” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Arantar “*High King”
• Q. Tar Calimos “*Royal Bright City”
• Q. Hyarantar “?Southern Height”
• Q. Sorontar “King of Eagles”
• Q. Taniquetil “High White Peak”
• Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Tarannon
• Q. Tarcil “High Man, Númenórean”
• Q. Tarciryan
• Q. Tareldar “High-elves”
• Q. tarhanwa “throne, (lit.) high seat” ✧ PE22/148
• Q. tári “queen, queen, [ᴱQ.] mistress, lady” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Tarindor “*High minded one”
• Q. tarma “pillar” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Tarmenel “High Heaven”
• Q. tarminas “great towering building (fort/city/castle), tower”
• ᴺQ. tarolwen “sceptre, (lit.) royal branch”
• Q. Tarondor “?King of Stones”
• Q. Tarostar “?King of the Lands”
• Q. Tarquesta “High Speech, High Language”
• Q. Tarumbar “King of the World”
• S. Tarmund “Noble Bull”

Variations

• tar- ✧ PE22/148; SA/tar

tara

thither

tara adv. "thither"; see tar #1.

tás

there

tás adv. "there" (VT49:11); also tassë, q.v.

tás

adverb. there

yana

that

yana demonstrative "that" (the former) (YA)

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

epeta

following that, thereupon, thence, whereupon

epeta adv. "following that, thereupon, thence, whereupon" (epë + ta #1). Also epta. (VT49:12)

tambë

so

tambë prep. (1) "so" or "as" (referring to something remote; contrast sívë). Sívë...tambë "as...so" (VT43:17).

tamen

thither

tamen adv. "thither" (VT49:33). Compare simen.

tamen

adverb. thither

tande

thither

tande adv. "thither" (MC:215; this is "Qenya")

tanen

in that way

tanen, tánen adv. "in that way", "therefore" (VT49:11). Basically the instrumental form of ta (#1) "that".

tanen

adverb. in that way

Element in

• Q. epetai i hyarma ú ten ulca símaryassen “consequently the left hand was not to them evil in their imaginations” ✧ VT49/11

tanna

thither

tanna (2) pron. in allative "thither" (VT14:5, PE16:96; evidently to be understood as the allative of ta #2: "to that [place]"). Compare tar and locative tassë.

tanna

adverb. thither

Element in

• Q. i·oromandi tanna lendë “*the wood-spirits came thither” ✧ PE16/096
• Q. lendë tanna Nieliccilis “*thither came little Niéle” ✧ PE16/096

Elements

Word	Gloss
ta	“that, there, that, there, [ᴹQ.] it”

Variations

• tanna ✧ PE16/096; PE16/096

tasse

there

tassë

there

tassë adv. "there" (VT49:11), short form tás. These seem to be properly locative forms of ta "that, it", hence "in that [place]". Compare allative tanna "thither" and ablative talo "thence".

tassë

adverb. there

Element in

• Q. tas cennen nótimë eldali “I saw a few elves there” ✧ PE22/155

Variations

• tas ✧ PE22/155
• tās ✧ VT49/11
• tasse ✧ VT49/11

tána

high, lofty, noble

tána (meaning unclear, probably adj. "high, lofty, noble") (TĀ/TA3). Compare tára.

sa

pronoun. them (inanimate)

tar(a)

adverb. thither, thither; [ᴹQ.] beyond

Derivations

• ✶tad(a) “thither, thereto, to that” ✧ PE19/104

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶tad > tar	[tad] > [tað] > [tar]	✧ PE19/104

Variations

• tar ✧ PE19/104
• tăr ✧ VT49/11
• tăra ✧ VT49/11
• tamen ✧ VT49/33

te

they, them

te pron. "they, them", 3rd person pl. (VT49:51, LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308). The pronoun te represents an original stem-form (VT49:50). Dative ten, téna or tien "for them, to them" (q.v.) Stressed té (VT49:51). Ótë "with them", q.v. VT43:20 connects te "them" with a discussion of Common Eldarin pronominal stems (ca. 1940s), where te is the "personal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring to persons rather than abstracts or inanimates (which are denoted by ta instead; see, however, the entry ta #3 regarding the problems with this form, and the hints that te may possibly be used with reference to inanimates as well)). Also consider the reflexive pronoun intë "themselves", the final element of which is apparently this pronoun te; see also tú for the dual form.

apa

on

apa (2) prep. denoting "on" with reference to contact of surfaces, especially vertical surface (in the sense in which a picture hangs on a wall). Apa is said to have this meaning in various Tolkien manuscripts (VT44:26), but apa is also used for "after" (see apa #1 above), and the two were probably never meant to coexist in a single variant of Quenya. The clash may be avoided by consistently using the variants pá, pa (q.v.) mentioned by Tolkien in the sense of apa #2. Another variant gives apa, pá "on (above but touching)" (VT49:18).

pá

on

pá, pa (1) prep. "on" with reference to contact of surfaces, especially vertical surface (in the sense in which a picture hangs on a wall); also used = "touching, as regards, concerning" (VT44:26). Another variant gives pá (and apa) with the meaning "on (above but touching)". (2) Variants of apa "after" (VT44:36), which preposition is in one source also ascribed the first meaning here discussed. For Neo-Quenya purposes, pá and pa may be used for "on" or "concerning", whereas apa is used for "after" (see entries for apa #1 and #2), or pa may also be seen as a shorter form of apa "after", as in the phrase yéni pa yéni *"years upon years" (VT44:36)

san

then

san (1) adv. "then" (MC:216; also twice in Narqelion), a "Qenya" term apparently replaced by tá in Tolkiens later conception. In his later Quenya, san would be the dative form of sa "it", hence "for it; to it".

san

so

san (2) adv. ephemeral word for "so" (ya(n)...san "as...so"; san na "thus be" = let it be so, "amen"); this form was apparently quickly abandoned by Tolkien (VT43:16, 24, VT49.18)

ter

so

ter (2), also tér, prep. (?) ephemeral word for "so" (see ier), abandoned by Tolkien in favour of tambë (VT43:17)

toi

they

toi pron. "they" (FS; replaced by te in LotR-style Quenya?)

tó

thence

tó 2) adv. "thence" (for *tao, the pronoun ta "that, it" with the genitive ending -o, here used in an ablativic sense). Also talo, with -lo as a short form of the ablative ending -llo. (VT49:29, 11)

tó

adverb. thence

tú

they, them

tú pron. "they, them", 3rd person dual ("the two of them"), both "personal and neuter" (the pronoun can be used of persons and things alike). (VT49:51) Tolkien also considered tet for the same meaning, listing it alongside tú in one source (VT49:56), but this form was apparently abandoned.

-lto

they

-lto, "Qenya" pronominal ending "they"; see -ltë

-ltë

they

-ltë, 3rd person pl. pronominal suffix, "they" (VT49:51; cariltë "they do", VT49:16, 17). It alternates with -ntë in Tolkiens manuscripts (VT49:17, 57). In his early material, the ending also appears as -lto, occurring in Fíriel's Song (meldielto "they are beloved" and cárielto "they made"), also in LT1:114: tulielto "they have come" (cf. VT49:57). Compare -lta, -ltya as the ending for "their".

-ltë

suffix. they

Derivations

• ✶te “they” ✧ VT49/50

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶te/se > -lte	[-lte]	✧ VT49/50

Variations

• -lte ✧ PE17/075; PE17/190; VT49/16; VT49/17 (-lte); VT49/51

-ntë

they

-ntë "they", pronomimal ending, inflexion of 3rd person plural when no subject is previously mentioned (CO; see also VT49:49). This ending competes with -ltë (q.v.) in Tolkiens conception (VT49:57; for "they do", both carintë and cariltë are attested, VT49:16 vs. 17). The corresponding pronominal possessive suffix appears as -ntya or -nta in various sources.

-ntë

suffix. they

Variations

• -nte ✧ PE17/057; PE17/190; UT/317; VT49/17

-ttë

suffix. themselves

Derivations

• ✶-te-tē̆ “3rd pl reflexive” ✧ VT49/21
  • ✶te “they” ✧ VT49/21

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶-te-tē̆ > -tte	[-tte]	✧ VT49/21

Variations

• -tte ✧ VT49/21

-ttë

they

-ttë (1) "they", dual 3rd person pronominal ending ("the two of them") (VT49:51), replacing (also within the legendarium) the older ending -stë (which was later used for the second person only). This older ending -stë corresponds to a possessive ending -sta "their" (VT49:16), but this was presumably likewise altered to *-tta as the new ending for dual "their" = "of the two of them".

halda

adjective. high, tall

intë

themselves

intë *"themselves", 3rd person pl. reflexive pronoun, e.g. *i neri tirir intë, "the men watch themselves". Intë is derived from earlier imte(VT47:37). Conceivably intë* is only used for "themselves" with reference to persons; impersonal "themselves" ought to be inta or intai, compare ta #3, tai #2. A form intai might however have evolved into intë by the Third Age (like pl. adjectives in -ai later came to end in -ë), thus converging with the "personal" form.% In an earlier source, Tolkien listed intë as an emphatic pronoun "they", 3rd person plural (VT49:48, 49); compare the pronominal ending -ntë. The word intë** (derived from inde via inze, an unusual development in Quenya) also appears as a candidate 2nd person singular polite form (VT49:49).

intë

pronoun. themselves

Derivations

• ✶imte “themselves” ✧ VT47/37
  • √IM “same, alike, [ᴱ√] same, alike”

Elements

Word	Gloss
im-	“same”
te	“them”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶imte > inte	[imte] > [inte]	✧ VT47/37

Variations

• inte ✧ VT47/37

orna

adjective. high, lofty

orwa

adjective. high, lofty

Derivations

• ✶ornā “uprising, tall”
  • √RŌ/ORO “up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount, up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount; [ᴹ√] high, [ᴱ√] steepness, rising” ✧ PE17/112

Variations

• orna ✧ PE17/186

or

preposition. above, above, [ᴱQ.] upon; on

Cognates

• N. or “above, above; [G.] onto, on top, on”

Element in

• Q. ar i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa tennoio “and of the One who is above all thrones for ever” ✧ UT/305
• ᴺQ. oranar “noon, (lit.) above Sun”
• ᴺQ. orolanda “upland, plateau”
• ᴺQ. ortirmo “overseer”
• ᴺQ. ortur- “to overpower, conquer, prevail”

sanomë

there

sanomë adv. "there" (PE17:71). Cf. sinomë, tanomë.

sanomë

adverb. there

en

there, look! yon (yonder)

en (1) interjection "there, look! yon (yonder)" (EN, VT45:12)

ó-

used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units

ó- (usually reduced to o- when unstressed) a prefix "used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units". In omentië, onóna, ónoni, q.v. _(WJ:367, PE17:191; in the Etymologies, stem WŌ, the prefix _o-, ó- is simply defined as "together".) In VT43:29 is found a table showing how pronominal endings can be added to the preposition ó-; the resulting forms are onyë or óni "with me", ómë "with us" [also in VT43:36, where "us" is said to be exclusive], ólyë or ólë "with you" (olyë only sg. "you", whereas ólë can be either sg. or pl.), ósë "with him/her", ótë *"with them" (of animates where "them" refers to non-persons, óta [or shortened ót] is used, though the conceptual validity of ta as a pl. pronoun is questionable), ósa (or shortened ós) "with it". (Two additional forms, ótar and ótari, presumably mean "with them" of inanimate things; see VT49:56 for a possible second attestation of tar as the word for plural inanimate "they".) However, Tolkien's later decision to the effect that ó- refers to two parties only may throw doubt upon the conceptual validity of some of these forms, where at least three persons would be implied (like ótë "with them", where one person is "with" two or more others though Tolkien indicates that two groups may also be involved where the preposition ó- is used). The explicit statement in WJ:367 that the prepostion o (variant of ó) did not exist independently in Quenya is however difficult to get around, so instead using the preposition ó/o (with or without endings) for "with", writers may rather use as, the form appearing in the last version of Tolkien's Quenya Hail Mary (also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with you").

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

taw

adverb. thither

Derivations

• ✶tad(a) “thither, thereto, to that” ✧ PE19/104

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶tad > tað > tā > taw	[tad] > [tā] > [tǭ] > [tau]	✧ PE19/104

Variations

• taw ✧ PE19/104

han

that

pl1. hain _pron. _that, the thing previously mentioned. Tolkien notes "hain = heinn (< san-)" (PE17:42). Im Narvi hain echant 'I Narvi made them'.

san

pronoun. that

Derivations

• ✶san- “that” ✧ PE17/042

Element in

• S. im Narvi hain echant “I, Narvi, made them” ✧ LotR/0305; PE17/042

ar-

prefix. high, noble, royal

Ara-

prefix. high, noble, royal

ennas

adverb. there, in that place

ennas

adverb. there

Derivations

• √EN “again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond, again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond; [ᴹ√] yonder, over there”

Element in

• S. ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain “and he desires to greet there all his friends” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129

erin

preposition. on the

bo

preposition. on

or

on

(prep.) 1) or (above), with article erin ”on the” (followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions). Erin represents archaic örin. 2)

or

on

(above), with article erin ”on the” (followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions). Erin represents archaic örin.

or

high

(adjectival pref.) or- (above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

or

high

(above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

po

on

po (lenited bo) (VT44:23)

po

on

(lenited bo) (VT44:23)

taw

ta

; if this did yield ”Noldorin”/Sindarin taw, it would create a homophone with taw ”wool”.

taw

that

(demonstrative pronoun) ?taw. _Only the ”Old Noldorin” form tó is actually given in LR:389 s.v. _

taw

pronoun. that

Derivations

• √TA “that, there, then; demonstrative”

taw

that

. Only the ”Old Noldorin” form tó is actually given in LR:389 s.v.

brand

tall

(lofty, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind.

hall

tall

(exalted); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

i

that

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. gyrth i chuinar ”dead that live [cuinar]”, Letters:417). Sometimes i (+ soft mutation) is used in the singular as well. – The form ai (following by lenition) occurs in the phrase di ai gerir ✱”those who do” (VT44:23). Possibly it is a form of the relative pronoun that is used when the previous word ends in -i. Whether ai is both sg. and pl. is unclear; in its one attestation it is followed by a plural verb that is lenited.

raud

tall

(eminent, noble), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed. Also used as noun ”champion, eminent man, [a] noble”.

sa

pronoun. that

Derivations

• ✶sa “3 sg. neuter [it], the thing, impersonal; this by me, [ᴱ√] demonstrative”

tass

1,D adverb. then, there

A Quenya-influenced neologism meaning "there, then, in that (place/time)", from Q. tassë.

taur

tall

(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

hîn

they

(of women) hîn. It is unclear whether Tolkien maintained this ”Noldorin” pronoun in Sindarin.

hîn

they

. It is unclear whether Tolkien maintained this ”Noldorin” pronoun in Sindarin.

telu

high roof

(i delu, o thelu) (dome), pl. tely (i thely).

ennas

there

ennas (SD:128-31)

ennas

there

(SD:128-31)

or

above

(adj. pref.) or- (over, high)

or

above

(prep.) or (om), with article erin ”above the” (followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions). Erin represents archaic örin.

or

above

(over, high)

andrath

high pass

(literally "long climb"), pl. endraith.

gondrath

highway

(i ’ondrath) (street of stone, causeway), pl. gendraith (i ngendraith = i ñendraith). Archaic pl. göndreith. (WJ:340). Possibly the pl. can also be gondraith, without umlaut of the first element.

duinen

high tide

(i dhuinen), pl. duinin (i nuinin). (VT48:26).

-nud Reconstructed

preposition. on

A preposition attested only in the phrase “on us” in the Lament of Akallabêth, changing through the drafts as nēnum >> nēnu >> nēnud (SD/247, 312). Most authors identify -nud as the prepositional element (AAD/20, LGtAG, NBA/14), perhaps related to Q. nu “under”. If so, it may be a derivative of the Elvish roots √NŪ/UNU “under” or √NDU “down”, with a semantic shift to the meaning “on”.

Cognates

• Q. nu “under, beneath”

Derivations

• √NDU “down, under, below; sink, descend, go down, down, under, below; sink, descend, go down, [ᴹ√] set (of Sun)”

Element in

• Ad. agannâlô burôda nênud “[the] death-shadow [is] heavy on us” ✧ SD/247; SD/312
• Ad. agannūlo burudan nēnum “death-shade heavy-is on-us” ✧ SD/312
• Ad. zâira nênud “longing (is) on us” ✧ SD/247

Variations

• -num ✧ SD/312
• -nu ✧ SD/312

ta

conjunction. that, then

Derivations

• √TA “that, there, then; demonstrative”

Derivatives

• Q. ta “so, like that, also; and also, then” ✧ PE17/070

Variations

• tā ✧ PE17/070; VT49/37

ta

root. that, there, then; demonstrative

Tolkien used the root √TA for Elvish demonstratives for much of his life, but in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱ√TA “demonstrative” (with variant ᴱ√TAMA²) had derivatives like ᴱQ. tāma “this” and ᴱQ. tamīne “today” (QL/87). This ᴱ√TA seems to be a near demonstrative “this”, as opposed to ᴱ√E “that (by you)” for far demonstratives (QL/87), the latter reappearing in later writings as a “very far” demonstrative ᴹ√EN “yonder, over there”.

By The Etymologies of the 1930s, ᴹ√TA had switch from “this” to “that”, with derivatives like ᴹQ. tana “that (anaphoric)” and ᴹQ. tar/ON. tō “thither” (Ety/TA). √TA continued to appear regularly in Tolkien’s later writings with senses like “that, there, then”.

Derivatives

• ✶ta “that, then”
  • Q. ta “so, like that, also; and also, then” ✧ PE17/070
• Q. tá “then”
• Q. ta “that, there, that, there, [ᴹQ.] it”
• ᴺS. taw “that”

Element in

• ✶kenásĭta “if it be so, may be, perhaps”
• ✶tad(a) “thither, thereto, to that”
• √TAN “indicate, show” ✧ PE18/084; PE18/095
• Q. enta “another, one more, another, one more; [ᴹQ.] that yonder, then (fut.); [ᴱQ.] that there (emphatic)”

Variations

• TĀ ✧ PE17/093; PE17/186
• ta ✧ VT48/19

-ta

suffix. noun suffix, single product of an action

Element in

• ✶mbasta “batch” ✧ PE17/052
• ✶tektā “sign, symbol, mark”
• ᴺS. rîth “effort, endeavour”

Variations

• ta ✧ PE17/052
• tā ✧ PE17/052

-tā

suffix. verb suffix (transitive), causative

Derivatives

• Ad. -dâ- “verbal suffix”
• Q. -ta “causative verb suffix” ✧ PE17/093

Element in

• ✶kalta- “cause to shine, kindle” ✧ PE22/129
• ✶kelutā- “to cause to spring forth, start (water) flowing, tap” ✧ PE22/135
• ✶ndūtā- “to cause to sink” ✧ PE22/135
• ✶ninkwitā- “to make white, whiten” ✧ PE22/135
• ✶ortā- “to raise” ✧ PE22/135
• ✶tankatā- “to make firm, fix, confirm” ✧ PE22/129; PE22/135; PE22/157
• ✶tultā- “to make come, fetch, send (from point of view of receiver)” ✧ PE22/156; PE22/157
• ᴺQ. capta- “to make spring, scatter, [ᴱQ.] startle”
• ᴺQ. lita- “to multiply”
• ᴺQ. mirta- “to value, esteem, treasure, cherish”
• ᴺQ. nista- “to perfume”
• ᴺQ. quihta- “to shoot”
• Q. talta- “to slip, slide down, fall, to slip, slide down, collapse, fall, [ᴹQ.] slip down, slope” ✧ PE17/186
• Q. tancata- “to make firm, fix, confirm” ✧ PE17/076
• ᴺQ. ticuta- “to smelt”
• ᴺS. cotha- “to startle”
• ᴺS. goltha- “to teach, educate, tutor, (lit.) make knowledgable”
• ᴺS. lista- “to show grace, kindness”
• ᴺS. mirtha- “to value, esteem, treasure, cherish”
• ᴺS. nída- “to weep, cry (tears)”
• ᴺS. pítha- “to shoot”

Variations

• -ta ✧ PE17/186
• tā̆ ✧ PE18/106
• -tā̆ ✧ PE22/129
• tā ✧ PE22/135; PE22/156
• -tā́ ✧ PE22/159

-tă

suffix. verb suffix (intransitive)

Element in

• ✶ista- “to know” ✧ PE22/129
• ✶ninkwita- “to grow white, whiten” ✧ PE22/157
• ✶orta- “to rise, ascend” ✧ PE22/129
• ᴺQ. aita- “to revere, worship”
• Q. fanta- “to veil, cloak, mantle” ✧ PE17/180
• Q. ista- “to know” ✧ PE17/052
• Q. menta- “have as object[ive], (in)tend, proceed, make for, go towards” ✧ PE17/093
• Q. orta- “to rise” ✧ PE17/052
• ᴺS. aeda- “to revere, worship”

Variations

• ta ✧ PE17/052
• -tā̆ ✧ PE22/129
• t ✧ PE22/156

san-

noun. that

Derivatives

• S. san “that” ✧ PE17/042

tāra

adjective. high

Derivations

• √TĀ/TAƷ “high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble”

Element in

• ✶tār(a)-ninqui-tilte “High White Peak” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶tārī “queen, (lit.) she that is high” ✧ PE17/067

Variations

• tār(a) ✧ PE17/186

-(s)tā

suffix. -(s)tā

Changes

• tĭ → tă ✧ PE22/137
• -stĭ → -stā ✧ PE22/137
• tē → tă ✧ PE22/137
• stē → -stā ✧ PE22/137

Derivatives

• Q. -sta “verbal noun suffix” ✧ PE22/137
• S. -th “abstract noun”
• T. -tá “verbal noun” ✧ PE22/137

Element in

• Q. tulusta “advent, arrival” ✧ PE22/137

Variations

• -stā ✧ PE18/086 (-stā); PE22/137
• tă ✧ PE22/137
• tĭ ✧ PE22/137 (tĭ)
• -stĭ ✧ PE22/137 (-stĭ)
• tē ✧ PE22/137 (tē)
• stē ✧ PE22/137 (stē)

te

pronoun. they

Derivatives

• ✶-te-tē̆ “3rd pl reflexive” ✧ VT49/21
  • Q. -ttë “themselves” ✧ VT49/21
• Q. -ltë “they” ✧ VT49/50
• Q. -t “they (object suffix)”
• Q. te “them” ✧ VT49/50
• Q. -ttë “they (dual)” ✧ VT49/50
• ᴺS. tin “them”

Variations

• TE ✧ VT48/24; VT48/25
• t(e) ✧ VT49/17
• te/se ✧ VT49/50

-yā

suffix. causative

Element in

• ✶matyā- “to feed” ✧ PE22/135
• ✶tulyā- “to cause to come, send for, fetch, summon” ✧ PE22/135; PE22/135

Variations

• jā ✧ PE22/135
• yā ✧ PE22/156

-yă

suffix. formative

Element in

• ᴺS. gelia- “to learn”

Variations

• y ✧ PE22/156

imte

pronoun. themselves

Derivations

• √IM “same, alike, [ᴱ√] same, alike”

Derivatives

• Q. intë “themselves” ✧ VT47/37

tā/taʒ

root. high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble

This root and ones like it were used for “high” things for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared as unglossed ᴱ√TAHA in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. tā “high; high above, high up”, ᴱQ. tahōra or tayóra “lofty”, and ᴱQ. tāri “queen”; it had a variant form ᴱ√TAʕA where the ʕ might be a malformed Y (QL/87). The corresponding forms in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon were G. dâ “high” and G. dara “lofty” (GL/29), indicating the true form of the root was ᴱ√DAHA, since initial voiced stops were unvoiced (d- > t-) in Early Qenya (PE12/17). Primitive forms like ᴱ✶dagá > ᴱN. dâ/ᴱQ. tá “high” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s indicates the root continued to begin with D for the following decade (PE13/141, 161).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave this root as ᴹ√TĀ/TAƷ “high, lofty; noble” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high”, ᴹQ. tári “queen” and N. taen “height, summit of high mountain” (Ety/TĀ). In Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 Tolkien gave the root as √TAG or Tā- “high”, and in notes from around 1967 Tolkien gave √TAƷ as the explanation of the initial element of Q. Taniquetil and contrasted it with √TĂR “stand” (PE17/186). In 1970 green-ink revisions to the Outline of Phonology (OP2), Tolkien wrote a marginal note giving √TAƷ > TĀ “high”, but this note was rejected with a statement “transfer to Gen. Structure. No [ʒ] existed in Eldarin” (PE19/72-73 note #22).

This last rejection seems to be part of Tolkien’s general vacillation on the nature and phonetic evolution of velar spirants in Primitive Elvish in 1968-70. For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume the root form was √TAH or √TAƷ > √TĀ as the basis for “high” words, much like √MAH or √MAƷ > ✶mā was the basis for “hand” words.

Derivatives

• ✶tagra ✧ PE17/186
  • Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ PE17/186
  • S. taer “lofty, lofty, *high” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶tāra “high”
• Q. -tar “honorific”
• Q. tar “honorific, sir, madam”
• Q. tar- “high, high; [ᴹQ.] king or queen (in compounds)”
• Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ PE17/186
• S. taer “lofty, lofty, *high” ✧ PE17/186

Variations

• TAG/Tā- ✧ PE17/186
• TAƷ ✧ PE17/186; PE17/186; PE19/073 (TAƷ)
• TĀ ✧ PE19/073 (TĀ)

or

preposition. above, above; [G.] onto, on top, on

Cognates

• Q. or “above, above, [ᴱQ.] upon; on”

Derivations

• ᴹ√RŌ/ORO “rise, up, high” ✧ Ety/ORO

Element in

• S. orchal “tall, tall; [N.] superior, eminent, lofty”
• N. orchal “superior, eminent, lofty” ✧ Ety/ORO
• N. Orfalas
• S. Orfalch Echor “*High Cleft of the Outer Circle”
• N. orthel- “to roof, screen above”
• ᴺS. orvel- “to favour, *(lit.) love above”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ORO > or	[oro] > [or]	✧ Ety/ORO

or

preposition. above, over

or-

prefix. above, over