Quenya 

cainen

cardinal. ten

[cainen] ("k") cardinal "ten" (KAYAN/KAYAR). According to VT48:12, Tolkien eventually rejected this word (cainen would only mean "I lay", sc. the pa.t. cainë with the ending -n "I"). See quain, quëan.

cainen

cardinal. ten

cëa

cardinal. ten

[cëa, cëan ("k") cardinal "ten", forms Tolkien later abandoned in favour of quain or quëan. An adjectival form caina ("k") was also listed, but must likewise be considered obsolete. (VT48:12-13, VT49:54)]

cemi

earth, soil, land

cemi noun "earth, soil, land"; Cémi ("k")"Mother Earth" (LT1:257; the "Qenya" word cemi would correspond to cemen in LotR-style Quenya)

cëa(n)

cardinal. ten

Cognates

  • S. caen “ten” ✧ PE17/095

Derivations

  • KAYAN “ten” ✧ VT48/12

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
kayan > kea(n)[kajan] > [kean]✧ VT48/12

Variations

  • këa ✧ PE17/095
  • kainen ✧ PE17/095
  • kea(n) ✧ VT48/12
Quenya [PE17/095; VT48/12] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mar

earth

mar (1) noun "earth" (world), also "home, dwelling, mansion". Stem mard- (VT46:13, PE17:64), also seen in the ablative Mardello "from earth" (FS); the word is used with a more limited sense in oromardi "high halls" (sg. oromar, PM17:64), referring to the dwellings of Manwë and Varda on Mt. Taniquetil (Nam, RGEO:66). The initial element of Mardorunando (q.v.) may be the genitive mardo (distinguish mardo "dweller"). May be more or less identical to már "home, house, dwelling" (of persons or peoples; in names like Val(i)mar, Vinyamar, Mar-nu-Falmar, Mardil) (SA:bar, VT45:33, VT47:6). Már is however unlikely to have the stem-form mard-; a "Qenya" genitive maren appears in the phrase hon-maren, q.v., suggesting that its stem is mar-. A possible convention could therefore be to use már (mar-) for "home, house" (also when = household, family as in Mardil, q.v.), whereas mar (mard-) is used for for "earth, world". Early "Qenya" has mar (mas-) "dwelling of men, the Earth, -land" (LT1:251); notice that in LotR-style Quenya, a word in -r cannot have a stem-form in -s-.

quain

cardinal. ten

quain cardinal "ten" (also quëan); quainëa ordinal "tenth" (VT48:6, 20; VT42:25). Quain or quëan replaced the form cainen in Tolkiens conception.

quain

cardinal. ten

Element in

quëan

cardinal. ten

quëan cardinal "ten", also quain (VT48:6, 12, 20). Quain or quëan replaced the form cainen in Tolkiens conception.

quëan

cardinal. ten

Cognates

  • S. pae “ten” ✧ VT48/06
  • T. pai(n) “ten” ✧ VT48/06

Derivations

Element in

Variations

  • quean ✧ VT48/06; VT48/20
  • quain ✧ VT48/06; VT48/20
Quenya [VT48/06; VT48/20] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kemen

earth

kemen noun "earth"; see cemen.

Sindarin 

cae

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

Sindarin [Ety/363, X/OE] Group: SINDICT. Published by

cae

cardinal. ten

Sindarin [PE/17:95] Group: SINDICT. Published by

cae

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cea. >> caen-, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

caen

cardinal. ten

Cognates

Element in

Variations

  • caen-/cae ✧ PE17/095
Sindarin [PE17/095] Group: Eldamo. Published by

caen-

cardinal. ten

Sindarin [PE/17:95] Group: SINDICT. Published by

caen-

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cainen. >> cae, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

can

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> canad, leben

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

pae

cardinal. ten

Sindarin [VT/42:25, VT/48:6] Group: SINDICT. Published by

pae

cardinal. ten

Cognates

  • Q. quëan “ten” ✧ VT48/06

Derivations

Element in

Variations

  • pae(an) ✧ VT48/21
Sindarin [VT42/25; VT48/06; VT48/21] Group: Eldamo. Published by

canad

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> can, leben

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

eneg

card

_ card. _six. Q. enque, enc-. >> odog

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

er

card

_ card. _one. Q. er. >> min, tad

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

leben

card

_ card. _five. Q. lepen, lempe. >> eneg

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

min

card

_ card. _one. Q. min. >> er, tad

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

neder

card

_ card. _nine. Q. nerte. >> cae, caen-

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

nel

card

_ card. _three. Q. nelde. Fcan, canad, neledh

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

odog

card

_ card. _seven. Q. otos. >> tolod

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

tad

card

_ card. _two. Q. atta. Fnel, neledh

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

tad

card

card. two. . This gloss was rejected.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:14] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

tolod

card

_ card. _eight. Q. tolto. >> neder

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:95] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

ceven

noun. Earth

Sindarin [VT/44:21,27] Group: SINDICT. Published by

paean

cardinal. ten

ennorath

noun. central lands, middle-earth

Sindarin [LotR/E, LotR/II:I, RGEO/72-75] Group: SINDICT. Published by

cae

noun. earth

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth”
Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

cae

earth

(i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also

pae

cardinal. ten

pae (the ”Noldorin” form caer listed in the Etymologies was apparently abandoned by Tolkien).

pae

ten

(the ”Noldorin” form caer listed in the Etymologies was apparently abandoned by Tolkien).

ceven

earth

1) ceven (i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23), 2) (world) Amar (archaic Ambar), pl. Emair; 3) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds. 4) (maybe ”earth” as substance) cae (i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also SOIL.

ceven

earth

(i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23)

paenui

tenth

.

amar

earth

(archaic Ambar), pl. Emair

bâr

earth

(dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

ennor

place name. central land, middle-earth

Sindarin [LotR/E, X/ND2] Published by

Telerin 

pai(n)

cardinal. ten

Changes

  • paya(n)pai(n) ✧ VT48/21

Cognates

  • Q. quëan “ten” ✧ VT48/06

Derivations

Variations

  • paya(n) ✧ VT48/21 (paya(n))
Telerin [VT48/06; VT48/21] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Adûnaic

dâira

noun. Earth

A noun translated as “Earth” in the final version of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/247). It may be related to S. dôr “land”, as suggested by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynn (AAD/13).

Conceptual Development: In the Lament of Akallabêth (first draft), this noun appeared as kamāt (SD/311).

Element in

Variations

  • dāira ✧ SD/247

Primitive elvish

kayan

root. ten

Derivatives

Element in

Variations

  • kayan ✧ VT48/12
Primitive elvish [VT48/12] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kway

root. ten

A root Tolkien introduced in the late 1960s as the basis for his latest Elvish word for “ten”: Q. quëan/quain, S. pae, T. pai(n) (VT42/24; VT48/6). It was an extension of √KWA “complete” as in “a complete set of (10) fingers”. Prior this late change, the usual word for “ten” was ᴹQ. kainen (along with other variants beginning with kai- or kea-) from the root ᴹ√KAYAN or ᴹ√KAYAR as it appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KAYAN). This basis for “ten” dates back to the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (PE14/49, PE14/82). Tolkien was still considering √KAYAN for “10” in the late 1960s before replacing it with √KWAY(AM) (VT48/12).

Derivatives

Variations

  • kwaya ✧ VT42/24; VT42/24
Primitive elvish [VT42/24] Group: Eldamo. Published by

keme

noun. earth

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth”

Variations

  • kĕmĕ ✧ PE21/80 (kĕmĕ)
Primitive elvish [PE21/80] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kemen

noun. earth

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth”

Derivatives

  • Q. cemen “the earth; earth, the earth; earth, [ᴹQ.] soil”
  • S. cevenEarth, earth; Earth”
Primitive elvish [PE21/71] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

caer

cardinal. ten

Noldorin [Ety/363] Group: SINDICT. Published by

caer

cardinal. ten

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. kainen “ten” ✧ Ety/KAYAN

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAYAN “ten” ✧ Ety/KAYAN

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√KAYAR > caer[kajra] > [kaira] > [kair] > [kaer]✧ Ety/KAYAN

Variations

  • caer ✧ Ety/KAYAN; EtyAC/KAYAN
Noldorin [Ety/KAYAN; EtyAC/KAYAN] Group: Eldamo. Published by

coe

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

Noldorin [Ety/363, X/OE] Group: SINDICT. Published by

coe

noun. earth

An indeclinable word given as {cíw >>} coe “earth” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√KEM (Ety/KEM; EtyAC/KEM).

Possible Etymology: The primitive form of rejected cíw is given as ᴹ✶kēm and its derivation is clear: the long ē became ī and then the final m reduced to w after i as usual. The derivation of coe is more obscure, however. The likeliest explanation is that Tolkien imagined its ancient form with a slightly lowered vowel which he generally represented as ǣ in this period (in later writings as ę̄). According to the first version of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa and Comparative Vowel Tables from the 1930s (PE18/46; PE19/25), ǣ > ei > ai > ae, and in The Etymologies itself, it seems ai often became oe instead of ae.

Neo-Sindarin: Updating the derivation of hypothetical ✱kę̄m would produced ᴺS. cae in Sindarin phonology. But given the obscurity of its derivation, I recommend using 1950s S. ceven for “earth” instead.

Changes

  • cíwcoe ✧ Ety/KEM

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. kemen “soil, earth; Great Lands” ✧ Ety/KEM

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth” ✧ Ety/KEM
  • ᴹ✶kēm “*earth” ✧ EtyAC/KEM
    • ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth” ✧ Ety/KEM

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√KEM > coe[kǣm] > [kaim] > [kai] > [koe]✧ Ety/KEM
ᴹ✶kēm > cíw[kēm] > [kīm] > [kīv] > [kīw]✧ EtyAC/KEM

Variations

  • cíw ✧ EtyAC/KEM (cíw)
Noldorin [Ety/KEM; EtyAC/KEM] Group: Eldamo. Published by

amar

noun. earth

Noldorin [Ety/372] Group: SINDICT. Published by

amar

noun. Earth

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. Ambar “Earth, World” ✧ Ety/MBAR

Derivations

  • ᴹ√MBAR “dwell, inhabit” ✧ Ety/MBAR
    • ᴹ√BAR “raise; uplift, save, rescue(?)” ✧ Ety/BAR

Element in

  • N. Emerin “Middle-earth” ✧ Ety/MBAR
  • N. Gondobar “Stone of the World” ✧ Ety/MBAR

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√MBAR > ambar > amar[ambar] > [ambar] > [ammar] > [amar]✧ Ety/MBAR
Noldorin [Ety/MBAR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ambar

noun. earth

Noldorin [Ety/372] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

kainen

cardinal. ten

Cognates

  • N. caer “ten” ✧ Ety/KAYAN

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAYAN “ten” ✧ Ety/KAYAN

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√KAYAN > kainen[kainen]✧ Ety/KAYAN

hún

noun. earth, earth, *ground

A word in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s with stem form hun- and gloss “earth” (QL/39). It might be a later iteration of ᴱQ. han “ground, earth” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/39), and if so then hún might also be used as “✱ground”. I think it is useful to assume so for purposes of Neo-Quenya, as the other attested word for “ground”, Q. talan, is probably used more often for “floor”, including floors above the ground level.

Variations

  • hun ✧ PE21/19
Qenya [PE21/19; PE21/24; PE21/25] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

kayan

root. ten

Changes

  • KĀYANKAYAN ✧ Ety/KAYAN

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. kainen “ten” ✧ Ety/KAYAN
  • N. caer “ten” ✧ Ety/KAYAN

Variations

  • KAYAR ✧ Ety/KAYAN
  • KĀYAN ✧ EtyAC/KAYAN (KĀYAN)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KAYAN; EtyAC/KAYAN] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

sath

cardinal. ten

Element in

Early Quenya

kainen

cardinal. ten

Element in

Early Quenya [PE14/049; PE14/050; PE14/082] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kea

cardinal. ten

Element in

  • Eq. kankea “fourteen” ✧ PE14/049
  • Eq. en(ek)kea “sixteen” ✧ PE14/049
  • Eq. kea kulu “ten pieces of gold” ✧ PE14/084
  • Eq. kea tuksa “one hundred ten” ✧ PE14/049
  • Eq. keën Eldalin “the ten Elves (accusative pl.)” ✧ PE14/084
  • Eq. keë neri “*ten men” ✧ PE14/050
  • Eq. kekainen “hundred (when not multiplied)” ✧ PE14/049
  • Eq. lenkea “fifteen” ✧ PE14/049; PE14/049
  • Eq. nelkea “thirteen” ✧ PE14/049
  • Eq. húkea “nineteen” ✧ PE14/049; PE14/049 (huokea)
  • Eq. okkea “seventeen” ✧ PE14/049
  • Eq. keanya “tenth” ✧ PE14/049
  • Eq. kesto “one tenth” ✧ PE14/049; PE14/082
  • Eq. keallume “*ten times” ✧ PE14/049
  • Eq. tolkea “eighteen” ✧ PE14/049
Early Quenya [PE14/049; PE14/050; PE14/082; PE14/084] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lempe

cardinal. ten

Derivations

  • ᴱ√LEǶE “half; *five” ✧ QL/052

Element in

Variations

  • Lempe ✧ LT1/246
  • lempe ✧ QL/052
Early Quenya [LT1/246; QL/052] Group: Eldamo. Published by