cae

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cea. >> caen-, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

cae

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

cae

cardinal. ten

caen-

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cainen. >> cae, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

caer

noun. *flat isle on a river, [N.] flat isle on a river

A Noldorin noun derived from ᴹ√KAY “to lie” mentioned in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s that was “used of a flat isle in a river, opp[osite] of toll-” (PE22/126). The same form caer appeared as a derivative of √KAYA in notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s, but there it was unglossed and its meaning is unclear (PE17/101).

caen

cardinal. ten

caenui

ordinal. tenth

caen-

cardinal. ten

caenen

ordinal. tenth

caenui

ordinal. tenth

cae

noun. earth

cae

earth

(i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also

cael

lying in bed

(noun) cael (sickness) (i gael, o chael). Same form in the pl. except with article (i chael).

cael

lying in bed

(noun) cael (sickness) (i gael, o chael). Same form in the pl. except with article (i chael).

caeleb

bedridden

caeleb (sick), lenited gaeleb, pl. caelib

caeleb

bedridden

(sick), lenited gaeleb, pl. caelib

caew

lair

1) caew (i gaew, o chaew) (resting place). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chaew). 2) torech (i dorech, o thorech) (hole, excavation), pl. terich (i therich) for archaic törich.

caew

resting place

caew (i gaew, o chaew) (lair). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chaew).

caew

resting place

caew (i gaew, o chaew) (lair). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chaew).

caeth

noun. cause, reason, motive

caetha-

verb. to make to do or be, cause, compel, induce, bring about

caethad

noun. reason, cause

caethas

noun. causation

caetheb

noun. original

caeda-

verb. sit

caeda-

zlE2`C verb. to lie (down)

Sindarin cognate of Q. caita-.

caeda-

zlE2`C verb. to lie (down)

Sindarin cognate of Q. caita-.

caeda-

verb. to lie; to lay (down)

cael

sickness

(i gael, o chael) (lying in bed). Same form in the pl. except with article (i chael)

cael

lying in bed

(sickness) (i gael, o chael). Same form in the pl. except with article (i chael).

cael

lying in bed

(sickness) (i gael, o chael). Same form in the pl. except with article (i chael).

caew

resting place

(i gaew, o chaew) (lair). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chaew).

caew

lair

(i** gaew, o chaew) (resting place). No distinct pl. form except with article (i** chaew).

neder

card

_ card. _nine. Q. nerte. >> cae, caen-

ceven

earth

1) ceven (i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23), 2) (world) Amar (archaic Ambar), pl. Emair; 3) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds. 4) (maybe ”earth” as substance) cae (i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also SOIL.

lhîw

sickness

1) *lhîw (?i thlîw or ?i lîw the lenition product of lh is uncertain) (disease), no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (?i lîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thliw, fliw. 2) cael (i gael, o chael) (lying in bed). Same form in the pl. except with article (i chael), 3) paw (i baw), pl. poe (i phoe). various related terms (no Sindarin word simply meaning ”side” is known):

pae

cardinal. ten

pae (the ”Noldorin” form caer listed in the Etymologies was apparently abandoned by Tolkien).

pae

ten

(the ”Noldorin” form caer listed in the Etymologies was apparently abandoned by Tolkien).

can

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> canad, leben

canad

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> can, leben

ceven

noun. Earth

cidinn

?. [unglossed]

cinnog

?. [unglossed]

eneg

card

_ card. _six. Q. enque, enc-. >> odog

ennorath

noun. central lands, middle-earth

er

card

_ card. _one. Q. er. >> min, tad

leben

card

_ card. _five. Q. lepen, lempe. >> eneg

lhîw

noun. sickness

madu

?. [unglossed]

maud

?. [unglossed]

min

card

_ card. _one. Q. min. >> er, tad

nel

card

_ card. _three. Q. nelde. Fcan, canad, neledh

odog

card

_ card. _seven. Q. otos. >> tolod

pae

cardinal. ten

pae

cardinal. ten

paean

cardinal. ten

paenui

ordinal. tenth

paenui

ordinal. tenth

tad

card

_ card. _two. Q. atta. Fnel, neledh

tad

card

card. two. . This gloss was rejected.

tolod

card

_ card. _eight. Q. tolto. >> neder

amar

earth

(archaic Ambar), pl. Emair

bâr

earth

(dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

ceven

earth

(i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23)

ennor

place name. central land, middle-earth

gardh

bounded or defined place

(i ’ardh) (region), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh);

haust

bed

(etymologically ”resting”) haust (i chaust, o chaust), pl. hoest (i choest), coll. pl. hostath.

haust

bed

(i chaust, o chaust), pl. hoest (i choest), coll. pl. hostath.

hav

sit

hav- (i châf, i chevir), pa.t. hamp (with endings hemmi-, as in hemmin ”I sat”) or havant. (VT45:20)

hav

sit

(i châf, i chevir), pa.t. hamp (with endings hemmi-, as in hemmin ”

land

open space

(construct lan, pl. laind) (level), also used as adjective ”wide, plain”.

lhîw

sickness

(?i thlîw or ?i lîw – the lenition product of lh is uncertain) (disease), no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (?i lîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thliw, fliw.

paenui

tenth

.

paenui

tenth

paenui.

paenui

tenth

paenui (lenited baenui)

pathu

level place

(i bathu) (sward), analogical pl. pethy (i phethy). Cited in archaic form pathw in the source (LR:380 s.v. PATH); hence the coll. pl. is likely pathwath. In the Etymologies as printed in

paw

sickness

(i baw), pl. poe (i phoe).

sant

privately owned place

(i hant, o sant) (field, garden, yard), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20)

sâd

place

sâd (-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (spot, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)

sâd

place

(-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (spot, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)  

torech

lair

(i** dorech, o thorech) (hole, excavation), pl. terich (i** therich) for archaic törich.

caerost

place name. ?-town

Early name for the town S. Calembel in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/437). Its final element appears to be ost “city, town”, but the meaning of its initial element is unclear. Roman Rausch suggested that it might be caer “ten” or some derivative of ᴹ√KAY “lie down” (EE/3.45). It might also be caer “flat isle” appearing in linguistic notes around the same period (PE22/126).

cael

adjective. lying in bed, bedridden, sickness, lying in bed, sickness, bedridden

A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “lying in bed, bedridden, sickness” derived from the root ᴹ√KAY “lie down” (Ety/KAY). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road (LR/363) the glosses were “lying in bed, sickness”, but in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne indicated that gloss “bedridden” appeared between “lying in bed” and “sickness” (EtyAC/KAL).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume cael is the noun (= “lying in bed, sickness”) and N. caeleb “bedridden, sick” is the adjective.

caeleb

adjective. bedridden, sick

A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “bedridden, sick”, an adjectival form of the noun N. cael “bedridden, sick” (Ety/KAY).

caer

cardinal. ten

caer

noun. flat isle on a river

caew

noun. lair, resting-place

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “lair, resting-place” under the root ᴹ√KAY “lie down”, apparently the cognate of ᴹQ. kaima “bed” (Ety/KAY). If so, then the [[s|ancient [m] became [v]]] and then [[s|developed into [w] as it did after i- and e-diphthongs]].

cael

noun. lying in bed, sickness

caeleb

adjective. bedridden, sick

caer

cardinal. ten

caer

noun. flat isle in river, opp. of toll-

caew

noun. lair, resting-place

coe

noun. earth

An indeclinable word given as {cíw >>} coe “earth” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√KEM (Ety/KEM; EtyAC/KEM).

Possible Etymology: The primitive form of rejected cíw is given as ᴹ✶kēm and its derivation is clear: the long ē became ī and then the final m reduced to w after i as usual. The derivation of coe is more obscure, however. The likeliest explanation is that Tolkien imagined its ancient form with a slightly lowered vowel which he generally represented as ǣ in this period (in later writings as ę̄). According to the first version of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa and Comparative Vowel Tables from the 1930s (PE18/46; PE19/25), ǣ > ei > ai > ae, and in The Etymologies itself, it seems ai often became oe instead of ae.

Neo-Sindarin: Updating the derivation of hypothetical ✱kę̄m would produced ᴺS. cae in Sindarin phonology. But given the obscurity of its derivation, I recommend using 1950s S. ceven for “earth” instead.

amar

noun. earth

amar

noun. Earth

ambar

noun. earth

borth

?. [unglossed]

clei

?. [unglossed]

coe

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

coen

?. [unglossed]

diragas

?. [unglossed]

fliw

noun. sickness

fliw

noun. sickness

A noun appearing as N. fliw “sickness” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ON. thlīwe < ᴹ✶slīwē under the root ᴹ√SLIW “sickly” (Ety/SLIW). The ancient initial sl became thl which was the usual sound change in (Old) Noldorin, and then this thl became fl, a less common Noldorin sound change. There was also a deleted variant of this root: ᴹ√LIW, where Tolkien had lhîw “disease” with the usual unvoicing of initial l in Noldorin (EtyAC/LIW).

Neo-Sindarin: In Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s, initial sl became lh instead of thl, so most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. lhîw, as suggested by Hiswelókë’s Sindarin Dictionary (HSD). Based on the deleted variant of the root, I would use the word lhîw for both “sickness” and “disease”, both within a body and independent of it.

hadh-

verb. sit

haf-

verb. to sit

haust

noun. bed

haust

noun. bed

A word for “bed” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶khau̯-stā “rest-ing” under the root ᴹ√KHAW “rest, lie at ease” (Ety/KHAW; EtyAC/KHAW).

Conceptual Development: A similar form G. haus “bed” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s based on G. hau- “to lie” (GL/48).

mauth

?. [unglossed]

menwed

?. [unglossed]

nith

?. [unglossed]

nithrad

?. [unglossed]

níth

?. [unglossed]

paw

noun. sickness

paw

noun. sickness, sickness, *illness, ailment

A noun for “sickness” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KWAM (Ety/KWAM). For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume it can apply to general illness and ailment as well.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. côma {“disease, pestilence, sickness” >>} “disease, illness” (GL/26), related to ᴱQ. qáme “sickness, nausea” and thus based on the early root ᴱ√QAMA (QL/76). This became ᴱN. côm in the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s (PE13/123) and then {cóm >>} ᴱN. pau “sickness” in Early Noldorin Word-lists a bit later in this period, still cognate to ᴱQ. qāme (PE13/140, 152). The new form reflected changes in Noldorin’s phonetic developments: kw &gt; p and ā &gt; au instead of earlier (Gnomish) ā &gt; ō and kwo &gt; ko. These Gnomish sound changes were allocated to Ilkorin in the 1930s: see Ilk. côm “sickness”, also from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KWAM).

porennin

?. [unglossed]

telwen

?. [unglossed]

thliw

noun. sickness

cairë

?. [unglossed]

casta

cause

casta (2) noun "cause" (reason) (QL:43)

tyar-

cause

tyar- vb. "cause" (KYAR)

tyar-

verb. cause

caila

lying in bed, bedridden, sickness

caila ("k")adj.(and noun???) "lying in bed, bedridden, sickness" (KAY, VT45:19). It may be that the gloss "sickness" applies only to the "Noldorin"/Sindarin form cael listed before Quenya caila, since cael could be both an adjective and a noun (the ancient adjective kailā "bedridden" merging with the noun kailē "sickness"). In Quenya the form caila < *_kailā _would probably be an adjective only.

cëa(n)

cardinal. ten

amya-

verb. [unglossed]

arra

adjective. [unglossed]

caima

bed

caima ("k")noun "bed" (KAY)

caimassë

lying in bed, sickness

caimassë ("k")noun "lying in bed, sickness" (KAY)

caimassëa

bedridden, sick

caimassëa ("k")adj. "bedridden, sick" (KAY)

caina

ordinal. tenth

cainen

cardinal. ten

[cainen] ("k") cardinal "ten" (KAYAN/KAYAR). According to VT48:12, Tolkien eventually rejected this word (cainen would only mean "I lay", sc. the pa.t. cainë with the ending -n "I"). See quain, quëan.

cainen

cardinal. ten

cemi

earth, soil, land

cemi noun "earth, soil, land"; Cémi ("k")"Mother Earth" (LT1:257; the "Qenya" word cemi would correspond to cemen in LotR-style Quenya)

conta-

verb. [unglossed]

cëa

cardinal. ten

[cëa, cëan ("k") cardinal "ten", forms Tolkien later abandoned in favour of quain or quëan. An adjectival form caina ("k") was also listed, but must likewise be considered obsolete. (VT48:12-13, VT49:54)]

cúma

noun. [unglossed]

felca

adjective. [unglossed]

felehta-

verb. [unglossed], *to excavate, tunnel, mine

An untranslated form appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 derived from the root √PHELEG/PHELEK (PE17/118), possibly a verb derived from ✱phelektā- or ✱phelegtā-. The derivatives of this root had to do with mines and tunnels, so perhaps this verb meant “✱to excavate, tunnel, mine”.

finca

noun. [unglossed]

ham-

sit

ham- (1) vb. "sit" (KHAM)

har-

sit, stay

har- vb. "sit, stay", pl. present hárar in CO (i hárar "those who sit, those who are sitting"). Imperative hara in the phrase (hara) máriessë "(stay) in happiness" (PE17:162). According to VT45:20, har- "sit" is derived from a stem KHAD which Tolkien abandoned in the Etymologies, but since CO is later than Etym, he may seem to have restored KHAD. If so, the past tense of har- would be *handë.

hendas

?. [unglossed]

hindo

noun. [unglossed]

hindë

noun. [unglossed]

holdë

noun. [unglossed]

háro

?. [unglossed]

kemen

earth

kemen noun "earth"; see cemen.

lingi-

verb. [unglossed]

lívë

sickness

lívë noun "sickness" (SLIW). Since Tolkien eventually decided that roots in sl- yield Quenya words in hl- (though this was pronounced l- in late Exilic Quenya), it may be that the spelling *hlívë is to be preferred.

maitya

?. [unglossed]

malsa

?. [unglossed]

mar

earth

mar (1) noun "earth" (world), also "home, dwelling, mansion". Stem mard- (VT46:13, PE17:64), also seen in the ablative Mardello "from earth" (FS); the word is used with a more limited sense in oromardi "high halls" (sg. oromar, PM17:64), referring to the dwellings of Manwë and Varda on Mt. Taniquetil (Nam, RGEO:66). The initial element of Mardorunando (q.v.) may be the genitive mardo (distinguish mardo "dweller"). May be more or less identical to már "home, house, dwelling" (of persons or peoples; in names like Val(i)mar, Vinyamar, Mar-nu-Falmar, Mardil) (SA:bar, VT45:33, VT47:6). Már is however unlikely to have the stem-form mard-; a "Qenya" genitive maren appears in the phrase hon-maren, q.v., suggesting that its stem is mar-. A possible convention could therefore be to use már (mar-) for "home, house" (also when = household, family as in Mardil, q.v.), whereas mar (mard-) is used for for "earth, world". Early "Qenya" has mar (mas-) "dwelling of men, the Earth, -land" (LT1:251); notice that in LotR-style Quenya, a word in -r cannot have a stem-form in -s-.

melya-

verb. [unglossed], *to be in love

naue

?. [unglossed]

nómë

place

#nómë noun "place", isolated from Nómesseron, q.v. Cf. also sinomë.

nómë

noun. place

quain

cardinal. ten

quain cardinal "ten" (also quëan); quainëa ordinal "tenth" (VT48:6, 20; VT42:25). Quain or quëan replaced the form cainen in Tolkiens conception.

quain

cardinal. ten

quainëa

ordinal. tenth

quámë

sickness

quámë ("q")noun "sickness" (KWAM), "sickness, nausea" (QL:76). Earlier material also gives quámë as the past tense of the related verb quama- "vomit, be sick".

quëan

cardinal. ten

quëan cardinal "ten", also quain (VT48:6, 12, 20). Quain or quëan replaced the form cainen in Tolkiens conception.

quëan

cardinal. ten

sal-

verb. [unglossed]

sélo

?. [unglossed]

sóla

?. [unglossed]

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

tomba

noun. [unglossed]

tompë

noun. [unglossed], *pulse, beat

@@@ Neo-meaning “✱pulse, beat” suggested by Röandil on 2023-04-20

um(ba)-

prefix. [unglossed]

umbacarin

noun. [unglossed]

éna

?. [unglossed]

úpa-

verb. [unglossed]

þúna

?. [unglossed]

celuva

adjective. original

tyarwë

noun. reason

kah

root. cause

kayan

root. ten

keme

noun. earth

kemen

noun. earth

khad

root. sit

The roots √KHAD and √KHAM were in competition for words having to do with “sit” and “seat” for a significant portion of Tolkien’s life. Both roots have antecedants in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, but in that early document the root for “sit” was given as ᴱ√ÐORO or ᴱ√SORO (QL/85), replacing rejected ᴱ√SOŘO [ᴱ√SOÐO] and ᴱ√SODO (QL/85). Of these, the true form was clearly ᴱ√ÐORO given Gnomish derivative G. dorn “seat”, G. doros “throne”, G. dortha- “settle” (GL/30). This root seems to have been abandoned in Tolkien’s later writing, though N. dortha- “dwell, stay” was reassigned to ᴹ√NDOR in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/NDOR).

As for √KHAD and √KHAM, their clearest antecedents in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s were ᴱ√HAÐA “cleave, remain” and ᴱ√HAM (QL/39), the latter without gloss but with derivatives having to do with the ground such as ᴱQ. hamba “on the ground” and G. ham “ground” (QL/39; GL/48). Some variant of ᴱ√HAÐA seems to have drifted in the direction of “sit” based on ᴱN. haud “seat” from Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s (PE13/147, 155).

Tolkien initially used the root ᴹ√KHAD for words having to do with “sit” and “seat” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/KHAM), but it was replaced by ᴹ√KHAM “sit” (Ety/KHAM) and this root seems to have survived for some time, since ᴹ√KHAM “sit down” appeared in the Quenya Verbal System from 1948 (PE22/103). However, at some point Tolkien added a new root ᴹ√KHAM “call to, summon, name by name” to The Etymologies, and in this new entry he said “KHAM sit (replacing KHAD, cancelled)” indicating ᴹ√KHAD was restored (EtyAC/KHAM²). This seems to represent an ongoing vacillation between √KHAD and √KHAM in the 1930s and 40s.

However, √KHAD “sit” appeared in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa written around 1950 (PE18/95), Q. hárar “sit” (not ✱✱hámar) appears in Cirion’s Oath (UT/305), and in late notes on verbs from 1969 Tolkien had ✶khadmā “seat” as the basis for Q. hanw̃a S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √KHAM “sit” in this period, so it seems Tolkien chose √KHAD for “sit” in the 1950s and 60s.

Neo-Eldarin: I think √KHAD “sit” is the best choice for Neo-Eldarin, since it also lets us use ᴹ√KHAM “call to, summon, name by name” more freely.

kway

root. ten

A root Tolkien introduced in the late 1960s as the basis for his latest Elvish word for “ten”: Q. quëan/quain, S. pae, T. pai(n) (VT42/24; VT48/6). It was an extension of √KWA “complete” as in “a complete set of (10) fingers”. Prior this late change, the usual word for “ten” was ᴹQ. kainen (along with other variants beginning with kai- or kea-) from the root ᴹ√KAYAN or ᴹ√KAYAR as it appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KAYAN). This basis for “ten” dates back to the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (PE14/49, PE14/82). Tolkien was still considering √KAYAN for “10” in the late 1960s before replacing it with √KWAY(AM) (VT48/12).

lemek

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Outline of Phonology from the early 1950s illustrating certain phonetic combinations (PE19/98), and therefore possibly not a “real” root.

phut

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root appearing in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) as an etymological variation of √PUT (PE18/90).

sal

root. [unglossed], *harp(ing), lyre

The unglossed root ᴱ√SALA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. salma “lyre, small harp” and ᴱQ. salumbe “harping, music” (QL/81). The root √SAL appeared again Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the early 1950s to illustrate the reformed perfect form of its verb Q. asálie (PE22/132), but since these later forms are unglossed it is unclear whether they have the same meaning (“✱harp(ing)”) as the earlier version of the root.

stuk

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in a rejected section of the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, serving to illustration certain phonetic developments: ✶stuknā > Q. thúna (PE19/86).

tig

root. [unglossed]

A root appearing in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as the basis for the verb Q. tinga- “go (for a long while)” (PE22/157). The etymology was marked with an “X” and so was probably a transient idea (PE22/157 note #70).

graw Reconstructed

root. [unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart

This root appeared as a primitive form grawa serving as the basis of the word Q. roa “bear” >> “dog” in notes on monosyllabic roots from 1968 (VT47/35); a Sindarin derivative S. graw “bear” appeared in other notes written around the same time (VT47/12). Patrick Wynne suggested that in the sense “bear” grawa might be connected to the root ᴹ√GRAWA “dark, swart” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/GRAWA).

nom Reconstructed

root. place

A hypothetical root serving as the basis for Q. nómë “place”.

asdi

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation (pronounced [azdi]) without giving its meaning (SD/421).

dâira

noun. Earth

A noun translated as “Earth” in the final version of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/247). It may be related to S. dôr “land”, as suggested by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynn (AAD/13).

Conceptual Development: In the Lament of Akallabêth (first draft), this noun appeared as kamāt (SD/311).

sapda

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation without giving its meaning (SD/421).

pai(n)

cardinal. ten

paianya

ordinal. tenth