sa

root. demonstrative

sara

root. *saw

saẏa

root. hunger

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as ᴱ√SAẎA “hunger” mostly used in combination with suffixal -kǝ, having derivatives like ᴱQ. saike “hunger” and ᴱQ. saiqa “hungry” (QL/82). The root also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon like G. saig “hungry” and G. saith “hunger” (GL/66). Some last indications of this root appears in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s in the words {saig >>} ᴱN. haib “hungry” and {sais >>} ᴱN. hais “hunger”, with Qenya cognates ᴱQ. saisa and ᴱQ. saiste respectively (PE13/146-7).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is worth positing an Neo-Root ᴺ√SAYAK “hunger” to salvage these early words.

sah(y)a

root. be hot

A root given as ᴱ√SAHA or ᴱ√SAHYA and glossed “be hot” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with derivatives like ᴱQ. sá “fire” and ᴱQ. Sahóra “the South” (QL/81). It also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. sâ “fire” and G. sair “hot” (GL/66). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

saw̯a

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/82), which may have reemerged as √SAWA “disgusting, foul, vile” in notes from the 1950s (PE17/172, 183).

sayapa

root. *shoe

saχ[a]

noun. fire

saχsōđa

noun. house of fire

sala

root. *harp(ing), lyre

saka

root. *search

sama

root. *chamber; arrange

sapa

root. dig, excavate

saŋa

root. pack tight, press

saẇa

root. *dog

sara Speculative

root. *surf

A hypothetical root explaining various related words in Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as G. saros “surf, sea” and G. sôr “wave” (GL/67). There are no signs of this root being used this way in Tolkien’s later writing.

sana Speculative

root. *know

sata Speculative

root. value

oẏo

root. salve, rub, oil

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “salve, rub, oil”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. oine “unguent” and ᴱQ. oiwa “glossy” (QL/71). The Ẏ probably represented an ancient palatal spirant [ç] or [ʝ] (PE12/15-16). In later writings √OY usually referred to “eternity”, whereas the root for “ointment” became ᴹ√(G)LIB.

dı̯ag-

verb. sacrifice

imi

root. same, alike

wasa Speculative

root. juice

mara

root. *sand, soil

A root appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as root {ᴱ√MAŘA² >>} ᴱ√MARA that Tolkien indicated was a dialectical variation or byform of ᴱ√MṚŘṚ [MṚÐṚ] “grind”, with a single derivative: ᴱQ. marilla “pearl” (QL/59). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, G. brithla “pearl” was most likely a derivative of ᴱ√MṚÐṚ (GL/24). However, in the m-section of GL Tolkien said “mar and môr probably conceal two roots and a confusion [with] mbara”, with various apparent derivatives of mar- such as G. mar “Earth, ground, soil”, G. marol “sand” and G. Môr “the Earth” (GL/56). Tolkien also had G. mara- “dwell”, but it appeared before a variant (m)bara and so likely was derived from ᴱ√MBARA “dwell, live” as mentioned in the Qenya Lexicon (QL/60). As for ᴱ√MARA² itself, it may have meant “✱sand, soil”.

viti

root. *juice, sap

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. vite “sap, juice” (QL/101). G. bith “juice, sap” from the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon is probably related; there the primitive form was given as viđa, but this was erased (GL/23). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

siqi

root. sigh, say alas

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “sigh, say alas”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. siqi- “sigh” and ᴱQ. siqilisse “lamentation; weeping willow” (QL/84). It also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. sibra- “weep, whimper” and G. sigweth “lamentation, weeping” (GL/67). I think it is worth positing an Neo-Root ᴺ√SIKW “sigh” to salvage some of these early words.

þara Reconstructed

root. *saw

þṇkṇ

root. *hate

A variant root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given under the entry for ᴱ√SṆKṆ “rend, tear” with which it was confused, but having derivatives like ᴱQ. sanka⁽⁾ “hate, fierce hatred” and ᴱQ. sanke “hateful” (QL/85). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, words like G. thanc “loathing, hatred” and G. thancol “loathsome” were probably related (GL/72). But the Gnomish Lexicon also had a base form sag- with derivatives like G. sactha- “fight” and G. sagruith “hatred; revenge”, which could represent another variant ✱ᴱ√SAKA (GL/66); in the Qenya Lexicon it seems ᴱ√SAKA = “✱search” (QL/81). Some of the derivatives of Gnomish sag-, such as G. sanc “jag, tooth”, seem to be connected to ᴱ√SṆKṆ “rend, tear” instead. There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

aha

root. know

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “know”, but most of its derivatives have to do with “mind” (QL/29). There are quite a few later roots filling this same semantic space, and this root was probably abandoned.

kava

root. *dig

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. kava- “dig” and ᴱQ. kambo “cellar, cave, vault” (QL/45). Elvish “dig” words in later writings were mostly based on √SAP.

piqi

root. *bitter

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. píqa “bitter” and ᴱQ. piqis(se) “grief” (QL/74). It also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. pigwa “bitter” and G. piglin “urine” (GL/64). Later words for “bitter” were derived from the root ᴹ√SAG.

mṛkṛ

root. *juice

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives ᴱQ. mark “ripe juice, sap, ooze, moisture” and ᴱQ. marqa “oozy, juicy, moist” (QL/63); Tolkien marked the root with a “?”. There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

isi

root. *know

stakta-

verb. to split

-yǝ

suffix. [unglossed]

daı̯al-

verb. play

fulu

root. strip

gisi

root. *know

hulu

root. strip

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “strip”, with derivatives in both Qenya and Gnomish such as ᴱQ. hulqa/G. hulc “naked” (QL/41; GL/49). It had a variant ᴱ√FULU which seems to have no derivatives (QL/38). There are quite a few later roots of similar meaning, so likely the root was abandoned.

lepse

?. [unglossed]

lopse

?. [unglossed]

lōtetarwa

noun. garden

moko

root. hate

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “hate” with derivatives like ᴱQ. mok-/G. mog- “hate” and ᴱQ. Kosomoko/G. Gothmog “Strife-and-hatred” (QL/62; GL/57). In Tolkien’s later writing, there are no signs of this root and Gothmog was given different etymologies (Ety/GOS, MBAW; LR/406).

ourū̆

noun. sun

pḷqḷ

root. *juice

roto

root. hollow

sivi

root. [unglossed]

Unglossed roots in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants ᴱ√SIVI and ᴱ√SIWI and a single unglossed derivative ᴱQ. sivilda (QL/84). It is difficult to guess what Tolkien intended for these forms to mean, though they conceivably reemerged as the later roots ᴹ√SIW “excite, egg on, urge” (Ety/SIW) or √SIB “rest, quiet” (VT44/35).

sḷt-

verb. to sift

ta

root. demonstrative

teled-

noun. [unglossed]

teŋe

root. know, understand

tołᵂo

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in The Qenya Phonology of the 1910s illustrating a hypothetical series of ancient lateral approximants, with derived roots like ᴱ√TOLO and ᴱ√TOẆO [with ẇ = ɣʷ] (PE12/16). The former appeared in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon as the basis for island words (QL/94), but the latter appeared nowhere else in Early Qenya writings.

toẇo

root. [unglossed]

tḷkḷ

root. [unglossed]

ðapa

root. dig, excavate

þolo

root. *surf

ū

root. not

ḷqḷ

root. rend

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√(U)ḶQ(U)Ḷ and glossed “rend”, having what appears to be unglossed verb forms ᴱQ. ulqin “✱I rend” and alqe “✱rended [past]” as derivatives (QL/97). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

ʒono Reconstructed

root. hard