toldo, see tolto
Quenya
tol
island, isle
tol
noun. island, (steep) isle
toldo
toldo
tollo
tollo
tollo, variant of tolyo, q.v. (VT48:6, 16)
tolvo
tolvo
*tolvo, see tolbo
tol eressëa
place name. Lonely Isle
Easternmost outpost of the land of Valinor (S/59). This name is a combination of tol “island” and eressëa “lonely”, though the island was sometimes simply called Eressëa. It may be that this island was sometimes still reachable by mortals after the world was bent and the lands of Aman were removed from the world.
Conceptual Development: This name dates back to the earliest Lost Tales, and the earlier names ᴱQ. Tol Eressea and ᴹQ. Tol Eressea have the same form and meaning (LT1A/Tol Eressëa; Ety/ERE, TOL²). Perhaps the most important function of this island in Tolkien’s tales was as the place where Elvish lore was transmitted to Men, first to ᴱQ. Eriol in the earliest stories and to Ælfwine in later tales. Although Christopher Tolkien removed this idea from the published version of The Silmarillion to prevent confusion, it persisted into J.R.R. Tolkien’s writings in the 1950-60s.
tollë
noun. island, (steep) isle
The most common Quenya word for isle or island, appearing in both a short form tol (toll-) and longer form tolle, an element in many names. Strictly speaking it only “applied to those [islands] that rose up from the water with sudden and sheer sides” (VT47/28), but in practice it seems to have been used for all kinds of islands. Its short form tol was used as pseudo-prefix in names (VT47/13, 28) such as Tol Eressëa and Tol Uinen, and thus in more ordinary phrases its longer form tolle is more likely.
Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s where ᴱQ. tol (toll-) appeared with the gloss “an island, any rise standing alone in water, plain of grass, etc.” derived from the root ᴱ√TOLO (GL/94). It appeared as toll- “isle” in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/94) and as tolle “island” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s beside its shorter form tol (PE16/139).
In The Etymologies of the 1930s it appeared as ᴹQ. tol “island” as a derivative of primitive ᴹ✶tollo (Ety/TOL²). It appeared several times in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s, in one place as short tol < ✶tollă (VT47/26 note #35), but Tolkien gave a more complete description in the final version of these documents:
> TOL “stand up (out and above neighbouring things)” ... A frequent topographical application was to islands that rose up from the water (sea or river) with sheer sides ... Cf. Q. tolle “a steep isle”. This was used in form Tol- as a prefix to the isle’s name: as in Tol-eressea (VT47/10 and p. 13 note #14).
tolma
noun. protuberance contrived to serve a purpose, knob, short rounded handle, knob, (short rounded) handle, protuberance contrived to serve a purpose
A noun in notes from the late 1960s glossed “a protuberance contrived to serve a purpose, knob, short rounded handle” derived from √TOL “stick out” (VT47/28).
Conceptual Development: A similar word ᴱQ. tolos (toloss-) “knob, lump” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√TOLO (QL/94).
tolbo
noun. big toe; stump, stub; thumb
A word for the “big toe” in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s, an elaboration of √TOL “stand up” (VT47/10). It was originally written as (deleted) taltolpe (VT47/27 note #37). It appeared beside similarly derived {tolpe >>} taltol “big toe” with an initial element of tál “foot”. It seems tolbo was a “play name”, while taltol was a more ordinary word.
Conceptual Development: In drafts of these notes, {tolpe >>} tolbo was used for “thumb”, along with an alternate meaning “a stump, stub (as of a truncated arm or branch)” (VT47/28 note #40). I would discard “thumb” as a possible meaning, but would retain “stump, stub” as a valid meaning for purposes of Neo-Quenya.
toldo
cardinal. eight
The Quenya number “eight” derived from the root √TOLOD, probably from primitive ✱✶tolodō, with the middle vowel lost due to the Quenya syncope.
Conceptual Development: The earliest attested Qenya word for “eight” was ᴱQ. umna in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/75), but when Tolkien composed the number lists in the Early Qenya Grammar from the 1920s, it was revised to ᴱQ. tolto (PE14/49, 82). In The Etymologies from the 1930s it remained ᴹQ. tolto from the root ᴹ√TOLOT (Ety/TOL¹-OTH/OT).
When Tolkien revisited the Elvish number system in the 1960s, he first used tolto (VT47/32), but he later changed the t to a d in both the Quenya form and the root (VT48/6).
Neo-Quenya: I personally prefer toldo as the Quenya word for “eight”, but some Neo-Quenya writers use the older (and perhaps better known) tolto. It seems Tolkien had considerable trouble deciding on the primitive root for “eight”, so any of these forms could be valid (VT47/31).
tolyo
noun. sticker-up
A nursery name for the middle finger glossed “sticker-up” in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from 1968 as an elaboration of the root √TOL “stick up” (VT47/10). The word also appeared as tolyo this document’s drafts (VT47/26-28), but in a slightly later version it was tollo (VT48/6).
tol uinen
place name. *Island of Uinen
Tol Eressëa
lonely isle
Tol Eressëa place-name "Lonely Isle" (LONO, Silm), "Solitary Isle" (Letters:386), also spelt Tol-Eressëa (ERE), Tol-eressëa (TOL2)
tolbo
big toe
tolbo noun "big toe" (VT47:10), "a stump, stub (as of a truncated arm or branch)" (VT47:28). Since it is elsewhere implied that the commonest form of Quenya shows lv for lb, the form *tolvo may also be usual. Compare tolmo.
toldëa
eighth
toldëa oridinal "eighth" (VT42:25), also toltëa (VT42:31). See tolto.
tollalinta
upon hills
tollalinta noun in allative "upon hills" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")
tollanta
upon top(s?)
tollanta noun in allative "upon top(s?)" (MC:221; this is "Qenya")
tollë
steep isle
tollë noun "a steep isle". Another meaning, "thumb", was apparently abandoned by Tolkien (VT47:13, 26)
tolma
protuberance contrived to serve a purpose, knob, short rounded handle
tolma noun "a protuberance contrived to serve a purpose, knob, short rounded handle", etc. (VT47:28)
tolmen
boss (of shield)
tolmen noun "boss (of shield)" (LT1:269)
tolmo
thumb
[tolmo noun "thumb", rejected by Tolkien in favour of nápo (VT48:15)]
toloquë
cardinal. eighteen
toloquë ("kw") cardinal "eighteen" (VT48:21). If "tolokwe" is seen as a Common Eldarin form, it is possible that the Quenya word should be *tolquë instead, but the editor assumes that "tolokwe" is merely an unusual spelling of Quenya toloquë (since "tolokwe" is listed together with forms that are definitely Quenya).
tolos
knob, lump
tolos noun "knob, lump" (LT1:269; this "Qenya" form would seem to be a precursor of Quenya tolma, q.v.)
tolosta
one eighth
tolosta fraction "one eighth" (1/8). Also tolsat, tosta. (VT48:11)
tolpo
bowl
tolpo noun "bowl" (PE16:142)
tolpë
thumb
tolpë noun "thumb" (VT47:28, VT48:8), a form Tolkien may have rejected in favour of nápo, q.v.
tolsat
one eighth
tolsat fraction "one eighth" (1/8). Also tolosta, tosta. (VT48:11)
toltil
thumb
[toltil noun "thumb" (VT47:26)]
tolto
cardinal. eight
tolto cardinal "eight" (TOL1-OTH/OT), variant toldo (VT48:6). Ordinal toltëa "eighth" (VT42:31), with variant toldëa (VT42:25) to go with toldo.
toltëa
eighth
toltëa ordinal "eighth" (VT42:31), also toldëa (VT42:25). See tolto.
tolu-
roll up
tolu- vb. "roll up" (QL:94)
tolyo
sticker-up
tolyo noun "sticker-up", "prominent one", term used in children's play for "middle finger" or "middle toe" (VT47:10, VT48:4). The form tollo in VT48:6, 16 would seem to be a variant.
tollë
noun. thumb
toldëa
ordinal. eighth
tolpë
noun. thumb
toltil
noun. thumb
tollo
noun. sticker-up
tolsat
fraction. one eighth
tolto
cardinal. eight
toltëa
ordinal. eighth
tolu-
verb. stand up, get up, leave one’s seat
tólë
centre
tólë noun "centre" (LT1:269; the word endë is to be preferred in Tolkien's later Quenya)
taltol
big toe
taltol noun "big toe" (VT47:10); also tolbo
taltol
noun. big toe
tolloquen
noun. islander
A neologism for “islander” created by Petri Tikka in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s based on the 1930s primitive form ᴹ✶tollo for “island”, combined with Q. quén “person”. In theory this should be updated to tollequen to match the 1960s form Q. tollë for “island”, but I think tolloquen can stand as a variant formation.
tolya Reconstructed
adjective. prominent
tolmen
noun. boss (of shield), isolated round hill
toli
noun. doll, puppet
tolipincë
noun. little doll
tollesta
noun. archipelago
@@@ Discord 2022-07-18
toloquain
cardinal. eighty
toloquëan
cardinal. eighty
tolpo
noun. bowl
tolquain
cardinal. eighty
tolquë Reconstructed
cardinal. eighteen
toluparma
noun. scroll, (lit.) roll-book
arcastar
proper name. Tolkien
arcastar mondósaresse
Tolkien in Oxford
coloite
adjective. capable of bearing, tolerant, enduring
coloitë
adjective. capable of bearing, tolerant (of), enduring
eressëa
lonely
eressëa adj. "lonely" (ERE, LT1:269), "solitary" (cf. Letters:386). Eressëa place-name "Lonely (One)", often used by itself for Tol Eressëa, the Lonely Isle (Silm) or Solitary Isle (Letters:386, footnote)
aranielya na tuluva
thy kingdom come
The third line of Átaremma, Tolkien’s Quenya translation of the Lord’s Prayer. The first word aranielya “thy kingdom” is the 2nd person singular polite form of aranië “kingdom”. It is followed by the word na, serving a subjunctive or imperative function, and tuluva, the future tense of tul- “to come”. This future tense probably reflects the fact that God’s kingdom is not yet manifest on Earth, and its literal meaning may be “✱be it that thy kingdom will come”.
Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:
> aranie-lya na tul-uva = “✱kingdom-thy be come-(future)”
Conceptual Development: In earlier versions of this phrase, Tolkien vacillated over whether to use á or na for the subjunctive/imperative element. He also considered other words for “kingdom”: túrinasta and túrindië. Finally, he used aorist forms or “double imperative” forms of tul-, such as tule or á tula, adopting the future tense only in version V.
Tolkien experimented with different word orders for this phrase in different versions of the prayer. In versions I-IIb, he used particle-verb-subject, while in the version III-VI he used subject-particle-verb. The reasons for the different orders is unclear.
| |I|IIa|IIb|III|IV|V|VI| |{na >>}|nā|na|á|túrindielya|aranielya| |{túrinastalya >>}|túle|tule|tula|á|na| |{tūle >>}|túrinastalya|tuluva|
canaquë
cardinal. fourteen
canaquë ("k, kw") cardinal "fourteen" (VT48:21).The spelling "kanakwe" occurring in the primary source could suggest that this is really a Common Eldarin form; if so, one could theorize that the Quenya form would be canquë with syncope of the middle vowel (the same source lists "minikwe" as a word for 11, and the Quenya form is known to be minque rather than **miniquë**). On the other hand, in the same source "tolokwe" as a word for 18 is listed together with definite Quenya forms and is apparently an unorthodox spelling of toloquë** (as observed by the editor): Here no syncope producing *tolquë occurs.
carma
helm
carma (2) noun "helm" (helmet) in Carma-cundo ("k") "Helm-guardian" (PM:260). Notice that in PE17:114, Tolkien indicated that he rather wanted carma to mean "tool" or "weapon", leaving the status of carma "helmet" uncertain. Possibly shortened to -car in the names Eldacar (Elfhelm?), Hallacar (Tall-helm?) Cf. also cassa in Etym.
i eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa
(the one/they) who; (that) which
i (2) relative pronoun "(the one/they) who; (that) which" (both article and relative pronoun in CO: i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa: the One who is above all thrones", i hárar "(they) who are sitting"); cf. also the phrase i hamil mára "(that) which you deem good" (VT42:33). Notice that before a verb, i means "the one who", or, in the case of a plural verb, "those who"; e.g. i carir quettar ómainen "those who form words with voices" (WJ:391). According to VT47:21, i as a relative pronoun is the personal plural form (corresponding to the personal sg. ye and the impersonal sg. ya). This agrees with the example i carir..., but as is evident from the other examples listed above, Tolkien in certain texts also used i as a singular relative pronoun, both personal (Eru i...) and impersonal (i hamil). In the sense of a plural personal relative pronoun, i is also attested in the genitive (ion) and ablative (illon) cases, demonstrating that unlike the indeclinable article i, the relative pronoun i can receive case endings. Both are translated "from whom": ion / illon camnelyes "from whom you received it" (referring to several persons) (VT47:21).
nelequë
cardinal. thirteen
?nelequë ("kw") cardinal "thirteen" (VT48:21). The spelling "nelekwe" occurring in the primary source could suggest that this is really a Common Eldarin form; if so, one could theorize that the Quenya form would be *nelquë with syncope of the middle vowel (the same source lists "minikwe" as a word for 11, and the Quenya form is known to be minque). Compare nelquëa*. On the other hand, "tolokwe" as a word for 18 is listed together with definite Quenya forms and is apparently an unorthodox spelling of toloquë** (as observed by the editor); here no syncope producing *tolquë occurs. Thus toloquë could support ?nelequë as the Quenya word (but because of the uncertainties, yunquentë may be preferred as the word for 13).
oa
wool
oa (2) noun "wool" (LT1:249; evidently replaced by tó in Tolkien's later Quenya)
tosta
one eighth
tosta fraction "one eighth" (1/8). Also tolosta, tolsat (VT48:11)
tulkas
masculine name. Tulkas
Name of the strongest (physically) of the Valar, spouse of Nessa (S/26). His Quenya name was an adaption of his Valarin name Tulukhastāz “Golden-haired” (WJ/399), but it might have been interpreted as a derivative of the adjective [ᴹQ.] tulka “firm, strong, immovable, steadfast” after the original meaning was lost. This is one of the names Tolkien consistently spelled with a “k” (like Kementári and Melkor) despite normally representing the [k]-sound with “c” in Elvish.
Conceptual Development: This name dates back to the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/66), and ᴱQ. Tulkas appeared in the Qenya Lexicon as a derivative of the root ᴱ√TULUKU alongside words meaning “steady, firm” and “to establish” (QL/95, LT1A/Tulkas). This name had essentially the same meaning in The Etymologies from the 1930s, where ᴹQ. Tulkas appeared as an derivative of the same root ᴹ√TULUK, from primitive ᴹ✶Tulkathŏ (Ety/TULUK). The idea that it was an adaptation of a Valarin name did not emerge until the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 (WJ/399).
In The Etymologies, Tolkien gave the (ᴹQ) genitive form of this name as Tulkassen, implying a stem form Tulkass-. This stem form doesn’t same to fit its later derivation from Val. Tulukhastāz, however.
tulu-
fetch, bring, bear; move, come
tulu- vb. "fetch, bring, bear; move, come" (LT1:270; compare tulta- in Tolkien's later Quenya)
eressëa
adjective. lonely
to(lo)sta
fraction. one eighth
tyulma
noun. mast
entya
adjective. central, middle
eteminya
adjective. prominent
Tulkas
tulkas
Tulkas (Tulkass-, as in dat.sg. Tulkassen) masc. name, used of a Vala, adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:399, TULUK)
amya-
verb. [unglossed]
arra
adjective. [unglossed]
cairë
?. [unglossed]
carma
noun. helm
conta-
verb. [unglossed]
cúma
noun. [unglossed]
entya
central, middle
entya, enetya adj. "central, middle" (VT41:16; these forms, as well as the noun entë "centre", come from a late, somewhat confused source; the adjective #endëa and the noun endë from earlier material may fit the general system better, and #endëa is even found in the LotR itself as part of the word atendëa, q.v.)
entë
noun. centre
eteminya
prominent
eteminya adj. "prominent" (VT42:24)
felca
adjective. [unglossed]
felehta-
verb. [unglossed], *to excavate, tunnel, mine
An untranslated form appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 derived from the root √PHELEG/PHELEK (PE17/118), possibly a verb derived from ✱phelektā- or ✱phelegtā-. The derivatives of this root had to do with mines and tunnels, so perhaps this verb meant “✱to excavate, tunnel, mine”.
ferna
mast, beechnuts
ferna noun "mast, beechnuts" (PHER/PHÉREN)
finca
noun. [unglossed]
fion
bowl, goblet
fion (2) "bowl, goblet" (LT1:253)
hendas
?. [unglossed]
hindo
noun. [unglossed]
hindë
noun. [unglossed]
holdë
noun. [unglossed]
háro
?. [unglossed]
lenna-
verb. to come, to come; [ᴹQ.] to go, depart
lingi-
verb. [unglossed]
lóna
island, remote land difficult to reach
lóna (2) noun "island, remote land difficult to reach" (LONO (AWA) ). Obsoleted by #1 above?
maitya
?. [unglossed]
malsa
?. [unglossed]
melya-
verb. [unglossed], *to be in love
minda
prominent, conspicuous
minda adj. "prominent, conspicuous" (MINI)
nahta
cardinal. eighteen
nahta (3) cardinal "eighteen" (PE14:17)
naue
?. [unglossed]
nelquëa
cardinal. thirteen
nelquëa, cardinal "thirteen" (?) (VT48:21). This looks like an odd form next to other cardinals that simply end in -quë (like lepenquë, enenquë, otoquë = 15, 16, 17), and the form "nelekwe" also listed may indicate another Quenya form nelequë (q.v.) or *nelquë (but because of the uncertainties, yunquentë may be preferred as the word for 13). By another theory, nelquëa* is the ordinal "thirteenth", corresponding to the cardinal nel(e)quë**.
nápo
thumb
nápo noun "thumb" (VT47:10, VT48:4, 5). Compare nápat.
quaican
cardinal. fourteen
quaican, cardinal "fourteen" (but *canaquë may be preferred) (VT48:21)
quainel
cardinal. thirteen
quainel, cardinal "thirteen" (but yunquentë may be preferred) (VT48:21)
ruxal’ ambonnar
upon crumbling hills
The twenty-fifth line of the Markirya poem (MC/222). It consists the active participle ruxala of the verb ruxa- “to crumble”, its final vowel elided because of the initial a in the following word, which is the allative (“upon”) plural form of the noun ambo “hill”.
Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:
> ruxa-l’ ambo-nna-r = “✱crumbl-ing hill-upon-(plural)”
sal-
verb. [unglossed]
salpa
bowl
salpa (2) noun "bowl" (LT1:266), also #salpë isolated from tanyasalpë "Bowl of Fire") LT1:292
sélo
?. [unglossed]
sóla
?. [unglossed]
tar-
verb. to stand
thar-
verb. [unglossed]
tomba
noun. [unglossed]
tompë
noun. [unglossed], *pulse, beat
@@@ Neo-meaning “✱pulse, beat” suggested by Röandil on 2023-04-20
tul-
come
tul- vb. "come" (WJ:368), 1st pers. aorist tulin "I come" (TUL), 3rd pers. sg. tulis "(s)he comes" (VT49:19), perfect utúlië "has come" (utúlien "I am come", EO), utúlie'n aurë "Day has come" (the function of the 'n is unclear; it may be a variant of the article "the", hence literally "the Day has come"). Past tense túlë "came" in LR:47 and SD:246, though an alternative form *tullë has also been theorized. Túlë in VT43:14 seems to be an abnormal aorist stem, later abandoned; tula in the same source would be an imperative. Prefixed future tense entuluva "shall come again" in the Silmarillion, future tuluva also in the phrase aranielya na tuluva* "may thy kingdom come" (VT44:32/34), literally apparently "thy kingdom, be-it-that (it) will come". In early "Qenya" we have the perfects tulielto "they have come" (LT1:114, 270, VT49:57) and tulier "have come", pl., in the phrase I·Eldar tulier "the Eldar have come"(LT1:114, 270). Read probably utúlieltë, Eldar utúlier** in LotR-style Quenya.
tul-
verb. come
tul-
verb. to come, to come, [ᴱQ.] move (intr.); to bring, carry, fetch; to produce, bear fruit
tyulma
mast
tyulma noun "mast" _(TYUL, SD:419). "_Qenya" pl. tyulmin "masts" in MC:216; read *tyulmar in LotR-style Quenya.
tó
wool
tó 1) noun "wool" (TOW)
um(ba)-
prefix. [unglossed]
umbacarin
noun. [unglossed]
yunquenta
cardinal. thirteen
yunquenta cardinal "thirteen" (12 and one more) (VT47:15), variant yunquentë (VT47:40), compare entë #1.
yunquenta
cardinal. thirteen
yunquentë
cardinal. thirteen
éna
?. [unglossed]
úpa-
verb. [unglossed]
þúna
?. [unglossed]
calampa
noun. spoon
A neologism for “spoon” coined by Tamas Ferencz, an elaboration on the root ᴹ√KALPA “water vessel”.
sarnincë
noun. pebble
A neologism for “pebble” coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo (updated from sardincë to sarnincë in 2021), a diminutive form of Q. sar (sarn-) “stone”. There are a number of Early Qenya words for “pebble” from the 1910s and 20s, but all have various issues for adapting them to Neo-Quenya.
tyul-
verb. to stand
tol noun "island, isle" (rising with sheer sides from the sea or from the river, SA:tol, VT47:26). In early "Qenya", the word was defined as "island, any rise standing alone in water, plain of green, etc" (LT1:269). The stem is toll-; the Etymologies as published in LR gives the pl. "tolle" (TOL2), but this is a misreading for tolli (see VT46:19 and compare LT1:85). The primitive form of tol is variously cited as ¤tolla (VT47:26) and ¤tollo (TOL2).