anga

root. iron

The root √ANGA was established as the Primitive Elvish root for “iron” quite early in Tolkien’s writing, with the derivatives Q. anga and S. ang. The form ANGA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/31) serving as both the root and the Early Qenya form, and G. ang appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/19). The root ᴹ√ANGĀ reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/ANGĀ), and it appeared once more in notes associated with The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 (PM/366).

angā

noun. iron

pathnā

adjective. smooth

ang

noun. iron

This was the word for “iron” in Sindarin and its conceptual precursors for much of Tolkien’s life. It was derived from primitive ✶angā of the same meaning (PM/347).

Conceptual Development: G. ang “iron” dates all the way back to the the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/19), and appeared regularly in Tolkien’s writings thereafter, always with the same form and meaning.

ang

noun. iron

ered engrin

place name. Iron Mountains

The “Iron Mountains” around Morgoth’s realm (S/118). This name is a combination of the plural of orod “mountain” and the plural of the adjective angren “of iron” (SA/orod, anga).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this name was as G. Angorodin (LT2/77). It was revised in the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s, first to (singular) ᴱN. Aiglir Angrin and then to (plural) N. Eiglir Engrin (LB/49), forms that also appeared in the Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/220). In the mid-30s, the form N. Ered-engrin first appeared (LR/258), and The Etymologies from the same period, it already had the derivation given above (Ety/ÓROT).

angband

place name. Iron Prison

The fortress of Morgoth in the North, translated “Iron Prison” (WJ/15), a compound of ang “iron” and band “prison” (SA/ang, band).

Conceptual Development: The name G. Angband appeared in the earliest Lost Tales, but in these early stories it was translated “Hells of Iron” (LT2/77, GL/19). This translation persisted into Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/13, LR/259). However, N. Angband was translated “Iron Prison” in The Etymologies (Ety/MBAD), and this was the usual interpretation in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (MR/305, WJ/15). Christopher Tolkien gave both translations in the Silmarillion Index (SI/Angband).

angbor

masculine name. *Iron-fist

The lord of Lamedon during the War of the Ring (LotR/875). His name was not translated by Tolkien, but it appears to be a compound of ang “iron” and the suffixal form -bor of paur “fist” (also seen in Celebrimbor), as suggested by Hammond and Scull (RC/588) among others.

Conceptual Development: The name N. Angbor already had its final form when it first appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/419).

anghabar

place name. Iron-delvings

A mine in the Echoriath (S/138), translated as “Iron-delvings” by Christopher Tolkien in the Silmarillion Appendix (SI/Anghabar). Its initial element is clearly ang “iron” (SA/ang), so its second element must mean “delving”, possibly a lenited form habar of the word ✱sabar (attested only in compounds).

anglachel

proper name. *Iron-of-the-flaming-star

A sword “made of iron that fell from heaven as a blazing star” (S/201). Given its origin, its name might be a combination of ang “iron”, lach “flame” and êl “star” (SA/ang, lhach).

angren

adjective. of iron

An adjectival form of ang “iron” appearing in several names such as Angrenost “Iron Fortress, Isengard” (LotR/473) and (in its plural form) Ered Engrin “Iron Mountains” (S/118).

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s the adjective was G. angrin “of iron, iron” (GL/19). In the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s it became ᴱN. angren “of iron”, along with another adjective ᴱN. angeb “like iron” (PE13/159). N. angren “of iron” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√ANGĀ (Ety/ANGĀ), and appeared regularly in Tolkien’s writings thereafter.

angren

place name. Isen, (lit.) Iron

Sindarin name of the river Isen (UT/318), it is simply the adjective angren “iron” used as a name.

angrenost

place name. Isengard, (lit.) Iron Fortress

Sindarin name of Isengard (LotR/473), a combination of angren “iron” and ost “fortress” (SA/anga, os(t); PE17/32).

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as N. Angrobel (TI/71), variously revised to N. Angost or Angrenost (TI/420; WR/44, 72), eventually settling on the latter.

angrist

proper name. Iron-cleaver

Beren’s knife (S/177), translated in the Silmarillion Index as “Iron-cleaver” (SI/Angrist), a combination of ang “iron” and the lenited form grist of crist “cleaver” (SA/anga, ris).

Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name was already as N. Angrist at its first appearance (LR/303).

angrod

masculine name. *Iron Champion

Sindarin name of the second youngest son of Finarfin (S/61), an adaption of his Quenya father-name Q. Angaráto “✱Iron Champion” (PM/346-7). His name is a combination of ang “iron” (SA/anga) and the suffixal form -rod of raud “lofty, noble” seen in many names (PE17/49).

Conceptual Development: In the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s, his name was first given as ᴱN. Angrod (LB/80, 213), though in the very earliest Silmarillion drafts his name appeared as G. Anrod (SM/15). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the name N. Angrod was derived from a combination of ang “iron” and rhaud “metal” (Ety/RAUTĀ). The derivation from his Quenya name did not emerge until after Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (PM/346).

angruin

masculine name. Iron Fire

A proposed alternate name of Glaurung, but the change was rejected (PE17/183). This name is a combination of ang “iron” and ruin “fiery red”.

anguirel

proper name. *Iron-of-the-fiery-star

A companion sword to Anglachel, constructed from the same fiery meteor (S/202). Its initial element is probably ang “iron” (SA/eng) and its final element may be êl “star”. Its middle element may be related to the root √UR “heat, be hot”, perhaps an otherwise unattested adjective ?uir “fiery”, though David Salo suggested it might be [N.] uir “eternity” (GS/359).

carach angren

place name. Isenmouthe, (lit.) Iron Jaws

Sindarin name of the Isenmouth, translated “Iron Jaws” (LotR/920) or “Iron Mouth” (RC/772, PE17/101). This name is a combination of carach “jaws” and angren “iron” (SA/carak).

Conceptual Development: This name was already N. Carach Angren when it first appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (SD/33).

gurthang

proper name. Iron of Death

The sword of Túrin translated “Iron of Death” (S/210), a compound of gurth “death” and ang “iron” (SA/anga, gurth).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this name appeared as G. Gurtholfin “Wand of Death” (LT2/83), where its final element was G. olf(in) “branch, wand, stick” (LT2A/Gurtholfin). In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, it developed into N. Gurtholf of the same meaning, where its final element was N. golf “branch” (LR/406, Ety/ÑGUR). It only adopted its final form and meaning in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (WJ/83, 138).

sîr angren

place name. *River of Iron

Sindarin name of the river Isen (UT/261), a combination of sîr “river” and angren “of iron”.

Angband

noun. iron hell, prison

ang (“iron”) + (m-)band (“prison”) From angmbandâ, gmb produces gb.

Anghabar

noun. iron mine

ang (“iron”) + sabar (“delved mine”) #[His.] habar as the regular form might be possible as well.

Anglachel

noun. flaming iron

ang (“iron”) + lach (from lacha- “flame”) + #êl (“star”)

Angmar

noun. iron land

ang (“iron”) + (m-)bar (“land, dwelling”) The lenition of the second element is unclear (we would rather expect Angbar) but edain often made mistakes when giving places Elvish names; see VT42 “Rivers and Beacon-hills”).

Angrenost

noun. iron fortress (Isengard)

angren (“iron”) + ost (“fortress, stronghold”)

Angrenost

'Iron-enclosure'

topon. 'Iron-enclosure'. O.E. (R.) Isengard. >> dol, doll

Angrist

noun. iron cleaver, sword

ang (“iron”) + rist (from risto “cleave”) The stem of the last element blended with the stem kris- of similar meaning.

Angruin

noun. 'Iron Fire'

prop. n. 'Iron Fire'. Tolkien notes "Alter Glaurung > Angruin".

Athrad Angren (pl. Ethraid Engrin)

noun. iron ford

athrad (“river-crossing, ford, way”) + angren (“iron”) #The first element could be interpreted as: ath (prefix “on both sides, across”) + râd (“path, track”).

Carach Angren

noun. iron fang

carach (“spike, tooth or rock”) + angren (“iron”)

angmar

place name. *Iron Home

The kingdom of the witch king (LotR/146). In the manuscript for Tolkien’s Nomenclature of the Lord of the Rings, he explained that it was corrupted Elvish: the pure Sindarin form of the name would be Angbar, and the pure Quenya form would be Angamar (RC/20). It is perhaps a combination of S. ang “iron” and Q. már “home”, hence: “✱Iron Home”.

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as N. Angmar (WR/334).

angren

adjective. of iron

ang

iron

ang; adj.

ang

iron

; adj.

thornang

noun. steel, (lit.) hard-iron

A neologism for “hard-iron” or “steel”, cognate to Q. tornanga “hard-iron”, which might also be used for “✱steel”.

Angband

Iron Prison, Hell of Iron

Angband is Sindarin, and means "Iron Prison" or "Hell of Iron", from ang + band.

In Quenya, Angband was called Angamando.

Angmar

Iron Home

Angmar means "Iron Home" in Sindarin (from ang = "iron" and mar = "home, dwelling")

Angrenost

Fortress of Iron

It is composed of the two elements angren "iron (adjective)" and ost "fortress".

angren

of iron

angren, related to Sindarin ang ("iron"), derived from the Elvish root ANGĀ. It is possible that the full Old Sindarin word is *angrina (unattested).

The obsolete, variant or misspelt plural form engren appears in a typescript.

hadang

noun. javelin, (lit.) hurling iron

angren

of iron

(pl. engrin);

angren

of iron

angren (pl. engrin);

angwedh

iron-bond

(pl. engwidh)

angwedh

iron-bond

(= chain) angwedh (pl. engwidh)

galvorn

copper, gold,  iron, silver

(i** ’alvorn, pl. gelvyrn [in ngelvyrn*] if there is a pl.), a black metal made by the Dark Elf Eöl. (WJ:322)*

mithril

copper, gold,  iron, silver

(i** vithril, no distinct pl. form except with article [i** mithril], coll. pl. ?mithrillath). The description of mithril may seem to fit titanium.

Angband

Angband

Angband is Sindarin, and means "Iron Prison" or "Hell of Iron", from ang + band. In Quenya, Angband was called Angamando.

Angrist

Angrist

Angrist means "Iron Cleaver" in Sindarin (from ang = "iron" and crist = "cleaver", "sword").

Carach Angren

Carach Angren

Both Carach Angren and Isenmouthe mean "Iron-mouth": "It was so called because of the great fence of pointed iron posts that closed the gap leading into Udûn, like teeth in jaws." Isen is an old English variant form of iron; and mouthe represents Old English mūða < mūð "opening, mouth" especially used of the mouths of rivers, but also applied to other openings. Despite the Old English, the name is not to be understood as Rohirric, but rather as archaic Westron, translation of Sindarin Carach Angren.

angwedh

chain

angwedh ("iron bond", ang + gwêdh), pl. engwidh

angwedh

chain

("iron bond", ang + gwêdh), pl. engwidh

paran

adjective. smooth, shaven (often applied to hills without trees)

raud

noun. metal

raud

noun. metal

A noun appearing as N. rhaud “metal” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√RAUTĀ of the same meaning (Ety/RAUTĀ). In that document, it was the basis for the second element of the names Finrod, Angrod and Damrod. In Tolkien’s later writings the second element of these names were based on S. raud “noble” instead. This 1930s “metal” word might reappear in Rodëol “metal of Eöl” in drafts of the Silmarillion from the 1950s, since in Sindarin initial r did not become rh as it did in Noldorin. For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I think it best to stick to [N.] tinc “metal”

paran

smooth

1. paran (lenited baran; pl. perain) (shaven). Often applied to hills wihtout trees. (RC:433) 2)

path

smooth

path (lenited bath; pl. paith)

path-

verb. to smooth

ross

polished metal

(glitter), pl. ryss (idh** ryss**). Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”spray, foam, rain, dew”. For concrete metals, see

tinc

metal

tinc (i dinc, o thinc), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thinc), coll. pl. tingath. The word rhaud “metal” occurring in the Etymologies would normally be ”updated” to Sindarin in the form raud, but since raud appears with different meanings in later sources (see

tinc

metal

(i** dinc, o thinc), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thinc), coll. pl. tingath. The word rhaud** “metal” occurring in the Etymologies would normally be ”updated” to Sindarin in the form raud, but since raud** appears with different meanings in later sources (see

tinc

eminent

should at least be preferred for clarity).

anga

noun. iron

This was the Quenya word for “iron” for much of Tolkien’s life, derived from primitive ✶angā of the same meaning (PM/347).

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. anga “iron” dates back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/31). In this document it had some competing alternatives: ᴱQ. yere(n) “pig iron” under the early root ᴱ√DYEÐE (QL/105) and {ᴱQ. tongo “iron”} under the early root ᴱ√TOŊO “to hammer” (QL/94), though this second form was deleted. Neither of these alternatives survived in Tolkien’s later writings, and The Etymologies of the 1930s had only ᴹQ. anga “iron” under the root ᴹ√ANGĀ (Ety/ANGĀ). Tolkien stuck with this form thereafter.

anga

iron

anga noun "iron", also name of tengwa #7 (ANGĀ, Appendix E, SA, PM:347, LT1:249, 268). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, anga was the name of letter #19, which tengwa Tolkien would later call noldo instead (VT45:6). Masc. names Angamaitë "Iron-handed" (Letters:347), Angaráto "Iron-champion", Sindarin Angrod(SA:ar(a) ). See also Angamando, tornanga and cf. Angainor as the name of the chain with which Melkor was bound (Silm)

erë

iron

erë, eren noun "iron" or "steel"; Eremandu variant of Angamandu (Angband) (LT1:252; "iron" should be anga in LotR-style Quenya, but erë, eren may still be used for "steel". See also yaisa.)

angamaitë

masculine name. Iron-handed

A descendant of Castamir, who warred against Gondor from Umbar in the middle of the Third Age (LotR/1048). The name was also the epessë (adopted name) of Angrod (PM/347). This name is a compound of anga “iron” (PM/347) and maitë “handed” (PE17/162).

Conceptual Development: In the drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices Castamir’s descendant was named Angomaitë (PM/199) and in the 1st edition of The Lord of the Rings as well, but this was changed in the 2nd edition to Angamaitë (PM/215).

angamando

place name. Iron Prison, Iron-gaol

The Quenya form of S. Angband (MR/350), a compound of anga “iron” and mando “prison”.

Conceptual Development: This name first appeared as ᴱQ. Eremandu and (plural) Angamandi “Hells of Iron”, the first of these using another word for “iron”: ᴱQ. ere(n) (QL/36, LT1/77). At this early stage, the second element was ᴱQ. mandu “hell” (QL/58). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, it was replaced by the singular form ᴹQ. Angamanda “Iron Prison” (Ety/MBAD), eventually altered to Angamando in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (MR/350).

angaráto

masculine name. *Iron Champion

The father-name of S. Angrod, from which his Sindarin name was derived (PM/346). It seems to be a compound of anga “iron” and aráto “champion” (SA/ar(a)), though the second element may actually be a masculinized form of the adjective arata “noble”. Like his brother Findaráto, his name is “Telerin in form” to honour their mother, with the adjectival element arata second. A more natural Quenya form of the name would be Artanga (PM/346).

tornanga

noun/adjective. hard-iron, iron hard, iron hard; hard-iron, *steel

A word in notes written between the 1st and 2nd edition of The Lord of the Rings, glossed “hard-iron = iron hard” as a combination of torna “hard” and anga “iron” (PE17/56). It seems it could be used as both a noun and an adjective, though it is possible Tolkien intended it to be only adjectival like the nearby vanimelda “elven-fair”.

Neo-Quenya: This word might also be used to mean “steel” as a replacement for the early word ᴱQ. akse, though I personally retain ᴺQ. axë “steel” for purposes of Neo-Quenya; see that entry for discussion.

Angamando

iron-gaol

Angamando place-name "Iron-gaol", Sindarin Angband(MR:350). The Etymologies gives Angamanda "Angband, Hell", lit. "Iron-prison" (MBAD, VT45:33). In deleted material in the Etymologies, the Quenya name of Angband was Angavanda (VT45:6); cf. vanda #2. Older "Qenya" has Angamandu "Hells of Iron" (or pl. Angamandi) (LT1:249).

Eremandu

hells of iron

Eremandu place-name "Hells of Iron", a name of Angband (LT1:249)

angaina

of iron

angaina adj. "of iron" (ANGĀ)

pasta-

verb. to smooth, iron

pasta- vb. "to smooth, iron" (PE17:171)

tornanga

iron hard

tornanga adj. "iron hard" (the order of the elements is the opposite in Quenya). (PE17:56)

artanga

masculine name. *Noble Iron

A “Quenyarized” form of Angrod’s father-name: Angaráto, with the adjectival element arta- first (PM/346).

pasta-

verb. to smooth, iron

angatië

noun. railway line, railroad track, (lit.) iron-road

A neologism coined by Orondil posted on 2020-02-26 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), as a combination of anga “iron” and tië “path, road”.

angamendar

noun. train station, (lit.) iron way-stop

yeren

noun. pig iron, *ore

pas-

verb. to smooth

angwenda

noun. chain

A neologism for “chain” created by Petri Tikka in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s based on angwedh. I would use [ᴱQ.] limil for “chain” instead.

limil

chain

limil noun "chain" (QL:54)

pas-

verb. to smooth

to smooth

passa

smooth, glabrous

passa adj. "smooth, glabrous" (PE17:171)

pasta

smooth

pasta (2) adj. "smooth" (PATH), variant of passa

rauta

metal

rauta noun "metal" [meaning changed by Tolkien from "copper"]. Notice that in the LotR, the word for metal is given as tinco. (RAUTĀ)

runda

smooth, polished

runda (1) adj. "smooth, polished" (PE17:89)

tinco

metal

tinco noun "metal" (TINKŌ), also name of tengwa #1 (Appendix E, there spelt "tinco", but "tinko" in Etym); tincotéma noun "t-series", dental series, first column of the Tengwar system (Appendix E)

tinco

noun. metal

A word for “metal” in Appendix F of The Lord of the Rings as the name of tengwa #1 [1] and the tincotéma series of tengwar. ᴹQ. tinko “metal” first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√TINKŌ of the same meaning (Ety/TINKŌ). It also appeared in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1930s and 40s (PE22/22, 50, 61), already the name of tengwa #1 and its corresponding series.

Conceptual Development: A possible precursor is ᴱQ. sink (sinq-) “mineral, gem, metal” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SINI “pale blue” (QL/83). Hints of this earlier word can be seen in ✶sinkitamo >> sintamo “[metal] smith” in notes from the late 1960s.

limil

noun. chain

A word appearing as ᴱQ. limil “a chain” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√LIMI (QL/54).

Neo-Quenya: In Tolkien’s later writings √LIM means “link, join”, so I think it can continue to serve as the basis for a (Neo-Quenya) word ᴺQ. limil “chain”.

ang

noun. iron

ang

noun. iron

angwedh

noun. chain, fetter, (lit.) iron-bond

A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “chain, (lit.) iron-bond”, a combination of N. ang “iron” and N. gwedh “bond” (Ety/WED). The same words appeared in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1930s, but with the gloss “fetter” instead of “bond” (PE22/32).

Conceptual Development: A similar word ᴱN. angath “fetters” appeared in the Early Noldorin Dictionary from the 1920s, but there it was simply the plural of ᴱN. ang “iron”, so literally “✱irons” (PE13/159).

oeges engrin

place name. Peaks of Iron

A name appearing only in The Etymologies from the 1930s glossed “Peaks of Iron” (Ety/AYAK), probably a variant name of Ered-engrin “Iron Mountains” using the plural of oegas “mountain peak” instead of orod “mountain”.

angband

place name. Iron Prison, Hells of Iron

angren

adjective. of iron

angrist

proper name. Iron-cleaver

ered-engrin

place name. Iron Mountains

angren

adjective. of iron

carach angren

place name. Jaws of Iron

ang(ren)ost

place name. Isengard

angwedh

noun. chain

path

adjective. smooth

path

adjective. smooth

rhaud

noun. metal

rhaud

noun. metal

tinc

noun. metal

tinc

noun. metal

A word for “metal” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√TINKŌ of the same meaning (Ety/TINKŌ).

Conceptual Development: A possible precursor is G. sinc “metal” from the Gnomish Lexicon (GL/67), a cognate of ᴱQ. sink “mineral, gem, metal” under the early root ᴱ√SINI “pale blue” in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/83). For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I prefer to use ᴺS. sinc for “✱mineral”.

anga

noun. iron