or

preposition. above, over

or

preposition. above, above; [G.] onto, on top, on

Cognates

• Q. or “above, above, [ᴱQ.] upon; on”

Derivations

• ᴹ√RŌ/ORO “rise, up, high” ✧ Ety/ORO

Element in

• S. orchal “tall, tall; [N.] superior, eminent, lofty”
• N. orchal “superior, eminent, lofty” ✧ Ety/ORO
• N. Orfalas
• S. Orfalch Echor “*High Cleft of the Outer Circle”
• N. orthel- “to roof, screen above”
• ᴺS. orvel- “to favour, *(lit.) love above”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ORO > or	[oro] > [or]	✧ Ety/ORO

or-

prefix. above, over

ho

pronoun. he

ho

pronoun. he

Derivations

• ᴹ✶sū̆/sō̆ “masc., he” ✧ Ety/S
  • ᴹ√S “demonstrative stem” ✧ Ety/S

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶sū̆/sō̆ > ho	[so] > [ho]	✧ Ety/S

Variations

• hon ✧ Ety/S
• hono ✧ Ety/S

eria-

verb. to rise

hon

pronoun. he

hono

pronoun. he

parf

noun. book

parf

noun. book

Cognates

• ᴹQ. parma “book” ✧ Ety/PAR

Derivations

• On. parma “book” ✧ Ety/PAR
  • ᴹ✶parmā “book” ✧ Ety/PAR
  • ᴹ√PAR “compose, put together, arrange” ✧ Ety/PAR

Element in

• ᴺS. parlas “parchment, document”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. parma > parf	[parma] > [parm] > [parv]	✧ Ety/PAR
On. parma > perf	[parmi] > [permi] > [perm] > [perv]	✧ Ety/PAR

hon(o)

pronoun. he

am

preposition. up, upwards, upon

am

adverb. up

Cognates

• ᴹQ. amba “up(wards)” ✧ Ety/AM²

Derivations

• ᴹ√AM “up” ✧ Ety/AM²

Element in

• N. amben “uphill, uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome” ✧ Ety/AM²
• N. Amroth
• N. Ammalas
• N. amrûn “uprising, sunrise, Orient, east” ✧ Ety/AM²; PE22/035

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AM² > am	[amba] > [amb] > [amb] > [amm] > [am]	✧ Ety/AM²

Variations

• amb ✧ PE22/035 (amb)