caen-

cardinal. ten

caen-

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cainen. >> cae, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

caen

cardinal. ten

cae

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cea. >> caen-, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

cae

cardinal. ten

can

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> canad, leben

neder

card

_ card. _nine. Q. nerte. >> cae, caen-

pae

cardinal. ten

The Sindarin word for “ten” in notes on numbers from the late 1960s (VT42/25; VT48/6). Its primitive form is ✶kwayam based on the root √kwaya originally referring to the whole (√KWA) set of ten fingers (VT42/24). In one place it had a longer variant pae(an) (VT48/21), which appeared in reduced form in the adjective paenui “tenth” (VT42/25).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Grammar of the 1910s had G. sath “10” of unclear derivation (GG/13). The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. caer “ten” derived from a variant √KAYAR of the root ᴹ√KAYAN “ten” (Ety/KAYAN), where the -r was borrowed from neder “nine” (EtyAC/KAYAN). In notes probably from the late 1950s Tolkien had caen- or cae “ten” (PE17/95), a form Tolkien probably used for some time given nelchaenen “thirtieth” from around 1950 (SD/129) and caenui “tenth” from the late 1960s (VT42/10), a rejected form of paenui appearing in the same 1960s notes on numbers mentioned above.

canad

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> can, leben

eneg

card

_ card. _six. Q. enque, enc-. >> odog

er

card

_ card. _one. Q. er. >> min, tad

leben

card

_ card. _five. Q. lepen, lempe. >> eneg

min

card

_ card. _one. Q. min. >> er, tad

nel

card

_ card. _three. Q. nelde. Fcan, canad, neledh

odog

card

_ card. _seven. Q. otos. >> tolod

pae

cardinal. ten

paean Archaic

cardinal. ten

tad

card

_ card. _two. Q. atta. Fnel, neledh

tad

card

card. two. . This gloss was rejected.

tolod

card

_ card. _eight. Q. tolto. >> neder

pae

cardinal. ten

pae (the ”Noldorin” form caer listed in the Etymologies was apparently abandoned by Tolkien).

pae

ten

(the ”Noldorin” form caer listed in the Etymologies was apparently abandoned by Tolkien).

paenui

tenth

.

cainen

cardinal. ten

[cainen] ("k") cardinal "ten" (KAYAN/KAYAR). According to VT48:12, Tolkien eventually rejected this word (cainen would only mean "I lay", sc. the pa.t. cainë with the ending -n "I"). See quain, quëan.

cainen

cardinal. ten

cëa(n)

cardinal. ten

cëa

cardinal. ten

[cëa, cëan ("k") cardinal "ten", forms Tolkien later abandoned in favour of quain or quëan. An adjectival form caina ("k") was also listed, but must likewise be considered obsolete. (VT48:12-13, VT49:54)]

quain

cardinal. ten

quain cardinal "ten" (also quëan); quainëa ordinal "tenth" (VT48:6, 20; VT42:25). Quain or quëan replaced the form cainen in Tolkiens conception.

quain

cardinal. ten

quëan

cardinal. ten

quëan cardinal "ten", also quain (VT48:6, 12, 20). Quain or quëan replaced the form cainen in Tolkiens conception.

quëan

cardinal. ten

Eldarinwe Leperi are Notessi (ELN) from 1968 had the words quëan and quain for “ten” (VT48/6). The latter was used in adjectival quainëa “tenth” (VT42/25), and on this basis I believe quain is the form used in compounds, while quëan is its form as an independent word. Its primitive form is ✶kwayam based on the root √kwaya originally referring to the whole (√KWA) set of ten fingers (VT42/24).

Conceptual Development: Tolkien introduced this word for “ten” fairly late in his life. In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s the word for “ten” was ᴱQ. lempe, related to ᴱQ. lemin “five” and appearing under the early root ᴱ√LEH [LEǶE] (QL/52). In the Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s, the base word for “ten” was ᴱQ. kai, already referring to the ten fingers (PE14/51, 84). In combination with other numbers it used its partitive form ᴱQ. kainen “ten” as in ᴱQ. yukainen “twenty” = “✱two of ten”, ᴱQ. otsokainen “seventy” = “✱seven of ten”, and so forth (PE14/49, 82-83). It had an adjectival variant ᴱQ. kea also used in the “teen” numbers: ᴱQ. kankea “fourteen” (PE14/49, 82).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the partitive form became the normal form ᴹQ. kainen “ten” under root ᴹ√KAYAN of the same meaning (Ety/KAYAN). The form cainen “ten” continued to appear in Tolkien’s later writings (PE17/95; CPT/1296) along with a shorter form cëa. This short form kea(n) appeared in rough notes associated with ELN from 1968, replacing kainen to avoid confusion with cainen “I lay”. Ultimately in this document Tolkien settled on quëan/quain as mentioned above.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I use quëan “ten” as an independent word and quain in compounds such as ᴺQ. yuquain “twenty” = “two tens”.

caer

cardinal. ten

caer

cardinal. ten

kayan

root. ten

kway

root. ten

A root Tolkien introduced in the late 1960s as the basis for his latest Elvish word for “ten”: Q. quëan/quain, S. pae, T. pai(n) (VT42/24; VT48/6). It was an extension of √KWA “complete” as in “a complete set of (10) fingers”. Prior this late change, the usual word for “ten” was ᴹQ. kainen (along with other variants beginning with kai- or kea-) from the root ᴹ√KAYAN or ᴹ√KAYAR as it appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KAYAN). This basis for “ten” dates back to the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (PE14/49, PE14/82). Tolkien was still considering √KAYAN for “10” in the late 1960s before replacing it with √KWAY(AM) (VT48/12).

pai(n)

cardinal. ten