an

for

an (1) _conj. and prep. _"for" (Nam, RGEO:66), an cé mo quernë… "for if one turned…" (VT49:8), also used adverbially in the formula an + a noun to express "one more" (of the thing concerned: an quetta "a word more", PE17:91). The an of the phrase es sorni heruion an! "the Eagles of the Lords are at hand" (SD:290) however seems to denote motion towards (the speaker): the Eagles are coming. Etym has an, ana "to, towards" (NĀ1). The phrase an i falmalī _(PE17:127) is not clearly translated but seems to be a paraphrase of the word falmalinnar "upon the foaming waves" (Nam)_, suggesting that an can be used as a paraphrase of the allative ending (and if falmalī is seen as a Book Quenya accusative form because of the long final vowel, this is evidence that an governs the accusative case). In the "Arctic" sentence, an is translated "until". Regarding an as used in Namárië, various sources indicate that it means an "moreover, further(more), to proceed" (VT49:18-19) or ("properly") "further, plus, in addition" (PE17:69, 90). According to one late source (ca. 1966 or later), an "is very frequently used after a full stop, when an account or description is confirmed after a pause. So in Galadriels Elvish lament […]: An sí Tintallë, etc. [= For now the Kindler, etc…] This is translated by me for, side an is (as here) often in fact used when the additional matter provides an explanation of or reason for what has already been said". Related is the use of an + noun to express "one more"; here an is presumably accented, something the word would not normally be when used as a conjunction or preposition.

an

adverb/conjunction. for, but, then, or; moreover, furthermore

Derivations

• ✶and(ă) “moreover, to go on further, to say more” ✧ PE17/090
  • √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/090
• ✶am(a) “moreover, furthermore, to proceed” ✧ PE17/091
  • √AMA “addition, increase, plus” ✧ PE17/091
• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146

Element in

• Q. an quetta “a word more, to add to what has been said” ✧ PE17/091
• Q. an sí Tintallë Varda Oiolossëo ve fanyar máryat Elentári ortanë “for now the Kindler, Varda, the Queen of the Stars from Mount Everwhite has uplifted her hands like clouds” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. an sí Varda, Tintallë, Elentári ortanë máryat Oiolossëo ve fanyar “for now Varda, Star-kindler, Star-queen [has] lifted up her (two) hands from Mount Everwhite like (white) clouds” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. úsië, an cé mo quernë cendelë númenna, ve senya “on the contrary, for if one turned the face westward, as was usual” ✧ VT49/18

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶and(ă) > an	[anda] > [and] > [an]	✧ PE17/090
✶am(a) > an	[ama] > [am] > [an]	✧ PE17/091
√ANA/NĀ > an	[an]	✧ PE17/146

Variations

• An ✧ LotR/0377; PE17/069; PE17/091; RGEO/58; RGEO/59

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Changes

• an- → an ✧ PE17/090

Cognates

• S. an- “intensive prefix”

Derivations

• ✶andā “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
  • √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/090
• ✶am- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092
  • √AMA “addition, increase, plus”
• √AMA “addition, increase, plus” ✧ PE17/091
• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146; PE21/79

Element in

• ᴺQ. amyára “elder”
• Q. Anairë “*Holiest”
• Q. Ancalimë “*Brightest (f.)”
• Q. Ancalimon “*Brightest (m.)”
• ᴺQ. anyára “elder, *senior”
• Q. unqualë “death agony, death agony, torment, [ᴹQ.] agony, death” ✧ PE19/078

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶and(a) > an-	[an-]	✧ PE17/090
✶and(a) > anda-	[anda-]	✧ PE17/090
✶am > an	[am-]	✧ PE17/090
√AMA > ama	[ama-]	✧ PE17/091
✶am > an	[am-]	✧ PE17/092
√ANA/NĀ > an-	[an-]	✧ PE17/146
√ANA/NA > an-	[an-]	✧ PE21/79

Variations

• an ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057; PE17/090; PE17/092; PE17/092
• ana ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057
• ana- ✧ PE17/056
• añ- ✧ PE17/090
• am ✧ PE17/090; PE17/091 (am)
• anda- ✧ PE17/090
• ama ✧ PE17/091 (ama)
• ama- ✧ PE17/092

ana

to

ana (1) prep. "to" (VT49:35), "as preposition _ana _is used when purely _dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that the preposition ana can be used instead of the dative ending -n (#1, q.v.) Also as prefix: ana- "to, towards" (NĀ1); an (q.v.) is used with this meaning in one source (PE17:127)_

ana-

prefix. to, towards

Derivations

• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• Q. arcandë “petition” ✧ VT44/08 (anarcandemman*)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√AN/NĀ > ana-	[ana-]	✧ PE17/147

Variations

• ana- ✧ PE17/147 (ana-)
• an- ✧ VT44/08 (an-)

anna

gift

anna noun "gift" (ANA1, SA), "a thing handed, brought or sent to a person" (PE17:125), also name of tengwa #23 (Appendix E); pl. annar "gifts" in Fíriel's Song. Masc. name Annatar "Lord of Gifts, *Gift-lord", name assumed by Sauron when he tried to seduce the Eldar in the Second Age (SA:tar). Eruanna noun "God-gift", gift of God, i.e. "grace" (VT43:38)

anwa

noun. gift

-ien

suffix. -land

Element in

• Q. Arvernien “Land(s) beside the Verna” ✧ PE17/071
• Q. Hildórien “*Land of the Followers”
• Q. Lórien “*Dream Lands”

Variations

• -ien ✧ PE17/071 (-ien)

an(a)

preposition. to, towards, to a point near, alongside, to, towards, to a point near, alongside; [ᴱQ.] until

Derivations

• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146; PE21/79

Element in

• Q. an i falmalī “*on the foaming waves” ✧ PE17/127

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ANA/NĀ > ana	[ana]	✧ PE17/146
√ANA/NA > na	[ana]	✧ PE21/79

Variations

• an ✧ PE17/127
• ana ✧ PE17/147; VT49/35
• na ✧ PE21/79

in

the

i (1) "the", indeclinable definite article (I, Nam, RGEO:67, Markirya, WJ:369, WJ:398, MC:215, 216, 221). A variant in (q.v.) is also attested. Hyphenated i- in i-mar "the earth" (FS), i-Ciryamo "the mariner's" (UT:8), i-aldar "the trees" (Narqelion), attached with a dot in i·yulmar "the cups" (VT48:11), I·Eldanyárë "the History of the Elves" (LR:199), i·arya *"the best" (PE17:57), directly prefixed with no hyphen or dot in icilyanna = i cilyanna in SD:247, also ihyarma "the left hand" in VT49:22 (but i hyarma in other versions of the same text).

in

article. the

na

to, towards

na (2) prep. "to, towards", possibly obsoleted by #1 above; for clarity writers may use the synonym ana instead (NĀ1). Originally, Tolkien glossed na as "at, by, near"; the new meaning entered together with the synonyms an, ana (VT45:36).

na

preposition. to, towards

@@@ fix weird cognate bug

ten

for

ten (2) conj. "for", in Fíriel's Song; apparently replaced by an in LotR-style Quenya.

-nna

to

-n (1) dative ending, originating as a reduced form of -nă "to", related to the allative ending -nna (VT49:14). Attested in nin, men, ten, enyalien, Erun, airefëan, tárin, yondon (q.v.) and also added to the English name Elaine (Elainen) in a book dedication to Elaine Griffiths (VT49:40). The longer dative ending -na is also attested in connection with some pronouns, such as sena, téna, véna (q.v.), also in the noun mariéna from márië "goodness" (PE17:59). Pl. -in (as in hínin, see hína), partitive pl. -lin, dual -nt (Plotz). The preposition ana (#1) is said to be used "when purely dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that it can replace the dative ending, e.g. *ana Eru instead of Erun for "to God". In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the ending -n (or -en) expressed genitive rather than dative, but he later decided that the genitive ending was to be -o (cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren becoming Yénië Valinórëo, MR:200).

-nna

to, at, upon

-nna "to, at, upon", allative ending, originating from -na "to" with fortified n, VT49:14. Attested in cilyanna, coraryanna, Endorenna, Elendilenna, númenórenna, parma-restalyanna, rénna, senna, tielyanna, q.v. If a noun ends in -n already, the ending -nna merges with it, as in Amanna, formenna, Elenna, númenna, rómenna as the allative forms of Aman, formen, elen, númen, rómen (q.v.). Plural -nnar in mannar, valannar, q.v.

anna, anwa

noun. gift

atya

daddy

atya (2) noun "daddy", supposedly a word in "actual 'family' use" (VT47:26, PE17:170), also used in children's play for "thumb" and "big toe" (VT47:10, 26, VT48:4, 6); reduction of at(an)ya "my father" (or, as explained in VT48:19, reduction of at-nya of similar meaning). Compare atto.

(a)taryo

noun. daddy

Námo

person, somebody

námo (2) noun "a person, somebody" (PM:340 writers may prefer the synonym quén to avoid confusion with # 1)

ataryo

daddy

ataryo, also taryo (cited as (a)taryo), noun "daddy", also used as a name for the thumb in children's play, but Tolkien emended it to atto/atya (VT48:4). Compare atar "father".

falma

(crested/foaming) wave

falma noun "(crested/foaming) wave" (PHAL/PHÁLAS), "a wave-crest, wave" (VT42:15), "foam wave" (PE17:127), "a breaker" (PE17:62), partitive pl. falmali "many waves" (PE17:73), allative falmalinnar "on the foaming waves" in Namárië(Nam, RGEO:67); the phrase an i falmalī _(PE17:74) seems to be a paraphrase of this with an independent preposition instead of the allative ending -nna (see an #1). Compounded in Falmari, a name of the Teleri, and Mar-nu-Falmar, "Home/Land under Waves", a name of Númenor after the Downfall. (SA:falas) Falmari "wave-folk", a name of the Teleri (PM:386). In earlier "Qenya", falma was glossed "foam" (LT1:253, cf. MC:213). Compare also the early "Qenya" words falmar "wave as it breaks" (LT1:253), pl. falmari "waves" (MC:216)_

nassë

person, an individual

nassë (1) "a person, an individual" (VT49:30). Also translated "true-being" (pl. nasser is attested), the inner "true" being of a person. With a pronominal suffix in the form nassentar "their true-being" (PE17:175, cf. -nta #2), in the source referring to the "true" spiritual nature of the Valar, as hidden within their visible shapes. The word nassentar would seem to be plural, *"their true-beings". Not to be confused with the verb nassë/násë "he/she is"; see ná #1.

-wë

person

-wë a suffix occurring in many personal names, generally but not exclusively masculine (Elenwë is the sole certain example of a fem. name with this ending); it is derived from a stem simply meaning "person" (PM:340, WJ:399). In Etym, -wë is simply defined as an element that is frequent in masculine names, and it is there derived from a stem (WEG) having to do with "(manly) vigour".

am(a)-

prefix. intensive prefix

-o

person, somebody

-o (2), also -ó, "a person, somebody", pronominal suffix (PM:340)

i

article. the

Cognates

• S. i “the” ✧ PE17/066

Element in

• Q. aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie’n aurë “Behold, people of the Eldar and Fathers of Men, the day has come!” ✧ S/190; WJ/166
• Q. alcar i Ataren ar i Yondon ar i Airefëan “glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit” ✧ VT43/37; VT43/37; VT43/37
• Q. ar aistana i yávë mónalyo Yésus “and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus” ✧ VT43/31
• Q. ar ámen apsenë úcaremmar “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT43/19
• Q. ar i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa tennoio “and of the One who is above all thrones for ever” ✧ UT/305
• Q. ar mi cemen rainë i hínin “and on earth peace, good will toward men” ✧ VT44/35; VT44/35
• Q. á sac’ i fendë, mecin “close the door, please” ✧ PE22/166
• Q. auta i lómë “The night is passing!” ✧ S/190; WJ/166
• Q. caitas lá i sír “it is beyond the river” ✧ PE17/065
• Q. caitas palla i sír “it is far beyond the river” ✧ PE17/065
• Q. eldar ataformaiti “the Elves were ambidexters” ✧ VT49/08
• Q. epetai i hyarma ú ten ulca símaryassen “consequently the left hand was not to them evil in their imaginations” ✧ VT49/12
• Q. et i péti “*out of the lips, out of the mouth” ✧ VT47/35
• Q. Heru Imillion “Lord of the Rings” ✧ DTS/54
• Q. i arani Eldaive “The kings of the Eldar” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. i arani Eldaron “The kings of the Eldar” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. i Equessi Rúmilo “The Sayings of Rúmil” ✧ WJ/398
• Q. i fairi nécë “the pale phantoms” ✧ MC/221; MC/222
• Q. i falmalinnar imbë met “on the foaming waves between us” ✧ LotR/0377; PE17/127; RGEO/58
• Q. an i falmalī “*on the foaming waves” ✧ PE17/127
• Q. i falmalinnar imbë met “upon the (many) foaming waves between us (two)” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/29
• Q. i hyarma tentanë Melcorello “the left hand pointed away from Melkor” ✧ VT49/22
• Q. Indis i·Ciryamo “The Mariner’s Wife” ✧ UT/008
• Q. Ingoldo “The Noldo” ✧ PE19/076
• Q. i roccor rindi “the horses are swift” ✧ PE21/77
• Q. i Tumbo Tarmacorto “the Vale of the High Mountain Circle” ✧ NM/351
• Q. i Túrin i Cormaron “the Lord of the Rings” ✧ Minor-Doc/1973-05-30; Minor-Doc/1973-05-30
• Q. i tyulma ciryava “the mast of the ship” ✧ PE21/80
• Q. i·oromandi tanna lendë “*the wood-spirits came thither” ✧ PE16/096
• Q. lan i Valaron arcanwar tauvar “*while the thrones of the Valar endure” ✧ PE22/147
• Q. lendes lann’ i sír “he came (to a point) beyond the river” ✧ PE17/065
• Q. lendes pallan(na) i sír “he came (to a point) far beyond the river” ✧ PE17/065
• Q. mana i coimas Eldaron? “What is the ‘coimas’ of the Eldar?” ✧ PM/395
• Q. mana i·coimas in·Eldaron? “What is the ‘coimas’ of the Eldar?” ✧ PM/403; PM/403
• Q. ma Varda enquantuva i yulma nin sí “will Varda now refill the cup for me?” ✧ PE22/161
• Q. lissë miruvóreva mí oromardi “of sweet nectar in the high-halls”
• Q. lírinen ómo i·aire tário “by the song of the voice of the holy queen” ✧ PE17/076
• Q. lírinen ómo i·aire táríva “by the song of the voice of the holy queen” ✧ PE17/076
• Q. Quennar Onótimo ✧ MR/049
• Q. roccor i Erulingaron márë nár (ma naitë)? “the horses of the Rohirrim are good (are they not, lit. is it true)” ✧ PE22/166
• Q. násië “now and at the hour of our death: Amen” ✧ VT43/35
• Q. sí man i yulma nin enquantuva? “who now shall refill the cup for me?” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. sí man i yulma nin enquantuva? “now who the cup for me will refill?” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. sí man i yulmar men enquantuva? “*who now shall refill the cups for us?” ✧ Minor-Doc/2013-05-13
• Q. sí man i yulmar n(g)wen enquantuva “*who now will refill the cups for us (dual)” ✧ VT21/06
• Q. Sindar i Eldar Malariando “Grey are the Elves of Beleriand” ✧ PE21/77; PE21/77
• Q. sínen i·anda nyarnë metta ar taina andaurenya na quanta “*with this the long tale ends and my extended long day is complete” ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT
• Q. sustanë Manwëo súlë ten i indo Sindicollo ar he lastanë ar carnes “*the spirit of Manwe blew unto the heart of Thingol and he listened and did it” ✧ NM/239
• Q. tambë engë i et... “as it was [in] the [beginning]...” ✧ VT43/38
• Q. tyulma i ciryo “the mast of the ship” ✧ PE21/80
• Q. utúlie’n aurë “The day has come!” ✧ S/190; WJ/166
• Q. yan i wilyar antar miquelis “*to whom the air gives kisses” ✧ PE16/096
• Q. yassen tintilar i eleni “wherein the stars tremble” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. yassen tintilar i eleni “in which twinkle the stars” ✧ RGEO/59

Variations

• i ✧ DTS/54; LotR/0377; LotR/0377; LotR/0377; MC/221; MC/222; Minor-Doc/1955-CT; Minor-Doc/1973-05-30; Minor-Doc/2013-05-13; MR/049; NM/239; NM/351; PE16/096; PE17/013 (i); PE17/065; PE17/066; PE17/068; PE17/127; PE17/127; PE19/076; PE21/77; PE21/80; PE22/147; PE22/161; PE22/166; RGEO/58; RGEO/58; RGEO/58; RGEO/59; RGEO/59; RGEO/59; S/190; UT/305; UT/317; VT21/06; VT43/19; VT43/29; VT43/31; VT43/35; VT43/37; VT43/37; VT43/37; VT43/38; VT44/35; VT47/35; VT49/08; VT49/12; VT49/22; WJ/166; WJ/369; WJ/369
• in ✧ NM/240 (in)
• I ✧ PE16/096; WJ/398
• i· ✧ PE17/076; PM/395; PM/403; UT/008
• in· ✧ PM/403

ana-

prefix. to, towards

Derivations

• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus”

Element in

• ᴺQ. analelya- “to approach”
• ᴺQ. anasirë “tributary”

an

preposition. to, towards, for

With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath

an

to

_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath  'glory to all the Halflings'.

an

used with object

poss. art. used with object, e.g. dagnir an Glaurung 'Slayer of Glaurung' = he who slew Glaurung. [?preceded article in form] eni, e.g. mellyn enin Edhellion.

an

preposition. to, for, to, for; [N. and G.] of

Changes

• eni → enni ✧ VT41/16

Derivations

• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146

Element in

• S. aglar’ni Pheriannath “glory to the halflings” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
• ᴺS. amman “why, (lit.) for what”
• S. anann “(for) long”
• S. anglenna- “to approach”
• S. aníra- “to desire, to desire, *long for”
• S. anno ammen sír i mbas ilaurui vín “give us this day our daily bread” ✧ VT44/27
• S. annon edhellen, edro hi ammen “Elvish gate open now for us” ✧ LotR/0307; PE17/045
• ᴺS. anuir “forever, everlastingly, eternally, in eternity”
• S. a Pherhael ar am Meril suilad uin aran o Minas Tirith nelchaenen ned Echuir “to Samwise and Rose the King’s greeting from Minas Tirith, the thirty-first day of Stirring” ✧ SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129
• S. ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT44/27
• S. guren bêd enni “my heart tells me” ✧ VT41/11
• S. gurth an Glamhoth “Death to the din-horde” ✧ UT/039
• S. ir Ithil ammen Eruchín “*when the Moon, for us, the Children of God” ✧ LB/354
• S. naur an edraith ammen “fire [be] for saving of us” ✧ LotR/0290; LotR/0290; LotR/0299; LotR/0299; PE17/038; PE17/038
• S. ón annin “*he gave (it) to me” ✧ PE17/147
• S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23
• S. sui mín i gohenam di ai gerir úgerth ammen “as we forgive those who trespass against us” ✧ VT44/27
• S. ú-chebin estel anim “I have kept no hope for myself” ✧ LotR/1061; PE17/117

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ANA/NĀ > ana > an	[ana] > [an]	✧ PE17/146

Variations

• eni ✧ VT41/16 (eni)
• ann ✧ VT44/22 (ann)

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Cognates

• Q. an- “intensive prefix”

Element in

• S. Anfauglith “Gasping Dust” ✧ SA/faug
• S. einior “elder”

ann

noun. gift

n. gift.

ann

noun. gift

Cognates

• Q. anna “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, *present” ✧ PE22/163

Derivations

• ✶annā “gift” ✧ PE17/090
  • √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus”
• √HAN “add to, increase, enhance, enrich, honour (especially by gift); give” ✧ PE22/163

Element in

• S. Melian “Dear Gift”
• S. Rían “Crown-gift”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶annā > ann	[annā] > [anna] > [ann]	✧ PE17/090

Variations

• ann ✧ PE17/090
• anw ✧ PE22/163

anw

noun. gift

anw

noun. gift

nan

preposition. of

anha-

verb. to give

en

of the

poss. art. of the.

en

preposition. of the

Changes

• ani → eni ✧ PE17/097
• en(n)a → ena ✧ PE17/097

Derivations

• ✶ān(a) “subjective genitive” ✧ PE17/097

Element in

• S. alae! ered en Echoriath, ered e·mbar nín “[?behold!] the mountains of Echoriath, the mountains of my home!” ✧ UT/040; UT/040; UT/054
• S. Bar-en-Danwedh “House of Ransom” ✧ S/203
• S. Bar-en-Nibin-noeg “House of the Petty Dwarves” ✧ UT/100
• S. Cabed-en-Aras “Deer’s Leap” ✧ UT/150
• S. Cirith Forn en Andrath “High-Climbing Pass of the North”
• S. Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn “Frodo and Sam, princes of the west” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
• S. Dor-en-Ernil “Land of the Prince” ✧ UT/245
• S. Haudh-en-Arwen “Ladybarrow”
• S. Haudh-en-Elleth “Mound of the Elf-maid” ✧ PE17/141; S/216
• S. Haudh-en-Ellas ✧ PE17/097
• S. Haudh-en-Ndengin “Hill of Slain, (lit.) Mound of the Slain”
• S. Haudh-en-Nirnaeth “Mound of Tears” ✧ S/197
• S. i mbair en Ndengin “the houses of the Slain” ✧ PE17/097
• S. mellyn enin Edhellion “*friends of the Elves” ✧ PE17/097
• S. Methed-en-Glad “End of the Wood” ✧ UT/153
• S. Narn en·Êl “*Tale of the Star” ✧ MR/373
• S. Narn e·Dant Gondolin ar Orthad en·Êl “*Tale of the Fall of Gondolin and the Raising of the Star” ✧ MR/373; MR/373
• S. Narn e·Dinúviel “Tale of the Nightingale” ✧ MR/373
• S. Narn e·mbar Hador “*Tale of the House of Hador” ✧ MR/373
• S. Narn e·’Rach Morgoth “Tale of the Curse of Morgoth” ✧ MR/373
• S. paeth e Ngolodhrim “*speech of the Noldor” ✧ PE17/126; PE17/126
• S. Roch-cheruin “Steed of the Lady” ✧ PE17/097
• S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23; VT50/23
• S. Taur e-Ndaedelos “Forest of the Great Fear” ✧ LotR/1134
• S. Taur-en-Faroth “*Forest of the Hunting”
• S. dagnir an Glaurung “slayer of Glaurung” ✧ PE17/097

Variations

• en ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/097; PE17/102; PE17/141; S/197; S/203; S/216; UT/040; UT/100; UT/150; UT/153; UT/245; VT50/23
• en· ✧ MR/373
• an ✧ PE17/097
• ena ✧ PE17/097
• ani ✧ PE17/097 (ani)
• en(n)a ✧ PE17/097 (en(n)a)

na

to

e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2

na

preposition. to

prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2

-ian(d)

suffix. -land, country

A suffix meaning “-land” or “country” appearing often in the names of regions and countries along with its plural variant -ien(d) “-lands”, mentioned in a number of places in Tolkien’s later writings (Let/383; UT/318). In notes from the late 1950s Tolkien derived it from primitive ✶yandē “a wide region or country” from the root √YAN “wide”, which replaced another root √YON of similar meaning (PE17/42-43). In notes having to do with “large & small” words, probably from the late 1960s, Tolkien connected it instead to an apparent adjective S. iand “wide”, still derived from √YAN (PE17/115).

Conceptual Development: This suffix seems to have first appeared in ᴱN. Broseliand in the Lays of Beleriand of the 1920s, precursor to the name S. Beleriand and almost certainly inspired by the legendary medieval French forest Brocéliande. Tolkien used this suffix widely in names starting with Lord of the Rings drafts, but it seems he did not develop a clear etymology for the suffix until quite late. Tolkien himself mentioned the connection between this suffix and the French name Brocéliande in a 1967 letter (Let/383). It is thus an interesting case study in how Tolkien would gradually integrate elements inspired by real-world languages into his Elvish corpus.

Derivations

• ✶yandē “a wide region or country” ✧ PE17/042
  • √YAN “wide, extensive, large, vast, huge; extend” ✧ PE17/042

Element in

• S. Anórien “Sunlending, *(lit.) Sun-lands” ✧ PE17/042; PE17/042
• S. Beleriand “Country of Balar” ✧ PE17/029; PE17/037; PE17/042; PE17/042
• S. Cardolan “?Red Hill Land”
• S. Eryd-wethion “Mountains of the Region of Shadows” ✧ PE17/042
• S. Garthúrian “Hidden Realm”
• S. Ithilien “Land of the Moon” ✧ PE17/042; PE17/042; UT/318
• S. Lórien “*Golden Lands”
• S. Ossiriand “Land of Seven Rivers”
• S. Rochand “Rohan, Horse-country” ✧ Let/382; UT/318
• S. Rohan “Riddermark, (lit.) Horse-country”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶yandē > -iand	[-jandē] > [-jande] > [-iande] > [-iand] > [-iann] > [-ian]	✧ PE17/042
✶yandē > iend	[-jandī] > [-jandi] > [-iandi] > [-iendi] > [-iend] > [-ienn] > [-ien]	✧ PE17/042

Variations

• -and ✧ Let/382; Let/383; UT/318
• an ✧ Let/383
• -ian ✧ PE17/037; PE17/042; PE17/043
• -iand(a) ✧ PE17/037 (-iand(a))
• -iand ✧ PE17/042
• -iann ✧ PE17/115
• (i)and ✧ PE17/170

uin

preposition. of the

i

definite article. the

i

definite article. who

i

the

pl1. in _ art. _the.

i

the

: Singular i (+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see THAT). Apparently ”the” sometimes appears as a suffix -n added to a preposition, e.g. be**<u>n</u>** ”according to <u>the</u>”. This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.

i

article. the

@@@ enclytic Dagor-nuin-Giliath vs. Dagor-nui-Ngiliath

Cognates

• Q. i “the” ✧ PE17/066

Element in

• S. Aerlinn in Edhil o Imladris “*Holy Song of the Elves of Rivendell” ✧ RGEO/62
• S. aglar’ni Pheriannath “glory to the halflings”
• S. anglennatha i Varanduiniant erin dolothen Ethuil “will approach the Bridge of Baranduin on the eighth day of Spring” ✧ SD/129
• S. anno ammen sír i mbas ilaurui vín “give us this day our daily bread” ✧ VT44/24
• S. Annon-in-Gelydh “Gate of the Noldor” ✧ S/238
• S. aran Gondor ar Arnor ar Hîr i Mbair Annui “king of Gondor and Arnor and Lord of the Westlands” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
• S. ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT44/24
• S. ar in Ellath epholar eno vi Eressai “*and the Elves (?remember) still in Eressëa” ✧ VT50/19
• S. Athrad i-Negyth “Ford of the Dwarves” ✧ WJ/338
• S. Bar-in-Mŷl “Home of the Gulls” ✧ WJ/379
• S. Bar-in-Gwael ✧ WJ/418
• S. Caras i-Ngelaidh “City of the Trees” ✧ PE17/060
• S. caro den i innas lin “thy will be done” ✧ VT44/24
• S. Celebrimbor o Eregion teithant i thiw hin “Celebrimbor of Hollin drew these signs” ✧ LotR/0305; PE17/044
• S. i Cirdh Daeron “*the Runes of Daeron” ✧ NM/164
• S. cuio i Pheriain anann “may the Halflings live long” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/102
• S. Dagor-nuin-Giliath “Battle-under-Stars” ✧ S/106
• S. Dor-i-Ndainn “*Land of the Nandor”
• S. Dor i Thuin
• S. Dúnad in Gyrth “Descent of the Dead” ✧ NM/364
• S. Echad i Sedryn “Camp of the Faithful” ✧ UT/153
• S. edregol e aníra tírad i Cherdir Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen) Condir i Drann “in especial he desires to see Master Samwise (who should be called Fullwise) Mayor of the Shire” ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; SD/129; SD/129
• S. Ernil i Pheriannath “Prince of the Halflings” ✧ Let/425; LotR/0768; LotR/0807
• S. Gwaith-i-Mírdain “People of the Jewel Smiths”
• S. Haudh in Gwanûr “*Burial Mound of the Twins” ✧ LotR/1054
• S. i arben na megil and “Knight of the Long Sword” ✧ PE17/147
• S. i chîn Húrin “*the children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/18
• S. i glinn hen agorer Edain mi Velerian, ach hí in Ellath îr ed epholar “*this song Men made in Beleriand, but now the Elves alone (?remember) it” ✧ VT50/12; VT50/15; VT50/15; VT50/12; VT50/15
• S. i mbair en Ndengin “the houses of the Slain” ✧ PE17/097
• S. i·Veleglind i eithro en estar i·Chîn Húrin “*the Great Song that is also called the Children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/12; VT50/12
• S. Men-i-Naugrim “Dwarf Road, (lit.) Way of the Dwarves” ✧ NM/372; UT/280
• S. Narn i Chîn Húrin “Tale of the Children of Húrin” ✧ MR/373; S/198; UT/057
• S. naur dan i ngaurhoth “*fire against the wolf-horde” ✧ LotR/0299; PE17/039
• S. Nern in Adanath “Legendarium of the Fathers of Men” ✧ MR/373
• S. Nern in Edenedair “Legendarium of the Fathers of Men” ✧ MR/373
• S. Nîn-in-Eilph “Swanfleet, Waterlands of the Swans” ✧ NM/378
• S. no aer i eneth lín “hallowed be thy name” ✧ VT44/24
• S. ónen i-Estel Edain “I gave Hope to the Dúnedain” ✧ LotR/1061
• S. os i Veleglinn i edain agorer vi Veleriann “*from the Great Song that men made in Beleriand” ✧ VT50/18
• S. Ost-in-Edhil “Fortress of the Eldar” ✧ SA/edhel
• S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23; VT50/23
• S. Taur-i-Melegyrn “Forest of the Great Trees” ✧ WJI/Taur-i-Melegyrn
• S. Tawar-in-Drúedain “Drúadan Forest” ✧ UT/319
• S. Tol-in-Gaurhoth “Isle of Werewolves” ✧ UT/054
• S. tolo i arnad lín “thy kingdom come” ✧ VT44/24

Variations

• i ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; Let/425; Let/448; LotR/0299; NM/164; NM/372; PE17/039; PE17/044; PE17/044; PE17/066; S/198; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; UT/280; VT44/24; VT50/12; VT50/18; VT50/18; VT50/23; WJ/338
• i- ✧ LotR/1061; LotR/1114
• in ✧ NM/364
• i· ✧ PE17/147
• ir ✧ VT50/23

i

the

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. – The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see

o

from

(od), followed by hard mutation; with article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by mixed mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366) Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning” (q.v. for this meaning of ”of”). 2) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 3)

an

to the, for the

(for) + i (the).

an

for

(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni ”for the” (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

for

(adverbial prefix) an-

an

for

(+ nasal mutation), with article ’ni ”for the” (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

for the

(for) + i (the).

an

to

(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

to

(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)

an

to

(+ nasal mutation), with article ’ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

to the

(for) + i (the).

ant

gift

ant, pl. aint, coll. pl. annath. Also ann (-an at the end of compounds), pl. ain.

ant

gift

pl. aint, coll. pl. annath. Also ann (-an at the end of compounds), pl. ain.

n

that

added to a preposition, e.g. ben ”according to the”.  This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

ammen

for us

(to us).

ammen

to us

(for us)

en

of the

e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

en

of the

e- (sg. genitival article)

en

of the

en-, e- (sg. genitival article): interjection

en

of the

en-, e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.

na

to, toward

1) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 2)

na

to, toward

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

ada

daddy

ada (pl. edai)

ada

daddy

(pl. edai)

uin

from the, of the

.

han-

verb. to give

Derivations

• √HAN “add to, increase, enhance, enrich, honour (especially by gift); give” ✧ PE22/163

-o

suffix. of

Cognates

• Q. -o “of; genitive ending” ✧ WJ/369

u

preposition. to

Element in

• Bs. Uglúk u bagronk sha pushdug Saruman-glob búbhosh skai “Uglúk to the cesspool, sha! the dungfilth, the great Saruman-fool, skai; Uglúk to torture chamber with stinking Saruman-filth, dung-heap, skai” ✧ LotR/0445; PE17/078; PM/083

yô Reconstructed

noun. gift

An element in the name Yôzâyan “Land of Gift” (UT/184, SD/241). The final element of this name is zâyan “land”, so its initial element yô most likely means “gift”, as suggested by several authors (AAD/24, AL/Adûnaic, EotAL/YAW), though Andreas Moehn points out this word could have the form yôz instead (EotAL/YAW).

Element in

• Ad. Yôzâyan “Land of Gift”

-ul

suffix. of

Element in

• Kh. Azanulbizar “Dimrill Dale, (lit.) Rills of the Shadows” ✧ RC/269

Variations

• |ul ✧ PE17/047

annā

noun. gift

Derivations

• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus”

Derivatives

• Q. anna “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, *present” ✧ SA/anna
• S. ann “gift” ✧ PE17/090

Element in

• ✶Melyanna “Dear Gift”
• S. Melian “Dear Gift” ✧ SA/anna

Variations

• anna ✧ SA/anna

am-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

• √AMA “addition, increase, plus”

Derivatives

• Q. amba “more” ✧ PE17/090
• Q. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092

Variations

• am ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092; PE17/092
• an- ✧ PE17/092
• añ ✧ PE17/092

na/ana

root. to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus

The root √ANA was connected to “giving” and “movement toward” for much of Tolkien’s life. The root first appeared as ᴱ√ANA “give, send towards” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, and in this period was the basis for words like ᴱQ. anta-/G. antha- “give” and ᴱQ. ana “to(wards)” (QL/31; GL/19). The root reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√ANA with an inverted variant ᴹ√NĀ¹ “to, towards”; the most notable derivative of this inverted form was N. na “with, by” (Ety/ANA¹, NĀ¹). In the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa from the 1930s (TQ1), √AN was given as one of the primary examples of the inversion of roots, where √AN(A) was originally a “biconsontal root” (²√) with a vocalic beginning, and the inverted form √NA was an abnormal vocalization of the basic root (PE18/38).

This same example of inversion was used in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa from around 1950 (TQ2: PE18/88), and this invertible root appeared regularly in Tolkien’s later writings almost always with glosses like “to, towards, motion to”. There were a few instances in which Tolkien explored some alternate meanings for the root, however. In Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s Tolkien said that:

> It is true that in Q. na appears with sense “to”, but this at nearest means “towards, to a position near, alongside” ... The original sense of Eldarin ana was plainly “at side of, alongside, besides”, hence also “moreover, in addition, plus” (seen in use of an- as an intensive prefix), and so an or na in some languages has the sense “along with, with, accompanied by, provided with, associated with” and the like (PE21/79).

Likewise in Quenya Notes from 1957 (QN) Tolkien said:

> √ANA/NĀ, to, towards — added to, plu-. Quenya verbal prefix ana, na-, as in napan-, add. an­ “plu-”, intensive prefix, arcalima, preeminently bright, ancalima, very bright ... S an, dative chiefly with pronouns or persons. < ana, hence vocalic mutation, but takes form m before m, b. ✱ to, for (PE17/146-7).

In this note Tolkien went on to explore various non-allative meanings associated with the root such as the conjugation/adverb Q. an “for, then, or, but” and prepositions S. na(n) “with” vs. S. na “to, towards”, differing mainly in the mutations they cause (nasal versus soft). It seems the association of this root with both the intensive an- and words like Q. an “for; moreover” and S. na(n) “with” motivated Tolkien to find a more nuanced meaning for the root. This likewise probably motivated Tolkien to explore an alternate basis for the intensive prefix in the mid-1960s, deriving it from √AMA rather than √AN (PE17/90-94).

Neo-Eldarin: For Neo-Eldarin, I prefer to retain an- as the basis for intensives in both Quenya and Sindarin, and thus I think it is best to retain the extended meanings of √AN from the 1950s to include senses like “add to, more” and “up to the side of”, hence by extension “alongside” becoming (in S.) “with, accompanying, possessing, having the trait of” as in S. na(n) “of, with”.

Derivatives

• ✶annā “gift”
  • Q. anna “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, *present” ✧ SA/anna
  • S. ann “gift” ✧ PE17/090
• ✶antā- “to give, cause a thing/person to go to an object, send, to give, cause a thing/person to go to an object, send, [ᴹ✶] present” ✧ PE17/091; PE22/163
  • Q. anta- “to give, present; †to add to” ✧ PE17/091; PE22/163
  • Q. anna “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, *present” ✧ PE22/163
  • S. anna- “to give, †add to” ✧ PE17/093
• ✶-na “to; allative”
  • Q. -n “dative” ✧ VT49/14
  • Q. -nna “(movement) to, towards, onto, at (arriving at a point); allative suffix” ✧ PE21/79; VT49/14
• Q. an “for, but, then, or; moreover, furthermore” ✧ PE17/146
• Q. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/146; PE21/79
• Q. an(a) “to, towards, to a point near, alongside, to, towards, to a point near, alongside; [ᴱQ.] until” ✧ PE17/146; PE21/79
• ᴺQ. ana- “to, towards”
• Q. ana- “to, towards” ✧ PE17/147
• Q. ando “gate, [great] door; †entrances, approaches” ✧ PE17/040
• Q. anna “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, *present” ✧ PE17/091; PE17/146
• Q. anta- “to give, present; †to add to” ✧ PE17/146
  • Q. anna “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, *present” ✧ PE22/163
• Q. anya- “to reach, go to, arrive at” ✧ PE22/157; PE22/163
• Q. na- “plu-” ✧ PE17/146
• Q. -nna “(movement) to, towards, onto, at (arriving at a point); allative suffix” ✧ PE17/146; PE17/147
• S. an “to, for, to, for; [N. and G.] of” ✧ PE17/146
• S. anna- “to give, †add to” ✧ PE17/091; PE17/146
• S. annon “(great) gate, door” ✧ PE17/040
• S. na “to, towards, at” ✧ PE17/146
• S. na(n) “of; with, along with, accompanied by, provided with or by, associated with, marked with, of; provided with or by, associated with, marked with, with, along with, accompanied by; [N.] by” ✧ PE17/082

Element in

• Q. am(be)na “nearer to” ✧ PE17/091
• Q. anta- “to give, present; †to add to”
• ᴺQ. nalanta- “to attack, (lit.) fall upon”

Variations

• ANA ✧ PE17/040; PE17/091; PE17/147
• ANA/NĀ ✧ PE17/082; PE17/145; PE17/146; PE17/147
• ANA/NA ✧ PE17/091; PE17/147; PE21/79
• AN/NĀ ✧ PE17/147 (AN/NĀ)
• NA ✧ PE17/166; PE18/085 (NA)
• NĀ ✧ PE17/166
• AN(A) ✧ PE18/085 (AN(A))
• an/na ✧ PE18/088; VT48/25
• nā̆ ✧ PE18/088
• an ✧ PE22/157
• ana/na ✧ PE22/163
• a|na ✧ PE22/168

mō

noun. person

Derivatives

• Q. mo “one, anyone, someone, somebody”

Element in

• ✶Elmō “Venus”

an

preposition. of

Element in

• N. anann “long”
• N. Bair Nestad “Houses of Healing” ✧ WR/379 (Berin a Nestad)
• N. Ernil a Pheriannath “Prince of the Halflings” ✧ WR/287
• N. Rath a Chelerdain “Street of the Lampwrights” ✧ WR/388

ant

noun. gift

ant

noun. gift

Changes

• ann → ant ✧ Ety/ANA¹

Cognates

• ᴹQ. anna “gift” ✧ Ety/ANA¹

Derivations

• ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards” ✧ Ety/ANA¹

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ANA¹ > ant	[anta] > [antʰa] > [anθa] > [anθ] > [ant]	✧ Ety/ANA¹

Variations

• ann ✧ EtyAC/ANA¹ (ann)

nan

preposition. of

-ian(d)

suffix. -land

Element in

• N. Anórien
• N. Beleriand
• N. Brethilian(d) “Forest of Brethil”
• N. Geleidhien “Land of the Gnomes”
• N. Ithilien “*Moon Lands”
• N. Ossiriand “Land of Seven Rivers”

anna-

verb. to give

Cognates

• ᴹQ. anta- “to give” ✧ Ety/ANA¹

Derivations

• ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards” ✧ Ety/ANA¹

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ANA¹ > anno	[anta-] > [antʰa-] > [anθa-] > [anna-]	✧ Ety/ANA¹

a-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

• ᴹ✶a- ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹ√A “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/N

Element in

• N. afarch “arid, very dry” ✧ EtyAC/N
• N. ongol “stench” ✧ EtyAC/N

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶a- > a	[a]	✧ EtyAC/N

Variations

• a ✧ EtyAC/N

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14

i

definite article. the

i

definite article. who

i

article. the

Cognates

• ᴹQ. i “the” ✧ Ety/I¹

Derivations

• ᴹ√I “that (deictic particle); [ᴱ√] here it is, root of relatives” ✧ Ety/I¹

Element in

• N. Celebrimbor o Eregion teithant i thíw thin “Celebrimbor of Hollin drew these signs” ✧ TI/182
• N. Cerch iMbelain “Sickle of the Gods” ✧ Ety/KIRIK
• N. cuio i Pheriain anann “long live the halflings” ✧ SD/046
• N. Dagor nuin Giliath “Battle-under-Stars”
• N. Dor Firn i Guinar “Land of the Dead that Live”
• N. Gwerth-i-Cuina “(Land of) the Dead that Live”
• N. Gyrth-i-Guinar “Dead that Live”
• N. gurth i Morthu “*death (of) ?Sauron” ✧ RS/186
• N. har na ond i mid “stand by the grey stone” ✧ AotH/056
• N. Hobas in Elf “*Harbourage of the Swans” ✧ Ety/KHOP
• N. iChúrinien “The Children of Húrin”
• N. i vegli vorn “the black bear” ✧ PE22/033
• N. lheben teil brann i annon ar neledh neledhi gar godrebh “five foot high the door and three may walk abreast” ✧ TAI/150
• N. Mîr in Geleidh “*Jewel of the Gnomes”
• N. naur ad i gaurhoth “*fire against the wolf-horde” ✧ TI/187
• N. Pennas inGeleidh “History of the Gnomes” ✧ LR/201

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√I > i-	[i]	✧ Ety/I¹

Variations

• i- ✧ Ety/I¹