ai

conjunction. suppose, supposing (”the ’nearer’ particle”)

ai

adverb. supposing, suppose, maybe, supposing, suppose, maybe; *any

@@@ The gloss “any” was suggested by Tamas Ferencz and Robert Reynolds based on aiquen “if anybody, whoever”. NQNT also uses aiquen in the sense “anybody”.

Cognates

• S. aen “*should, could”

Derivations

• ✶ai “supposing” ✧ PE22/139

Element in

• ᴺQ. ailumë “anytime”
• ᴺQ. aima “anything, whatever”
• ᴺQ. aiqua “anything, whatever”
• ᴺQ. aimanen “however”
• ᴺQ. ainima “any kind of”
• ᴺQ. ainomë “anyplace, anywhere”
• Q. (ai)que kestanellen, (ai) tullenye “if you had asked me, I should have come” ✧ PE22/138 ({(au)que >>} (ai)que kestanellen, (ai) tullenye); PE22/138 ({(au)que >>} (ai)que kestanellen, (ai) tullenye)
• Q. aiquen “if anybody, whoever, if anybody, whoever, [ᴺQ.] anybody”
• ᴺQ. aitë “of some sort, of any sort”
• Q. [[q|aite[?] kestallen]] “now, suppose, you ask me” ✧ PE22/138
• Q. [[q|aite[?] kestuvallen, tuluvanye]] “now supposing you asked me, a thing unlikely {or ridiculous} to suppose...” ✧ PE22/138
• Q. ai tulinye sinar (entan) “I may come today (tomorrow)” ✧ PE22/138 (ai tulinye sinar (entan))
• Q. ai tuluvanye “I may come” ✧ PE22/138 (ai tuluvanye)
• ᴺQ. ailumë “sometimes, at times”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ai > ai	[ai]	✧ PE22/139

Variations

• ai ✧ PE22/138

ai

interjection. ah, alas

Element in

• Q. ai! laurië lantar lassi súrinen “ah! like gold fall the leaves in the wind” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ai! lassi lantar laurië súrinen “ah! leaves fall golden in [by means of] the wind” ✧ RGEO/58

Variations

• Ai! ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58; RGEO/58
• ai! ✧ PE17/061

ai!

ah!

ai! interjection "Ah!", "Alas!" (Nam, RGEO:66; also twice in Narqelion, untranslated.) In one (abandoned) version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien may seem to use ai as a vocative particle: ai Ataremma ?"o our Father" (VT43:10, 13)

aia

hail

aia interjection "hail", variant of aiya (VT43:28)

aia

interjection. hail

nai

ill, grievously, abominably

nai (2) prefix "ill, grievously, abominably" (PE17:151), cf. naiquet-. Earlier material also lists an interjection nai "alas" _(NAY; this may be obsoleted by # 1 above; _Namárië uses ai! in a similar sense)

a

interjection. O, Oh

Element in

• Q. a Aina Fairë, Eru órava (o)messë “God, the Holy Spirit, have mercy on us” ✧ VT44/15
• Q. a Aina Maria arca atarmë “Holy Mary, pray for us” ✧ VT44/15
• Q. a Aina Neldië Eru Er órava (o)messë “Holy Trinity, one God, have mercy on us” ✧ VT44/15
• Q. a Eruion Mardorunando, Eru órava (o)messë “God, the Son, Redeemer of the world, have mercy on us” ✧ VT44/15
• Q. a Hrísto órava ómessë “Christ, have mercy on us” ✧ VT44/15
• Q. alcarin Vendë ar manaquenta “O glorious and blessed Virgin” ✧ VT44/07 (á Véne’ alcare ar manquenta)
• Q. Átaremma i ëa han Eä “our Father who art in Heaven” ✧ VT43/13; VT43/13
• Q. a Túrin Turambar turún’ ambartanen “[O] master of doom by doom mastered” ✧ S/223; UT/138
• Q. a vanimar, vanimálion nostari “O beautiful ones, parents of beautiful children” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0981

Variations

• A ✧ Let/448; LotR/0981; S/223; UT/138; VT43/13; VT44/15
• Ai ✧ VT43/13
• á ✧ VT44/07

aiya

hail

aiya interjection "hail", as greeting (LotR2:IV ch. 9, see Letters:385 for translation), or a call "for help and attention" (PE17:89), "only addressed to great or holy persons as the Valar, or to Earendil" (PE17:149). Variant aia (VT43:28)

alassë

hail

[alassë (2) interjection "hail" or "bless", evidently a synonym of the greeting alar!, q.v. (VT45:26)]

i

pronoun. that

-na

suffix. slain

A shorter ending -na also occurs, e.g. nahtana "slain" (VT49:24); the example hastaina "marred" would suggest that *nahtaina is equally possible. In the example aistana "blessed" (VT43:30), -na may be preferred to -ina for euphonic reasons, to avoid creating a second diphthong ai where one already occurs in the previous syllable (*aistaina). In PE17:68, the ending -ina is said to be "aorist" (unmarked as regards time and aspect); the same source states that the shorter ending -na is "no longer part of verbal conjugation", though it obviously survives in many words that are maybe now to be considered independent adjectives. See -na #4.

nanca

slain

nanca adj. *"slain" (PE17:68); see -na

sa

conjunction. that

ta

that, it

ta (1) pron. "that, it" (TA); compare antaróta** "he gave it" (FS); see anta-. The forms tar/tara/tanna "thither", talo/tó "thence" and tás/tassë* "there" are originally inflected forms of this pronoun: "to that", "from that" and "in that" (place), respectively. Compare "there" as one gloss of ta (see #4).

ala

hail, blessed be (thou)

[ala (6) (also alar! or alla!) interjection "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5,14)]

man

who

man pron. "who" (Nam, RGEO:67, FS, LR:59, Markirya, MC:213, 214); cf. PM:357 note 18, where a reference is made to the Eldarin interrogative element ma, man). However, man is translated "what" in LR:59: man-ië? "what is it?" (LR:59; the stative-verb suffix -ië_ is hardly valid in LotR-style Quenya) _Either Tolkien later adjusted the meaning of the word, or man covers both "who" and "what". Cf. also mana, manen.

man

pronoun. who, who; [ᴹQ.] what

Element in

• Q. man cenuva fána cirya? “Who shall see a white ship?” ✧ MC/221
• Q. man cenuva lumbor ahosta? “Who shall see the clouds gather?” ✧ MC/222; MC/222
• Q. man cenuva métim’ andúnë? “Who shall see the last evening?” ✧ MC/222; MC/222
• Q. man hlaruva rávëa súrë? “Who shall hear the wind roaring?” ✧ MC/222
• Q. man tiruva fána cirya? “Who shall heed a white ship?” ✧ MC/222
• Q. man tiruva rácina cirya? “Who shall heed a broken ship?” ✧ MC/222
• ᴺQ. manwa “whose”
• Q. sí man i yulma nin enquantuva? “who now shall refill the cup for me?” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. sí man i yulma nin enquantuva? “now who the cup for me will refill?” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. sí man i yulmar men enquantuva? “*who now shall refill the cups for us?” ✧ Minor-Doc/2013-05-13
• Q. sí man i yulmar n(g)wen enquantuva “*who now will refill the cups for us (dual)” ✧ VT21/06

Elements

Word	Gloss
ma	“interrogative particle”

Variations

• Men ✧ MC/221
• Man ✧ MC/222; MC/222; MC/222; MC/222; MC/222
• man- ✧ PE17/068
• mán ✧ RGEO/58

alar!

hail, blessed be (thou)

[alar! (also ala and alla!) interjection "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5,14, 26)]

alla!

hail, blessed be (thou)

[alla! (also alar! or ala) interjection "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5, 14)] PE17:146 cites alla "hail, welcome" as a variant (occurring within the imaginary world) of aiya.

i, antevokaliskt in

conjunction. that

ne

that

ne (2) conj. "that" (as in "I know that you are here") (PE14:54), evidently replaced by i in Tolkiens later Quenya (see i #3).

orro

interjection. alas!

sana

that

savin elessar ar <u>i</u> nánë aran ondórëo

that

i (3) conj. "that". Savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo "I believe that Elessar really existed and that [he] was a king of Gondor" (VT49:27), savin…i E[lesarno] quetië naitë *"I believe that Elessars speaking [is] true" (VT49:28) Also cf. nai, nái "be it that" (see nai #1), which may seem to incorporate this conjunction.

tana

that

tana (1) demonstrative "that" (said to be "anaphoric") (TA). According to VT49:11, tana is the adjective corresponding to ta, "that" as a pronoun.

tana

that

Element in

• Q. tambë “*as, so”

Elements

Word	Gloss
ta	“that, there, that, there, [ᴹQ.] it”

Variations

• tănā ✧ VT49/11

tanya

that

tanya demonstrative "that" (MC:215; this is "Qenya", perhaps corresponding to later tana)

yana

that

yana demonstrative "that" (the former) (YA)

pícë

upon

pícë ("k") prep.? "upon" (???) (MC:214; this is "Qenya")

cíta-

suppose

#cíta- ("k")vb. "suppose", cited in the 1st pers. aorist: cítan "I suppose" (VT49:19)

quista-

verb. suppose, inquire

men

who

men (3) pron. "who", evidently a misreading or miswriting for man (MC:221, in Markirya)

ye

who

ye (1) singular personal relative pronoun "who", maybe also object "whom" (plural form i). Compare the impersonal form ya. Also attested in the genitive and the ablative cases: yëo and yello, both translated "from whom" (though the former would also mean *"whose, of whom"). (VT47:21)

ye

pronoun. who

Derivations

• √YA “*there, over there; (of time) back, ago, [ᴹ√] there, over there; (of time) back, ago”

Element in

• Q. yello camnelyes “from whom you received him” ✧ VT47/21
• Q. yenna leltanelyes “to whom you sent him” ✧ VT47/21

helexë

noun. hail

A neologism for “hail” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT) derived from the root √KHELEK, likely modeled after caraxë < √KARAK.

Derivations

• √KHELEK “ice”

ai

pronoun. for those who

ai

interjection. ah!

Though attested in LotR, this word might relate to ae.1 , with the regular change from ai to ae between Noldorin and Sindarin

ai

interjection. 'hail!'

interj. 'hail!', or less formally 'ha there you are'. Ai na vedui Dúnadan. Mae g'ovannen. 'Ah! At last, Dúnadan ! Well met !'.

ai

interjection. hail!, hail, [ᴱN.] cry of pain or woe, [G.] oh!

Cognates

• Q. aiya “hail; behold, lo”

Element in

• S. ai na vedui Dúnadan “Ah! at last, Dúnadan!” ✧ LotR/0209; PE17/016

Variations

• Ai ✧ LotR/0209
• ai ✧ PE17/016

ai

pronoun. *those who

Changes

• ayath → ay ✧ VT44/22
• ay → ai ✧ VT44/30

Element in

• S. sui mín i gohenam di ai gerir úgerth ammen “as we forgive those who trespass against us” ✧ VT44/30

Variations

• ayath ✧ VT44/22 (ayath)
• ay ✧ VT44/22 (ay)
• ai ✧ VT44/30

a

interjection. o

interj. o. A Elbereth Gilthoniel 'O Elbereth Who lit the Stars'.

a

interjection. O!

Element in

• S. ae Adar nín i vi Menel “our Father who [art] in Heaven” ✧ VT44/22
• S. a Elbereth Gilthoniel “o Elbereth who lit the stars” ✧ LotR/0238; LotR/0729; RGEO/63; RGEO/64; RGEO/64
• S. a Hîr Annûn Gilthoniel “*oh Lady of the West, Star-kindler” ✧ LB/354
• S. a tiro nin, Fanuilos “o guard me, Elbereth” ✧ LotR/0729; RGEO/64

Variations

• A ✧ LB/354; LotR/0238; LotR/0729; LotR/0729; RGEO/63; RGEO/64; RGEO/64; RGEO/64
• a ✧ Let/279
• Ae ✧ VT44/22

dangen

adjective. slain

An adjective for “slain” derived from primitive ✶dankĭna (PE17/133), best known from its (mutated plural) appearance in the name Haudh-en-Ndengin “Hill of Slain” (S/197). N. dangen “slain” also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√NDAK “slay” (Ety/NDAK). This adjective is likely the passive participle of the verb dag- “to slay”.

Conceptual Development: A similar adjective ᴱN. danc “killed in battle” appeared in the Early Qenya Phonology of the 1920s, also related to ᴱN. dag- “slay” (PE14/66).

Cognates

• north S. dachen “slain” ✧ PE17/133

Derivations

• ✶dankĭna “slain” ✧ PE17/133

Element in

• S. Haudh-en-Ndengin “Hill of Slain, (lit.) Mound of the Slain” ✧ PE17/133
• S. i mbair en Ndengin “the houses of the Slain” ✧ PE17/097

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶dankĭna > daŋχen > danghen > dangen	[daŋkina] > [daŋkʰina] > [daŋxina] > [daŋxena] > [daŋxen] > [daŋgen]	✧ PE17/133
✶dankĭna > nenghin	[daŋkini] > [daŋkʰini] > [daŋxini] > [deŋxini] > [deŋxin] > [deŋgin]	✧ PE17/133

ae

interjection. O!

han

that

pl1. hain _pron. _that, the thing previously mentioned. Tolkien notes "hain = heinn (< san-)" (PE17:42). Im Narvi hain echant 'I Narvi made them'.

san

pronoun. that

Derivations

• ✶san- “that” ✧ PE17/042

Element in

• S. im Narvi hain echant “I, Narvi, made them” ✧ LotR/0305; PE17/042

ai!

hail

! (interjection) ai! _(according to one interpretation of Glorfindel_s cry ai na vedui, Dúnadan!)

ai!

hail

(according to one interpretation of Glorfindel’s cry ai na vedui, Dúnadan!)

a

o

;  O Elbereth Gilthoniel A Elbereth Gilthoniel. The alternative form ae may be used when the next word begins in a: Ae Adar nín, O my Father (VT44:23). By another theory, ae represents a + the definite article i (✱a i Adar nín "o the Father of mine").

i

that

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. gyrth i chuinar ”dead that live [cuinar]”, Letters:417). Sometimes i (+ soft mutation) is used in the singular as well. – The form ai (following by lenition) occurs in the phrase di ai gerir ✱”those who do” (VT44:23). Possibly it is a form of the relative pronoun that is used when the previous word ends in -i. Whether ai is both sg. and pl. is unclear; in its one attestation it is followed by a plural verb that is lenited.

dag

slain

(passive participle of dag- "slay", but treated almost like a derived noun) dangen (i nangen, o ndangen), pl. dengin (i ndengin; the spelling "in-ndengin" occurs in the Silmarillion). Compare SLAY.

dag

slain

"slay", but treated almost like a derived noun) dangen (i nangen, o ndangen), pl. dengin* (i ndengin*; the spelling "in-ndengin" occurs in the Silmarillion). Compare

alae!

ah

! (interjection) alae!

alae!

ah

am

upon

(prep.) am (probably followed by soft mutation)

am

upon

(probably followed by soft mutation)

sa

pronoun. that

Derivations

• ✶sa “3 sg. neuter [it], the thing, impersonal; this by me, [ᴱ√] demonstrative”

lhaew

ill

*lhaew (sick, sickly), lenited ?thlaew or ?laew (the lenition product of lh is uncertain); no distinct pl. form. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thloew, flaew.

lhaew

ill

(sick, sickly), lenited ?thlaew or ?laew (the lenition product of lh is uncertain); no distinct pl. form. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thloew, flaew.

nae

alas

(interjection) nae

nae

alas

taw

that

(demonstrative pronoun) ?taw. _Only the ”Old Noldorin” form tó is actually given in LR:389 s.v. _

taw

pronoun. that

Derivations

• √TA “that, there, then; demonstrative”

taw

that

. Only the ”Old Noldorin” form tó is actually given in LR:389 s.v.

aya

preposition. upon

Element in

• Kh. Khazâd ai-mênu “the Dwarves are upon you!” ✧ LotR/0534; LotR/1132; PE17/085; WR/020

Variations

• ai ✧ LotR/0534; LotR/1132

ai

adverb. supposing

Derivatives

• Q. ai “supposing, suppose, maybe, supposing, suppose, maybe; *any” ✧ PE22/139

dankĭna

adjective. slain

Derivatives

• north S. dachen “slain” ✧ PE17/133
• S. dangen “slain” ✧ PE17/133

kwi

root. suppose

A root Tolkien introduced in the late 1960s with the gloss “suppose”, appearing beside √KE “maybe” (PE22/158). It also had an extended (verbal) form √KWIS “inquire, suppose” in this same document. This late root may have been a restoration of much earlier ᴱ√IQI “request, ask for” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, whose derivatives had to do with requests and requirements (QL/43).

The roots √KWI and √KE were in competition in the late 1960s as the basis for “if” words in hypthotheticals; see the entry on √KE/EKE for these alternatives.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin I think it is best to use √KWI for “if” and √KE for “maybe”; I also think √KWI(S) “inquire” can be used to justify the restoration of some of the derivatives of early ᴱ√IQI, via a hypothetical Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√IKWI(S) “request, ask for”.

Derivatives

• Q. qui “if” ✧ PE22/158; VT49/19
• Q. quiquië “whenever”
• ᴺS. pi “if”

Element in

• √KWIS “inquire, suppose”

Variations

• KWI- ✧ PE22/158
• kwi- ✧ VT49/19

-imā

suffix. possibility

Derivatives

• Q. -ima “-able, possibility, -able, [ᴹQ.] -ible, able to be done, [ᴱQ.] possible” ✧ PE22/137

Element in

• ᴺ✶. askōlimā “equivalent, (lit.) beside-bear-able”
• ✶kārimā “able to be done, feasible” ✧ PE22/137
• ✶matˢtimā “edible” ✧ PE22/137

Variations

• imā ✧ PE22/137

san-

noun. that

Derivatives

• S. san “that” ✧ PE17/042

ai

interjection. hail

Element in

• N. Ai, Du-finnion ✧ RS/361
• N. Ai, Padathir, Padathir “Hail, Trotter, Trotter” ✧ RS/198

Variations

• Ai ✧ RS/198; RS/361

dangen

noun. slain

dangen

adjective. slain

Derivations

• ᴹ√(N)DAK “slay” ✧ Ety/NDAK

Element in

• N. Haudh-na-Dengin “Hill of Slain” ✧ Ety/NDAK
• N. Amon Dengin “Hill of Slain”
• N. Cûm-na-Dengin “Mound of Slain”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√NDAK > dangen	[ndaŋkina] > [ndaŋkʰina] > [ndaŋxina] > [daŋxina] > [daŋxena] > [daŋxen] > [daŋgen]	✧ Ety/NDAK
ᴹ√NDAK > Ndengin	[ndaŋkini] > [ndaŋkʰini] > [ndaŋxini] > [daŋxini] > [deŋxini] > [deŋxin] > [deŋgin]	✧ Ety/NDAK

nae

interjection. alas

nae

interjection. alas

Cognates

• ᴹQ. nai “alas” ✧ Ety/NAY

Derivations

• ᴹ√NAY “lament” ✧ Ety/NAY

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√NAY > nae, nae	[nai] > [nae]	✧ Ety/NAY

Variations

• nae, nae ✧ Ety/NAY