á

particle. imperative particle

Variations

• ā ✧ PE22/105
• á ✧ PE22/126; PE22/127
• A ✧ SD/047

Element in

• ᴹQ. á e tule, ási e tule ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. á he mittar “let them come in” ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. á he tuluvar “let them come” ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. á kela karit “do not make it!” ✧ PE22/127
• ᴹQ. á kela naikea “don’t be cruel” ✧ PE22/126
• ᴹQ. á ke·tule ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. á lá “don’t do it” ✧ PE22/105
• Q. a laita te, laita te “bless them, bless them” ✧ SD/047
• ᴹQ. a laituvar, laituvar “praise them” ✧ SD/047
• ᴹQ. ā laituva i·aran “(long[?]) live[?] [the] k[ing?]” ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. (á) láte “don’t do it!” ✧ PE22/126
• ᴹQ. á le·láte “{now} don’t you do it!” ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. á le·tule ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. á le·tulir ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. á(si) he tulir ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. ási le·kare “come now, do it (please)” ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. ási, sí “come now, now” ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. ási tule “come now!” ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. he tulir á ✧ PE22/105

ananta

conjunction. but yet, and yet

Variations

• a-nanta ✧ Ety/NDAN

Derivations

• ᴹ√(N)DAN “back, backwards” ✧ Ety/NDAN

Element in

• ᴹQ. ananta úva táre fárea, ufárea “but yet it will not be enough, not enough” ✧ LR/072

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√NDAN > a-nanta	[a-ndanta] > [a-nanta]	✧ Ety/NDAN

andatelko

noun. long stem, long leg

Variations

• anda telko ✧ PE22/022; PE22/051

avalóna

place name. Outer Isle

Another name for Tol Eressea, a variant of Avallon.

Elements

Word	Gloss
ava	“outside, beyond; outer, exterior”
lóna	“island, remote land difficult to reach”

ninqitáre

noun. whitening, whitewashing

Variations

• niñqitáre ✧ PE22/110

Elements

Word	Gloss
ninqita-	“to whiten, make white; to shine white”
-(á)re	“general action verbal suffix”

tintila-

verb. *to sparkle

Element in

• ᴹQ. elli yas atintilar “wherein the stars tremble” ✧ VT28/11 (elli yas atintilar*)
• ᴹQ. yassen elli atintillinar “*wherein the stars tremble” ✧ VT28/11
• ᴹQ. yasse tintilar i eleni “*wherein the stars tremble” ✧ VT28/11

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
-atintilar	aorist plural	-	✧ VT28/11
atintillinar	aorist plural	-	✧ VT28/11
tintilar	aorist plural	-	✧ VT28/11

angwion ie uman enwa

the existence of dragons at one time (is) a fact

Variations

• Angwion ie uman enwa ✧ PE22/124

kalaqendi

collective name. *Light Elves

Variations

• Kalaquendi ✧ PE19/029

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
Kalaqendi	plural	“Light-elves”	✧ LR/197

mindon

noun. (isolated) tower

Variations

• mindo ✧ Ety/MINI; PE21/08

Derivations

• ᴹ√MIN “stand alone, stick out” ✧ Ety/MINI

Cognates

• N. minnas “tower” ✧ Ety/MINI
• N. mindon “tower, isolated hill (especially a hill with a watchtower)” ✧ Ety/MINI

Element in

• ᴹQ. koromindo “cupola, dome”
• ᴹQ. Menelmin(do) “Pillar of Heaven”
• ᴹQ. Ingwemindon “Tower of Ingwë” ✧ LR/222
• ᴹQ. Tiristemindon “Minas Tirith” ✧ PE22/125
• ᴹQ. Tirmindon
• ᴹQ. Larmindon

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MINI > mindo	[mindon]	✧ Ety/MINI

nolwe

noun. wisdom, (secret) lore

Variations

• ñolwe ✧ Ety/ÑGOL; EtyAC/ÑGOL
• ŋolwe ✧ PE22/022

Changes

• nolwe → ñolwe ✧ Ety/ÑGOL

Derivations

• ᴹ√ÑGOL “wise, wisdom, be wise” ✧ Ety/ÑGOL

Cognates

• N. golw “lore” ✧ Ety/ÑGOL
• Ilk. (n)golo “magic, lore” ✧ Ety/ÑGOL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ÑGOL > ñolwe	[ŋgolwe] > [ŋolwe] > [nolwe]	✧ Ety/ÑGOL

au(ve)

adverb. might (have), would (have)

Variations

• auve ✧ PE22/120; PE22/121
• au ✧ PE22/120; PE22/121

Element in

• ᴹQ. auve e·kestanen, au ni·túlie “if he had asked me, I might have come” ✧ PE22/121; PE22/121
• ᴹQ. auve e·kestanen (ela!) “would he have asked me!” ✧ PE22/121

artuile

noun. dayspring, early morn

Elements

Word	Gloss
are	“day”
tuile	“spring, spring-time”

nandele

noun. harping, *repetition

Variations

• ñandele ✧ Ety/ÑGAN

Element in

• ᴹQ. vorongandele “continual repetition, (lit.) harping on one tune”

Elements

Word	Gloss
nande	“harp”
-le	“abstract noun”

ainulindale

proper name. Music of the Ainur

Variations

• Ainulindalë ✧ LR/156; SDI2/Ainulindalë; TII/Ainulindalë

Elements

Word	Gloss
Ainu	“holy one, angelic spirit”
lindale	“music”

antaro

noun. high mountain, peak, high mountain, peak, *(lit.) great height

A word appearing in The Feanorian Alphabet of the 1930s (PE22/22) and 1940s (PE22/52) with the glosses “high mountain, peak”. It appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a proper name Antaro for a mountain in Valinor, but this name did not appear in the narratives or the maps (EtyAC/N, TĀ). Based on the entries in The Etymologies, it is an intensive noun form of ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high”, so literally means “*great height”.

Variations

• Antaro ✧ EtyAC/N; EtyAC/TĀ

Elements

Word	Gloss
an-	“intensive prefix”
tára	“lofty, high”

lor-

verb. to sleep, to sleep, [ᴱQ.] slumber

Derivations

• ᴹ√(O)LOR “sleep; dream”

Element in

• ᴹQ. Eldar ando kakainen loralyar Koivienenissen “the Elves were long lying asleep at Koivienéni” ✧ VT27/07

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
loralyar	imperfect-participle plural	“asleep”	✧ VT27/07

nandelle

noun. little harp, little harp, *lyre

Variations

• ñandelle ✧ Ety/ÑGAN

Cognates

• Ilk. gangel “harp” ✧ Ety/ÑGAN
• N. gannel “harp” ✧ Ety/ÑGAN

Elements

Word	Gloss
nande	“harp”
?

avarin

proper name. language(s) of the Avari

Elements

Word	Gloss
Avar(o)	“Refuser, One who does not go forth”
-rin	“-ian, racial-adjective, language”

alta-

verb. to (make) grow

Derivations

• ᴹ√GAL “grow, thrive” ✧ EtyAC/GAL²; EtyAC/GAL(AS)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√GAL² > alta-	[galta-] > [ɣalta-] > [alta-]	✧ EtyAC/GAL²

elli yas atintilar

*wherein the stars tremble

Changes

• elli yas atintilar → yasse tintilar i{n} eleni ✧ VT28/11

yasse tintilar i eleni

*wherein the stars tremble

Variations

• yasse tintilar i{n} eleni ✧ VT28/11

ante

noun. giver (f.)

Derivations

• ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards” ✧ Ety/ANA¹

Element in

• ᴹQ. Aryante “Day-bringer” ✧ Ety/ANA¹

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ANA¹ > ante	[ante]	✧ Ety/ANA¹

anto

noun. giver (m.)

Derivations

• ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards” ✧ Ety/ANA¹

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ANA¹ > anto	[anto]	✧ Ety/ANA¹

fasta-

verb. to tangle

Variations

• fasta- ✧ Ety/PHAS

Derivations

• ᴹ√PHAS “*tangle, shag, fringe” ✧ Ety/PHAS

Element in

• ᴺQ. alafasta “tidy, orderly”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√PHAS > fasta-	[pʰasta-] > [ɸasta-] > [fasta-]	✧ Ety/PHAS

alaninqitálima

adjective. that cannot be made white (again)

Variations

• alaniñkwitálima ✧ PE22/111

Elements

Word	Gloss
al(a)-	“not, negative prefix”
ninqita-	“to whiten, make white; to shine white”
-ima	“able to be done, -able, -ible”

ata

adverb. again, *(lit.) a second time

Derivations

• ᴹ√AT “back, again, twice; two” ✧ Ety/AT(AT)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AT(AT) > ata	[ata]	✧ Ety/AT(AT)

aule

masculine name. Cræftfréa

Variations

• Aulë ✧ LRI/Aulë; SDI2/Aulë; SM/208; SMI/Aulë

Cognates

• N. Gaul “Aule” ✧ Ety/GAWA

aule

noun. invention

Derivations

• ᴹ√GAW “think out, devise, contrive” ✧ Ety/GAWA

Element in

• ᴹQ. Aule “Cræftfréa” ✧ Ety/GAWA

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√GAWA > aule	[gaule] > [ɣaule] > [aule]	✧ Ety/GAWA

ette

pronoun. he (emphatic)

Variations

• ette ✧ PE22/121; PE22/122

Element in

• ᴹQ. aiqe ni káraza (nila) san ette kára(za) yú “if I were doing this now (I am not), he would be doing it too” ✧ PE22/122
• ᴹQ. íqa ette tule, (san) inye tule “when(ever) hé comes, Í come” ✧ PE22/121

are veruen

proper name. Day of the Spouses, third day of the Valian week

The Quenya name for the 3rd day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of are “day” and the genitive of dual form veru “spouses”, referring to Aule and Yavanna (Ety/BES, LEP).

Variations

• Arveruen ✧ Ety/BES
• (Ar(e))Veruen ✧ Ety/LEP
• (Ar)Veruen ✧ EtyAC/LEP

Cognates

• N. Ar Vedhwen “Day of the Spouses, third day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP

Elements

Word	Gloss
are	“day”
veru	“husband and wife, married pair”

a

pronoun. it, one, indefinite subject

Variations

• -a ✧ PE21/66
• a ✧ PE22/094; PE22/107 (a); PE22/108; PE22/123 (a); PE22/124; PE22/125

Derivations

• ᴹ✶ga “indefinite subject” ✧ PE21/66; PE22/094

Element in

• ᴹQ. ampanaina i·már a·tatallanes “While it was being built people marveled at the house” ✧ PE22/108
• ᴹQ. (a)·matis “it is eaten (one eats it)” ✧ PE22/107
• ᴹQ. ha mólome a·ndake poldórear “it is hard work to kill the strong” ✧ PE22/123
• ᴹQ. i·nér né raiqa ar sí aphasta “the man was angry but now is in good humor (lit. it pleases him)” ✧ PE22/124
• ᴹQ. masse akime aldar “where are the trees (to be found)” ✧ PE22/125
• ᴹQ. vahaia nóre ëa i a-esta Valinor “far away (there) is a land called Valinor” ✧ PE22/124

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶-ʒa > -a	[ɣa] > [a]	✧ PE21/66
ᴹ✶ga > a	[ga] > [ɣa] > [a]	✧ PE22/094

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Variations

• an ✧ EtyAC/A; PE18/042; PE19/055
• am ✧ EtyAC/A; PE18/042; PE19/055
• añ ✧ EtyAC/A; PE19/055
• um ✧ EtyAC/N
• iñ ✧ EtyAC/N
• aŋ ✧ PE18/042

Derivations

• ᴹ√A “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/A
• ᴹ√N- “intensive” ✧ EtyAC/N; PE19/055

Element in

• ᴹQ. ampano “building (especially of wood), wooden hall, construction, edifice” ✧ EtyAC/N
• ᴹQ. Ankale “Radiant-one, Sun, (lit.) The Very Bright” ✧ EtyAC/A; EtyAC/N
• ᴹQ. antaro “high mountain, peak, high mountain, peak, *(lit.) great height” ✧ EtyAC/N
• ᴹQ. parka “dry; thirsty” ✧ EtyAC/A
• ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high” ✧ EtyAC/N
• ᴹQ. unqale “death agony, agony, death” ✧ EtyAC/N

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√A > an	[an-]	✧ EtyAC/A
ᴹ√N- > an-	[ṇd-] > [and-]	✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√N- > um	[ṃb-] > [umb-]	✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√N- > iñ	[ŋ̣g-] > [iŋg-]	✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√nŏ- > nǝ > ṇ > an	[ṇd-] > [and-]	✧ PE19/055

ma

adverb. interrogative particle

Derivations

• √MA “interrogative base, interrogative base; [ᴱ√] root of indef[inite]”

Element in

• ᴹQ. malka “how great”
• ᴹQ. mallo “whence” ✧ PE22/124
• ᴹQ. man “what”
• ᴹQ. manima “of what kind, of what sort”
• ᴹQ. manna “whither” ✧ PE22/124
• ᴹQ. masse “where”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
Manna	allative	“whither”	✧ PE22/124
Mallo	ablative	“whence”	✧ PE22/124

an(a)

preposition. to, towards

Variations

• an/ana/na ✧ Ety/NĀ¹
• na ✧ EtyAC/NĀ¹ (na); VT27/10

Changes

• na → an/ana/na “at, by, near” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Derivatives

• ᴹQ. ana- “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Derivations

• ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Cognates

• N. na “with, by; of” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√NĀ¹ > an/ana/na	[nā] > [na]	✧ Ety/NĀ¹

anta-

verb. to give

Variations

• anta ✧ EtyAC/YAN² (anta)

Derivations

• ᴹ✶anta- “to give, present” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
• ᴹ√YAN “give” ✧ EtyAC/YAN²

Cognates

• N. anna- “to give” ✧ Ety/ANA¹

Element in

• ᴹQ. ar antaróta mannar Valion: númessier “and he gave it into the hands of the Lords: they are in the West” ✧ LR/072
• ᴹQ. e man antaváro “what will he give indeed” ✧ LR/063
• ᴹQ. ilyain antalto annar lestanen Ilúvatáren “to all they gave in measure the gifts of Ilúvatar” ✧ LR/072; LR/072
• ᴹQ. kavinye antās “I can give it” ✧ PE22/092 (ni·kave antās); PE22/092
• ᴹQ. man táre antáva nin Ilúvatar, Ilúvatar? “what will the Father, O Father, give me” ✧ LR/072

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶anta- > anta-	[anta]	✧ Ety/ANA¹
ᴹ√YAN² > anta	[janta] > [anta]	✧ EtyAC/YAN²

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
antaváro	future 3rd-sg-masc	“will he give”	✧ LR/063
antaróta	present 3rd-sg-masc with-sg-object	“he gave it”	✧ LR/072 [past tense in the gloss conflicts with form]
antar	present plural	“they gave”	✧ LR/072 [past tense in the gloss conflicts with form]
antáva	future	“will ... give”	✧ LR/072
antalto	present 3rd-pl	“they gave”	✧ LR/072 [past tense in the gloss conflicts with form]
e·anta	aorist 3rd-sg	“he gives”	✧ PE22/044
antās	aorist with-sg-object	“give it”	✧ PE22/092

nissa

noun. lady

Derivations

• ᴹ√NIS “woman”

sahte

noun. [unglossed]

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
saksin	nominative plural	-	✧ PE21/07

soron

noun. eagle

Variations

• sorne ✧ Ety/THOR

Derivations

• ᴹ√THOR(ON) “come swooping down” ✧ Ety/THOR

Cognates

• N. thoron “eagle” ✧ Ety/THOR; Ety/THOR
• Ilk. thorn “eagle” ✧ Ety/THOR
• On. thoron “eagle” ✧ Ety/THOR

Element in

• ᴹQ. Sorni Númenvalion anner “the Eagles of the Powers of the West are at hand” ✧ SD/290
• ᴹQ. Es sorni heruion an “the Eagles of the Lords are at hand” ✧ SD/290
• ᴹQ. Soroni númenheruen ettuler “*the Eagles of the Western Lords are coming forth” ✧ SD/290
• ᴹQ. Sorontar “King of Eagles” ✧ Ety/THOR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√THÓRON > sorne	[tʰorone] > [tʰorne] > [θorne] > [sorne]	✧ Ety/THOR

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
sorni	plural	-	✧ Ety/THOR; SD/290
sornen	genitive	-	✧ Ety/THOR
soron	nominative	“eagle”	✧ PE21/34
sorona	accusative	-	✧ PE21/34
soronen	dative	-	✧ PE21/34
sorono	genitive	-	✧ PE21/34
sorunwen	instrumental	-	✧ PE21/34
sorunta	allative	-	✧ PE21/34
†soronunta	allative	-	✧ PE21/34
soronullo	ablative	-	✧ PE21/34
†[sor]ullo	ablative	-	✧ PE21/34
soronesse	locative	-	✧ PE21/34
sorunwa	possessive	-	✧ PE21/34
sorundon	similative	-	✧ PE21/34
†soronundon	similative	-	✧ PE21/34
soronunt	nominative dual	-	✧ PE21/34
soronin	nominative plural	-	✧ PE21/34
†sorulli	nominative plural	-	✧ PE21/34
soronar	dative	-	✧ PE21/34
Sorni	plural	“Eagles”	✧ SD/290
Soroni	plural	-	✧ SD/290

a laituvar, laituvar

praise them

Variations

• A laituvar, laituvar ✧ SD/047

Changes

• A laituvar, laituvar → A laita te, laita te “praise them” ✧ SD/047

e

pronoun. he, she, it

Variations

• é ✧ PE22/121 (é)

Changes

• é → ette “hé” ✧ PE22/121

Derivations

• ᴹ✶e “he, she, it”

Cognates

• S. e “he”

Element in

• ᴹQ. á e tule, ási e tule ✧ PE22/106
• ᴹQ. á e·ndanne anda né “Oh! he went back long ago” ✧ PE22/096
• ᴹQ. aiqe e kestanelyanen (ela), en ni·túlie ✧ PE22/122; PE22/122
• ᴹQ. aiqe e kestanelyanen (ela), en ni·tuluváne ✧ PE22/122; PE22/122
• ᴹQ. aiqe e kestanen (ela), en ni·tuluváne ✧ PE22/122; PE22/122
• ᴹQ. aiqe e·kestanen ela en ni túlie/karnet “if he had asked me (he did not), I should have come/made it” ✧ PE22/121; PE22/121
• ᴹQ. aiqe e·kestanen, en(ai) ni·túlie/karnet “if he had asked me, I should have come/made it” ✧ PE22/121
• ᴹQ. aiqe e·kestuvan, ni·tuluva “If he asked me/were to ask me, I should come” ✧ PE22/120
• ᴹQ. auve e·kestanen, au ni·túlie “if he had asked me, I might have come” ✧ PE22/121
• ᴹQ. auve e·kestanen (ela!) “would he have asked me!” ✧ PE22/121; PE22/121
• ᴹQ. efarále “[he] hunts you” ✧ PE22/110
• ᴹQ. e tul’á ✧ PE22/106
• ᴹQ. e·kestane ataretta karithe “he asked his father to do it” ✧ PE22/118
• ᴹQ. e·lirute (lirus) “he sings it” ✧ PE22/116
• ᴹQ. e·merne ataretta tule “he wished his father to come” ✧ PE22/118
• ᴹQ. illume e·kestanen/kestanelyanen, ni·tulle “when/if he (had) asked me, I came” ✧ PE22/121
• ᴹQ. már akárielya e utúlie “*having built a house he has come” ✧ PE22/108
• ᴹQ. már akárielya e·tuve “he finds a house that is already built” ✧ PE22/108 (már akárielya e·tuve)
• ᴹQ. már akárielya e·utúvie “he has found a house that is already built” ✧ PE22/108 (már akárielya e·utúvie)
• ᴹQ. már karnelya e·tulle “having built a house he came” ✧ PE22/108
• ᴹQ. már karnelya e·túve “he found a house that had been (already) built” ✧ PE22/108 (már karnelya e·túve)
• ᴹQ. mennai Orome tanna lende i erenekkoitanie “until Orome came hither that he might awake them” ✧ VT27/07
• ᴹQ. ni qente (sa) e·tule “I said he is coming, I said (that) he was coming” ✧ PE22/119
• ᴹQ. ni qente (sa) e·tulle “I said he came, I stated that (at some time previous to my speaking) he came (but was no longer present)” ✧ PE22/119
• ᴹQ. ni qente (sa) e·utúlie “I said he had come” ✧ PE22/119
• ᴹQ. ni qete (sa) e·tule “I say (that) he is coming” ✧ PE22/119
• ᴹQ. ni·mere in e·karithe “I wish him to do it/that he do(es) it” ✧ PE22/118
• ᴹQ. ni·mere in e·tule “I wish him to come/that he come(s)” ✧ PE22/118
• ᴹQ. qe (ai) e·tule, (san) inye tule yú “if/when he comes, I come too” ✧ PE22/121
• ᴹQ. qe (ai) e·tulle, (san) inye tulle yú “if/when he came, I came too” ✧ PE22/121
• ᴹQ. qe e·kárie i kirya aldaryas, ni kauva kiryasta menelyas “if he finishes the boat by Monday, I shall be able to sail on Wednesday” ✧ PE22/121
• ᴹQ. qe e·kestan/kestuvan ni·tuluva “if he asks me, I shall come” ✧ PE22/097
• ᴹQ. qe e·kestanen, ni·tulle “if he asked me I came” ✧ PE22/121
• ᴹQ. qe e·kestan, ni·tuluva “if he asks me, I shall come” ✧ PE22/120
• ᴹQ. qe e·kestuvan, ni·tuluva “when he asks me, I shall come; if on some future occasion he asks me, then on that occasion I shall come” ✧ PE22/120
• ᴹQ. Rana núresse orta silia; en e·orta silia! “The Moon at night rises shining; there it rises shining!” ✧ PE22/100
• ᴹQ. tasse e·orta silalya “there it rises shining” ✧ PE22/100

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
	ie	stative	-	✧ PE22/123
	éne	stative-past	-	✧ PE22/123

he tulir á

he tulir á

Variations

• he tulir ā́ ✧ PE22/106

laitalle, laitalle

praise them

Variations

• Laitalle, laitalle ✧ SD/047

Changes

• Laitalle, laitalle → A laituvar, laituvar “praise them” ✧ SD/047

númenóre

place name. Westernesse

Variations

• Númenor ✧ LR/014; LR/025; LR/072; LRI/Númenor; RS/215; RSI/Númenor; SDI1/Númenor; SDI2/Númenor; TII/Númenor; WRI/Númenor
• nūmenōre ✧ LR/047
• nūmenor ✧ LR/056
• Númenórë ✧ LRI/Númenor; TII/Númenor
• Númenórea ✧ PE22/019
• Nūmenōre/Nūmenor ✧ SD/240
• númenóre ✧ SD/247
• númenor/númenóre ✧ SD/303
• Nūmenor/Nūmenōre ✧ SD/305
• Nūmenōre ✧ SD/310
• Nūmenōrē ✧ SD/343
• Nûmenôrë ✧ SD/361

Cognates

• Ad. Anadûnê “Westernesse” ✧ SD/240; SD/305; SD/361

Element in

• ᴹQ. ar Sauron túle nukumna Númenórenna “and Sauron came humbled to Númenor” ✧ LR/056
• ᴹQ. írima ye Númenor “lovely is Númenor” ✧ LR/072
• ᴹQ. Nuaran Númenen “Lord of the West” ✧ LR/060
• ᴹQ. Númenóre ataltane “Númenor fell down” ✧ LR/047; LR/056; SD/247; SD/310

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
nūmenorenna	allative	“to-Númenor”	✧ LR/056
Númenóren	genitive	“of the West”	✧ LR/060

áratenkele

noun. writing of A, (lit.) daywriting

Variations

• árateñkele ✧ PE22/047

ólamaite

adjective. consonantal

Element in

• ᴹQ. Attólamaite “biconsonantal”
• ᴹQ. Erólamaite “uniconsonantal” ✧ PE18/033
• ᴹQ. Nelólamaite “triconsonantal”

Elements

Word	Gloss
ólama	“consonant”
-ite	“(verbal) adjective ending”

aldalemnar

proper name. Week of the Trees

Name of a holiday week in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/LEP), a compound of alda “tree” and lemnar “week” (Ety/GALAD, LEP).

Cognates

• N. Galadlevnar “Week of the Trees” ✧ Ety/LEP

Elements

Word	Gloss
alda	“tree”
lemnar	“(Valarin five-day) week”

losse

noun. (white) blossom, flower

Derivations

• ᴹ√LOT(H) “flower” ✧ Ety/GOLÓS; Ety/LOT(H)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LOS > losse	[lotʰse] > [loθse] > [losse]	✧ Ety/GOLÓS

aista-

verb. to dread

Variations

• aista ✧ EtyAC/GÁYAS

Derivations

• ᴹ✶gais- “to dread” ✧ Ety/GÁYAS
  • ᴹ√GAYAS “fear” ✧ Ety/GÁYAS

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶gais- > aista-	[gaista-] > [ɣaista-] > [aista-]	✧ Ety/GÁYAS

aiwe

noun. (small) bird

Derivations

• ᴹ√AIWĒ “(small) bird” ✧ Ety/AIWĒ

Cognates

• N. aew “(small) bird” ✧ Ety/AIWĒ

Element in

• ᴹQ. Aiwenóre “Birdland, lower air” ✧ Ety/AIWĒ

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AIWĒ > aiwe	[aiwē] > [aiwe] > [aiwe]	✧ Ety/AIWĒ

aldar olar sana nóresse

trees grow in that land

Variations

• aldar {alar >>} olar i·nóresse ✧ PE22/116 (aldar {alar >>} olar i·nóresse)

Changes

• aldar {alar >>} olar i·nóresse → aldar olar sana nóresse “trees grow {on earth >>} in the land” ✧ PE22/116

Elements

Word	Gloss
alda	“tree”
ola-	“to grow, grow up, reach its prime, become”
sana	“that”
nóre	“land, country, region where certain people live; clan, race, folk, kindred”

andon

noun. great gate, great gate, [ᴱQ.] door, gate

Cognates

• N. annon “great gate, door” ✧ Ety/AD

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
andondi	plural	-	✧ Ety/AD

andúnie

place name. Sunset(land)

Variations

• Andúnië ✧ LR/014; LR/025; LRI/Andúnië; SD/333; SDI2/Andúnië
• Undúnië ✧ SD/333 (Undúnië); SDI2/Andúnië (Undúnië)
• Andūniē ✧ SD/344

Changes

• Undúnië → Andúnië ✧ SD/333
• Undúnië → Andúnië ✧ SDI2/Andúnië

Elements

Word	Gloss
andúne	“sunset”
-ie	“abstract noun”

arkandavā-le qantamalle tūlier

arkandavā-le qantamalle tūlier

Element in

• ᴹQ. Namárië, draft

astula

adjective. bony

Element in

• ᴹQ. Astulat “Bony Ridge” ✧ PE21/27

at(a)-

prefix. back, again, re-

Variations

• ata- ✧ Ety/AT(AT)
• at- ✧ Ety/AT(AT)
• atta- ✧ Ety/TATA (atta-)

Derivations

• ᴹ√AT “back, again, twice; two” ✧ Ety/AT(AT); Ety/TATA

Cognates

• N. ad- “back, again, re-” ✧ Ety/AT(AT)

Element in

• ᴹQ. attul- “to come back, return”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AT(AT) > ata-	[ata-]	✧ Ety/AT(AT)
ᴹ√AT(AT) > atta-	[atta-]	✧ Ety/TATA

a yonya inye tye-méla

and I too, my son, I love thee

Variations

• A yonya inye tye-méla ✧ LR/061

kaita-

verb. to lie

Derivations

• ᴹ√KAY “lie (down)” ✧ PE22/126

Element in

• ᴹQ. Eldar ando kakainen loralyar Koivienenissen “the Elves were long lying asleep at Koivienéni” ✧ VT27/07

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KAY > kaita-	[kaita-]	✧ PE22/126

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
kakainen	past	“were lying”	✧ VT27/07

laqe[t]-

verb. [unglossed]

Variations

• laqe[t] ✧ EtyAC/LA (laqe[t])

Elements

Word	Gloss
lá	“no, not”
qet-	“to say”

halatir(no)

noun. kingsfisher, (lit.) fish-watcher

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing as halatir(no) “fish-watcher, kingsfisher”, a combination of ᴹQ. hala “fish” and an agental form ᴹQ. tirno “watcher” of the root ᴹ√TIR “watch” (Ety/SKAL², TIR). Fish-watcher is the literal translation of the name, and kingfisher is the name of the terrestrial species.

Variations

• halatir ✧ Ety/KHAL¹ (halatir); Ety/TIR

Derivations

• ᴹ✶khalatirnō̆ “fish watcher” ✧ Ety/TIR

Cognates

• N. heledir(n) “kingsfisher, (lit.) fish-watcher” ✧ Ety/KHAL¹; Ety/SKAL²; Ety/TIR

Elements

Word	Gloss
hala	“(small) fish”
tir-	“to watch”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶khalatirnō̆ > halatir	[kʰalatirno] > [kʰalatirn] > [xalatirn] > [halatirn] > [halatir]	✧ Ety/TIR

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
halatirnen	genitive	-	✧ Ety/TIR

ahtumat

noun. supper, supper, *(lit.) maker’s meal

Elements

Word	Gloss
ahto	“wright, maker”
mat	“food, meal, meal, [ᴱQ.] meal time; [ᴹQ.] food”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
ahtumāta	accusative	-	✧ PE21/32
ahtumatsin	nominative plural	-	✧ PE21/32; PE21/37
[ahtu]māt	stem	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]matt	stem	-	✧ PE21/37
ahtumat	nominative	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]máta	accusative	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]matta	accusative	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]máten	dative	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]matten	dative	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]máto	genitive	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]matto	genitive	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]matwen	instrumental	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]mátanen	instrumental	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]mattanen	instrumental	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]matta	allative	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]matunta	allative	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]matullo	ablative	-	✧ PE21/37
†[ahtu]matyo	ablative	-	✧ PE21/37
†[ahtu]mātulo	ablative	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]matse	locative	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]matesse	locative	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]mātuva	possessive	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]mattuva	possessive	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]matundon	similative	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]mattanon	similative	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]mátanon	similative	-	✧ PE21/37
ahtumátunt	nominative dual	-	✧ PE21/37
ahtumatúmet	instrumental dual	-	✧ PE21/37
ahtumattumet	instrumental dual	-	✧ PE21/37
ahtumátulin	nominative plural	-	✧ PE21/37
[ahtu]mattulin	nominative plural	-	✧ PE21/37

tárinar

noun. *alternate name of Valanya

Changes

• Tárinar → Tárion ✧ PM/138

Cognates

• N. Ardórin “?Day of Kings” ✧ PM/130

ahto

noun. wright, maker

Derivations

• ᴹ✶aktō “artificer, maker, wright” ✧ PE18/062
  • ᴹ√KAT “shape, make” ✧ PE18/062

Element in

• ᴹQ. ahtumat “supper, supper, *(lit.) maker’s meal”
• ᴹQ. kiryahto “shipwright” ✧ PE18/062
• ᴺQ. parmahto “author”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶-k’tō > -ahto	[aktō] > [axtō] > [axto]	✧ PE18/062

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
-ahto	suffix	“maker, wright”	✧ PE18/062

are fanturion

proper name. Day of the Fanturi, fourth day of the Valian week

The Quenya name for the 4th day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of are “day” and the genitive plural of Fantur, the common title of Lórien and Mandos (Ety/LEP).

Variations

• (Ar(e))Fanturion ✧ Ety/LEP
• (Ar)Fanturion ✧ EtyAC/LEP

Cognates

• N. Ar Fennuir “Day of the Fanturi, fourth day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP

Elements

Word	Gloss
are	“day”
Fantur	“Lord of Cloud”

attólamaite

proper name. biconsonantal

Elements

Word	Gloss
atta	“two”
ólamaite	“consonantal”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
attólamaisi	plural	-	✧ PE18/036

haryon

noun. prince (heir)

Variations

• aryon ✧ EtyAC/ƷAR (aryon)

Changes

• aryon → haryon “heir, prince” ✧ Ety/ƷAR

Derivations

• ᴹ√ƷAR “have, hold” ✧ Ety/ƷAR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ƷAR > haryon	[ɣarjon] > [harjon]	✧ Ety/ƷAR

landa

adjective. wide, wide, [ᴱQ.] broad

Variations

• landa ✧ Ety/LAD

Derivations

• ᴹ√LAD “lie flat, be flat” ✧ Ety/LAD

Cognates

• N. lhann “wide, wide, [ᴱN.] broad” ✧ Ety/LAD
• S. land “wide, broad, wide, broad; [N.] open space, level”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LAD > landa	[landa]	✧ Ety/LAD

nóla

adjective. wise, learned

Variations

• ñóla ✧ Ety/ÑGOL
• nóla ✧ EtyAC/ÑGOL (nóla)

Changes

• nóla → ñóla ✧ Ety/ÑGOL

Derivations

• ᴹ√ÑGOL “wise, wisdom, be wise” ✧ Ety/ÑGOL

Cognates

• N. goll “wise” ✧ Ety/ÑGOL
• Ilk. (n)gôl “wise, magical” ✧ Ety/ÑGOL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ÑGOL > ñóla	[ŋgōla] > [ŋōla] > [nōla]	✧ Ety/ÑGOL

astulat

place name. Bony Ridge

A name appearing only in linguistic notes from the 1930s (PE21/27, 37), a combination of astula “bony” and hat “ridge”.

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
Astulahta	allative	“to Astulat”	✧ PE21/27
Astulat	nominative	“Bony Ridge”	✧ PE21/37
Astulahta	accusative	-	✧ PE21/37
[Astul]ahten	dative	-	✧ PE21/37
[Astul]ahto	genitive	-	✧ PE21/37
[Astul]ahtanen	instrumental	-	✧ PE21/37
[Astul]ahta	allative	-	✧ PE21/37
[Astul]ahtunta	allative	-	✧ PE21/37
[Astul]ahtyo	ablative	-	✧ PE21/37
[Astul]ahtullo	ablative	-	✧ PE21/37
[Astul]akse	locative	-	✧ PE21/37
[Astul]ahtesse	locative	-	✧ PE21/37
[Astul]ahtuva	possessive	-	✧ PE21/37
[Astul]ahtya	possessive	-	✧ PE21/37
[Astul]ahtanon	similative	-	✧ PE21/37
[Astul]ahtunt	nominative dual	-	✧ PE21/37
[Astul]aksin	nominative plural	-	✧ PE21/37
[Astul]ahtulin	nominative plural	-	✧ PE21/37

orta-

verb. to rise

Variations

• orta- ✧ Ety/ORO
• órt(a) ✧ PE22/106 (órt(a))
• órta ✧ PE22/107; PE22/115
• ort(a) ✧ PE22/114
• orta ✧ PE22/115

Derivations

• ᴹ✶orta- “to rise”
  • ᴹ√RŌ/ORO “rise, up, high” ✧ PE22/098
• ᴹ√RŌ/ORO “rise, up, high” ✧ Ety/ORO

Cognates

• On. or- “to rise” ✧ Ety/ORO
• N. eria- “to rise” ✧ Ety/ORO

Element in

• ᴹQ. Rana núresse orta silia; en e·orta silia! “The Moon at night rises shining; there it rises shining!” ✧ PE22/100; PE22/100
• ᴹQ. Rana oronte silalya “The moon rose shining” ✧ PE22/100
• ᴹQ. Rana ortalyane silalya “The moon was rising, shining (as it rose)” ✧ PE22/100
• ᴹQ. tasse e·orta silalya “there it rises shining” ✧ PE22/100

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ORO > orta-	[orta-]	✧ Ety/ORO

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
	orta	aorist	“rises”	✧ PE22/100; PE22/100
	oronte	past	“rose”	✧ PE22/100
	ortalyane	past-imperfect	“was rising”	✧ PE22/100
ortuva	future	“will rise”	✧ PE22/104; PE22/115
	ortanwa	perfective-participle	“having risen on high; exalted”	✧ PE22/106
-ortea	active-participle	“rising”	✧ PE22/106
ortalya	imperfect-participle	-	✧ PE22/107; PE22/115
ortuvaina	future-passive-participle	-	✧ PE22/109
-ortuvanta	future-passive-participle	-	✧ PE22/109
ortea	active-participle	“rising, ascendent”	✧ PE22/111; PE22/114
orta	aorist	-	✧ PE22/114
ortie	gerund	-	✧ PE22/114
†rontē	past	“rose”	✧ PE22/115
oronte	past	“rose”	✧ PE22/115
orontie	perfect	-	✧ PE22/115 regular but rarer

un-/um-

prefix. intensive prefix with evil sense

Variations

• uñ/um ✧ EtyAC/A
• un/um ✧ EtyAC/A

Element in

• ᴹQ. unqale “death agony, agony, death” ✧ EtyAC/A

ankale

proper name. Radiant-one, Sun, (lit.) The Very Bright

A name of the Sun appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/KAL;EtyAC/A, KAL) and linguistic notes from the 1940s (PE22/22, 52), apparently a compound of the intensifying prefix an- and some form of the root ᴹ√KAL “shine”.

Variations

• ankale ✧ EtyAC/A; PE22/022; PE22/052
• inkale ✧ EtyAC/N

Elements

Word	Gloss
an-	“intensive prefix”
KAL	“shine”

eruman

place name. desert N.E. of Valinor

Changes

• Eruman → Araman ✧ MR/123
• Eruman → Araman ✧ MRI/Eruman
• Eruman → Araman ✧ SMI/Araman
• Eruman → Araman ✧ SMI/Eruman

ananta úva táre fárea, ufárea

but yet it will not be enough, not enough

Element in

• ᴹQ. Fíriel’s Song

-ie

suffix. stative suffix

Variations

• -ie ✧ EtyAC/YĒ

Derivations

• ᴹ√YĒ “to be” ✧ EtyAC/YĒ

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√YĒ > -ie	[-ije] > [-ie]	✧ EtyAC/YĒ

arinya

adjective. morning, early

Elements

Word	Gloss
arin	“morning”
-ya	“adjective suffix”

orta-

verb. to raise, lift

Variations

• orta- ✧ Ety/ORO
• ortā́ ✧ PE22/106 (ortā́); PE22/106 (ortā́); PE22/114
• ortā ✧ PE22/107

Derivations

• ᴹ✶ortā- “to raise”
  • ᴹ√RŌ/ORO “rise, up, high” ✧ PE18/039; PE22/098
• ᴹ√RŌ/ORO “rise, up, high” ✧ Ety/ORO

Cognates

• On. orta- “to raise” ✧ Ety/ORO
• N. ortha- “to raise” ✧ Ety/ORO

Element in

• ᴹQ. ortalima “able to be raised”
• ᴹQ. ortare “lifting up”
• ᴹQ. ye ortalya “is raising” ✧ PE22/117

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ORO > orta-	[orta-]	✧ Ety/ORO

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
ortáva	future	“will raise”	✧ PE22/104; PE22/105; PE22/109; PE22/117
ortávane	past-future	-	✧ PE22/105
	ortanwa	perfective-participle	“upraised on high; exalted”	✧ PE22/106
-ortáya	active-participle	-	✧ PE22/106 seldom used
-ortaia	active-participle	-	✧ PE22/106 seldom used
-ortava	active-participle	-	✧ PE22/106; PE22/117
ortalya	imperfect-participle	-	✧ PE22/107; PE22/117
ortaina	imperfect-passive-participle	-	✧ PE22/108 only belonging to causative <i>ortā</i>
-ortanta	imperfect-passive-participle	-	✧ PE22/108 only belonging to causative <i>ortā</i>
ortavaina	future-passive-participle	-	✧ PE22/109
-ortavanta	future-passive-participle	-	✧ PE22/109
-ortana	passive-participle	-	✧ PE22/114
ortane	past	“raised”	✧ PE22/115; PE22/117
orta	infinitive	-	✧ PE22/117
ortar	aorist plural	-	✧ PE22/117
ortalme	aorist with-1st-pl-object	-	✧ PE22/117
ortáte	aorist with-sg-object	-	✧ PE22/117
ortáre	gerund	-	✧ PE22/117
ortalye	long-perfect	“raising”	✧ PE22/117
ortanie	perfect	-	✧ PE22/117
ortanelye	long-perfect	-	✧ PE22/117
-ortave	gerund	-	✧ PE22/117
-ortánie	perfect	-	✧ PE22/117

á kela karit

do not make it!

Variations

• kela kare ✧ PE22/127 (kela kare)
• á kela karis ✧ PE22/127 (á kela karis)

Changes

• kela kare → á kela karis ✧ PE22/127
• á kela karis → á kela karit ✧ PE22/127

ñwe

pronoun. *we (inclusive)

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
	ñwier	stative plural	-	✧ PE22/123
	ñwiet	stative dual	-	✧ PE22/123
	ñwéner	stative-past plural	-	✧ PE22/123
	ñwénet	stative-past dual	-	✧ PE22/123

yána

noun. holy place, fane, sanctuary

@@@ used as “shrine, sanctuary” in NQNT

Derivations

• ᴹ√(A)YAN “*holy” ✧ Ety/YAN

Cognates

• N. iaun “holy place, fane, sanctuary, holy place, fane, sanctuary, *shrine, temple” ✧ Ety/YAN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√YAN > yána	[jānā] > [jāna]	✧ Ety/YAN

(a)larka

adjective. swift, rapid

Variations

• larka ✧ Ety/LAK²; EtyAC/ÁLAK
• alarka ✧ Ety/LAK²; EtyAC/ÁLAK

Derivations

• ᴹ✶lakra “swift, rapid” ✧ Ety/LAK²
  • ᴹ√(A)LAK “swift, rushing” ✧ Ety/LAK²
• ᴹ√(A)LAK “swift, rushing” ✧ EtyAC/ÁLAK

Cognates

• N. lhagr “swift, rapid” ✧ Ety/LAK²

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶lakra > larka	[lakra] > [larka]	✧ Ety/LAK²
ᴹ√ÁLAK > larka	[lakra] > [larka]	✧ EtyAC/ÁLAK

alfírima

adjective. immortal

Element in

• ᴹQ. Eldar alphírimar “Elves are Immortals” ✧ PE22/124

Elements

Word	Gloss
al(a)-	“not, negative prefix”
fírima	“mortal”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
alphírimar	plural	“immortals”	✧ PE22/124

alfírimo

noun. Immortal

Element in

• ᴹQ. Eldar Alphírimor “Elves are Immortals” ✧ PE22/124

Elements

Word	Gloss
al(a)-	“not, negative prefix”
Fírimo	“Mortal”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
Alphírimor	plural	“Immortals”	✧ PE22/124

ampan-

verb. to build

Element in

• ᴹQ. ampanaina i·már a·tatallanes “While it was being built people marveled at the house” ✧ PE22/108
• ᴹQ. lie tatallaner i·már ampanaina “While it was being built people marveled at the house” ✧ PE22/108

Elements

Word	Gloss
am-	“up”
PAN	“place, set, fix in place (especially of wood)”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
ampanaina	imperfect-passive-participle	“while it was being built”	✧ PE22/108
-ampananta	imperfect-passive-participle	-	✧ PE22/108

anarya

noun. Sunday, (lit.) Sun-day

Cognates

• N. Aranor “*Sun-day” ✧ PM/130

aranaite

adjective. *kingly, royal

Element in

• ᴹQ. asea aranaite “*kingsfoil” ✧ WR/394

Elements

Word	Gloss
aran	“king”
-ite	“(verbal) adjective ending”

ar ulmon

proper name. Day of Ulmo, second day of the Valian week

The Quenya name for the 2nd day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of are “day” and the genitive of Ulmo (Ety/LEP).

Variations

• (Ar)Ulmon ✧ Ety/LEP

Cognates

• N. Ar Uiar “Day of Ulmo, second day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP

Elements

Word	Gloss
are	“day”
Ulmo

ataltare

noun. collapse

Elements

Word	Gloss
atalta-	“to collapse, fall in, fall down, slip down in ruin”
-(á)re	“general action verbal suffix”

atto

noun. father (hypocoristic)

Derivations

• ᴹ✶atū “father” ✧ Ety/ATA
  • ᴹ√ATA “father” ✧ Ety/ATA

Cognates

• N. ada “father (hypocoristic), father (hypocoristic), [G.] daddy” ✧ Ety/ATA
• Ilk. adda “father (hypocoristic)” ✧ Ety/ATA

Element in

• ᴹQ. man-ie, atto? “what is it, father?” ✧ LR/059

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶atū > atto	[attu] > [atto]	✧ Ety/ATA

ava

adverb/adjective. outside, beyond; outer, exterior

Derivations

• ᴹ√AWA “away, forth; out” ✧ Ety/AWA

Element in

• ᴹQ. avahaira “*far beyond, very remote”
• ᴹQ. Avakúma “Exterior Void” ✧ Ety/AWA; SM/241
• ᴹQ. Avalóna “Outer Isle” ✧ Ety/AWA

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AWA > ava	[awa] > [ava]	✧ Ety/AWA

poinesse

noun. ?cleanliness

Derivations

• ᴹ√POY “*clean”

tenna

noun. a letter

Variations

• teñna ✧ PE19/043

Derivations

• ᴹ✶tekna “a letter” ✧ PE19/043
  • ᴹ√TEK “write or draw (signs or letters), make a mark” ✧ PE19/043

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶tekna > teñna	[tekna] > [tegna] > [teŋna] > [tenna]	✧ PE19/043

tol-

verb. to stand

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
tolle	past	“stood”	✧ PE22/117

auta-

verb. to invent, originate, devise

Variations

• auta- ✧ Ety/GAWA
• auta ✧ EtyAC/GAWA

Derivations

• ᴹ√GAW “think out, devise, contrive” ✧ Ety/GAWA

Cognates

• ᴺS. gauda- “to invent, originate, devise”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√GAWA > auta-	[gauta-] > [ɣauta-] > [auta-]	✧ Ety/GAWA

arvalin

place name. Outside Valinor

Changes

• Arvalin → Vastuman ✧ MR/291
• Arvalin → Vastuman ✧ MRI/Arvalin
• Arvalin → Avathar ✧ SMI/Arvalin
• Arvalin → Avathar ✧ SMI/Avathar

Elements

Word	Gloss
ar-	“outside, beside”
Valinor	“Land of the Valar”

atarinya tye-meláne

my father, I love thee

Variations

• Atarinya tye-meláne ✧ LR/061; LR/070

al-

verb. to thrive

Variations

• ’al ✧ Ety/GALA

Derivations

• ᴹ√GAL “grow, thrive” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL(AS)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√GALA > ’al	[gal-] > [ɣal-] > [al-]	✧ Ety/GALA
ᴹ√GAL > al-	[gal-] > [ɣal-] > [al-]	✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS)

alataire

place name. Great Sea

Another name of the “Great Sea” (N. Belegoer) appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s as compound of alta “great (in size)” and aire “sea” (Ety/ÁLAT, AY).

Cognates

• N. Belegoer “Great Sea” ✧ Ety/ÁLAT; Ety/AY

Elements

Word	Gloss
alta	“large, great in size”
aire	“sea”

alómea

adjective. voiceless

Variations

• Alómea ✧ PE18/030

Elements

Word	Gloss
al(a)-	“not, negative prefix”
ómea	“voiced”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
Alómear	plural	“voiceless”	✧ PE18/030

andatehta

noun. long mark

Variations

• anda-tehta ✧ PE22/021; PE22/049

Cognates

• N. andeith “long-mark” ✧ Ety/TEK
• On. andatektha “long-mark” ✧ Ety/TEK

Elements

Word	Gloss
anda	“long”
tehta	“mark (in writing), sign, diacritic”

andul

noun. long pole

Derivations

• ᴹ✶andọl “long pole” ✧ PE21/34

Elements

Word	Gloss
anda	“long”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
andul	nominative	-	✧ PE21/34
andula	accusative	-	✧ PE21/34
andulen	dative	-	✧ PE21/34
andulo	genitive	-	✧ PE21/34
andulmen	instrumental	-	✧ PE21/34
andulta	allative	-	✧ PE21/34
andulunta	allative	-	✧ PE21/34
andullo	ablative	-	✧ PE21/34
andulesse	locative	-	✧ PE21/34
andulwa	possessive	-	✧ PE21/34
anduldon	similative	-	✧ PE21/34
andulundon	similative	-	✧ PE21/34
andulunt	nominative dual	-	✧ PE21/34
andulúment	instrumental dual	-	✧ PE21/34
†andulmet	instrumental dual	-	✧ PE21/34
andulin	nominative plural	-	✧ PE21/34
andullin	nominative plural	-	✧ PE21/34
andulintan	allative plural	-	✧ PE21/34
[andul]illon	ablative plural	-	✧ PE21/34
[andul]issen	locative plural	-	✧ PE21/34
[andul]indon	similative plural	-	✧ PE21/34

angulóke

noun. dragon

Cognates

• N. amlug “dragon” ✧ Ety/LOK

Element in

• ᴺQ. angulóceluntë “dragon boat”

Elements

Word	Gloss
ango	“snake, dragon”
lóke	“dragon”

arkimbele

place name. Rivendell

A Quenya name for Imladris(t) (Rivendell) appearing only in the locative form Arkimbelesse “at Rivendell” in linguistic notes from the 1940s (PE22/125). The etymology of the name is unclear, but it may be a combination of arka “narrow” and imbe “dell” as suggested to me by Lokyt in a Discord conversation from 2021-08-25.

Variations

• Arkimbelesse ✧ PE22/125

Cognates

• N. Imladris(t) “Rivendell”

Element in

• ᴹQ. sinan Elessar Aran séra Arkimbelesse “at present King Elessar is at Rivendell” ✧ PE22/125

Elements

Word	Gloss
arka	“narrow”
imbe	“dell, deep vale, ravine, glen”

miksa

adjective. wet, wet, *damp

Variations

• misse ✧ EtyAC/MISK (misse)

Derivations

• ᴹ√MISIK “*wet” ✧ Ety/MISK

Cognates

• N. mesg “wet” ✧ Ety/MISK; EtyAC/MISK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MISK > miksa	[miska] > [miksa]	✧ Ety/MISK

taima

noun. extension

Derivations

• ᴹ√TAY “extend, make long(er), stretch”

Element in

• ᴹQ. ómataima “vocalic extension” ✧ PE18/034

andalúme

adverb. for a long while

Element in

• ᴹQ. andalúme Eldar oianer Valinoresse, masse oiar sí “for a long while the Elves lived in Valinor, where are they/do they live now?” ✧ PE22/125

kolma

noun. ring (?on finger)

Variations

• colma ✧ EtyAC/KOL (colma)

Derivations

• ᴹ√KOL “round, (?rim)” ✧ EtyAC/KOL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KOL > colma	[kolma]	✧ EtyAC/KOL

ambon

noun. upward slope, hill-side

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “upward slope, hill-side” derived from the root ᴹ√AM “up” (Ety/AM²). As published in The Lost Road, this word had the form amban, but its actual form was ambon according to Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne (EtyAC/AM²).

Variations

• amban ✧ EtyAC/AM²

Derivations

• ᴹ✶amba- ✧ Ety/AM²
  • ᴹ√AM “up” ✧ Ety/AM²

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶amba- > ambon	[ambon]	✧ Ety/AM²

ar sauron túle nukumna númenórenna

and Sauron came humbled to Númenor

|1|   2   |   3   |4|5| |ar|O| |sauron| |lende|túle| |nūmenorenna|nahamna|{kamindon >> akamna >>}|nukumna|

Variations

• ar sauron tūle nahamna ✧ LR/047
• Ar Sauron lende nūmenorenna ✧ LR/056
• O sauron túle nukumna ✧ SD/246; VT24/07
• ar sauron túle nahamna ✧ SD/310
• O sauron túle {kamindon >> akamna >>} nukumna ✧ SD/311

Changes

• ar sauron tūle nahamna → ar sauron túle nahamna “and ‽ came ‽” ✧ SD/310
• Ar Sauron lende nūmenorenna → ar sauron tūle nahamna “And Sauron came to-Númenor” ✧ LR/047
• ar sauron túle nahamna → O sauron túle {kamindon >> akamna >>} nukumna “and ‽ came ‽” ✧ SD/311
• O sauron túle {kamindon >> akamna >>} nukumna → O sauron túle nukumna ✧ SD/246

Cognates

• Ad. kadô Zigûrun zabathân unakkha “and so [Sauron] he came humbled” ✧ SD/246

Element in

• ᴹQ. Lament of Atalante

Elements

Word	Gloss
ar	“and; but”
Sauron
tul-	“to come”
nukumna	“humbled”
Númenóre	“Westernesse”

-va

suffix. adjectival

Variations

• va ✧ PE21/059

Derivations

• ᴹ✶-ba “genitival adjective” ✧ PE21/059

alqalonde

place name. Swan-haven

Variations

• Alqualondë ✧ LR/224; LR/326; LRI/Alqualondë; SMI/Alflon; SMI/Alqualondë; TII/Alqualondë
• Alqalondë ✧ SM/265; SMI/Alqualondë

Cognates

• N. Alfobas “*Swan-harbourage” ✧ Ety/KHOP; TII/Alqualondë
• N. Alflon “*Swan-haven” ✧ SMI/Alflon
• N. Airlond “(?sea-stead)” ✧ Ety/LOD

Elements

Word	Gloss
alqa	“swan”
londe	“road (in sea), fairway, entrance to harbour; gulf”

altankanta-

verb. to become unfixed

Variations

• altañkanta- ✧ PE22/117

Elements

Word	Gloss
al(a)-	“not, negative prefix”
tanka	“firm, fixed, sure, firm, fixed, sure, [ᴱQ.] fast; steady, (stead)fast”
-nta	“to become or be made”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
altañkantalya	imperfect-participle	-	✧ PE22/117
altañkantane	past	-	✧ PE22/117
altañkantuva	future	-	✧ PE22/117

ampanóta-

verb. to build, erect a (large) building

Variations

• ampanóta ✧ PE22/114

Element in

• ᴹQ. ampanotalea “architectural” ✧ PE22/118
• ᴹQ. ampanotaste “architecture” ✧ PE22/118

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
ampanóta	infinitive	“construct (a building)”	✧ PE22/118
ampanótie	gerund	-	✧ PE22/118
ampanótar	aorist plural	-	✧ PE22/118
ampanŏtalya	imperfect-participle	-	✧ PE22/118
ampanŏtaina	passive-participle	-	✧ PE22/118
ampanótane	past	-	✧ PE22/118
ampanotelye	long-perfect	-	✧ PE22/118
ampanótuva	future	-	✧ PE22/118

anka

noun. jaw, row of teeth

Variations

• anca ✧ EtyAC/ÁNAK
• añka ✧ PE22/051

Derivations

• ᴹ√NAK “bite” ✧ Ety/ÁNAK
• ᴹ✶ankā “jaw, row of teeth” ✧ Ety/NAK
  • ᴹ√NAK “bite” ✧ Ety/NAK

Cognates

• N. anc “jaw, row of teeth” ✧ Ety/ÁNAK; Ety/NAK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶an-kā́ > anka	[ankā] > [aŋkā] > [aŋka]	✧ Ety/NAK

are manwen

proper name. Day of Manwe, first day of the Valian week

The Quenya name for the 1st day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of are “day” and the genitive of Manwe (Ety/LEP).

Variations

• (Ar(e))Manwen ✧ Ety/LEP
• (Ar)Manwen ✧ EtyAC/LEP

Cognates

• N. Ar Vanwe “Day of Manwe, first day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/LEP

Elements

Word	Gloss
are	“day”
Manwe	“on Taniqetil”

avallonde

place name. Haven of the Gods

A port city on Tol Eressea.

Variations

• Avallondë ✧ SDI2/Avallondë
• Avallon(de) ✧ SDI2/Avallónë (Avallon(de))

Changes

• Avallon(de) → Avallónë ✧ SDI2/Avallónë

Elements

Word	Gloss
?
londe	“road (in sea), fairway, entrance to harbour; gulf”

kalarin(a)

adjective. *brilliant

Variations

• calarin ✧ EtyAC/KAL
• calar(i)na ✧ EtyAC/KAL

Cognates

• N. celeir “brilliant” ✧ Ety/KAL

naneldarin

proper name. Naneldarin

A term for the language of the Danians in linguistic notes from the 1930s, first given as Pereldarin (PE18/26). It is a compound of nan and Eldarin.

Variations

• Pereldarin ✧ PE18/026 (Pereldarin)

Elements

Word	Gloss
nan	“but, on the contrary, on the other hand; again”
Eldarin	“of the Elves, Elvish”

nis

noun. woman

Variations

• nisse ✧ Ety/NDIS; Ety/NĪ¹; EtyAC/NIS (nisse)

Derivations

• ᴹ√NDIS “*bride” ✧ Ety/NDIS
  • ᴹ√NĪ/INI “female” ✧ Ety/BES
  • ᴹ√NIS “woman” ✧ Ety/NIS
• ᴹ√NIS “woman” ✧ Ety/NDIS; Ety/NĪ¹; Ety/NIS

Cognates

• On. ndissa “young woman” ✧ Ety/NDIS; EtyAC/NIS
• N. dess “young woman” ✧ Ety/NDIS

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√NDIS-SĒ/SĀ > nisse	[ndisse] > [nisse]	✧ Ety/NDIS
ᴹ√NIS/NĪ > nis	[niss] > [nis]	✧ Ety/NDIS
ᴹ√NIS > nis	[niss] > [nis]	✧ Ety/NĪ¹
ᴹ√NIS > nisse	[nisse]	✧ Ety/NĪ¹
ᴹ√NIS > nis	[niss] > [nis]	✧ Ety/NIS

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
nissi	plural	-	✧ Ety/NĪ¹; Ety/NĪ¹; Ety/NIS; EtyAC/NDIS
ní	plural	-	✧ PE21/08

no mīrinoite kallasilya valimar

no mīrinoite kallasilya Valimar

Element in

• ᴹQ. Namárië, draft

ambal

noun. shaped stone, flag

Derivations

• ᴹ√MBAL “?crush, pound, [ᴱ√] crush, *pound; hurt, pain, damage, give maim to” ✧ Ety/MBAL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MBAL > ambal	[ambal]	✧ Ety/MBAL

am(ba)penda

adjective. uphill, uphill, *sloping up; [ᴱQ.] arduous, difficult, tiresome

An adjective meaning “uphill” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with variants ambapenda and shorter ampenda, a combination of amba “up(wards)” and penda “sloping” (Ety/AM²). More literally it means “sloping up”, versus plain penda which has an implication of “sloping down”. It also appeared in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s as ᴱQ. ambapenda, where its cognate ᴱN. amvenn had the glosses “uphill; arduous, difficult, tiresome” (PE13/159). Perhaps ᴹQ. am(ba)penda* could colloquially have these meanings as well.

Variations

• ambapenda ✧ Ety/AM²
• ampenda ✧ Ety/AM²

Cognates

• N. amben “uphill, uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome” ✧ Ety/AM²

Elements

Word	Gloss
amba	“up(wards)”
penda	“sloping down, inclined”

-iel

suffix. -friend

Variations

• -iel ✧ Ety/YEL (-iel)

Derivations

• ᴹ√YEL “friend” ✧ Ety/YEL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√YEL > -iel	[-jel] > [-iel]	✧ Ety/YEL

alda

noun. tree

Variations

• Alda ✧ LR/041; SD/302
• ’alda ✧ PE22/047; PE22/051

Derivations

• ᴹ√GALAD “tree” ✧ Ety/GALAD; Ety/GALAD
  • ᴹ√GAL “grow, thrive” ✧ Ety/GALA
• ᴹ✶galadā “tree” ✧ SD/302
  • ᴹ√GALAD “tree”
  • ᴹ√GAL “grow, thrive” ✧ Ety/GALA

Cognates

• N. galadh “tree” ✧ Ety/GALAD; Ety/GALAD; LR/041; PE22/047; SD/302
• Ilk. gald “tree” ✧ Ety/GALAD

Element in

• ᴹQ. Aldalemnar “Week of the Trees” ✧ Ety/GALAD
• ᴹQ. aldar olar sana nóresse “trees grow in that land” ✧ PE22/116; PE22/116 (aldar {alar >>} olar i·nóresse)
• ᴹQ. Aldaron “Lord of Forests” ✧ Ety/GALAD
• ᴹQ. aldarwa “having trees, tree-grown”
• ᴹQ. i·aldar hinna ólar “the tree is still growing” ✧ PE22/116; PE22/116 (i·aldar hinna {alarye >>} olarye)
• ᴹQ. lavaralda “tree with long green leaves with golden undersides and pale flowers with a yellow flush”
• ᴹQ. lilótime alda amaliondo aranyallesse túno “*[the] many-flowered tree of Amalion in the kingdom of Túna” ✧ TMME/182
• ᴹQ. Malinalda
• ᴹQ. malka aldar ólar “*how much do trees grow” ✧ PE22/124
• ᴹQ. malkar i·aldar i·ólar nóressella “how great are the trees that grow in your land?” ✧ PE22/124
• ᴹQ. masse akime aldar “where are the trees (to be found)” ✧ PE22/125

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√GÁLAD > alda	[galadā] > [galdā] > [ɣaldā] > [aldā] > [alda]	✧ Ety/GALAD
ᴹ√GÁLAD > alda	[galadā] > [galdā] > [ɣaldā] > [aldā] > [alda]	✧ Ety/GALAD
ᴹ✶galadā > Alda	[galadā] > [galdā] > [ɣaldā] > [aldā] > [alda]	✧ SD/302

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
aldar	plural	“trees”	✧ PE22/116; PE22/124; PE22/125

ana-

prefix. to, towards

Derivations

• ᴹQ. an(a) “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹
  • ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Cognates

• N. an- “with, by” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹQ. an/ana/na > ana-	[ana-]	✧ Ety/NĀ¹

angamanda

place name. Iron Prison, Hells of Iron

Variations

• Angavanda ✧ EtyAC/ANGĀ (Angavanda); EtyAC/BAD² (Angavanda)

Cognates

• N. Angband “Iron Prison, Hells of Iron” ✧ Ety/MBAD; EtyAC/ANGĀ; EtyAC/BAD²; LRI/Angband
• N. Bannos “Mandos, Dread Imprisoner” ✧ EtyAC/MBAD

Elements

Word	Gloss
anga	“iron”
manda	“prison, *duress”

atsa

noun. tassel, fryse, fringe

Variations

• atsa ✧ PE22/050

Derivations

• ᴹ√TAS “*fringe” ✧ PE22/050

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√TAS > atsa	[atsa]	✧ PE22/050

atsa

noun. claw, catch, hook

Variations

• atsa ✧ Ety/GAT; PE22/022; PE22/050 (atsa)

Changes

• atsa → atsa “claw” ✧ PE22/050

Derivations

• ᴹ√GAT “*catch” ✧ Ety/GAT

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√GAT > atsa	[gatsa] > [ɣatsa] > [atsa]	✧ Ety/GAT

ente

pronoun. [unglossed]

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
ensi	nominative	-	✧ VT36/08
ente	accusative	-	✧ VT36/08
enten	genitive	-	✧ VT36/08
ensir	dative	-	✧ VT36/08
entin	instrumental	-	✧ VT36/08
entínen	instrumental	-	✧ VT36/08
entíko	partitive	-	✧ VT36/08
ententa	allative	-	✧ VT36/08
entesse	locative	-	✧ VT36/08
[ent]es	s-case	-	✧ VT36/08
ensinye	locative	-	✧ VT36/08
entello	ablative	-	✧ VT36/08
ensil	ablative	-	✧ VT36/08
ensindon	similative	-	✧ VT36/08
ensihta	partitive	-	✧ VT36/08
ensia	possessive	-	✧ VT36/08
enya	possessive	-	✧ VT36/08

luina

adjective. pale

Derivations

• ᴹ√LUG “*blue” ✧ EtyAC/LUY

Cognates

• Ilk. lûn “pale” ✧ EtyAC/LUY

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LUY > luina	[luina]	✧ EtyAC/LUY

tyue

noun. [unglossed]

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
†tyuin	nominative plural	-	✧ PE21/06
tyuelin	nominative plural	-	✧ PE21/06
tyuio	genitive	-	✧ PE21/07
tyueva	possessive	-	✧ PE21/07

ambar

noun. Earth, World

Variations

• a-mbar ✧ Ety/MBAR
• ambaron ✧ EtyAC/MBAR
• ambar ✧ EtyAC/MBAR; EtyAC/SIL; SM/241

Derivations

• ᴹ√MBAR “dwell, inhabit” ✧ Ety/MBAR; EtyAC/SIL
  • ᴹ√BAR “raise; uplift, save, rescue(?)” ✧ Ety/BAR

Cognates

• N. amar “Earth” ✧ Ety/MBAR

Element in

• ᴹQ. Ambarenya “Middle-earth” ✧ Ety/MBAR; SM/241
• ᴹQ. Ambarkanta “Shape of the World” ✧ SM/235
• ᴹQ. Sinome nimaruva, yo hildinyar tenn’ Ambar-metta “Here will I abide, and my heirs, unto the ending of the world” ✧ SD/056
• ᴹQ. Talmar Ambaren “Roots of the Earth” ✧ SM/241

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MBAR > a-mbar	[ambara]	✧ Ety/MBAR
ᴹ√[?mbar] > ambar	[ambara]	✧ EtyAC/SIL

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
ambaren	genitive	-	✧ Ety/MBAR
Ambaren	genitive	-	✧ SM/241

andave laita

andave laita

Changes

• andave laita → Andave laituvalme ✧ SD/047

arda

place name. Earth, world

Variations

• arda ✧ SD/246; SD/310

Element in

• ᴹQ. Herunúmen arda sakkante lenéme Ilúvatáren “the Lord of the West [Manwe] broke the world by leave of Ilúvatar” ✧ SD/246; SD/310

Elements

Word	Gloss
arda	“realm, region”

arendien

proper name. Midyear’s Day

Name of the mid-year holidays from drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices (PM/134). It seems to be a combination of are “day”, ende “middle” and yén “year”, the last of these supported by its stem form Arendién- as seen in its plural Arendiéni.

Variations

• Arendiën ✧ PM/134

Elements

Word	Gloss
are	“day”
ende	“centre, middle, core”
yén	“year”

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
Arendiéni	plural	-	✧ PM/134

asea

noun. *healing herb

Element in

• ᴹQ. asea aranaite “*kingsfoil” ✧ WR/394

atalante

proper name. Downfall(en)

Variations

• Atalantë ✧ LR/011; LR/014; LR/025; LRI/Atalantë; SD/375
• atalante ✧ LR/047; LR/047; PE18/035; SD/247; SD/310

Derivations

• ᴹ√TALAT “to slip or slide down, incline, slope, lean, tip, topple over” ✧ SD/249

Cognates

• Ad. Akallabêth “Downfallen” ✧ SD/375; SDI2/Akallabêth

Element in

• ᴹQ. haiya vahaiya sín Atalante “far, far away now (is) the Downfallen” ✧ LR/047; SD/247; SD/310

Elements

Word	Gloss
atalta-	“to collapse, fall in, fall down, slip down in ruin”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√talat > Atalante	[atalante]	✧ SD/249

alya

adjective. rich, prosperous, abundant, blessed

Derivations

• ᴹ√ALA “*blessed” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM; EtyAC/AL
• ᴹ√GAL “grow, thrive” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL(AS)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AL > alya	[alja]	✧ Ety/ÁLAM
ᴹ√GALA > alya	[galja] > [ɣalja] > [alja]	✧ Ety/GALA
ᴹ√AL > alya	[alja]	✧ EtyAC/AL
ᴹ√GAL > alya	[galja] > [ɣalja] > [alja]	✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS)

al(a)-

prefix. not, negative prefix

Variations

• ala- ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/LA (ala-)
• al(a) ✧ EtyAC/ALA (al(a))
• al- ✧ EtyAC/LA (al-); PE19/056

Derivations

• ᴹ√LA “no, not; to be not” ✧ EtyAC/ALA; EtyAC/LA
• ᴹ✶la- “no, not, negative prefix” ✧ PE19/056
  • ᴹ√LA “no, not; to be not” ✧ Ety/LA; EtyAC/LA

Element in

• ᴹQ. alaninqitálima “that cannot be made white (again)”
• ᴹQ. alfárima “impossible to pursue”
• ᴹQ. alfírima “immortal”
• ᴹQ. Alfírimo “Immortal”
• ᴹQ. alómea “voiceless”
• ᴹQ. altankanta- “to become unfixed”
• ᴹQ. Alkorin ✧ EtyAC/ALA (Alkorin); EtyAC/LA (Alkorin)
• ᴹQ. alkárima “impossible to make”
• ᴹQ. alistima “unknowable, secret”
• ᴹQ. alqettima “unutterable”
• N. Alchorin “Not-of-Kôr” ✧ EtyAC/ALA (Alchoron)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ALA > al(a)	[ala-]	✧ EtyAC/ALA
ᴹ√ALA > ala-	[ala-]	✧ EtyAC/LA
ᴹ✶lă > ḷ > al-	[ḷ-] > [al-]	✧ PE19/056

aini

noun. holy one, angelic spirit (f.), holy one, angelic spirit (f.); [ᴱQ.] (pagan) goddess

Derivations

• ᴹ✶aı̯an- “holy” ✧ Ety/AYAN
  • ᴹ√(A)YAN “*holy” ✧ Ety/AYAN

Cognates

• ᴺS. Aeni “(female) angel”

Elements

Word	Gloss
Ainu	“holy one, angelic spirit”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶aı̯an- > Aini	[aini]	✧ Ety/AYAN

aiqa

adjective. steep, steep, [ᴱQ.] tall; high, lofty, sublime; chief

Derivations

• ᴹ✶aikwā “tall, steep”
  • ᴹ√AYAK “sharp, pointed”
• ᴹ√AYAK “sharp, pointed” ✧ Ety/AYAK

Element in

• ᴺQ. aico “cliff”
• ᴺQ. aiqualë “steepness, a steep [thing]”
• ᴺQ. aiquassë “precipice”

apsa-

verb. to away, go away

Variations

• apsa ✧ PE19/045

Derivations

• ᴹ✶abtā- “to away, go away” ✧ PE19/045
  • ᴹ√AB “refuse, deny, say no; away, go away, depart” ✧ PE19/045

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶abtā > apta > apsa	[abta-] > [apta-] > [apsa-]	✧ PE19/045

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
apsane	past	-	✧ PE19/045

auta-

verb. to away, go away

Variations

• auta ✧ PE19/045

Derivations

• ᴹ✶abtā- “to away, go away” ✧ PE19/045
  • ᴹ√AB “refuse, deny, say no; away, go away, depart” ✧ PE19/045

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶abtā > avante	[abante] > [aβante] > [avante]	✧ PE19/045

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
avante	past	-	✧ PE19/045

nande

noun. harp

Variations

• ñande ✧ Ety/ÑGAN
• ñanda ✧ EtyAC/ÑGAN (ñanda)
• nanda ✧ EtyAC/ÑGAN (nanda)

Changes

• ñanda → ñande ✧ Ety/ÑGAN
• nanda → nande ✧ EtyAC/ÑGAN

Derivations

• ᴹ√ÑGAN(AD) “play (on stringed instrument)” ✧ Ety/ÑGAN

Element in

• ᴺQ. cungandë “violin, (lit.) bow-harp”
• ᴺQ. langandë “stringed instrument with a neck (lute, guitar, etc.)”
• ᴹQ. nandele “harping, *repetition” ✧ Ety/ÑGAN
• ᴹQ. nandelle “little harp, little harp, *lyre” ✧ Ety/ÑGAN
• ᴹQ. tyalangan “harp-player”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ÑGANAD > ñande	[ŋgande] > [ŋande] > [nande]	✧ Ety/ÑGAN
ᴹ√ÑGANAD > nande	[ŋgande] > [ŋande] > [nande]	✧ Ety/ÑGAN

nauro

noun. werewolf

Variations

• ñauro ✧ Ety/ÑGAW

Derivations

• ᴹ√ÑGAW “howl” ✧ Ety/ÑGAW

Cognates

• N. gaur “werewolf” ✧ Ety/ÑGAW

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ÑGAW > ñauro	[ŋgauro] > [ŋauro] > [nauro]	✧ Ety/ÑGAW

nóle

noun. wisdom

Variations

• ñóle ✧ Ety/ÑGOL

Changes

• nóle → ñóle ✧ Ety/ÑGOL

Derivations

• ᴹ√ÑGOL “wise, wisdom, be wise” ✧ Ety/ÑGOL

Cognates

• N. gûl “magic” ✧ Ety/ÑGOL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ÑGOL > ñóle	[ŋgōle] > [ŋōle] > [nōle]	✧ Ety/ÑGOL

tanta

adjective. double

Derivations

• ᴹ√TATA “two” ✧ Ety/TATA

Cognates

• N. tadol “double” ✧ Ety/TATA

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√TATA > tanta	[tanta]	✧ Ety/TATA

tante

noun. [unglossed]

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
tansin	nominative plural	-	✧ PE21/07

tenna

preposition. until

Element in

• ᴹQ. Sinome nimaruva, yo hildinyar tenn’ Ambar-metta “Here will I abide, and my heirs, unto the ending of the world” ✧ SD/056; SD/056

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
kenn’	elided	“until”	✧ SD/056
tenn’	elided	“until”	✧ SD/056

teren

adjective. slender, slender; [ᴱQ.] lissom, lithe

Variations

• terene ✧ Ety/TER

Derivations

• ᴹ✶terēn(ē) “slender” ✧ Ety/TER
  • ᴹ√TER “pierce” ✧ Ety/TER

Element in

• ᴹQ. Terendul “Slender and Dark” ✧ Ety/TER

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶terēn(ē) > teren	[terēn] > [teren]	✧ Ety/TER
ᴹ✶terēn(ē) > terene	[terēnē] > [terenē] > [terene]	✧ Ety/TER

yelme

noun. [unglossed]

Variations

• yelme ✧ Ety/YEL (yelme)

Derivations

• ᴹ√YEL “friend” ✧ Ety/YEL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√YEL > yelme	[jelme]	✧ Ety/YEL

ambor

noun. breast, breast, *chest

The word ᴹQ. ambor “breast” appeared in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, derived from ᴹ✶amƀus (PE21/33). This word shows the Early Qenya sound change whereby [[eq|final [s] became [r]]]; in Tolkien’s later writings this change applied mainly to intervocalic [s]. This word also had the unusual development of u to o in final syllables, a sound change Tolkien used for Quenya in the Declension of Nouns but nowhere else.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s Tolkien gave ᴱQ. ambar “breast” with stems ambar- or ambas- (QL/30); the word also appeared in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa, but only with the stem ambas- (PME/30). ᴱQ. ambos was glossed “breast” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/136), and in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, ᴱQ. ambos (ambost-) appeared as a word related to both ᴱN. bost “back, from shoulder to shoulder” and ᴱN. amoth “shoulder” (PE13/137, 139, 159), the latter with primitive forms ᴱ✶a-mbod-t’ (PE13/137) or ᴱ✶a-mbos-t (PE13/159).

ᴱQ. ambar reappeared in the phrase ᴱQ. níve qímari ringa ambar “the pale phantoms in her cold bosom” from the Oilima Markirya poem written around 1930. Early 1930s ᴹQ. ambor seems to be the last published iteration of this word, as discussed above.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would adapt this word as ᴺQ. ambos (ambor-) “breast, chest” to fit better with later Quenya phonology. It might be an ancient combination of √AM “up” and ᴹ√OS “around”, perhaps with the original sense “upper enclosure (of the body)”.

Derivations

• ᴹ✶amƀus “breast” ✧ PE21/33

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶amƀus- > ambor	[amβus] > [ambus] > [ambur] > [ambor]	✧ PE21/33

Inflections

Word	Form	Gloss	Source
ambor	nominative	-	✧ PE21/33
ambora	accusative	-	✧ PE21/33
amboren	dative	-	✧ PE21/33
amboro	genitive	-	✧ PE21/33
ambornen	instrumental	-	✧ PE21/33
ambosta	allative	-	✧ PE21/33
†ambusta	allative	-	✧ PE21/33
amborullo	ablative	-	✧ PE21/33
†ambullo	ablative	-	✧ PE21/33
amboresse	locative	-	✧ PE21/33
†ambusse	locative	-	✧ PE21/33
amborwa	possessive	-	✧ PE21/33
amborundon	similative	-	✧ PE21/33
†ambusson	similative	-	✧ PE21/33
amborunt	nominative dual	-	✧ PE21/33
amborin	nominative plural	-	✧ PE21/33

arda

noun. realm, region

Variations

• harda ✧ Ety/EN; EtyAC/EN; EtyAC/ƷAR (harda); EtyAC/ƷARA (harda)

Changes

• arda → harda ✧ EtyAC/EN
• arda → arda “day (period of 12 hours)” ✧ PE22/021

Derivations

• ᴹ√ƷAR “have, hold” ✧ Ety/EN; EtyAC/ƷARA
• ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GAR
• ᴹ√GARAT ✧ EtyAC/ƷAR
  • ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend” ✧ Ety/ƷAR; EtyAC/GAR

Cognates

• N. ardh “realm” ✧ EtyAC/ƷARA
• Ilk. garth “realm” ✧ EtyAC/ƷARA

Element in

• ᴹQ. Arda “Earth, world”
• ᴹQ. Elenarda “Star-kingdom” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GAR; EtyAC/ƷAR (elenarda)
• ᴹQ. Entarda “Thither Lands, Middle-earth, Outer Lands, East” ✧ Ety/EN
• ᴹQ. Herunúmen arda sakkante lenéme Ilúvatáren “the Lord of the West [Manwe] broke the world by leave of Ilúvatar”
• N. Kalenarda

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ƷAR > harda	[ɣarda] > [harda]	✧ Ety/EN
ᴹ√GAR > arda	[garda] > [ɣarda] > [arda]	✧ Ety/ƷAR	GAR
ᴹ√ƷARA > harda	[ɣarda] > [harda]	✧ EtyAC/ƷARA

avakúma

place name. Exterior Void

Name of the “Exterior Void” beyond the world in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/241), also appearing in The Etymologies as combination of ava “exterior” and kúma “void” (Ety/AWA, OY).

Variations

• Ava-kúma ✧ LRI/Ava-kúma

Elements

Word	Gloss
ava	“outside, beyond; outer, exterior”
kúma	“void”

et ëarello endorenna nilendie

Out of the Great Sea to Middle-earth have I come

Variations

• Et Ëarello Endorenna lendien ✧ SD/056
• Et Ëarello Endorenna nilendie ✧ SD/056

Changes

• Et Ëarello Endorenna lendien → Et Ëarello Endorenna nilendie “Out of the Great Sea to Middle-earth have I come” ✧ SD/056
• Et Ëarello Endorenna nilendie → Et Eärello Endorenna utúlien “Out of the Great Sea to Middle-earth have I come” ✧ LotR/0967

kelya-

verb. to rain; (lit.) to send running down

Variations

• kelya ✧ PE22/114

Derivations

• ᴹ√KEL “flow, flow away (downhill), run (of water or rivers), run away especially downwards or at end” ✧ PE22/114

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KEL > kelya	[kelja-]	✧ PE22/114

tauretavárea-tumbalemorna tumbaletaurea landataváre

Tauretavárea-tumbalemorna Tumbaletaurea landataváre

Variations

• Taurelilómea-tumbalemorna Tumbaletaurea lómeamor ✧ TI/419

Changes

• Tauretavárea-tumbalemorna Tumbaletaurea landataváre → Taurelilómea-tumbalemorna Tumbaletaurea lómeamor ✧ TI/419

-(u)va

suffix. future suffix

Variations

• -vā̆- ✧ PE22/097
• uvā ✧ PE22/097
• -uva ✧ VT48/32

Derivations

• ᴹ✶-bā ✧ PE22/097
  • ᴹ√BA(N) “go, proceed” ✧ PE22/097
• ᴹ√UB “ponder, have in mind” ✧ VT48/32

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶-bā > -vā̆-	[-bā] > [-βā] > [-βa] > [-va]	✧ PE22/097
ᴹ√UB > -uva	[-uba] > [-uβa] > [-uva]	✧ VT48/32

-inqa

suffix. *-ful, complete

Element in

• ᴹQ. alkarinqa “radiant, glorious” ✧ Ety/AKLA-R

ai! laurie lantar lassi sūrinen

ai! laurie lantar lassi sūrinen

Variations

• Ai! laurie lantar lassi sūrinen ✧ TI/284

Element in

• ᴹQ. Namárië, draft

aikale

noun. peak

A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “a peak”, an abstract noun formation of ᴹQ. aika “sharp” (Ety/AYAK).

Elements

Word	Gloss
aika	“sharp”
-le	“abstract noun”

alalme

noun. elm-tree

Variations

• lalme ✧ Ety/ÁLAM

Derivations

• ᴹ√(L)ALAM “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/LÁLAM

Cognates

• N. lalf “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM
• Ilk. lalm “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/LÁLAM
• Dan. alm “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/ÁLAM
• N. lalven “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/LÁLAM
• N. lhalorn “elm-tree” ✧ Ety/LÁLAM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ÁLAM > alalme	[alalme]	✧ Ety/ÁLAM
ᴹ√LÁLAM > alalme	[alalme]	✧ Ety/LÁLAM

alasse

noun. joy, merriment

Changes

• alasse → alasse “joy, mirth, merriment” ✧ Ety/GALÁS

Derivations

• ᴹ√GALAS “joy, be glad” ✧ Ety/GALÁS
  • ᴹ√GAL “grow, thrive” ✧ Ety/GALA

Cognates

• N. glass “joy, *happiness” ✧ Ety/GALÁS

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√GALÁS > alasse	[galasse] > [ɣalasse] > [alasse]	✧ Ety/GALÁS

almare

noun. blessedness, blessings, good fortune, bliss

@@@ probably better reconceived as a derivative of √AL(A)

Variations

• almie ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/AL (almie); EtyAC/GAL(AS) (almie)

Derivations

• ᴹ√GAL “grow, thrive” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL(AS)
• ᴹ√ALA “*blessed” ✧ EtyAC/AL

Cognates

• ᴺS. alvar “(good) luck, fortune”

Element in

• ᴹQ. almárea “blessed” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/AL (almárea); Ety/GALA (almárea)
• Q. Almaren
• Q. Almarian
• ᴹQ. Almáriel ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/AL (Almáriel)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√GALA > almare	[galmare] > [ɣalmare] > [almare]	✧ Ety/GALA
ᴹ√AL > almare	[almare]	✧ EtyAC/AL
ᴹ√GAL > almare	[galmare] > [ɣalmare] > [almare]	✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS)