cambë

noun. hand, (hollow of) hand

Derivations

• √KAB “hold, contain, retain, possess, have in hand, hold, contain, retain, possess, have in hand; [ᴹ√] hollow”

má

noun. hand

hand

má

hand

má noun "hand" (MA3, LT2:339, Narqelion, VT39:10, [VT45:30], VT47:6, 18, 19); the dual "a pair of hands" is attested both by itself as mát (VT47:6) and with a pronominal suffix as máryat "his/her (pair of) hands" (see -rya, -t) (Nam, RGEO:67). The nominative plural form was only máli, not **már (VT47:6), though plurals in -r may occur in some of the cases, as indicated by the pl. allative mannar "into hands" (FS). Mánta "their hand", dual mántat "their hands" (two hands each) (PE17:161). Cf. also the compounds mátengwië "language of the hands" (VT47:9) and Lungumá "Heavyhand" (VT47:19); also compare the adj. -maitë "-handed". See also málimë.

má

noun. hand

má

noun. hand

The most common Quenya word for “hand”, which Tolkien usually derived from a root √MAH or √MAƷ “hand; handle, wield”. The weak consonant h or ʒ in the root was lost very early, so that primitive ✶mā was one of a rare set of ancient monosyllabic nouns ending in a vowel. Tolkien said that of the various hand words, má was “the oldest (probably) and the one that retained a general and unspecialized sense — referring to the entire hand (including wrist) in any attitude or function” (VT47/6).

As a part of the body, má “hand” was usually referred to in the singular (má) or dual (mát). This was true when referring to the hands of groups of people as well. For example, to say that “the Elves raised their hands”, you would say either i Eldar ortaner mánta (singular, one hand each) or i Eldar ortaner mántat (dual, both hands each), with the possessive suffix -nta “their”.

The plural form már “hands” (or archaic †mai) was almost never used, in part because it conflicted with Q. már “dwelling”. The singular form was also used in general statements and proverbs: “hand is cleverer than foot” má anfinya epe tál (ná). A collection of otherwise unrelated hands would likely use the partitive-plural form: máli “some hands”, which in this case could also serve as the general plural (VT47/12 Note 2). See the discussions on PE17/161 and VT47/6 for more information.

This word is also unusual in that it retains its long vowel before consonant clusters in inflected forms such as mánta “their hand” (PE17/161) or márya “his/her hand” (PE17/69). As Tolkien described it:

> Lá is usually shortened to la before 2 consonants, according to the usual Q. procedure, but the long vowel can be retained, especially for additional emphasis, as in other cases where pronominal affixes follow a long vowel, as in márya “his hand” (PE22/160).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to ᴱQ. mā “hand” from Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√MAHA “grasp” (QL/57). ᴹQ. má “hand” also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√MAƷ “hand” (Ety/MAƷ). Tolkien mentioned this word with great frequency, usually derived from √MAH or √MAƷ (as noted above) though he sometimes considered deriving it from √MAG instead.

Cognates

• S. maw “hand” ✧ PE17/162; VT47/06
• T. má “hand” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/06

Derivations

• √MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ PE17/069; PE17/162; PE19/100; VT39/11; VT47/19
• √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ PE17/161; VT47/18
• ✶mā “hand” ✧ PE19/102; VT47/06
  • ✶maha “hand, the manager” ✧ PE19/074; PE19/102; VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/35
  • √MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/18
  • √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
  • √MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ PE21/70
  • √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
• ✶maha “hand, the manager” ✧ PE19/106; VT47/18
  • √MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/18
  • √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18

Element in

• Q. an sí Tintallë Varda Oiolossëo ve fanyar máryat Elentári ortanë “for now the Kindler, Varda, the Queen of the Stars from Mount Everwhite has uplifted her hands like clouds” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. an sí Varda, Tintallë, Elentári ortanë máryat Oiolossëo ve fanyar “for now Varda, Star-kindler, Star-queen [has] lifted up her (two) hands from Mount Everwhite like (white) clouds” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. forma “right-hand” ✧ VT47/06
• Q. hyarma “left hand” ✧ VT47/06
• Q. Lungumá “Heavyhand” ✧ VT47/19
• ᴺQ. máfastië “hand-pleasure, writing for pleasure of hand and eye”
• Q. mahtanë yúyo má véla “*wield both hands alike” ✧ VT49/10
• Q. maitë “handy, skillful; having a hand, handed; shapely, handy, skillful, [ᴹQ.] skilled; [Q.] shapely, well-shaped; (as suffix) having a hand, handed” ✧ PE17/161; VT47/06
• Q. málimë “wrist, (lit.) hand-link” ✧ VT47/06
• ᴺQ. mapalin “plane tree [Platinus], sycamore, (lit.) hand-flat”
• Q. mátengwië “language of the hands”
• ᴺQ. mavaina “maple, (lit.) hand-clad”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√MAƷ > mā	[maɣa] > [mā]	✧ PE17/069
√MAG > mā	[maga] > [maɣa] > [mā]	✧ PE17/161
√MAƷ > má	[mā]	✧ PE17/162
√MAƷ > má	[maɣa] > [mā]	✧ PE19/100
✶māh > mâ	[māh] > [mā]	✧ PE19/102
✶māʒ > mã	[māɣ] > [mā]	✧ PE19/106
√maha > mā	[maha] > [mā]	✧ VT39/11
✶mā > má	[mā]	✧ VT47/06
✶māʒ(ă) > mā	[māɣa] > [mā]	✧ VT47/18
√mag > mā	[māga] > [māɣa] > [mā]	✧ VT47/18
√MAƷA > má	[maɣa] > [mā]	✧ VT47/19

Variations

• mā ✧ PE17/069; PE17/161; VT39/09; VT39/11; VT47/18; VT47/18
• mâ ✧ PE19/102
• mã ✧ PE19/106

hanwa

noun. seat, seat, *chair

A noun in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) written in 1969, given as hanw̃a “seat” and derived from primitive ✶khadmā where dm became nm [χanmā] and then nw (PE22/148). Early iterations of this word also meant “chair”, so this word may have that meaning as well.

Conceptual Development: The earliest “seat” words were ᴱQ. sōra {“seat, throne” >>} “seat” and ᴱQ. sonda “seat, chair” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SOŘO [SOÐO] (QL/85-86). Tolkien revised the root to ᴱ√SORO (ÐORO) after which the form sonda was deleted. In the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa Tolkien had only ᴱQ. sonda “seat” (PME/86).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien had ᴹQ. handa “chair” under the root ᴹ√KHAD, but Tolkien revised the root to ᴹ√KHAM “sit” and the Quenya form to ᴹQ. hamma “chair” (Ety/KHAM; EtyAC/KHAM). Tolkien then introduced a new root ᴹ√KHAM “call to, summon”, saying that “KHAM sit (replacing KHAD, cancelled)”, so apparently the root for “sit” reverted back to KHAD. This is supported by the 1969 “seat” word hanwa seen above.

Cognates

• S. hadhu “seat, seat, *chair”

Derivations

• ✶khadmā “seat” ✧ PE22/148
  • √KHAD “sit”

Element in

• Q. tarhanwa “throne, (lit.) high seat” ✧ PE22/148

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶khadmā > χanmā > χanw̃ā > hanw̃a	[kʰadmā] > [xadmā] > [xanmā] > [xanwā] > [hanwā] > [hanwa]	✧ PE22/148

Variations

• hanw̃a ✧ PE22/148

lendë

left, went

lendë vb. "left, went" (pa.t. of lelya- "go") (FS, LR:47, SD:310, WJ:362), or, according to the Etymologies, the pa.t. of lenna- "go" and lesta- "leave" (LED, ELED. In the Etymologies as printed in LR, lenna- was misread as "linna-"; see VT45:27)

nonda

hand, especially in [?clutching]

nonda noun "hand, especially in [?clutching]" (VT47:23; Tolkien's gloss was not certainly legible)

sonda

seat

sonda noun "seat" (QL:85)

hyarya

left

hyarya adj. "left" (opposite of right). (KHYAR). Compare hyarma.

forya

right

forya adj. "right" (PHOR), "dexter" (VT46:10)

maqua

hand-full; complete hand with all five fingers; a closing of closed [hand] (facing down) for taking; group of five (similar) things

maqua noun "a hand-full; complete hand with all five fingers; a closing of closed [hand] (facing down) for taking; group of five (similar) things"; in colloquial usage also "hand" as a limb (VT47:7, 18-20); dual maquat "group of ten" (VT47:7, 10). Compounded maquanotië = "decimal system" in counting (VT47:10), Lungumaqua "Heavyhand" (VT47:19)

quárë

fist

quárë (also quár) noun "fist" _(SA:celeb, KWAR; in the Etymologies, Tolkien first wrote _quár pl. quari, and quár is also found in PM:318 and VT47:8, in the latter case changed from quárë, VT47:22. As usual, the spelling of the Etym forms shows q instead of qu_.) _According to PM:318 and VT47:8, the "chief use [of this word] was in reference to the tightly closed hand as in using an implement or a craft-tool rather than to the 'fist' as used in punching".

cam

noun. hand

camm

noun. hand

maw

noun. hand

maw

noun. hand

The Sindarin equivalent of Q. má, likewise derived from the root √MAH or √MAƷ “hand; handle, wield” (PE17/162; VT47/6). However, in Sindarin this word was archaic, used only in poetry, having been replaced in ordinary speech by other words like S. mâb and (less often) cam. Other remnants of this word can be seen in compounds like molif “wrist, (orig.) hand link” and directional words like forvo and harvo for left and right hand side.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, G. mô from the early root ᴱ√MAHA was the normal word for “hand”, replacing mab “hand” (< ᴱ√MAHA) which in this document Tolkien decided was instead an irregular dual form of mô (GL/55). It had also had an irregular plural mabin based on this dual, replacing an older plural †maith. In the Gnomish Grammar, its archaic form was †mâ, with the usual Gnomish sound change of ā to ō (GG/14), as opposed to later Sindarin/Noldorin ā to au, spelt -aw when final. Tolkien seems to have abandoned mô as a non-archaic word for “hand” early on, preferring ᴱN. mab “hand” by the 1920s and introducing N. cam “hand” in the 1930s.

Cognates

• Q. má “hand” ✧ PE17/162; VT47/06
• T. má “hand” ✧ VT47/18

Derivations

• √MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ PE17/162
• ✶mā “hand” ✧ VT47/06
  • ✶maha “hand, the manager” ✧ PE19/074; PE19/102; VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/35
  • √MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/18
  • √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
  • √MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ PE21/70
  • √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
• √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18

Element in

• S. forvo “right hand, right side” ✧ VT47/06
• S. harvo “left hand, left side” ✧ VT47/06
• S. maed “handy, skillful, handy, skillful, [N.] skilled” ✧ VT47/06
• ᴺS. mawedh “glove”
• S. molif “wrist, (lit.) hand-link” ✧ VT47/06

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√MAƷ > maw	[mā] > [mǭ] > [mau]	✧ PE17/162
✶mā > maw	[mā] > [mǭ] > [mau]	✧ VT47/06
√mag > maw	[mā] > [mǭ] > [mau]	✧ VT47/18

mâb

noun. hand, hand, [N.] grasp

The typical Sindarin word for “hand” (VT47/7, 20), usable in almost any context. It is most notable as an element in the name Mablung “Heavy Hand” (VT47/8). See below for a discussion of its etymology.

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, where G. mab “hand” appeared as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√MAPA “seize” (GL/55). Tolkien then revised the gloss to “hands”, saying instead it was an irregular dual of G. mô “hand”. The word reverted to singular ᴱN. mab “hand” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/149). These early versions of the word were already an element of Mablung “Heavy Hand(ed)” (LT2/38; LB/311), but also of Ermabwed “One-handed” (LT2/34; LB/119).

In the 1930s it seems Tolkien decided Ilk. mâb “hand” was primarily an Ilkorin word, and the usual word for “hand” in Noldorin was N. cam. Compare Ilkorin Ermabuin “One-handed” and Mablosgen “Empty-handed” with Noldorin Erchamion and Camlost of the same meaning. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien had N. mab “grasp” under the root ᴹ√MAPA “seize”, but the version of the entry with that word was overwritten (EtyAC/MAP), leaving only the Ilkorin form mâb. In this period, Mablung may also have been an Ilkorin name.

After Tolkien abandoned Ilkorin in the 1950s, he kept S. Erchamion and Camlost based on cam, but also kept Mablung “Heavy Hand” which must have become Sindarin. In his later writings Tolkien again revisited the etymology of S. mâb “hand”. In a note from Jan-Feb 1968, he wrote:

> It [Q. má = “hand”] did not survive in Telerin and Sindarin as an independent word, but was replaced by the similar-sounding but unconnected C.E. makwā, Q. maqua, T. mapa, S. mab, of uncertain origin, but probably originally an adjectival formation from MAK “strike” ... (VT47/19).

This sentence was struck through, however. In drafts of notes on Elvish Hands, Fingers and Numerals written in or after 1968, Tolkien again derived mâb from √MAP (VT47/20 note #13), but in the final version of these notes he made the remarkable decision to discard this root despite it being a stable part of Elvish for nearly 50 years, declaring it was used only in Telerin and not Quenya or Sindarin (VT47/7). He coined a new etymology for S. mâb “hand” based on ✶makwā “handful” = ✶mā + ✶kwā (VT47/6-7), a variation on the above etymology from √MAK.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I prefer to ignore Tolkien’s 1968 removal of √MAP “seize”, and so would continue to derive S. mâb “hand” from that root. However, its ancient meaning may have been “✱grasp”, and its eventual use as “hand” might have been influenced by ancient ✶makwā “handful”.

Cognates

• Q. maqua “hand-full, group of five (similar) things; hand (colloquial); closing or closed [hand] (facing down) for taking” ✧ VT47/06; VT47/19; VT47/20

Derivations

• ✶makwā “a hand-full, complete hand with all five fingers” ✧ VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/19
  • √MAK “cut, hew with a sharp edge; kill, slay; forge metal, cut, hew with a sharp edge, [ᴹ√] cleave; sword, fight (with a sword); ️[√] forge metal; kill, slay” ✧ VT47/19
• √MAP “take away, take hold of, grasp, take away, take hold of, grasp, [ᴹ√] lay hold of with hand, seize” ✧ VT47/20

Element in

• ᴺS. mablanthos “sycamore”
• S. Mablung “Heavy Hand” ✧ VT47/07
• ᴺS. mabren “handed, having hands, dextrous”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶makwā > mâb	[makwā] > [mapā] > [mapa] > [map] > [mab] > [māb]	✧ VT47/06
✶makwā > mâb	[makwā] > [mapā] > [mapa] > [map] > [mab] > [māb]	✧ VT47/07
✶makwā > mâb	[makwā] > [mapā] > [mapa] > [map] > [mab] > [māb]	✧ VT47/19
√MAP > măpo > mâb	[mapo] > [map] > [mab] > [māb]	✧ VT47/20

hadhu

noun. seat, seat, *chair

A word appearing as haðw “seat” in Late Notes on Verb Structure from 1969 derived from primitive ✶khadmā (PE22/148). In more typical Sindarin orthography it would be hadhu. Based on earlier versions of this word, it may mean “✱chair” as well (see below).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. dorn “seat” (GL/19), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√ÐORO “sit” (QL/85). In Early Noldorin Word-lists this became ᴱN. {hód >>} haud “seat” (PE13/147).

A draft entry to The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. hand “seat” and N. hanw “chair” derived from the root ᴹ√KHAD (EtyAC/KHAM). Tolkien updated this root form to ᴹ√KHAM “sit” with a noun form N. ham or hanw, with a hard-to-read gloss that was probably “?chair” (Ety/KHAM; EtyAC/KHAM). Tolkien then created yet another root ᴹ√KHAM “call to, summon”, saying that “KHAM sit (replacing KHAD, cancelled)”, so apparently the root for “sit” reverted back to KHAD. This is supported by the 1969 “seat” word haðw seen above.

Cognates

• Q. hanwa “seat, seat, *chair”

Derivations

• ✶khadmā “seat” ✧ PE22/148
  • √KHAD “sit”

Element in

• S. arahadhw “throne, (lit.) high seat” ✧ PE22/148

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶khadmā > chaðw > haðw	[kʰadmā] > [kʰadma] > [xadma] > [xaðma] > [xaðm] > [haðm] > [haðv] > [haðw] > [haðu]	✧ PE22/148

Variations

• haðw ✧ PE22/148

harvo

noun. left hand

forvo

noun. right hand

hair

noun/adjective. left (hand)

camlann

noun. palm of hand

dond

noun. fist, hand (especially in punching)

dond

noun. fist

A word for “fist” appearing as dond or donn only in draft notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s derived from primitive ✶dond(a) (VT47/23 note #25). A more usual word for “fist” is S. paur.

Cognates

• T. donda “fist” ✧ VT47/23

Derivations

• ✶dond(a) “fist” ✧ VT47/23

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶dond(a) > dond	[donda] > [dond]	✧ VT47/23

Variations

• donn ✧ VT47/23

fair

noun. right (hand)

plad

noun. palm, flat of the hand, hand held upwards or forwards, flat and tensed (with fingers and thumb closed or spread)

talf

noun. palm of hand

harvo

noun. left side

forvo

noun. right side

donn

noun. fist, hand (especially in punching)

donn

noun. fist

forn

noun. right, north

mab-

noun. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers)

paur

noun. fist (often used to mean "hand", its chief use was in reference of the tighly closed hand, as in using an implement or a craft-tool, rather than to the fist used in punching)

paur

fist

(baur) _ n. _fist. Q. quáre. >> Celebrimbor

mâb

noun. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers)

crom

left

(lenited grom, pl. crym), with corresponding noun

cam

hand

1) cam (i gam, o cham), pl. caim (i chaim), coll. pl. cammath; 2) mâb (i vâb; construct mab), pl. maib (i maib). 3) Archaic †maw (i vaw), pl. moe (i moe). A homophone means ”soil, stain”. (VT47:6) 4) (fist) dond (i dhond; construct don), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).

cam

hand

(i gam, o cham), pl. caim (i chaim), coll. pl. cammath

dond

hand

(i dhond; construct don), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).

hand

intelligent

hand (lenited chand, pl. haind)

hand

adjective. intelligent

hand

intelligent

(lenited chand, pl. haind)

maw

hand

(i vaw), pl. moe (i moe). A homophone means ”soil, stain”. (VT47:6) 

mâb

hand

(i vâb; construct mab), pl. maib (i maib).

crûm

left hand

(i grûm, o chrûm, construct crum), pl. cruim (i chruim), coll. pl. crummath. Also ✱hair (i chair), no distinct pl. form (not even with article). Note: hair is also used = ”left” as adjective. Cited in archaic form heir (LR:365 s.v. KHYAR).

hair

left hand

o chair, i chair, no distinct pl. form even with article; cited in archaic form heir, LR:365 s.v. KHYAR). Adj.

fuir

right hand

pl. fŷr. Also used as adj. "right, north" (VT42:20). In ”Noldorin” the word appeared as (”foeir” =) föir, feir (LR:382 s.v. PHOR).

camlann

of the hand

(i gamlann, o chamlann), pl. cemlain (i chemlain).

dond

fist

1) dond (i dhond; construct don) (hand), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23). 2) paur (i baur, o phaur, also -bor in compounds) (tightly closed hand), pl. poer (i phoer), coll. pl. porath. or

dond

fist

(i dhond; construct don) (hand), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).

forgam

right-handed

(pl. fergaim, for archaic förgeim)

hair

left

(adj.) hair (lenited chair; no distinct pl. form); also used as noun

hair

left

HAND (*hair, o chair, i chair, no distinct pl. form even with article; cited in archaic form heir, LR:365 s.v. KHYAR). Adj. LEFT also crom (lenited grom, pl. crym), with corresponding noun

hair

left

(lenited chair; no distinct pl. form); also used as noun

hâr

left

(noun, the direction) hâr (i châr) (south).

hâr

left

(i châr) (south).

crumguru

having a cunning left hand

lenited grumguru, pl. crumgyry (or crymgyry if the entire word is umlauted, but this may be unlikely) (VT45:24)

paur

fist

(i baur, o phaur, also -bor in compounds) (tightly closed hand), pl. poer (i phoer), coll. pl. porath.

talf

palm

(of hand) 1) talf (i dalf, o thalf), pl. ?telf (i thelf), coll. pl. talvath. Note: a homophone means ”low, flat field; wetland”.2) camlann (i gamlann, o chamlann), pl. cemlain (i chemlain), 3) *plâd (cited as ”plad” in the source) (i blâd, construct plad), (flat of the hand, hand held upwards or forwards, flat and tensed, with fingers and thumb closed or spread), pl. plaid (i phlaid). (VT47:9) PASS THE SENSITIVE PALM OVER A SURFACE, see .

talf

palm

(i dalf, o thalf), pl. ?telf (i thelf), coll. pl. talvath. Note: a homophone means ”low, flat field; wetland”.2) camlann (i gamlann, o chamlann), pl. cemlain (i chemlain), 3)  ✱plâd (cited as ”plad” in the source) (i blâd, construct plad), (flat of the hand, hand held upwards or forwards, flat and tensed, with fingers and thumb closed or spread), pl. plaid (i phlaid). (VT47:9)

fuir

right

1) (adj, of direction), also used as noun "right hand": fuir (north), pl. fŷr (VT42:20). In ”Noldorin” the word appeared as (”foeir” =) föir, feir (LR:382 s.v. PHOR). 2) (direction, not "correct") fôr (north), pl. fŷr. 3) (straight) tîr (lenited dîr, no distinct pl. form) Note: a homophone means ”looking, view, glance” (noun).

fuir

right

(north), pl. fŷr (VT42:20). In ”Noldorin” the word appeared as (”foeir” =) föir, feir (LR:382 s.v. PHOR).

fôr

right

(north), pl. fŷr.

tîr

right

(lenited dîr, no distinct pl. form) Note: a homophone means ”looking, view, glance” (noun).

camba

noun. hand

Cognates

• S. cam “(cupped) hand, holding hand; handful” ✧ VT47/22

mapa

noun. hand

Cognates

• Q. maqua “hand-full, group of five (similar) things; hand (colloquial); closing or closed [hand] (facing down) for taking” ✧ VT47/06; VT47/19; VT47/20

Derivations

• ✶makwā “a hand-full, complete hand with all five fingers” ✧ VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/19
  • √MAK “cut, hew with a sharp edge; kill, slay; forge metal, cut, hew with a sharp edge, [ᴹ√] cleave; sword, fight (with a sword); ️[√] forge metal; kill, slay” ✧ VT47/19
• √MAP “take away, take hold of, grasp, take away, take hold of, grasp, [ᴹ√] lay hold of with hand, seize” ✧ VT47/20

Derivatives

• T. mapa- “to take hold of, grasp” ✧ VT47/07

Variations

• mapo ✧ VT47/20

má

noun. hand

Cognates

• Q. má “hand” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/06
• S. maw “hand” ✧ VT47/18

Derivations

• ✶mā “hand” ✧ VT47/06
  • ✶maha “hand, the manager” ✧ PE19/074; PE19/102; VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/35
  • √MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/18
  • √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
  • √MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ PE21/70
  • √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
• √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18

Element in

• T. forma “right-hand” ✧ VT47/06
• T. málimë “wrist, (lit.) hand-link” ✧ VT47/06
• T. þarma “left-hand” ✧ VT47/06

Variations

• mā ✧ VT47/06 (mā)
• māga ✧ VT47/18

donda

noun. fist

Cognates

• Q. nonda “hand especially in (?clutching)” ✧ VT47/23
• S. dond “fist” ✧ VT47/23

Derivations

• ✶dond(a) “fist” ✧ VT47/23

pár

noun. fist

Cognates

• Q. quár(ë) “fist, closed hand” ✧ PM/318; VT47/08

Derivations

• ✶kwāra “fist” ✧ PM/318; VT47/08
  • √KWAR “press together, squeeze, wring, clench; clenched hand, fist” ✧ PE17/042; PM/318; VT47/08

Element in

• T. Telperimpar “Silver-fist” ✧ PM/318

Variations

• pār ✧ PM/318; VT47/08

pâ

noun. hand

A noun translated “hand”, given as an example of an apparent Adûnaic uniconsonantal noun, which had a biconsonantal-root but lost one of its consonants from its ancient form ✶Ad. paʒa (SD/416, 426).

Derivations

• √Ad. PAƷ “hand” ✧ SD/416
• ✶Ad. paʒa “hand” ✧ SD/426
  • √Ad. PAƷ “hand”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶Ad. pa3a > pā	[paɣa] > [paa] > [pā]	✧ SD/426

Variations

• pā ✧ SD/426

mā

noun. hand

Derivations

• ✶maha “hand, the manager” ✧ PE19/074; PE19/102; VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/35
  • √MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/18
  • √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
• √MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ PE21/70
• √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18

Derivatives

• Q. má “hand” ✧ PE19/102; VT47/06
• S. maw “hand” ✧ VT47/06
• T. má “hand” ✧ VT47/06

Element in

• ✶makwā “a hand-full, complete hand with all five fingers” ✧ VT47/07
• ✶mā-limi “wrist, (lit.) hand-link” ✧ VT47/06

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶maʒa > mā	[maɣa] > [mā]	✧ VT47/06

Variations

• māh ✧ PE19/102
• mâ ✧ VT47/18; VT47/34 (mâ)

khadmā

noun. seat

Derivations

• √KHAD “sit”

Derivatives

• Q. hanwa “seat, seat, *chair” ✧ PE22/148
• S. hadhu “seat, seat, *chair” ✧ PE22/148
• S. hadhwa- “to seat” ✧ PE22/148

maha

noun. hand, the manager

Changes

• māʒa → māga “the manager‽” ✧ VT47/18

Derivations

• √MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/18
• √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18

Derivatives

• ✶mā “hand” ✧ PE19/074; PE19/102; VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/35
  • Q. má “hand” ✧ PE19/102; VT47/06
  • S. maw “hand” ✧ VT47/06
  • T. má “hand” ✧ VT47/06
• Q. má “hand” ✧ PE19/106; VT47/18
• Q. mahta- “to handle, wield, use, make use of; to manage, deal with, treat, control, to handle, wield, use, make use of; to manage, deal with, treat, control; [ᴹQ.] to stroke, feel; to wield a weapon, fight” ✧ PE19/074
• Q. massë “handful, portion, share, capacity; the personal measure or capacity of a man, a talent, portion, share; capacity, [ᴹQ.] measure; the personal measure or capacity of a man, a talent; [Q.] †handful” ✧ PE19/074

Variations

• mā̆ha ✧ PE19/074
• māʒ ✧ PE19/106
• maʒa ✧ VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/35
• māʒ(ă) ✧ VT47/18
• māʒa ✧ VT47/18 (māʒa)
• māga ✧ VT47/18

kambā

noun. (cupped) hand

Derivations

• √KAB “hold, contain, retain, possess, have in hand, hold, contain, retain, possess, have in hand; [ᴹ√] hollow” ✧ VT47/07
• √KAM “fit, suit, agree, be agreeable, fit, suit, agree, be agreeable; [ᴹ√] bind, join” ✧ VT47/20

Derivatives

• Q. camba “(cupped) hand, hollow of the hand” ✧ VT47/07
• S. cam “(cupped) hand, holding hand; handful” ✧ SA/cam

Element in

• S. Camlost “Empty-handed” ✧ VT47/07
• S. Erchamion “One-handed” ✧ VT47/07

Elements

Word	Gloss
KAB	“hold, contain, retain, possess, have in hand, hold, contain, retain, possess, have in hand; [ᴹ√] hollow”
-mā	“instrumental suffix”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KAB > kab-mā > kambā	[kabmā] > [kambā]	✧ VT47/07
√KAM > kamba	[kambā]	✧ VT47/20

Variations

• kamba ✧ VT47/20

dond(a)

noun. fist

Derivatives

• Q. nonda “hand especially in (?clutching)” ✧ VT47/23
• S. dond “fist” ✧ VT47/23
• T. donda “fist” ✧ VT47/23

kwāra

noun. fist

Derivations

• √KWAR “press together, squeeze, wring, clench; clenched hand, fist” ✧ PE17/042; PM/318; VT47/08

Derivatives

• Q. quár(ë) “fist, closed hand” ✧ PE17/042; PM/318; VT47/08
• S. paur “fist, closed hand” ✧ PE17/042; PM/318; VT47/08
• T. pár “fist” ✧ PM/318; VT47/08

Variations

• kwārē ✧ PE17/042
• kwāră ✧ VT47/08

cam

noun. hand

cam

noun. hand

Cognates

• ᴹQ. kambe “hollow (of hand)” ✧ Ety/KAB; EtyAC/KAB

Derivations

• ᴹ√KAB “hollow” ✧ Ety/KAB; EtyAC/KAB
• On. kamba “hand” ✧ Ety/MAƷ
  • ᴹ√KAB “hollow” ✧ Ety/MAƷ; EtyAC/MAƷ
  • ᴹ✶kambā ✧ PE21/59; PE21/59
  • ᴹ√KAB “hollow”

Element in

• N. Cambant “Full Hand” ✧ Ety/KAB
• N. camland “palm of hand” ✧ Ety/LAD
• N. Camlost “Empty-hand(ed)” ✧ Ety/KAB
• N. Erchamui “One-handed” ✧ Ety/KAB
• N. forgam “righthanded”
• N. hargam “left-handed”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KAB > camb > cam	[kamba] > [kamb] > [kamb] > [kamm] > [kam]	✧ Ety/KAB
On. kamba > camm	[kamba] > [kamb] > [kamb] > [kamm]	✧ Ety/MAƷ

Variations

• camm ✧ Ety/MAƷ

camb

noun. hand

camm

noun. hand

camm

noun. hand

hand

adjective. intelligent

hand

noun. seat

Cognates

• ᴹQ. handa “chair” ✧ EtyAC/KHAM

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHAD ✧ EtyAC/KHAM

Element in

• S. Handir

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHAD > hand	[kʰanda] > [xanda] > [xand] > [hand]	✧ EtyAC/KHAM

mō

noun. hand

ON. hand

hann

adjective. intelligent

hann

adjective. intelligent

Cognates

• ᴹQ. handa “understanding, intelligent” ✧ Ety/KHAN

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHAN “understand, comprehend” ✧ Ety/BOR; Ety/KHAN

Element in

• S. Borthand “*Steadfast-intelligence”
• N. Borthandos “*Steadfast-intelligence” ✧ Ety/KHAN
• N. Handir ✧ Ety/KHAN
• N. hannas “understanding, intelligence” ✧ Ety/BOR; Ety/KHAN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHAN > hand > hann	[kʰanda] > [xanda] > [xand] > [hand] > [hann]	✧ Ety/KHAN

Variations

• hand ✧ Ety/BOR (hand)

crum

noun. left hand

camland

noun. palm of hand

crumui

adjective. left-handed

hargam

noun. left-handed

heir

noun/adjective. left (hand)

dalf

noun. palm of hand

feir

noun. right (hand)

forgam

adjective. right-handed

fœir

noun. right (hand)

forn

noun. right, north

paur

noun. fist (often used to mean "hand", its chief use was in reference of the tighly closed hand, as in using an implement or a craft-tool, rather than to the fist used in punching)

paur

noun. fist

Changes

• par → paur “hand” ✧ Ety/KWAR

Cognates

• ᴹQ. qár(e) “fist, hand” ✧ Ety/KWAR; Ety/KWAR; Ety/KWAR

Derivations

• ᴹ√KWAR “clutching hand, fist” ✧ Ety/DARÁM; Ety/KWAR; EtyAC/KWAR
• On. pōre “fist” ✧ Ety/KWAR
  • ᴹ√KWAR “clutching hand, fist” ✧ Ety/KWAR

Element in

• N. Angbor
• N. Celebrimbor “Silver-fist” ✧ Ety/KWAR
• N. drambor “clenched fist; blow with a fist, clenched fist; blow with a fist; [G.] thudder” ✧ Ety/DARÁM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. pōre > paur	[pǭre] > [poure] > [paure] > [paur]	✧ Ety/KWAR

Variations

• par ✧ EtyAC/KWAR (par)

drambor

noun. clenched fist

drambor

noun. blow (with fist)

crom

noun. left

crom

adjective. left

Derivations

• ᴹ✶krumbā “*left” ✧ Ety/KURÚM
  • ᴹ√KURUM “*left” ✧ Ety/KURÚM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶krumbā > crom	[kurúmbā] > [krumba] > [krumba] > [kromba] > [kromb] > [kromb] > [kromm] > [krom]	✧ Ety/KURÚM