tol

root. stick up or out, stand up (out and above neighboring things), raise the head

This was the root for islands and other things that “stick up” for much of Tolkien’s life. This root appeared as unglossed ᴱ√TOLO in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. tol “an island”, ᴱQ. tolda “hill with a flat top; town on a hill”, and ᴱQ. tolmen “boss (of shield), isolated round hill” (QL/94). The derivative G. tol “an isle (with high steep coasts)” appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon as well (GL/71). The root appeared as ᴹ√TOL in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives ᴹQ. tol/N. toll “island” (Ety/TOL²); the alternate root ᴹ√TOL was the basis for words for “eight” in this document. The root was mentioned several times in writings on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s, with glosses like “stand up (out and above neighboring things)” (VT47/10) or “stick up or out” (VT47/28), and Tolkien said it:

> mostly applied to things that were, relatively to those that they were contrasted with, also larger and thicker: e.g. mountain-tops, very tall trees, or a tall strong man (VT47/10).

In this last respected it was the basis for various words for “thumb” and “big toe”, and could be contrasted with √TIL used for the tips of smaller things, including the smaller fingers and toes. √TOL also had extended form √TOLOB with derivative ✶tolbā “a protuberance, esp. one designed for a purpose: a knob or rounded tool-handle” (VT47/11), and in these 1960s documents (unlike in the 1930s) it was the basis for the root √TOLOD “eight” due to the prominence of the middle finger (finger 3 and 8) in counting (VT47/11).

tolod

root. eight

The earliest Elvish words for “eight” were ᴱQ. {ungo >>} umna and G. {ung >>} uvin in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/75), but in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s it became ᴱQ. {telte >>} tolto (PE14/49). In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave the root ᴹ√TOL-OTH/OT “eight” as the basis for ᴹQ. tolto and N. toloth of the same meaning (Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT); in this document it was distinct from ᴹ√TOL which was the basis for “island” words.

In documents on Elvish numbers from the late 1960s, Tolkien vacillated between √TOLOTH (VT42/30 note #52), √TOLOT (VT42/24; VT47/31) and √TOLOD (VT47/11) for the form of this root, but in the more polished versions of these documents he seems to have settled on √TOLOD > Q. toldo, S. toloð (VT48/6). In this last iteration, Tolkien connected the root √TOLOD to the root √TOL “stick up” due to the prominence of the middle fingers (3 and 8) in counting (VT47/11); see the entry on √TOL for discussion.

tollă

noun. island

tolya

adjective. prominent

tolokwe

cardinal. eighteen

appears among Q. forms but seems to be CE

toltoya

ordinal. 8th

tolu-

verb. to stand up

tolot

root. eight

tolu

verb. stand up

toli

root. *doll

graw Reconstructed

root. [unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart

This root appeared as a primitive form grawa serving as the basis of the word Q. roa “bear” >> “dog” in notes on monosyllabic roots from 1968 (VT47/35); a Sindarin derivative S. graw “bear” appeared in other notes written around the same time (VT47/12). Patrick Wynne suggested that in the sense “bear” grawa might be connected to the root ᴹ√GRAWA “dark, swart” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/GRAWA).

kyulmā

noun. mast

lemek

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Outline of Phonology from the early 1950s illustrating certain phonetic combinations (PE19/98), and therefore possibly not a “real” root.

phut

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root appearing in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) as an etymological variation of √PUT (PE18/90).

sal

root. [unglossed], *harp(ing), lyre

The unglossed root ᴱ√SALA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. salma “lyre, small harp” and ᴱQ. salumbe “harping, music” (QL/81). The root √SAL appeared again Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the early 1950s to illustrate the reformed perfect form of its verb Q. asálie (PE22/132), but since these later forms are unglossed it is unclear whether they have the same meaning (“✱harp(ing)”) as the earlier version of the root.

stuk

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in a rejected section of the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, serving to illustration certain phonetic developments: ✶stuknā > Q. thúna (PE19/86).

tig

root. [unglossed]

A root appearing in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as the basis for the verb Q. tinga- “go (for a long while)” (PE22/157). The etymology was marked with an “X” and so was probably a transient idea (PE22/157 note #70).

towo

noun. wool

tul-

verb. come, is coming, has come, is here

tol

island, isle

tol noun "island, isle" (rising with sheer sides from the sea or from the river, SA:tol, VT47:26). In early "Qenya", the word was defined as "island, any rise standing alone in water, plain of green, etc" (LT1:269). The stem is toll-; the Etymologies as published in LR gives the pl. "tolle" (TOL2), but this is a misreading for tolli (see VT46:19 and compare LT1:85). The primitive form of tol is variously cited as ¤tolla (VT47:26) and ¤tollo (TOL2).

tol

noun. island, (steep) isle

toldo

toldo

toldo, see tolto

tollo

tollo

tollo, variant of tolyo, q.v. (VT48:6, 16)

tolvo

tolvo

*tolvo, see tolbo

tol eressëa

place name. Lonely Isle

Easternmost outpost of the land of Valinor (S/59). This name is a combination of tol “island” and eressëa “lonely”, though the island was sometimes simply called Eressëa. It may be that this island was sometimes still reachable by mortals after the world was bent and the lands of Aman were removed from the world.

Conceptual Development: This name dates back to the earliest Lost Tales, and the earlier names ᴱQ. Tol Eressea and ᴹQ. Tol Eressea have the same form and meaning (LT1A/Tol Eressëa; Ety/ERE, TOL²). Perhaps the most important function of this island in Tolkien’s tales was as the place where Elvish lore was transmitted to Men, first to ᴱQ. Eriol in the earliest stories and to Ælfwine in later tales. Although Christopher Tolkien removed this idea from the published version of The Silmarillion to prevent confusion, it persisted into J.R.R. Tolkien’s writings in the 1950-60s.

tollë

noun. island, (steep) isle

The most common Quenya word for isle or island, appearing in both a short form tol (toll-) and longer form tolle, an element in many names. Strictly speaking it only “applied to those [islands] that rose up from the water with sudden and sheer sides” (VT47/28), but in practice it seems to have been used for all kinds of islands. Its short form tol was used as pseudo-prefix in names (VT47/13, 28) such as Tol Eressëa and Tol Uinen, and thus in more ordinary phrases its longer form tolle is more likely.

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s where ᴱQ. tol (toll-) appeared with the gloss “an island, any rise standing alone in water, plain of grass, etc.” derived from the root ᴱ√TOLO (GL/94). It appeared as toll- “isle” in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/94) and as tolle “island” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s beside its shorter form tol (PE16/139).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s it appeared as ᴹQ. tol “island” as a derivative of primitive ᴹ✶tollo (Ety/TOL²). It appeared several times in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s, in one place as short tol < ✶tollă (VT47/26 note #35), but Tolkien gave a more complete description in the final version of these documents:

> TOL “stand up (out and above neighbouring things)” ... A frequent topographical application was to islands that rose up from the water (sea or river) with sheer sides ... Cf. Q. tolle “a steep isle”. This was used in form Tol- as a prefix to the isle’s name: as in Tol-eressea (VT47/10 and p. 13 note #14).

tolma

noun. protuberance contrived to serve a purpose, knob, short rounded handle, knob, (short rounded) handle, protuberance contrived to serve a purpose

A noun in notes from the late 1960s glossed “a protuberance contrived to serve a purpose, knob, short rounded handle” derived from √TOL “stick out” (VT47/28).

Conceptual Development: A similar word ᴱQ. tolos (toloss-) “knob, lump” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√TOLO (QL/94).

toldo

cardinal. eight

The Quenya number “eight” derived from the root √TOLOD, probably from primitive ✱✶tolodō, with the middle vowel lost due to the Quenya syncope.

Conceptual Development: The earliest attested Qenya word for “eight” was ᴱQ. umna in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/75), but when Tolkien composed the number lists in the Early Qenya Grammar from the 1920s, it was revised to ᴱQ. tolto (PE14/49, 82). In The Etymologies from the 1930s it remained ᴹQ. tolto from the root ᴹ√TOLOT (Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT).

When Tolkien revisited the Elvish number system in the 1960s, he first used tolto (VT47/32), but he later changed the t to a d in both the Quenya form and the root (VT48/6).

Neo-Quenya: I personally prefer toldo as the Quenya word for “eight”, but some Neo-Quenya writers use the older (and perhaps better known) tolto. It seems Tolkien had considerable trouble deciding on the primitive root for “eight”, so any of these forms could be valid (VT47/31).

tolyo

noun. sticker-up

A nursery name for the middle finger glossed “sticker-up” in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from 1968 as an elaboration of the root √TOL “stick up” (VT47/10). The word also appeared as tolyo this document’s drafts (VT47/26-28), but in a slightly later version it was tollo (VT48/6).

tol uinen

place name. *Island of Uinen

An island in the bay of Rómenna (UT/176). This name is a combination of tol “island” and the name of the Valië Uinen.

Tol Eressëa

lonely isle

Tol Eressëa place-name "Lonely Isle" (LONO, Silm), "Solitary Isle" (Letters:386), also spelt Tol-Eressëa (ERE), Tol-eressëa (TOL2)

tolbo

big toe

tolbo noun "big toe" (VT47:10), "a stump, stub (as of a truncated arm or branch)" (VT47:28). Since it is elsewhere implied that the commonest form of Quenya shows lv for lb, the form *tolvo may also be usual. Compare tolmo.

toldëa

eighth

toldëa oridinal "eighth" (VT42:25), also toltëa (VT42:31). See tolto.

tollalinta

upon hills

tollalinta noun in allative "upon hills" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")

tollanta

upon top(s?)

tollanta noun in allative "upon top(s?)" (MC:221; this is "Qenya")

tollë

steep isle

tollë noun "a steep isle". Another meaning, "thumb", was apparently abandoned by Tolkien (VT47:13, 26)

tolma

protuberance contrived to serve a purpose, knob, short rounded handle

tolma noun "a protuberance contrived to serve a purpose, knob, short rounded handle", etc. (VT47:28)

tolmen

boss (of shield)

tolmen noun "boss (of shield)" (LT1:269)

tolmo

thumb

[tolmo noun "thumb", rejected by Tolkien in favour of nápo (VT48:15)]

toloquë

cardinal. eighteen

toloquë ("kw") cardinal "eighteen" (VT48:21). If "tolokwe" is seen as a Common Eldarin form, it is possible that the Quenya word should be *tolquë instead, but the editor assumes that "tolokwe" is merely an unusual spelling of Quenya toloquë (since "tolokwe" is listed together with forms that are definitely Quenya).

tolos

knob, lump

tolos noun "knob, lump" (LT1:269; this "Qenya" form would seem to be a precursor of Quenya tolma, q.v.)

tolosta

one eighth

tolosta fraction "one eighth" (1/8). Also tolsat, tosta. (VT48:11)

tolpo

bowl

tolpo noun "bowl" (PE16:142)

tolpë

thumb

tolpë noun "thumb" (VT47:28, VT48:8), a form Tolkien may have rejected in favour of nápo, q.v.

tolsat

one eighth

tolsat fraction "one eighth" (1/8). Also tolosta, tosta. (VT48:11)

toltil

thumb

[toltil noun "thumb" (VT47:26)]

tolto

cardinal. eight

tolto cardinal "eight" (TOL1-OTH/OT), variant toldo (VT48:6). Ordinal toltëa "eighth" (VT42:31), with variant toldëa (VT42:25) to go with toldo.

toltëa

eighth

toltëa ordinal "eighth" (VT42:31), also toldëa (VT42:25). See tolto.

tolu-

roll up

tolu- vb. "roll up" (QL:94)

tolyo

sticker-up

tolyo noun "sticker-up", "prominent one", term used in children's play for "middle finger" or "middle toe" (VT47:10, VT48:4). The form tollo in VT48:6, 16 would seem to be a variant.

tollë

noun. thumb

toldëa

ordinal. eighth

tolpë

noun. thumb

toltil

noun. thumb

tollo

noun. sticker-up

tolsat

fraction. one eighth

tolto

cardinal. eight

toltëa

ordinal. eighth

tolu-

verb. stand up, get up, leave one’s seat

tólë

centre

tólë noun "centre" (LT1:269; the word endë is to be preferred in Tolkien's later Quenya)

taltol

big toe

taltol noun "big toe" (VT47:10); also tolbo

taltol

noun. big toe

tolloquen

noun. islander

A neologism for “islander” created by Petri Tikka in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s based on the 1930s primitive form ᴹ✶tollo for “island”, combined with Q. quén “person”. In theory this should be updated to tollequen to match the 1960s form Q. tollë for “island”, but I think tolloquen can stand as a variant formation.

tolya Reconstructed

adjective. prominent

tolmen

noun. boss (of shield), isolated round hill

toli

noun. doll, puppet

tolipincë

noun. little doll

toloquain

cardinal. eighty

toloquëan

cardinal. eighty

tolpo

noun. bowl

tolquain

cardinal. eighty

tolquë Reconstructed

cardinal. eighteen

toluparma

noun. scroll, (lit.) roll-book

arcastar

proper name. Tolkien

arcastar mondósaresse

Tolkien in Oxford

coloite

adjective. capable of bearing, tolerant, enduring

coloitë

adjective. capable of bearing, tolerant (of), enduring

eressëa

lonely

eressëa adj. "lonely" (ERE, LT1:269), "solitary" (cf. Letters:386). Eressëa place-name "Lonely (One)", often used by itself for Tol Eressëa, the Lonely Isle (Silm) or Solitary Isle (Letters:386, footnote)

aranielya na tuluva

thy kingdom come

The third line of Átaremma, Tolkien’s Quenya translation of the Lord’s Prayer. The first word aranielya “thy kingdom” is the 2nd person singular polite form of aranië “kingdom”. It is followed by the word na, serving a subjunctive or imperative function, and tuluva, the future tense of tul- “to come”. This future tense probably reflects the fact that God’s kingdom is not yet manifest on Earth, and its literal meaning may be “✱be it that thy kingdom will come”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> aranie-lya na tul-uva = “✱kingdom-thy be come-(future)”

Conceptual Development: In earlier versions of this phrase, Tolkien vacillated over whether to use á or na for the subjunctive/imperative element. He also considered other words for “kingdom”: túrinasta and túrindië. Finally, he used aorist forms or “double imperative” forms of tul-, such as tule or á tula, adopting the future tense only in version V.

Tolkien experimented with different word orders for this phrase in different versions of the prayer. In versions I-IIb, he used particle-verb-subject, while in the version III-VI he used subject-particle-verb. The reasons for the different orders is unclear.

| |I|IIa|IIb|III|IV|V|VI| |{na >>}|nā|na|á|túrindielya|aranielya| |{túrinastalya >>}|túle|tule|tula|á|na| |{tūle >>}|túrinastalya|tuluva|

canaquë

cardinal. fourteen

canaquë ("k, kw") cardinal "fourteen" (VT48:21).The spelling "kanakwe" occurring in the primary source could suggest that this is really a Common Eldarin form; if so, one could theorize that the Quenya form would be canquë with syncope of the middle vowel (the same source lists "minikwe" as a word for 11, and the Quenya form is known to be minque rather than **miniquë**). On the other hand, in the same source "tolokwe" as a word for 18 is listed together with definite Quenya forms and is apparently an unorthodox spelling of toloquë** (as observed by the editor): Here no syncope producing *tolquë occurs.

carma

helm

carma (2) noun "helm" (helmet) in Carma-cundo ("k") "Helm-guardian" (PM:260). Notice that in PE17:114, Tolkien indicated that he rather wanted carma to mean "tool" or "weapon", leaving the status of carma "helmet" uncertain. Possibly shortened to -car in the names Eldacar (Elfhelm?), Hallacar (Tall-helm?) Cf. also cassa in Etym.

i eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa

(the one/they) who; (that) which

i (2) relative pronoun "(the one/they) who; (that) which" (both article and relative pronoun in CO: i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa: the One who is above all thrones", i hárar "(they) who are sitting"); cf. also the phrase i hamil mára "(that) which you deem good" (VT42:33). Notice that before a verb, i means "the one who", or, in the case of a plural verb, "those who"; e.g. i carir quettar ómainen "those who form words with voices" (WJ:391). According to VT47:21, i as a relative pronoun is the personal plural form (corresponding to the personal sg. ye and the impersonal sg. ya). This agrees with the example i carir..., but as is evident from the other examples listed above, Tolkien in certain texts also used i as a singular relative pronoun, both personal (Eru i...) and impersonal (i hamil). In the sense of a plural personal relative pronoun, i is also attested in the genitive (ion) and ablative (illon) cases, demonstrating that unlike the indeclinable article i, the relative pronoun i can receive case endings. Both are translated "from whom": ion / illon camnelyes "from whom you received it" (referring to several persons) (VT47:21).

nelequë

cardinal. thirteen

?nelequë ("kw") cardinal "thirteen" (VT48:21). The spelling "nelekwe" occurring in the primary source could suggest that this is really a Common Eldarin form; if so, one could theorize that the Quenya form would be *nelquë with syncope of the middle vowel (the same source lists "minikwe" as a word for 11, and the Quenya form is known to be minque). Compare nelquëa*. On the other hand, "tolokwe" as a word for 18 is listed together with definite Quenya forms and is apparently an unorthodox spelling of toloquë** (as observed by the editor); here no syncope producing *tolquë occurs. Thus toloquë could support ?nelequë as the Quenya word (but because of the uncertainties, yunquentë may be preferred as the word for 13).

oa

wool

oa (2) noun "wool" (LT1:249; evidently replaced by tó in Tolkien's later Quenya)

tosta

one eighth

tosta fraction "one eighth" (1/8). Also tolosta, tolsat (VT48:11)

tulkas

masculine name. Tulkas

Name of the strongest (physically) of the Valar, spouse of Nessa (S/26). His Quenya name was an adaption of his Valarin name Tulukhastāz “Golden-haired” (WJ/399), but it might have been interpreted as a derivative of the adjective [ᴹQ.] tulka “firm, strong, immovable, steadfast” after the original meaning was lost. This is one of the names Tolkien consistently spelled with a “k” (like Kementári and Melkor) despite normally representing the [k]-sound with “c” in Elvish.

Conceptual Development: This name dates back to the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/66), and ᴱQ. Tulkas appeared in the Qenya Lexicon as a derivative of the root ᴱ√TULUKU alongside words meaning “steady, firm” and “to establish” (QL/95, LT1A/Tulkas). This name had essentially the same meaning in The Etymologies from the 1930s, where ᴹQ. Tulkas appeared as an derivative of the same root ᴹ√TULUK, from primitive ᴹ✶Tulkathŏ (Ety/TULUK). The idea that it was an adaptation of a Valarin name did not emerge until the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 (WJ/399).

In The Etymologies, Tolkien gave the (ᴹQ) genitive form of this name as Tulkassen, implying a stem form Tulkass-. This stem form doesn’t same to fit its later derivation from Val. Tulukhastāz, however.

tulu-

fetch, bring, bear; move, come

tulu- vb. "fetch, bring, bear; move, come" (LT1:270; compare tulta- in Tolkien's later Quenya)

eressëa

adjective. lonely

to(lo)sta

fraction. one eighth

tyulma

noun. mast

entya

adjective. central, middle

eteminya

adjective. prominent

Tulkas

tulkas

Tulkas (Tulkass-, as in dat.sg. Tulkassen) masc. name, used of a Vala, adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:399, TULUK)

amya-

verb. [unglossed]

arra

adjective. [unglossed]

cairë

?. [unglossed]

carma

noun. helm

conta-

verb. [unglossed]

cúma

noun. [unglossed]

entya

central, middle

entya, enetya adj. "central, middle" (VT41:16; these forms, as well as the noun entë "centre", come from a late, somewhat confused source; the adjective #endëa and the noun endë from earlier material may fit the general system better, and #endëa is even found in the LotR itself as part of the word atendëa, q.v.)

entë

noun. centre

eteminya

prominent

eteminya adj. "prominent" (VT42:24)

felca

adjective. [unglossed]

felehta-

verb. [unglossed], *to excavate, tunnel, mine

An untranslated form appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 derived from the root √PHELEG/PHELEK (PE17/118), possibly a verb derived from ✱phelektā- or ✱phelegtā-. The derivatives of this root had to do with mines and tunnels, so perhaps this verb meant “✱to excavate, tunnel, mine”.

ferna

mast, beechnuts

ferna noun "mast, beechnuts" (PHER/PHÉREN)

finca

noun. [unglossed]

fion

bowl, goblet

fion (2) "bowl, goblet" (LT1:253)

hendas

?. [unglossed]

hindo

noun. [unglossed]

hindë

noun. [unglossed]

holdë

noun. [unglossed]

háro

?. [unglossed]

lenna-

verb. to come, to come; [ᴹQ.] to go, depart

lingi-

verb. [unglossed]

lóna

island, remote land difficult to reach

lóna (2) noun "island, remote land difficult to reach" (LONO (AWA) ). Obsoleted by #1 above?

maitya

?. [unglossed]

malsa

?. [unglossed]

melya-

verb. [unglossed], *to be in love

minda

prominent, conspicuous

minda adj. "prominent, conspicuous" (MINI)

nahta

cardinal. eighteen

nahta (3) cardinal "eighteen" (PE14:17)

naue

?. [unglossed]

nelquëa

cardinal. thirteen

nelquëa, cardinal "thirteen" (?) (VT48:21). This looks like an odd form next to other cardinals that simply end in -quë (like lepenquë, enenquë, otoquë = 15, 16, 17), and the form "nelekwe" also listed may indicate another Quenya form nelequë (q.v.) or *nelquë (but because of the uncertainties, yunquentë may be preferred as the word for 13). By another theory, nelquëa* is the ordinal "thirteenth", corresponding to the cardinal nel(e)quë**.

nápo

thumb

nápo noun "thumb" (VT47:10, VT48:4, 5). Compare nápat.

quaican

cardinal. fourteen

quaican, cardinal "fourteen" (but *canaquë may be preferred) (VT48:21)

quainel

cardinal. thirteen

quainel, cardinal "thirteen" (but yunquentë may be preferred) (VT48:21)

ruxal’ ambonnar

upon crumbling hills

The twenty-fifth line of the Markirya poem (MC/222). It consists the active participle ruxala of the verb ruxa- “to crumble”, its final vowel elided because of the initial a in the following word, which is the allative (“upon”) plural form of the noun ambo “hill”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> ruxa-l’ ambo-nna-r = “✱crumbl-ing hill-upon-(plural)”

sal-

verb. [unglossed]

salpa

bowl

salpa (2) noun "bowl" (LT1:266), also #salpë isolated from tanyasalpë "Bowl of Fire") LT1:292

sélo

?. [unglossed]

sóla

?. [unglossed]

tar-

verb. to stand

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

tomba

noun. [unglossed]

tompë

noun. [unglossed], *pulse, beat

@@@ Neo-meaning “✱pulse, beat” suggested by Röandil on 2023-04-20

tul-

come

tul- vb. "come" (WJ:368), 1st pers. aorist tulin "I come" (TUL), 3rd pers. sg. tulis "(s)he comes" (VT49:19), perfect utúlië "has come" (utúlien "I am come", EO), utúlie'n aurë "Day has come" (the function of the 'n is unclear; it may be a variant of the article "the", hence literally "the Day has come"). Past tense túlë "came" in LR:47 and SD:246, though an alternative form *tullë has also been theorized. Túlë in VT43:14 seems to be an abnormal aorist stem, later abandoned; tula in the same source would be an imperative. Prefixed future tense entuluva "shall come again" in the Silmarillion, future tuluva also in the phrase aranielya na tuluva* "may thy kingdom come" (VT44:32/34), literally apparently "thy kingdom, be-it-that (it) will come". In early "Qenya" we have the perfects tulielto "they have come" (LT1:114, 270, VT49:57) and tulier "have come", pl., in the phrase I·Eldar tulier "the Eldar have come"(LT1:114, 270). Read probably utúlieltë, Eldar utúlier** in LotR-style Quenya.

tul-

verb. come

tul-

verb. to come, to come, [ᴱQ.] move (intr.); to bring, carry, fetch; to produce, bear fruit

tyulma

mast

tyulma noun "mast" _(TYUL, SD:419). "_Qenya" pl. tyulmin "masts" in MC:216; read *tyulmar in LotR-style Quenya.

tó

wool

tó 1) noun "wool" (TOW)

um(ba)-

prefix. [unglossed]

umbacarin

noun. [unglossed]

yunquenta

cardinal. thirteen

yunquenta cardinal "thirteen" (12 and one more) (VT47:15), variant yunquentë (VT47:40), compare entë #1.

yunquenta

cardinal. thirteen

yunquentë

cardinal. thirteen

éna

?. [unglossed]

úpa-

verb. [unglossed]

þúna

?. [unglossed]

calampa

noun. spoon

A neologism for “spoon” coined by Tamas Ferencz, an elaboration on the root ᴹ√KALPA “water vessel”.

sarnincë

noun. pebble

A neologism for “pebble” coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo (updated from sardincë to sarnincë in 2021), a diminutive form of Q. sar (sarn-) “stone”. There are a number of Early Qenya words for “pebble” from the 1910s and 20s, but all have various issues for adapting them to Neo-Quenya.

tyul-

verb. to stand

tol

noun. island, isle

tol thû

place name. Tol Thû

Another name for Tol-na-Gaurhoth appearing in a list of names from the 1930s (LR/407), a combination of toll “island” and the Noldorin name of Sauron: Thû.

tol fuin

place name. Tol Fuin

An island mentioned in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s as a remnant of sunken Taur-na-Fuin (TI/124), also appearing in draft maps (TI/301-2) but not in the published versions. Its name is a combination of toll “island” and fuin “night”.

tolsirion

place name. Tolsirion

tolfalas

place name. Tolfalas

tolchas

masculine name. Tolchas

Noldorin equivalent of ᴹQ. Tulkas derived from the same root ᴹ√TULUK (EtyAC/TULUK), likely from the same or similar primitive form, perhaps ✱✶tulkassĕ given the Quenya stem form Tulkass-.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, his name was given as G. Tulcus or Tulcos (GL/18, 64, 71).

toll-ondren

place name. Carrock

Early name for Tol Brandir in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, glossed “Carrock” and also appearing as (deleted) Toll-ondu and Toll-onnui (TI/268, 285). It seems to be a combination of toll “island” and a lenited form of an otherwise unattested adjective gondren “✱of stone”, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/2.36).

tolharn

place name. Stoneait

Early name for Tol Brandir in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, also appearing as Tollernen and glossed “Stoneait” (TI/324, 345), where “ait” is an archaic English word for “island in a river”. It seems to be a combination of toll “island” and a lenited form of sarn “stone”, as suggested by Roman Rausch, though he suggested the form Tollernen may instead contain an adjective ✱ernen “single” (EE/2.36) [but this does not match the gloss].

tol varad

place name. Defended Isle

Earliest name for Cair Andros (WR/326), a combination of N. toll “isle” and the lenited form of barad “fort” or perhaps an adjective form (?baradh) equivalent to ᴹQ. varna, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/3.33).

toloth

cardinal. eight

Tolkien emended toloth to tolodh, cf. VT/42:31 (and also VT/48:6). If we are to follow him, a word such as tolothen would be incorrect, unless the two forms coexisted

tol-galen

place name. Green Isle

tol-na-gaurhoth

place name. Isle of Werewolves

tol brandor

place name. Tindrock

toll

noun. island, isle

toll-ereb

place name. *Lonely Isle

toloth

cardinal. eight

tol-

verb. to come

toltha-

verb. to fetch

tolog

adjective. stalwart, trusty

tol-

verb. to come

tolog

adjective. stalwart, trusty

toltha-

verb. to fetch, summon, make come

toll

noun. island, (steep) isle rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river

borth

?. [unglossed]

dolt

noun. round knob, boss

taw

adjective. of wool, woollen

thala

adjective. stalwart, steady, firm

clei

?. [unglossed]

coen

?. [unglossed]

diragas

?. [unglossed]

hadlath

noun. sling

haglath

noun. sling

haglath

noun. sling

har-

verb. to stand

mauth

?. [unglossed]

menwed

?. [unglossed]

nith

?. [unglossed]

nithrad

?. [unglossed]

níth

?. [unglossed]

porennin

?. [unglossed]

telwen

?. [unglossed]

tol

noun. island, (steep) isle rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river

Tol-ereb

noun. lonely island (Tol-eressea)

toll (“island”) + ereb (“isolated, lonely”)

tol(l)

noun. island, (high steep-sided) isle

The most common Sindarin word for “island”, strictly speaking only for islands with sheer sides as opposed to [N.] caer for flat islands. It was a derivative of the root √TOL “stick up or out, stand up (out and above neighboring things)” (VT47/10-11). In most names it appears as tol, probably as a semi-prefix, but as an independent word it is probably toll (Ety/TOL), especially given its Quenya cognate Q. tollë (VT47/13, 28).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s where it appeared as G. tol “an isle (with high steep coasts)” (GL/71), probably already a derivative of the root ᴱ√TOLO as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Tol Eressëa; QL/94). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s it appeared as ᴱN. dol “island” (PE13/142), but that seems to have been a transient idea since it was N. toll “island” in The Etymologies of the 1930, again derived from the root ᴹ√TOL, more specifically from the primitive form ᴹ✶tollo (Ety/TOL²). The form tol appeared regularly in Tolkien’s later writings, and in several places he emphasized that it was for islands with steep sides (RC/333; VT47/28).

tol-in-gaurhoth

place name. Isle of Werewolves

The name of Tol Sirion after it was inhabited by Sauron and his minions, translated “Isle of Werewolves” (S/156), a combination of tol(l) “island”, the plural in of the definite article i and the class-plural of gaur “werewolf” using the suffix hoth “host” (SA/gaur, hoth).

Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name was Tol-na-Gaurhoth (SM/311, LR/284).

tol brandir

place name. Tindrock, (lit.) Isle of the Great Steeples

An island in S. Nen Hithoel translated “Tindrock” (LotR/373), but more literally meaning “Isle of the Great Steeples” (PE17/22, PE17/61). The first element of this name is tol(l) “island”, but the origin of the second element is unclear. In one place, Tolkien indicated it was an elaboration of brand “steeple” (PE17/22, PE17/61), in another that it was a corruption of baradnir “tower-steep” (RC/333).

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, Tolkien considered many different names for this island: first N. Toll-ondren “Carrock” with many minor variations (TI/268, 285) and then N. Tolharn or Tollernen “Stoneait” (TI/324), revised to N. Eregon “Stone Pinnacle” (TI/345), briefly N. Emris before reverting back to Eregon (TI/367) and then finally N. Tol Brandor >> Tol Brandir (TI/359, 367).

tol falas

place name. *Island of the Shore

An island at the mouth of the Anduin appearing on the maps of The Lord of the Rings (LotR/1185), a combination of tol(l) “island” and falas “shore”.

Conceptual Development: This island also appeared in draft maps for the Lord of the Rings (TI/298), but not appear in the main text.

tol galen

place name. Green Isle

An island in the river Adurant translated “Green Isle” (S/123), a combination of tol(l) “island” and the lenited form of calen “green” (SA/tol, calen).

Conceptual Development: The name N. Tol-galen also appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/305) and at one point in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s was considered as name for Tol Brandir (TI/271).

tol morwen

place name. *Island of Morwen

The island where the bodies of Morwen and her children rested after the drowning of Beleriand (S/230), a combination of tol(l) “island” with her name.

tol sirion

place name. *Island of Sirion

An island in the river Sirion (S/120), a combination of tol(l) “island” and the river name.

Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name appeared as Tolsirion (LR/128).

toleg

noun. *sticker-up

A nursery name for the middle finger in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from 1968, appearing as toleg or tolch (VT48/6), both elaborations on √TOL and hence likely meaning “sticker-up” like its Quenya equivalent Q. tollo or tolyo.

tolo i arnad lín

thy kingdom come

The third line of Ae Adar Nín, Tolkien’s Sindarin translation of the Lord’s Prayer (VT44/21). The first word tolo is the imperative form of the verb tol- “to come”. The second word is the definite article i “the”, followed by arnad “kingdom” and the possessive pronoun lín “your”, with the adjectival element following the noun as is usual in Sindarin.

See the entry for the second line of this prayer for a discussion of the use of the definite article i “the” before the possessed noun in this phrase.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> tol-o i arnad lín = “✱come-(imperative) the kingdom yours”

Conceptual Development: Tolkien first wrote aranarth for “kingdom” before replacing it with arnad. He also wrote lin (with short i) initially for lín, but this could have been a slip.

tolodh

cardinal. eight

The Sindarin number “eight” derived from the root √TOLOD, probably from primitive ✱✶tolodō, where the [[s|[d] became [ð] after a vowel]] as usual.

Conceptual Development: The earliest attested word for “eight” was G. uvin in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/75), replacing rejected ung. In The Etymologies from the 1930s it became N. toloth from the root ᴹ√TOLOTH, similar to but not quite the same as ᴹQ. tolto from the root ᴹ√TOLOT (Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT).

In some notes from the 1950s, Tolkien used S. tolod (PE17/95), apparently deciding both Quenya and Sindarin were derived from the same root √TOLOT. Later still, toloth reappeared, but it was rejected and replaced by tolodh (toloð: VT42/25, 31). When Tolkien revisited the Elvish number system in the 1960s, he changed the t to a d in the root form for “eight” (VT47/11) and established tolodh as its Sindarin form (VT48/6).

Neo-Sindarin: I personally prefer tolodh as the Sindarin word for “eight”, but some Neo-Sindarin writers use the older (and perhaps better known) toloth. It seems Tolkien had considerable trouble deciding on the primitive root for “eight”, so any of these forms could be valid (VT47/31).

Tol(l)ondren

noun. stone isle

toll (“island”) + gond (“stone”) + ren (adjectival suffix)

Tol-in-Gaurhoth

noun. isle of werewolves

toll (“island”) + in (pl. gen. article) + gaur (“werewolf”) + hoth (class plural suffix) #[HKF] with collective plurals ending in -hoth, the article can be optionally singular, cf. Naur dan i ngaurhoth.

Tol Brandir

noun. high island

toll (“island”), brand (“lofty, noble, fine”) + dîr (traditional suffix for proper names [Etym. DER- ]) The double consonant in toll might be shortened because of the construct state of the word [HKF] #The second element seems to be a noun (high, noble man?) in an adjectival position, and that could explain the lack of mutation.

Tol Galen

noun. green isle

toll (“island”) + calen (“green”)

Tolfalas

noun. coast isle

toll (“island”) + falas (“coast, beach, shore”)

tolod

card

_ card. _eight. Q. tolto. >> neder

tolodh

cardinal. eight

Tolkien emended toloth to tolodh, cf. VT/42:31 (and also VT/48:6). If we are to follow him, a word such as tolothen would be incorrect, unless the two forms coexisted

tol-

verb. to come

tollui

ordinal. eighth

Tol Brandir

place name. 'Isle of Great Steeples'

topon. 'Isle of Great Steeples', great upstanding mass ending in two major and two minor steeples (cf. drawing PE17:22). >> brand

tolch

noun. (?) "litte prominent one"

tolch

noun. middle finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children)

tolch

noun. *sticker-up

toleg

noun. (?) "litte prominent one"

toleg

noun. middle finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children)

tolen

I am coming, drawing near to

tolen cared

I am coming, drawing near to eating [doing], I am going to eat/shall eat [do]

tolhui

ordinal. eighth

tolhui

ordinal. eighth

tollui

ordinal. eighth

tolo

verb. come!

tolod

cardinal. eight

tolothen

ordinal. eighth

tolothen

ordinal. eighth

tolthui

ordinal. eighth

tolthui

ordinal. eighth

tol

come

tol- (i dôl, i thelir). The present tense tôl is attested (WJ:254). MAKE COME, see FETCH

tol

come

(i dôl, i thelir). The present tense tôl is attested (WJ:254).

toll

island

toll (i doll, o tholl, construct tol), pl. tyll (i thyll)

toll

island

(i doll, o tholl, construct tol), pl. tyll (i thyll)

Tolchas

tulkas

Tolchas (na Dolchas, o Tholchas) (VT46:20), also called Enner

tollui

eighth

tollui (lenited dollui). (VT42:15; Tolkien may have abandoned the form [t]olothen occurring in lenited form dolothen in an earlier source, SD:129)

tollui

eighth

(lenited dollui). (VT42:15; Tolkien may have abandoned the form [t]olothen occurring in lenited form dolothen in an earlier source, SD:129)

tolog

trusty

tolog (lenited dolog, pl. telyg for archaic tölyg) (stalwart);

toloth

cardinal. eight

toloth, tolodh;

toloth

eight

tolodh;

toltha

fetch

(make come) toltha- (i doltha, i tholthar)

tolog

trusty

(lenited dolog, pl. telyg for archaic tölyg) (stalwart);

tolog

stalwart

(lenited dolog; pl. telyg for archaic tölyg) (trusty)

toled

noun. coming, arrival

tolob

cardinal. eighteen

tolophaen

cardinal. eighty

tolph

noun. bowl, basin

tolpheg

noun. spoon

tolchas

tulkas

(na Dolchas, o Tholchas) (VT46:20), also called Enner

tolf

noun. mast

@@@ Discord 2022-03-27

toltha

fetch

(i doltha, i tholthar)

Aragorn

noun. Tolkien proposed that the ending gorn was simply modeled on names such as Arathorn

prop. n. Tolkien proposed that the ending gorn was simply modeled on names such as Arathorn, Celegorn, and that the [?pure] Sindarin form of this name was Argorn. . This gloss was rejected.

Celegorn

noun. Tolkien proposed that it could derive from Celeggorn

_prop. n. _Tolkien proposed that it could derive from Celeg(n)gorn. . This gloss was rejected.

Felagund

noun. Tolkien added the note "Don't like Felagund"

prop. n. Tolkien added the note "Don't like Felagund".

Fingon

noun. Tolkien proposed revision of this name: Finion or Fingorn

_prop. n. _Tolkien proposed revision of this name: Finion or Fingorn (PE17:112). . This gloss was rejected.

Finion

noun. Tolkien proposed this form as remplacement for Fingon

_prop. n. _Tolkien proposed this form as remplacement for Fingon. Finion << Findor. >> Fingon. This gloss was rejected.

Glaurung

noun. Tolkien notes "Alter Glaurung > Angruin"

prop. n. Tolkien notes "Alter Glaurung > Angruin". FAngruin

Ídril

noun. Tolkien proposed that this name was Sindarized from Q

_prop. n. _Tolkien proposed that this name was Sindarized from Q. Írilde, by association with RIL 'brilliant', or *Íđhil. . This gloss was rejected.

naub

noun. thumb

A word for the thumb given as nawb in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from 1968 (VT48/5), clearly based on the root √NAP “pick up” (VT47/29). Its dual form nobad was used to refer to the “thumb and index [finger] as a pair” (VT48/5).

Conceptual Development: In rough drafts of these notes, Tolkien used lebed for “thumb, picker” from primitive ✶lepet(ā) (VT47/27). In early writings N. lhebed was instead “finger” (Ety/LEP), and its use for “thumb” was likely a transient idea.

odog

card

_ card. _seven. Q. otos. >> tolod

thala

stalwart

1) thala (steady, firm), pl. ?theili; 2) tolog (lenited dolog; pl. telyg for archaic tölyg) (trusty)

paedolodh

cardinal. eighteen

enaid

adjective. central, middle

lebed

noun. thumb

nawb

noun. thumb

air

adjective. lonely

cae

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cea. >> caen-, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

caen-

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cainen. >> cae, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

can

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> canad, leben

canad

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> can, leben

cidinn

?. [unglossed]

cinnog

?. [unglossed]

ened

noun. centre

eneg

card

_ card. _six. Q. enque, enc-. >> odog

er

card

_ card. _one. Q. er. >> min, tad

leben

card

_ card. _five. Q. lepen, lempe. >> eneg

madu

?. [unglossed]

maud

?. [unglossed]

min

card

_ card. _one. Q. min. >> er, tad

neder

card

_ card. _nine. Q. nerte. >> cae, caen-

nel

card

_ card. _three. Q. nelde. Fcan, canad, neledh

tad

card

_ card. _two. Q. atta. Fnel, neledh

tad

card

card. two. . This gloss was rejected.

thôl

noun. helm

canab

cardinal. fourteen

dolt

knob

(round knob) dolt (i dholt) (boss), pl. dylt (i nylt)

dolt

knob

(i dholt) (boss), pl. *dylt*** (i nylt**)

enaidh

adjective. central, middle

ereb

lonely

ereb (isolated), pl. erib

ereb

lonely

(isolated), pl. erib

fêr

mast

(of a beech, not on a ship) †fêr (feren-, pl. ferin) (beech)

fêr

mast

(feren-, pl. ferin) (beech)

hadlath

sling

(noun) hadlath (i chadlath, o chadlath), pl. hedlaith (i chedlaith) Suggested S form of ”N” haglath.

hadlath

noun. sling

hadlath

sling

(i chadlath, o chadlath), pl. hedlaith (i chedlaith) Suggested S form of ”N” haglath.

main

prominent

main (lenited vain; pl. mîn) (prime, chief) (VT45:15)

main

prominent

(lenited vain; pl. mîn) (prime, chief) (VT45:15)

naub

thumb

*naub (pl. noeb). The spelling used in the source is nawb (VT48:5). Dual nobad, used of the thumb and the index finger grouped together in the act of picking something (VT48:5, 6). In childrens play the thumb was also called atheg, ”little father” (pl. ethig) (VT48:6, 17)

neleb

cardinal. thirteen

paegan

cardinal. fourteen

paenel

cardinal. thirteen

sarneg

noun. pebble

A neologism for “pebble” coined by Paul Strack in 2021 specifically for Eldamo, a diminutive form of S. sarn “stone”.

taid

supporting

(adj.) taid, lenited daid, no distinct pl. form. Also used as a noun ”second-in-command”.

taid

supporting

lenited daid, no distinct pl. form. Also used as a noun ”second-in-command”.

tar-

verb. to stand

taw

wool

taw (i daw, o thaw), pl. toe (i thoe) if there is a pl. Also used as adj. ”woollen, of wool” (if the unclear wording of the entry TOW in LR:394 is taken as implying that taw corresponds in meaning to both the noun tó and the adj. toa in Quenya). See THAT for a possible homophone.

taw

wool

(i daw, o thaw), pl. toe (i thoe) if there is a pl. Also used as adj. ”woollen, of wool” (if the unclear wording of the entry TOW in LR:394 is taken as implying that taw corresponds in meaning to both the noun tó and the adj. toa in Quenya). See

thala

stalwart

(steady, firm), pl. ?theili

thôl

helm

thôl (construct thol, pl. thŷl, coll. pl. ?tholath)

thôl

helm

(construct thol, pl. th**ŷ**l, coll. pl. ?tholath)

tollë

noun. *sticker-up

tolmo

noun. thumb

tolpë

cardinal. 18

tolodya

ordinal. eighth

tolot

cardinal. eight

lepet

noun. thumb

nápa

noun. thumb

asdi

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation (pronounced [azdi]) without giving its meaning (SD/421).

nakh-

verb. to come

A verb translated in the past tense as “came” (SD/247, 311), so probably meaning “to come”. Like kalab-, this is one of the few Adûnaic verbs attested in more than one conjugation. As such, it is useful in the study of Adûnaic verbs, in this case biconsonantal-verbs as opposed to triconsonantal kalab-.

It is attested in two forms, unakkha “he-came” and yanākhim “are at hand”. The initial elements in these forms are the 3rd-sg masculine pronominal prefix u- and the 3rd-pl neuter pronominal prefix ya-, respectively, while the latter form has the plural verbal suffix -m. Removing these elements leaves the conjugated forms nakkha and nākhi, which are the past and continuative-present tenses according to the theories used here. If the second form is the continuative-present, its literal meaning may be “are coming”.

Conceptual Development: In the draft version of the Lament of Akallabêth, this verb stem was apparently nek-, with past forms hunekkū >> unekkū “he-came”, with Tolkien vacillating on the proper form of the 3rd-sg masculine pronominal prefix u-.

sapda

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation without giving its meaning (SD/421).

sulum

noun. mast

A noun translated “mast” illustrating the development of Primitive Adûnaic palatals, or c-series (SD/419). This example may also be related to the draft (?Adûnaic) name for the Pillar of Heaven Meneltyūlā, which contains a word much like the cognate of sulum: Q. tyulma.