ost

noun. city, town with wall round

ost

noun. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art

ost

noun. city, town (with wall round)

Cognates

• ᴹQ. osto “city, town with wall round, fort” ✧ Ety/OS

Derivations

• ᴹ√OS “round, about” ✧ Ety/OS

Element in

• N. Ang(ren)ost “Isengard”
• N. Belegost “Great Fortress, Great City” ✧ Ety/OS
• N. Caerost “?-town”
• N. Carchost
• N. Gorgos “Dire-castle”
• N. Osforod “Northburg”
• N. Narchost “*Bitter-biting Fort”
• N. Osgiliath “Fortress of the Stars”
• N. Ostechain “Town Built Again, Newbold” ✧ TI/424
• N. othlon “paved way” ✧ Ety/LOD
• N. ostrad “street” ✧ Ety/RAT
• N. Othram “City Wall” ✧ WR/288
• N. othrond “underground city, fortress” ✧ Ety/OS; EtyAC/OS
• N. Tarnost
• N. Taurost “High City”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√OS > ost	[osto] > [ost]	✧ Ety/OS

Variations

• osse ✧ EtyAC/OS (osse)
• Ost ✧ TI/424 (Ost)

loer

noun. summer

Changes

• Loer → Laer “summer” ✧ PM/136

Cognates

• ᴹQ. laire “summer” ✧ PM/134

Derivations

• ᴹ√LAY “*be alive, flourish”

Element in

• N. Cadloer “July, *After-summer”
• N. Ebloer “June, ?Before-summer”

Variations

• Loer ✧ PM/135

garth

noun. fort, fortress

garth

noun. fort, fortress

Cognates

• ᴹQ. arta “fort, fortress” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT

Derivations

• ᴹ√GARAT “*defend” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT; EtyAC/GAR
  • ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend” ✧ Ety/ƷAR; EtyAC/GAR
• ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend” ✧ Ety/GAR

Element in

• N. Garthoren “Fenced Fort” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT; EtyAC/GAR (Gardol); EtyAC/GAR (Garth(th)óren); EtyAC/GAR (Garth(th)oren/Garthorn)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√GARAT > garth	[garta] > [gartʰa] > [garθa] > [garθ]	✧ Ety/ƷAR	GARAT