en

article. of the (genitival article)

en

preposition. of the

en

of the

poss. art. of the.

ened

place name. Ened

An island west of Drengist named on a map of Beleriand from the 1950s, but not on the map in the published Silmarillion (WJ/181-2). This name may be simply be ened(h) “middle” used as a name.

ennorath

noun. central lands, Middle Earth

en(ed) (“center”) + (n-)dor (“region, dwelling”) + ath (class plural suffix)

enedh

noun. centre, middle, centre, middle; [N.] core

@@@ Tolkien vacillated between enedh (< √ENED) and ened (perhaps < √ENET) in his later writings. In HSD/ened, it is suggested that ened is the likely “final” form based on Enedwaith as it appears in The Lord of the Rings and as discussed on Let/224. I prefer enedh for better compatibility with its Quenya cognate endë as in Q. enderi “middle-days” (LotR/1108, endë + ré “day”). If the Sindarin form were ened < √ENET, the corresponding Quenya form would instead be entë. Furthermore, in a general discussion of the uses of dh on VT42/20, Tolkien states that “Enedhwaith is misspelt”, possibly meaning that the normal spelling (Enedwaith) is not strictly correct.

ened

noun. core, centre, middle

While the word is written enedh in the Etymologies, it seems that Tolkien considered and reconsidered its form throughout his life. Late rough jottings (c. 1968), as well as the text of letter no. 168 and the fact that the toponym Enedwaith was never changed on the LotR map, seem to imply that ened is the (most) definitive form. See also the possibly related preposition ned , which has sometimes been suggested to mean "in" (while again a prefix nedh- is seen in the Etymologies)

enaid

adjective. central, middle

ened

noun. centre

ennorath

noun. central lands, middle-earth

ena

usually

pl. enan** ** poss. art. usually, esp. later reduced to en before vowel (not when g was lost), na before consonant. Plural is enan > enn/, nan. >> na

Enedwaith

noun. middle folk/region

enedh (“middle, center”) + gwaith (“people, folk, region”)

eneg

card

_ card. _six. Q. enque, enc-. >> odog

eni

g

pl. enin** poss. art. used with object, form of an** when preceding an article, e.g. mellyn enin Edhellion #'Friends of the Elves'.

ennor

'Middle-earth'

topon. 'Middle-earth'. Poetic form ennorath. Q. Endor, Endóre. >> ennorath

ennorath

noun. Poet

pl2. n. Poet. 'Middle-earth', '(all) the Middle-lands', the group of central lands (between the seas). A poetic expression for the usual Ennor. _o galadh-remmin ennorath _lit. 'from tree-tangled middlelands'. >> -ath, Ennor

ennas

adverb. there

enchui

ordinal. sixth

eneg

cardinal. six

enchui

ordinal. sixth

encui

ordinal. sixth

encui

ordinal. sixth

enecthui

ordinal. sixth

enecthui

ordinal. sixth

eneg

cardinal. six

enegui

ordinal. sixth

eneth

noun. name

ennas

adverb. there, in that place

enni

pronoun. to me

Methed-en-Glad

noun. end of wood

methed (“end”) + en (sing. gen. article) + glad (“wood”)

-ien

suffix. feminine ending

An occasional feminine suffix in Sindarin, in one place given as a feminine patronymic (PE17/170) as in the name Lúthien “Daughter of Flowers” (PE17/15, 161). See the entry on the root √YE(L) for a discussion of conceptual vacillations on its connection to “daughter”.

Conceptual Development: In Noldorin it seems N. -ien was simply a feminine suffix in the name N. Lhúthien “Enchantress” (Ety/LUK).

laden

adjective. open, cleared

raen

adjective. nettled, enlaced

fen(n)

noun. door, door; [N.] threshold

A word for “door” in the name Fen Hollen “Closed Door” (LotR/826; RC/550). In notes from December 1959 (D59), Tolkien based it on the root √PHEN and gave its Quenya equivalent as fenna, indicating a primitive form of ✱phennā (PE17/181). If so, its ordinary form should be fenn, and this was indeed the form in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/341). Perhaps fen is a reduced pseudo-prefixal form.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien had N. fenn “threshold” derived from ON. phenda under the root ᴹ√PHEN (Ety/PHEN).

Neo-Sindarin: I don’t think the senses “door” and “threshold” are likely to coexist, so for purposes of Neo-Sindarin I would limit fenn to “door” and would use ᴺS. fend < ✱phenda for “threshold”, following the principle that nd remained “at the end of fully accented monosyllables” in Sindarin (LotR/1115).

lebenedh

noun. middle finger

A name for the middle finger in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from 1968, a combination of ✶lepe “finger” and enedh “middle” (VT48/5).

caen-

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cainen. >> cae, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

dadwen

verb. return

_v. _return, going/coming back. Q. nanwen-. >> damen

damen

verb. return

_ v. _return. Q. nanwen-. >> dan-

fen

door

_ n. _door. Q. fenna. >> fennas

leben

card

_ card. _five. Q. lepen, lempe. >> eneg

pen-

without

(ben-) _ pref. _without,**less. pen-adar 'fatherless'. >> ben-, ú-

angren

adjective. of iron

men-

verb. to go

pennoediad

adjective. innumerable

pen

preposition. without, lacking, -less

arphen

noun. a noble

ceven

noun. Earth

fen

noun. door, threshold

pen-noediad

adjective. innumerable

adj. innumerable.

silivren

adjective. (white) glittering

en

of the

e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

en

of the

en-, e- (sg. genitival article): interjection

en

of the

en-, e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.

en

of the

e- (sg. genitival article)

enedh

center

1) enedh (core, middle), pl. enidh, 2) nest (heart, core), pl. nist

enedh

center

(core, middle), pl. enidh

enaidh

adjective. central, middle

eneph

cardinal. sixteen

enem

cardinal. sixteen

ennor

place name. central land, middle-earth

ennor

place name. middle land

*Roots EN(ED) ("centre, middle") + NDOR ("land")

Enedwaith

place name. middle folk or middle region

Also spelled Enedhwaith. The name Enedwaith means "middle folk" or "middle region" in Sindarin from enedh meaning "middle" and gwaith which means "people" but is also used for regions.

enaith

sixth part

. No distinct pl. form. Archaic eneith.

enaith

sixth part

enaith. No distinct pl. form. Archaic eneith.

enecthui

sixth

also ✱engui (the latter is David Salo’s suggested normalized form of a word that actually appears as enchui in the source, but the longer form enecthui can be used to avoid the problem) (VT42:25).

enecthui

sixth

enecthui, also *engui (the latter is David Salos suggested normalized form of a word that actually appears as enchui in the source, but the longer form enecthui can be used to avoid the problem) (VT42:25).

enedh

middle

enedh (core, center), pl. enidh

enedh

middle

(core, center), pl. enidh

enedh

core

1) enedh (middle, center), pl. enidh, 2) nest (heart, center), pl. nist

enedh

core

(middle, center), pl. enidh

enedhin

midyear

enedhin (VT45:27)

enedhin

midyear

enedhin (VT45:27)

eneg

cardinal. six

eneg;

eneth

name

(noun) eneth (pl. enith)

eneth

name

(pl. enith)

ennas

there

ennas (SD:128-31)

ennin

long year

. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

ennor

middle-earth

Ennor, also in coll. pl. ennorath = lands of Middle-earth (RGEO, Letters:384). Apparently less usual is the term Emerain.

enas

noun. title

ened

adverb. moreover

eneg

six

;

ennas

there

(SD:128-31)

methed

noun. end

This word is attested in later writings as an element in the names Methed-en-Glad “End of the Wood” and possibly Methedras “Last Peak” (of the Misty Mountains). The latter name first appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s as N. Methen Amon and Methendol (TI/404), making it likely that methed is a revision from the earlier adjective N. methen (Ety/MET).

This new form likely changed from an adjective to a noun, since -ed/-ad is usually a gerundal suffix in Sindarin (forming nouns from verbs). This word is clearly a noun in the name Methed-en-Glad, and could also be a noun in Methedras (= “Peak of the End?”).

onod

noun. Ent

The Sindarin word for “Ent” (Let/224), appearing its plural forms Onodrim and Enyd in Appendix F of The Lord of the Rings (LotR/1130).

Conceptual Development: The earliest name of the “Entwash” in Lord of the Rings drafts of the 1940s was N. Ogodrûth, indicating a previous form of this word: N. Ogod (TI/250).

onodló

place name. Entwash

Sindarin name of the Entwash (UT/318), also appearing as Onodiōl in Tolkien’s “Unfinished Index” of The Lord of the Rings (RC/334). This name appears to be a combination of Onod “Ent” and l(h)ô “flood”.

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as N. Ogodrûth (TI/250), apparently using an earlier name Ogod for “Ent”, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/2.35).

estolad

place name. Encampment

The region where the Bëorians settled, it is simply the noun estolad “encampment” used as a name (S/142).

Conceptual Development: In Tolkien edit’s to the Silmarillion map from the 1950s, this name appeared as Estoland with an n, but this form appeared nowhere else (WJ/189).

estolad

noun. encampment

A noun for “encampment” used as the name for the region where the Bëorians settled (S/142). This word superficially resembles the verbal noun of a (hypothetical) a-verb ✱estola- “to encamp”. Such a verb might be a combination of √ET “out” + √TOL “stick up” referring to the erection of tents, where ancient t + t became st as it often did with suffixion. This is all rather speculative, however.

Onodló

noun. entwash

onod (“ent”) + lô (“shallow lake, fenland”)

Orfalch Echor

noun. encircling, up-going valley

or (prefix “above, over”) + falch (“deep cleft, ravine”), echor (“encircling”)

-es

ending referring to persons or animals used after dh [= ð]

pl1. -is suff. fem. ending referring to persons or animals used after dh [= ð], th. >> -eth, -on

-eth

ending referring to persons or animals

pl1. -ith suff. fem. ending referring to persons or animals. -es after dh [=ð], th. >> -es, -on

-on

ending referring to persons or animals

pl1. -yn suff. masc. ending referring to persons or animals. -or after n. >> -eth, -or

-or

ending referring to persons or animals used after n

pl1. -yr suff. masc. ending referring to persons or animals used after n. >> -on

medui

adjective. end

adj. end, final, last. Ai na vedui Dúnadan. Mae g'ovannen. 'Ah! At last, Dúnadan ! Well met !'. m > v after preposition.

onod

Ent

pl1. enyd, pl2. onodrim _ n. _Ent.

brenia

endure

1) brenia- (i vrenia, i mreniar), 2) dartha- (i dhartha, i narthar) (stay, wait, remain, last) (VT45:8) LONG ENDURED, see brûn under OLD

brenia

endure

(i vrenia, i mreniar)

glenia

enclose

*glenia- (bound, limit) (i **lenia, in gleniar**) (VT42:8; the spelling ”gleina-” in the primary source may be an error)

glenia

enclose

(bound, limit) (i ’lenia, in gleniar) (VT42:8; the spelling ”gleina-” in the primary source may be an error)

luithien

enchantress

luithien (Doriathrin lúthien, whence the name Lúthien), pl. luithin

luithien

enchantress

(Doriathrin lúthien, whence the name Lúthien), pl. luithin

methen

end

(adj.) methen (lenited vethen; pl. methin) (VT45:34)

methen

end

(lenited vethen; pl. methin) (VT45:34)

raen

enlaced

raen (netted). No distinct pl. form. (VT42:12)

raen

enlaced

(netted). No distinct pl. form. (VT42:12)

laden

open

(adj.) laden (plain, flat, wide, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

laden

open

(plain, flat,  wide, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

paeneg

cardinal. sixteen

paenel

cardinal. thirteen

bronwe

noun. endurance, lasting quality, faith

estolad

noun. encampment

lond

noun. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven

lonn

noun. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven

methed

noun. end

minno

verb. enter! (lit. to the inside!)

onod

noun. Ent

ambenn

uphill

(adj.) ambenn (sloping upward), pl. embinn,

angren

of iron

angren (pl. engrin);

arphen

noble

(noun, "a noble") 1) arphen, pl. erphin; 2) raud (eminent man, champion), pl.roed (idh roed), coll. pl. rodath.

ceven

earth

1) ceven (i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23), 2) (world) Amar (archaic Ambar), pl. Emair; 3) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds. 4) (maybe ”earth” as substance) cae (i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also SOIL.

ceven

earth

(i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23)

fend

door

(threshold), construct fen, pl. find, coll. pl. fennath, 2) fennas (gateway), pl. fennais, coll. pl. fennassath, 3) annon (great gate), pl. ennyn

glenia

bound

(verb) *glenia- (enclose, limit) (i **lenia, in gleniar**) (VT42:8; the spelling ”gleina-” in the primary source may be an error)

glenia

bound

(enclose, limit) (i ’lenia, in gleniar) (VT42:8; the spelling ”gleina-” in the primary source may be an error)

gwaeren

windy

(lenited ’waeren; pl. gwaerin)

laden

wide

1) laden (plain, flat, open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT), 2) land (plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”. 3) pann (i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with *pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity. 4) ûr (pl. uir). Notice the homophone ûr ”fire, heat”.

laden

wide

(plain, flat,  open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

laden

plain

(adjective) laden (flat, wide, open, cleared), pl. ledin (suggested Sindarin forms for ”Noldorin” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

laden

plain

(flat,  wide, open, cleared), pl. ledin (suggested Sindarin forms for ”Noldorin” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

lebenedh

middle finger

1) lebenedh (pl. lebenidh) (VT48:5), 2) tolch (i dolch, o tholch), pl. tylch (i thylch) (VT48:6-12). Also called honeg (i choneg, o choneg), pl. honig (i chonig). The word honeg means ”little brother”, but was used in childrens play for the middle finger.

malen

yellow

malen (lenited valen; pl. melin).

malen

yellow

(lenited valen; pl. melin).

ment

point

(at the end of a thing) ment (i vent), pl. mint (i mint), coll. pl. mennath.

ment

point

(i vent), pl. mint (i mint), coll. pl. mennath**. **

pen

without

1) pen (lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited. 2)

pen

without

(lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited.

peng

bow

(i beng, o pheng), pl. ping (i phing)

penninor

last day of the year

(i benninor, o phenninor), pl. penninoer (i phenninoer). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” penninar (LR:400 s.v. YEN).

raen

netted

(enlaced). No distinct pl. form. (VT42:12)

raen

netted

1) raen (enlaced). No distinct pl. form. (VT42:12), 2) remmen (tangled, woven), pl. #remmin attested (as part of the phrase galadhremmin ennorath, LotR Appendix E)

remmen

netted

(tangled, woven), pl. #remmin attested (as part of the phrase galadhremmin ennorath, LotR Appendix E)

silivren

glittering white

(lenited hilivren; pl. *silivrin**). *Verb

taen

thin

(lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.

arphen

noble

pl. erphin

arwen

noble woman

(pl. erwin).****

eden

begun again

(new), pl. edin

faen

white

(radiant). No distinct pl. form.

idhren

thoughtful

(pondering, wise), pl. idhrin;

thîr

noun. face, face, [N.] look, expression, countenance

A word appearing as an element in the name Caranthir “Red-face”, derived from primitive ✶stīrē (VT41/10), which was likely tied to the root √TIR “watch”.

Conceptual Development: The same noun N. thîr appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the glosses “look, face, expression, countenance”, but there it was derived from the root ᴹ√THĒ “look (see or seem)” (Ety/THĒ). Earlier “face” words include G. gwint from the 1910s (GL/46) and ᴱN. ant from the 1920s with more elaborate form ᴱN. annas (PE13/137, 160).

pân

adjective. all, all, *complete, entire, full, the whole

@@@ extended meaning suggested on Discord 2022-03-11

-ita

suffix. general infinitive

suff. general infinitive.

edra-

verb. open

_ v. _open (out). >> edro

gleina-

verb. to bound, enclose, limit

This entry should perhaps read gleinia-, cf. VT/42:28, note 13

-eth

suffix. feminine ending

arnediad

adjective. unnumbered, unnumbered, [N.] without reckoning, numberless, innumerable, countless, endless

cû

noun. bow, bow; [N.] arch, crescent; [G.] waxing or waning moon

him

adverb/adjective. ever, ever, [N.] enduring, continually; steadfast, abiding

iath

noun. fence

iaur

adjective. old, old; [N.] ancient, olden

im

preposition. between

meth

adjective. last, last; [N.] end

thanc

noun/adjective. forked, forked, [N.] cleft, split, [ᴱN.] divided, cloven, bifurcated; [ᴱN.] cleft, break, breach

arnœdiad

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless

cail

noun. fence or palisade of spikes and sharp stakes

cerin

noun. circular enclosure

echor

noun. outer circle, encircling, outer ring

edra-

verb. to open

edro

verb. open!

ephel

noun. outer fence, encircling fence

gail

noun. silver spark, silver spark, [ᴱN.] star; sign, token, heavenly body

gûr

noun. heart (in the moral sense), counsel

iath

noun. fence

iâth

noun. fence

iâth

noun. fence

lútha-

verb. to enchant

main

ordinal. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent

mein

ordinal. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent

minna-

verb. to enter

onodrim

noun. the Ents, as a race

parth

noun. field, enclosed grassland, sward

sant

noun. garden, field, yard (or other place in private ownership whether enclosed or not)

aeglir

noun. line of peaks, line of peaks, [N.] range of mountain peaks; [ᴱN.] peak, mountain top

A word for a mountain range, a compound of S. aeg “sharp” and S. lîr “line”, or more literally “line of (mountain) peaks”, most notably as an element in S. Hithaeglir “Misty Mountains, (lit.) Line of Misty Peaks” (Let/180; RC/11).

Conceptual Development: The earliest iteration of this word was ᴱN. aiglir “peak, mountain top” in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s, but there it was a singular rather than collective noun, an elaboration of ᴱN. aig “high, steep” (PE13/136, 158). In this period it had a distinct plural form eiglir as in ᴱN. Eiglir Engrin “Iron Mountains” (LB/33, 49). In The Etymologies of the 1930s it appeared as N. oeglir “range of mountain peaks” with essentially the same etymology as given above, except with the Noldorin word N. oeg “sharp” instead of later Sindarin word S. aeg. It appeared as aiglin or aeglin in some earlier versions of the name Hithaeglir (TMME/379; Let/180), but was corrected to aeglir in later versions of The Lord of the Rings.

gwae

noun. wind

The normal Sindarin word for “wind”, usually appearing as gwae but sometimes as gwaew, most frequently derived from √WAY “blow” but also a bewildering variety of other roots (NM/237; PE17/33-34, 189); see the entry for √WĀ for further discussion.

Conceptual Development: The earliest form of this word was G. gwâ “wind” from both Gnomish Grammar and Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GG/14; GL/43). The form ᴱN. gwá “wind” reappeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s (MC/217), but in the Nebrachar poem from circa 1930 the form was gwaew “wind” (MC/217). It was N. gwaew “wind” in The Etymologies of the 1930s from the root ᴹ√WAIWA (Ety/WĀ), and appeared a number of times in later writings as both gwae and (more rarely) gwaew, as noted above.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I prefer using only gwae for “wind”, reserving gwaew for “storm”.

mîdh

noun. dew, dew, *moisture, damp(ness); [ᴱN.] mist, drizzle

A Sindarin word for “dew” given as míð in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the 1950s as a derivative of ✶mizdē “drizzle” (PE19/101), illustrating how [[os|[z] vanished before [d] lengthening preceding vowel]] in (Old) Sindarin.

Conceptual Development: N. mîdh “dew” also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, already with the same derivation as given above (Ety/MIZD), though Tolkien first wrote its gloss as “fine rain” (EtyAC/MIZD). This deleted gloss seems to be a remnant of ᴱN. midh “mist, drizzle” from Early Noldorin Word-lists, but there its primitive form was ᴱ✶míye (PE13/150).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would extend the meaning of this word to include “✱moisture, damp(ness)” in general, especially as the result of a previous rain.

naur

noun. fire, fire, [N.] flame

The basic Sindarin word for “fire”, derived from the root √NAR of the same meaning (LotR/942; PE17/38) and very well attested. It is derived from primitive ✱nār- since primitive long ā became au in Sindarin. It appeared as N. naur “flame” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the same derivation (Ety/NAR). As a suffix it usually reduces to -nor, since au usually becomes o in polysyllables. As a prefix, though, it is often Nar- before consonant clusters, no doubt because the ancient long ā was shortened before it could become au.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, the word for “fire” was G. sâ with archaic form †sai (GL/66) clearly based on the early root ᴱ√SAH(Y)A “be hot” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Sári; QL/81). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, the word for “fire” was ᴱN. byr or buir from primitive ᴱ✶ [mburyē] (PE13/139). Tolkien introduced naur in The Etymologies of the 1930s and stuck with it thereafter.

aronoded

endless

aronoded (countless, innumerable), pl. erenedid (archaic erönödid)

aronoded

endless

(countless, innumerable), pl. erenedid (archaic erönödid)

bronadui

enduring

bronadui (lasting). Lenited vronadui. No distinct pl. form.

bronadui

enduring

(lasting). Lenited vronadui. No distinct pl. form.

coth

enmity

coth (i goth, o choth), pl. cyth (i chyth). Also used = ”enemy”.

coth

enmity

(i goth, o choth), pl. cyth (i chyth). Also used = ”enemy”.

ephel

encircling fence

(outer fence) ephel (pl. ephil)

far

enough

(adverb) far (sufficient, quite)

far

enough

(sufficient, quite)

gonathra

entangle

gonathra- (enmesh) (i **onathra, i ngonathrar** = i ñonathrar)

gonathra

entangle

(enmesh) (i ’onathra, i ngonathrar = i ñonathrar)

gonathra

enmesh

gonathra- (entangle) (i **onathra, i ngonathrar** = i ñonathrar)

gonathra

enmesh

(entangle) (i ’onathra, i ngonathrar = i ñonathrar)

gonathras

entanglement

gonathras (i **onathras), pl. genethrais (i ngenethrais** = i ñenethrais)

gonathras

entanglement

(i ’onathras), pl. genethrais (i ngenethrais = i ñenethrais)

goth

enemy

1) goth (i ngoth = i ñoth, o n**goth = o ñgoth), pl. gyth (in gyth = i ñgyth), 2) #gûd (i ngûd = i ñûd, o n**gûd = o ñgûd, construct gud) (foe), pl. guid (in guid = i ñgŷd). Isolated from the name Thuringud, Hidden Foe. 3) (also used = ”enmity”) coth (i goth, o choth), pl. cyth (i chyth).

gûd

enemy

(i ngûd = i ñûd, o n’gûd = o ñgûd, construct gud) (foe), pl. guid (in guid = i ñgŷd). Isolated from the name Thuringud, Hidden Foe.

onod

ent

Onod (pl. Enyd, coll. pl. Onodrim) (Names:165, Letters:178)

onod

ent

(pl. Enyd, coll. pl. Onodrim) (Names:165, Letters:178)

panna

enlarge

panna- (i banna, i phannar) (open). Note: a homophone means ”fill”.

panna

enlarge

(i banna, i phannar) (open).  Note: a homophone means ”fill”.

pêl

enclosure

pêl (i bêl, construct pel) (fence, fenced field, garth), pl. peli (i pheli), the latter forms reflecting the stem pele- (root __, LR:380).

pêl

enclosure

(i bêl, construct pel) (fence, fenced field, garth), pl. peli (i pheli), the latter forms reflecting the stem pele- (root PEL(ES), LR:380).

bronwe

endurance

bronwe (i vronwe)

bronwe

endurance

(i vronwe)

coth

enemy

(i goth, o choth), pl. cyth (i chyth).

dartha

endure

(i dhartha, i narthar) (stay, wait, remain, last) (VT45:8)  

ephel

encircling fence

(pl. ephil)

estolad

encampment

estolad (pl. estelaid, archaic estölaid)

estolad

encampment

(pl. estelaid, archaic estölaid)

farn

enough

(adj.) farn

farn

enough

gobel

enclosed dwelling

(i ’obel) (walled house or village, ”town”), pl. gebil (i ngebil = i ñebil). Archaic pl. göbil.

gobel

enclosed dwelling

gobel (i **obel) (walled house or village, ”town”), pl. gebil (i ngebil = i ñebil). Archaic pl. göbil**.

gobel

enclosed dwelling

gobel (i **obel) (walled house or village, ”town”), pl. gebil (i ngebil = i ñebil). Archaic pl. göbil**.

goth

enemy

(i ngoth = i ñoth, o n’goth = o ñgoth), pl. gyth (in gyth = i ñgyth)

gwaeda

enfold

(VT46:21)

gwaeda

enfold

gwaeda- (VT46:21)

meth

end

(noun) 1) meth (i veth), pl. mith (i mith). Note: the word is also used as an adjective ”last”. 2) (rear, hindmost part) tele (i dele, o thele), pl. teli (i theli). In ”Noldorin”, the pl. was telei (LR:392 s.v. TELES). 3) ( maybe primarily ”last point in line; last of a series of items”) #methed (i vethed), pl. methid (i methid). Isolated from the name Methedras, the last in a line of mountain peaks.

meth

end

(i veth), pl. mith (i mith). Note: the word is also used as an adjective ”last”.

methed

end

(i vethed), pl. methid (i methid). Isolated from the name Methedras, the last in a line of mountain peaks.

minna

enter

1) minna- (i vinna, i minnar), 2) neledh- (i neledh, i neledhir) (go in)

minna

enter

(i vinna, i minnar)

neledh

enter

(i neledh, i neledhir) (go in)

parth

enclosed grassland

(i barth, o pharth) (field, sward), pl. perth (i pherth);

parth

enclosed grassland

parth (i barth, o pharth) (field, sward), pl. perth (i pherth)

parth

enclosed grassland

parth (i barth, o pharth) (field, sward), pl. perth (i pherth);

tele

end

(i dele, o thele), pl. teli (i theli). In ”Noldorin”, the pl. was telei (LR:392 s.v. TELES).

brûn

long endured/established/in use

(old), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin;

edra

open

(verb) 1) *edra- (i edra, in edrar), only attested in imperative form edro. 2) panna- (i banna, i phannar) (enlarge). Note: a homophone means ”fill”.

ephel

outer fence

(encircling fence) ephel (pl. ephil)

far

sufficient

(adv.) far (enough, quite)

far

sufficient

(enough, quite)

im

between

(prep.) im (within), also as prefix im- ”between, inter-”. Note: homophones include the pronoun ”I” and a noun mening ”dell, deep vale”. The word mîn (min-) means ”between” referring to a gap, space, barrier or anything intervening between two other things (VT47:11, 14)

im

between

(within), also as prefix im- ”between, inter-”. Note: homophones include the pronoun ”

iâth

fence

(noun) 1) iâth (construct iath, pl. iaith) (WJ:370, 378), also ?iâd (construct iad), pl. iaid. 2) lest (girdle, boundary), pl. list, 3) (outer/encircling fence) ephel (pl. ephil), 4) (with spikes and sharp stakes) cail (i gail, o chail) (palisade); no distinct pl. form except with article (i chail).

lanc

sudden end

(sharp edge, sudden end, brink), pl. lainc, coll. pl. langath.

manadh

final end

(i vanadh) (fate, fortune [usually = final bliss]), pl. menaidh (i menaidh).

panna

open

(i banna, i phannar) (enlarge). Note: a homophone means ”fill”.

pêl

fence, fenced field

(i bêl, construct pel) (enclosure, garth), pl. peli (i pheli), the latter forms reflecting the stem pele- (root PEL(ES), LR:380)

tass

1,D adverb. then, there

A Quenya-influenced neologism meaning "there, then, in that (place/time)", from Q. tassë.

thora

fence

(verb) *thora- (the curious form ”thoro-” occurs in the primary source, LR:393 s.v. THUR). The passive participle thoren ”fenced, guarded, hidden” is cited (pl. thorin).

thora

fence

(the curious form ”thoro-” occurs in the primary source, LR:393 s.v. THUR). The passive participle thoren ”fenced, guarded, hidden” is cited (pl. thorin).

tû

strength

(physical strength) tû (i dû, o thû) (muscle, sinew; vigour), pl. tui (i thui), coll. pl. túath.

neleb

cardinal. thirteen

bellas

bodily strength

(i vellas), pl. bellais (i mellais) if there is a pl.

brûn

long endured

under

cail

fence

(i gail, o chail) (palisade); no distinct pl. form except with article (i chail).

cerin

circular enclosure

(i gerin, o cherin) (circular raised mound), no distinct pl. form except with article (i cherin).

edra

open

(i edra, in edrar), only attested in imperative form edro.

ephel

fence

(pl. ephil)

ephel

outer fence

(pl. ephil)

iâd

noun. fence

iâth

fence

(construct iath, pl. iaith) (WJ:370, 378), also ?iâd (construct iad), pl. iaid.

lest

fence

(girdle, boundary), pl. list

mi

between

mi (with article: min)

mi

between

(with article: min)

nass

sharp end

(point, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais.

nest

center

(heart, core), pl. nist

nuitha

prevent from coming to completion

(i nuitha, in nuithar) (stunt; stop short; not allow to continue) (WJ:413)

rafn

extended point at the side

(wing, horn), pl. raifn (idh raifn).

sant

garden

sant (i hant, o sant) (field, yard, or other privately owned place), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20)

sant

garden

(i hant, o sant) (field, yard, or other privately owned place), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20)

thangail

shield fence

(shield wall). No distinct pl. form? (UT:281)

tû

strength

(i dû, o thû) (muscle, sinew; vigour), pl. t**ui  (i thui), coll. pl. túath**.

i

article. the

@@@ enclytic Dagor-nuin-Giliath vs. Dagor-nui-Ngiliath

anfang

proper name. Longbeard

The Dwarvish tribe of northwestern Middle-earth, also known as Durin’s Folk (PM/321). The name translates as “Longbeard”, a compound of and “long” and fang “beard” (PM/321). The name also appears in its plural form Enfeng and its class-plural Anfangrim (PM/321, WJ/10).

Conceptual Development: In the Lost Tales and the earliest Silmarillion drafts this tribe was called the G. Indrafang (LT2/68, SM/104). In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, the variant form G. Surfang or Fangsur also appeared (GL/68). The name was later changed to N. Enfeng (plural) in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/274), and the singular form N. An(d)fang appeared in The Etymologies (Ety/ÁNAD, SPÁNAG).

The name S. Enfeng appeared in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (WJ/10, 75), but did not appear in the published version of The Silmarillion. The name was referenced in some notes to Tolkien’s essay “Of Dwarves and Men”, composed around 1969, along with Khuzdul and Quenya translations (PM/321).

-on

suffix. masculine suffix

A masculine suffix and ending in male names (PE17/43, 141; WJ/400), probably related to the masculine ending or agental suffix ✶-on(do) (NM/353; Ety/KAL). It becomes -or when following an n (PE17/141).

Conceptual Development: N. -on was often use as a male suffix in the Noldorin of the 1930s and 40s. In Gnomish of the 1910s, it seems G. -os was another common male suffix in words such as G. ainos “(male) god” from neuter G. ain “god” (GL/18) and G. hethos “brother” from neuter G. heth “✱sibling” (GL/48-49), though masculine G. -(r)on was still more common in this early period.

lest

noun. girdle, girdle, *belt

An element in the name Lest Melian “Girdle of Melian” for the magical barrier around Doriath (WJ/228).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would also use this word for “✱belt”.

ned

noun. first, *one more; first; *during

This word replaced the preposition uin “of the” in the third version of the King’s Letter, appearing in the phrase nelchaenen ned Echuir “the thirty-first day of Stirring”. Both Carl Hostetter (VT31/30) and David Salo (SG/229) theorized that this replacement has a similar prepositional function, from either √NOT “count” or √NED “middle”. Fiona Jallings suggested it might be a temporal preposition, with sense “during” (FJNS/349).

On VT47/40, note 67, Patrick Wynne suggested that this word might be a cognate of the newly published Quenya word net(ë) “one more”. This theory is supported by the most likely interpretation of nelchaenen. This word seems to mean “thirtieth” rather than “thirty-first”, and Patrick Wynne suggested that nelchaenen ned means “thirtieth and one more” = “thirty-first”. I find this theory the most compelling, and use it here.

nîdh

noun. juice, [N.] honeycomb; [S.] juice

A noun for “juice” appearing in 1970 green-ink revisions to the Outline of Phonology (OP2), derived from ✶negdē “exudation” based on the root √NEG “ooze, drip”; its Quenya cognate was Q. nehtë “honey” (PE19/91). Sindarin nîdh was a later iteration of N. {nēdh >>} nīdh “honeycomb” in The Etymologies of the 1930s which had essentially the same derivation (EtyAC/NEG). This in turn was a later form of G. nectha “honey comb” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/60), cognate to ᴱQ. nekte “honey” and hence derived from the early root ᴱ√NEHE having to do with bees and honey (QL/65).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use nîdh with its earlier meaning “honeycomb”. For “juice” I’d use other words like [N.] saw and [ᴺS.] paich (adapted from N. peich).

sûl

noun. wind, [strong] wind, *gust

A noun for “wind” appearing in names like Amon Sûl, derived from the root √SŪ “blow, move with audible sound (of air)” (NM/237; PE17/124).

Conceptual Development: A precursor to this word is G. saul “great wind” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/67), derived from the early root ᴱ√SUHYU “air, breath, exhale, puff” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Súlimo; QL/86).

Neo-Sindarin: Given its connection to the sound of wind, I think sûl would be used mostly for strong or noisy wind, including (but not limited to) gusts of wind, as opposed to more ordinary (and less noisy) gwae “wind”. This notion is supported by its Gnomish precursor G. saul “great wind”.

în

noun. year

A Sindarin word for “year”, derived from the primitive root ᴹ√YEN of similar meaning, with its vowel sound the result of [[s|a long [ē] becoming [ī]]].

Conceptual Development: The word în first appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s with the gloss and derivation given above. It did not directly appear in Tolkien’s later writings, but was an element in several later words such as S. ínias “annals” and S. iphant “aged” (lit. “year full”). Furthermore, its Quenya cognate yén did reappear in the Lord of the Rings appendices.

In The Etymologies, both N. în and ᴹQ. yén were glossed “year”, and there were other words for longer periods of time, such as ᴹQ. qantien “century, (lit.) full year” and N. anrand “cycle, age”. In the Lord of the Rings and other later writings, Tolkien changed the meaning Q. yén to an “Elvish century” of 144 years. It is quite likely that S. în also changed to this meaning, but since it did not appear as an independent word in later writing, we have no direct confirmation of this.

Neo-Sindarin: Most Neo-Sindarin writers continue to use în with the sense “year” (that is, a solar year of 365 days). If you are concerned with this word’s true meaning, you might instead use a neologism for this period of time, such as ᴺS. lóran or ᴺS. coranor, but since these are not in widespread use, it is less likely a reader would understand your meaning.

-il

point

suff. point, ending. >> niphredil, til

-ruin

suffix. fire

suff. #fire. Q. ruine. >> Angruin

aeg

noun. point

The adjective oeg "sharp, pointed, piercing" from Ety/349 is perhaps rejected: Tolkien later decided that no cognate of Quenya aica "fell, terrible, dire" was used in Sindarin, "though aeg would have been its form if it had occurred" (PM/347). On the other hand, we have words such as aeglos and aeglir , so there must be a noun aeg "point"

an

to

_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath  'glory to all the Halflings'.

and

adjective. long

adj. long. i·arben na megil and 'The Knight of the Long Sword'. >> ann

ann

adjective. long

adj. long. Rare except in old names (e.g. Anduin). >> and

anta-

verb. add to

_ v. _add to, give. pa.t. ónen (with pron. suff.).

arod

noble

1b _adj._noble. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

d adj. noble. Q. arata. >> raud

cae

card

_ card. _ten. Q. cea. >> caen-, mimp. This gloss was rejected.

can

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> canad, leben

canad

card

_ card. _four. Q. canta. >> can, leben

dambeth

noun. answer, response

In Tolkien's manuscript, this form was rejected in favor of dangweth , with a slightly different meaning. However, it may possibly be assumed that the word is valid per se (although it may be argued that this compound word does not show the regular mutation that one would have expected)

elein

Poet

pl2. eleniath, elenwaith n. Poet. star.

ell

Poet

_ n. Poet. _only applied to the Noldorin Exiles. A word borrowed from Quenya. >> elles, ellon

elles

noun. Poet

_ fem. n. Poet. _only applied to the Noldorin Exiles. A word borrowed from Quenya. >> ell, elles

ellon

noun. Poet

_ masc. n. Poet. _only applied to the Noldorin Exiles. A word borrowed from Quenya. >> ell, ellon

er

card

_ card. _one. Q. er. >> min, tad

findel

Poet

n. Poet. head of hair (fax). Preserved mainly in such old names as Glorfindel 'Golden-hair'. >> find, finn, finnel

gail

silver spark

pl1. gîl, pl2. giliath _ n. _silver spark. >> gail, geil

geil

silver spark

pl1. gîl, pl2. giliath _ n. _silver spark. >> gail

gwae

wind

_ n. _wind. Tolkien also notes "WAKH in wagme > gwaew, gwae" (PE17:34). Q. vea. >> gwaew

gwaew

wind

_ n. _wind. Tolkien also notes "WAKH in wagme > gwaew, gwae" (PE17:34). >> gwae

han

that

pl1. hain _pron. _that, the thing previously mentioned. Tolkien notes "hain = heinn (< san-)" (PE17:42). Im Narvi hain echant 'I Narvi made them'.

im

pronoun. I

In late writings (see esp. VT/47:37-38), Tolkien reinterpreted this form as a reflexive pronoun (= "self").

imp

cardinal. twelve

_ card. _twelve. Q. yunque. imp << iug. >> imp. This gloss was rejected.

maw

noun. Poet

_ n. Poet. _hand. Q. má. >> maetha-

min

card

_ card. _one. Q. min. >> er, tad

minna-

verb. go in

_ v. _go in, enter. >> minno

na

to

e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2

na

preposition. to

prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2

naur

fire

_ n. fire. naur an edraith ammen! _'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. Q. nár. >> Sammath Naur

neder

card

_ card. _nine. Q. nerte. >> cae, caen-

nim

white

_adj. _white. >> Nimbrethil

nim

white

_adj. _white (usual word). >> nimp, nimras

odog

card

_ card. _seven. Q. otos. >> tolod

oron

Poet

pl1. œryn, eryn _ n. Poet. _upstanding plant, general word for tree. >> orn

pân

adjective. all, in totality

As no other word beginning in ph- is attested, it is assumed that a nasal mutation is triggered by the pronoun în.1 , hence the form observed in the "King's Letter"

raitha-

verb. try

an e is written above raitha, prob. Indicating alternative forms reitha or retha.

sadar

Poet

pl1. sedair n. Poet. trusty follower, loyal companion (member of "comitatus" of a lord, or prince). >> sadron

sador

noun. faithful one

Sador was Túrin's faithful servant. The meaning of this noun is deduced from sadron , assuming that these words are in the same kind of relation as hador and hadron

sadron

Poet

pl1. sedryn n. Poet. trusty follower, loyal companion (member of "comitatus" of a lord, or prince). Probably form of _sadar with masc. suffix -on_. >> sadar

taug

adjective. firm

adj. firm, strong, ?withstand. Q. tauka stiff, wooden.

taur

noun. Poet

n.Bot. Poet. or Arch. #willow. >> taor, tathar

thorn

adjective. steadfast

adj. steadfast. Q. thorna, sorna. >> Arathorn

til

point

n. point, ending. >> -il, niphredil

tolod

card

_ card. _eight. Q. tolto. >> neder

túr

noun. Poet

n.Bot. Poet. or Arch. #willow. >> tathar, taur

ûr Reconstructed

noun. fire, fire; [ᴱN.] sun

A word for “fire” attested in later writings only as an element in names, such as S. Urui “August, ✱Hot-one” (LotR/1110). It appeared as N. ûr “fire” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√UR “be hot”, but this and related words were deleted when Tolkien changed the sense of the root to “wide, large, great” (Ety/UR). However, √UR “heat” was restored in later writings (PE17/148; PE22/160), and primitive ✶ūr “a fire (on hearth)” appeared in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s, though Tolkien did mark it with a “?” (PE21/71 and note #8).

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the first precursor to this word was G. †Uril, an archaic word for the Sun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing beside its modern form G. Aur (GL/75) and clearly a derivative of the early root ᴱ√URU as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Ûr; QL/098). In Gnomish Lexicon Slips revising this document, it became {ŷr >>} hŷr “sun” (PE13/114), and in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s it became ᴱN. {húr >>} úr “sun”, derived from primitive ᴱ✶ourū̆ (PE13/155).

This in turn became N. ûr “fire” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under ᴹ√UR “be hot”, but as noted above the meaning of this root was changed in that document (Ety/UR). Although the root √UR “heat” was later restored, it isn’t clear whether Tolkien also restored ûr “fire”, though there is some secondary evidence of it: primitive ✶ūr “a fire (on hearth)” appeared in notes from the early 1950s, as also noted above (PE21/71).

Neo-Sindarin: If S. naur is (like its Quenya cognate Q. nár) more representative of an elemental or abstract notion of fire, then ûr might be used for an individual physical fire such as one in a fireplace.

dôr

noun. land, land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; [G.] people of the land

dambed-

verb. to answer

@@@ Another possibility is danbed- based on penbed, but usually nb > mb (and is the main source of medial mb)

Onodló

Onodló

The name's elements come from Onod "Ent" and ló "stream".

aeg

point

1) aeg (peak, thorn). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". 2) naith (spearhead, gore, wedge, promontory); no distinct pl. form. 3) nass (sharp end, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais. 4)

andaith

long mark

(no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters, like the Mode of Beleriand.

anfang

longbeard

pl. Enfeng, coll. pl. Anfangrim (WJ:10, 108, 205)

anfang

longbeard

(a member of a certain tribe of Dwarves) Anfang, pl. Enfeng, coll. pl. Anfangrim (WJ:10, 108, 205)

angol

magic

(deep lore), pl. engyl. Note: a homophone means "stench".

angwedh

chain

angwedh ("iron bond", ang + gwêdh), pl. engwidh

angwedh

chain

("iron bond", ang + gwêdh), pl. engwidh

annabon

long-snouted one

pl. ennebyn, coll. pl. annabonnath. (Archaic form andabon.)

annon

great gate

(door), pl. *ennyn***

annon

great gate

annon (door), pl. ennyn

ar

noble

(adjectival prefix) ar- (high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

ar

noble

(high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

arn

noble

(adjective) 1) arn (royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic *araud), pl. aroed. 2) brand (high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind; 3) raud (eminent, high), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

aronoded

innumerable

aronoded (countless, endless), pl. erenedid (archaic erönödid)

aronoded

innumerable

(countless, endless), pl. erenedid (archaic erönödid)

baran

yellow brown

(swart, dark brown, golden-brown), pl. berain.

brand

noble

(high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind

brona

last

(verb) 1) brona- (survive) (i vrona, i mronar), 2) dartha- (i dhartha, i narthar) (stay, wait, remain, endure) (VT45:8)

brûn

elder, eldest

(long endured, long established, long in use), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin. Cf. also

bâd

pathway

(i vâd, construct bad) (beaten track), pl. baid (i maid).

bâr

dwelling

bâr (house, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds

bâr

dwelling

(house, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds

bâr

earth

(dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

bâr

land

(dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

cae

earth

(i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also

can

cry out

(i gân, i chenir) (shout, call). Compare

caun

cry

(noun) caun (i gaun, o chaun) (clamour, outcry, shout), pl. coen (i choen), coll. pl. conath, the latter often used = "lamentation" (PM:345, 362). Note: a homophone of caun means "valour".

caun

cry

(i gaun, o chaun) (clamour, outcry, shout), pl. coen (i choen), coll. pl. conath, the latter often used = "lamentation" (PM:345, 362). Note: a homophone of caun means "valour".

cesta-

ziF1`C= verb. to seek, search for

Sindarin cognate of the Quenya word cesta-.

Phonetic Developments:
ketʰta- > kesta-, cesta-

cû

bow

(i gû, o chû) (arch, crescent), pl. cui (i chui)

daer

bridegroom

daer (i naer, o ndaer), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndaer). Note: a homophone means "great, large", but has different mutations.

daer

bridegroom

(i naer, o ndaer), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndaer). Note: a homophone means "great, large", but has different mutations.

dangweth

answer

(noun) 1) dangweth (i nangweth, o ndangweth) (reply giving new information), pl. dengwith (i ndengwith) (PM:395), 2) dambeth (i nambeth, o ndambeth) (response), pl. dembith (i ndembith)

dangweth

answer

(i nangweth, o ndangweth) (reply giving new information), pl. dengwith (i ndengwith) (PM:395)

dartha

last

(i dhartha, i narthar) (stay, wait, remain, endure) (VT45:8)

dartha

wait

dartha- (i dhartha, i narthar) (stay, remain, last, endure) (VT45:8)

dartha

wait

(i dhartha, i narthar) (stay, remain, last, endure) (VT45:8)

dôr

land

1) dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413), 2) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

erui

first

(single, alone). No distinct pl. form. Some would argue that Tolkien abandoned erui as a word for ”first”.

gem

sickly

gem (lenited em, pl. gim).

gem

sickly

gem (lenited em, pl. gim)

gloss

white as snow, dazzling white

(in compounds -los), lenited ’loss; pl. glyss.

glân

white

1) glân (clear), lenited lân, pl. glain. (UT:390, VT45:13). Note: a homophone means ”hem, border”. 2) nimp (nim-) (pale); no distinct pl. form. 3) faen (radiant). No distinct pl. form. 4) fain; no distinct pl. form.

glân

white

(clear), lenited ’lân, pl. glain. (UT:390, VT45:13). Note: a homophone means ”hem, border”.

golu

secret lore

(i ngolu = i ñolu, o n’golu = o ñgolu), analogical pl. gely (in gely = i ñgely) if there is a pl. Archaic golw, hence golwath as the likely coll. pl.****

gwedh

bind

*gwedh- (i **wêdh, in gwedhir), pa.t. gwedhant, in older language also gwend**. In LR:397 s.v.

gwedh

bind

(i ’wêdh, in gwedhir), pa.t. gwedhant, in older language also gwend. In LR:397 s.v.

gûl

magic

1) gûl (i ngûl = i ñûl, o n**gûl = o ñgûl, construct gul) (sorcery, necromancy, evil knowledge), pl. guil (in guil = i ñguil) (Silm:App, MR:250, WJ:383), 2) angol (deep lore), pl. engyl**. Note: a homophone means "stench". DARK MAGIC, see .

gûr

heart

(i ’ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11).

herdir

master

(noun) 1) herdir (i cherdir), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i cherdir). Possibly used = ”Mr.” (i cherdir Perhael ”the Master Samwise” or *”Mr. Samwise”). (SD:128-31). Coll. pl. ?herdiriath. 2) heron (i cheron, o cheron) (lord), pl. heryn (i cheryn), coll. pl. heronnath. (VT45:22)._ Since the pl. heryn clashes with the fem. sg. heryn ”lady”, other words for ”lord, master” may be preferred. 3) hîr (i chîr, o chîr; also hir-, her- at the beginning of compounds) (lord), no distinct pl. form even with article (i chîr). (Letters:282, 386; VT41:9)_ 4) (also used = ”mastery”) tûr (i dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (victory, power, control; victor, lord), pl. tuir (i thuir), coll. pl. túrath

herdir

master

(i cherdir), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i cherdir). Possibly used = ”Mr.” (i cherdir Perhael ”the Master Samwise” or ✱”Mr. Samwise”). (SD:128-31). Coll. pl. ?herdiriath.

him

abiding

(adj.) him (steadfast), lenited chim, no distinct pl. form. Note that homophones include both the adjective ”cool” and the adverb ”continually”.

him

abiding

(steadfast), lenited chim, no distinct pl. form. Note that homophones include both the adjective ”cool” and the adverb ”continually”.

him

steadfast

1) him (abiding), lenited chim, no distinct pl. form. Note that homophones include both the adjective ”cool” and the adverb ”continually”.

him

steadfast

(abiding), lenited chim, no distinct pl. form. Note that homophones include both the adjective ”cool” and the adverb ”continually”.

him

continually

(adverb) him, lenited chim. Not that homophones include the adjectives ”cool” and also ”steadfast, abiding”.

him

continually

lenited chim. Not that homophones include the adjectives ”cool” and also ”steadfast, abiding”.

hol

close

#hol- (i chôl, i chelir), pa.t. perhaps holl as suggested by the passive participle hollen ”closed” (the only attested form of this verb). Conceivably, hollen in the source could be a lenited form of sollen, in which case this verb should begin in s- rather than h- when not mutated.

hol

close

(i chôl, i chelir), pa.t. perhaps holl as suggested by the passive participle hollen ”closed” (the only attested form of this verb). Conceivably, hollen in the source could be a lenited form of sollen, in which case this verb should begin in s- rather than h- when not mutated.****

hîn

they

(of women) hîn. It is unclear whether Tolkien maintained this ”Noldorin” pronoun in Sindarin.

hîn

they

. It is unclear whether Tolkien maintained this ”Noldorin” pronoun in Sindarin.

hîr

master

(i chîr, o chîr; also hir-, her- at the beginning of compounds) (lord), no distinct pl. form even with article (i chîr). (Letters:282, 386; VT41:9) 

hûn

heart

1) (physical heart) hûn (i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin), 2) (inner mind) gûr (i **ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11). 3) ind (inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath. 4) nest (core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû**- apparently meaning ”heart”..

i

that

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. gyrth i chuinar ”dead that live [cuinar]”, Letters:417). Sometimes i (+ soft mutation) is used in the singular as well. – The form ai (following by lenition) occurs in the phrase di ai gerir ✱”those who do” (VT44:23). Possibly it is a form of the relative pronoun that is used when the previous word ends in -i. Whether ai is both sg. and pl. is unclear; in its one attestation it is followed by a plural verb that is lenited.

i

the

: Singular i (+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see THAT). Apparently ”the” sometimes appears as a suffix -n added to a preposition, e.g. be**<u>n</u>** ”according to <u>the</u>”. This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.

i

the

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. – The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see

iaur

old

1) iaur (ior-, iar-) (ancient, former), pl. ioer. Compare ELDER, ELDEST, q.v. 2) brûn (long endured, long established, long in use), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin. Cf. also

iaur

old

(ior-, iar-) (ancient, former), pl. ioer. Compare

iaur

former

iaur (ior-, iar-) (ancient, old), pl. ioer

iaur

former

(ior-, iar-) (ancient, old), pl. ioer

im

i

but as subject usually simply the ending -n, as in ónen ”

imrad

path

(between mountains, hills or through trackless forest) imrad (pass), pl. imraid.

inc

notion

inc (guess, idea), no distinct pl. form (though the pl. article in will mark the word as pl. when definite)

inc

notion

(guess, idea), no distinct pl. form (though the pl. article in will mark the word as pl. when definite)

iphant

full of years

(aged, long-lived), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

land

wide

(plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”.

lest

girdle

lest (boundary, fence), pl. list

lest

girdle

(boundary, fence), pl. list

medui

last

(adjective) 1) medui (lenited vedui; no distinct pl. form), 2) meth (lenited veth, pl. mith). Note: the word is also used as a noun ”end”.

medui

last

(lenited vedui; no distinct pl. form)

meth

last

(lenited veth, pl. mith). Note: the word is also used as a noun ”end”.

minui

first

1) minui (lenited vinui; no distinct pl. form), 2) mîn (lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (isolated, towering). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the number ”one”; 3) erui (single, alone). No distinct pl. form. Some would argue that Tolkien abandoned erui as a word for ”first”.

minui

first

(lenited vinui; no distinct pl. form)

mâl

yellow powder

(i vâl; construct mal) (pollen), pl. mail or archaic mely (i mail, i mely). Older pl. meil (LR:386 s.v. SMAL).

mîn

i

(min-) means ”between” referring to a gap, space, barrier or anything intervening between two other things (VT47:11, 14)

mîn

first

(lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (isolated, towering). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the number ”one”

na

be

: The verb ”to be” is poorly attested. Apparently the root is na-. The imperative is attested as no, and nad (used = ”thing”) may be seen as an original gerund *”a being”. It seems that the copula ”is, are” (and ”was, were”?) can be omitted altogether, as in the ”Noldorin” sentence lheben teil brann i annon ”five feet high [is] the door” (AI:92), in Sindarin perhaps *leben tail brand i annon.

na

be

. The imperative is attested as no, and nad (used = ”thing”) may be seen as an original gerund ✱”a being”. It seems that the copula ”is, are” (and ”was, were”?) can be omitted altogether, as in the ”Noldorin” sentence lheben teil brann i annon ”five feet high [is] the door” (AI:92), in Sindarin perhaps ✱leben tail brand i annon.

nalla

cry

(i nalla, in nallar). Attested in the 1st person present-tense form nallon ”

nass

point

(sharp end, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais.

neledh

go in

neledh- (i neledh, i neledhir) (enter)

neledh

go in

(i neledh, i neledhir) (enter)

nest

heart

(core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû- apparently meaning ”heart”..

nest

core

(heart, center), pl. nist

nin

i

”me”, genitive nín ”my”, dative anim or enni ”to me, for me”.

nin

me

(object form of ”I”) nin; as indirect object anim or enni ”for myself, (to) me”.

nuitha

stop short

(i nuitha, in nuithar) (prevent from coming to completion; stunt; not allow to continue) (WJ:413).

nuitha

not allow to continue

(i nuitha, in nuithar) (prevent from coming to completion; stop short; stunt) (WJ:413)

nîf

face

1) nîf (construct nif) (front). No distinct pl. form. 2) thîr (look, expression, countenance) (VT41:10)

o

from

(od), followed by hard mutation; with article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by mixed mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366) Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning” (q.v. for this meaning of ”of”). 2) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 3)

pant

complete

pant (lenited bant; pl. paint) (full, whole); COMPLETELY, see

pant

complete

(lenited bant; pl. paint) (full, whole);

parth

field

1) parth (i barth, o pharth) (sward, enclosed grassland), pl. perth (i pherth), 2) (low, flat field, or wetland) talf (i dalf, o thalf), pl. telf (i thelf), coll. pl. talvath. _(Names:195). Note: a homophone means ”palm”. 3) sant (i hant, o sant) (garden, yard, or other privately owned place), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20)_

parth

field

(i barth, o pharth) (sward, enclosed grassland), pl. perth (i pherth)

pathra

fill

pathra- (i bathra, i phathrar). Also panna- (i banna, i phannar), but pathra- may be preferred for clarity since panna- also means ”open, enlarge”.

pathra

fill

(i bathra, i phathrar). Also panna- (i banna, i phannar), but pathra- may be preferred for clarity since panna- also means ”open, enlarge”.

plada

feel with the hand

(pass the sensitive palm over a surface) plada- (i blada, i phladar) (VT47:9)

raud

noble

(eminent, high), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed.  4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

rhûd

dwelling underground

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (artificial cave, rockhewn hall, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid) (PM:365)*.

sant

field

(i hant, o sant) (garden, yard, or other privately owned place), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20) 

talath

plain

(noun) 1) talath (i dalath, o thalath) (flat surface, plane, flatlands, [wide] valley), pl. telaith (i thelaith). Tolkien changed this word from ”Noldorin” dalath_, LR:353 s.v.

talath

plain

(i dalath, o thalath) (flat surface, plane, flatlands, [wide] valley), pl. telaith (i thelaith). *Tolkien changed this word from ”Noldorin” dalath, LR:353 s.v. DAL. Compare the Talath Dirnen or ”Guarded Plain” mentioned in the *Silmarillion.

talath

plane

talath (i dalath, o thalath) (flat surface, flatlands, plain, [wide] valley), pl. telaith (i thelaith). Tolkien changed this word from ”Noldorin” dalath_, LR:353 s.v.

talath

plane

(i dalath, o thalath) (flat surface, flatlands, plain, [wide] valley), pl. telaith (i thelaith). *Tolkien changed this word from ”Noldorin” dalath, LR:353 s.v. DAL. Compare the Talath Dirnen or ”Guarded Plain” mentioned in the *Silmarillion.

talath

flat surface

talath (i dalath, o thalath) (plane, flatlands, plain, [wide] valley), pl. telaith (i thelaith). Tolkien changed this word from ”Noldorin” dalath_, LR:353 s.v.

tanc

firm

(adj.) tanc (lenited danc; pl. tainc)

tanc

firm

(lenited danc; pl. tainc)

taw

that

(demonstrative pronoun) ?taw. _Only the ”Old Noldorin” form tó is actually given in LR:389 s.v. _

taw

that

. Only the ”Old Noldorin” form tó is actually given in LR:389 s.v.

thala

firm

1) thala (steady, stalwart), pl. ?theili, 2) thand (true, abiding), pl. thaind (VT46:16; notice that the forms “thenid” and “thenin” in LR:388 s.v. STAN represent misreadings of Tolkiens manuscript).

thand

firm

(true, abiding), pl. thaind (VT46:16; notice that the forms “thenid” and “thenin” in LR:388 s.v. STAN represent misreadings of Tolkien’s manuscript).

thîr

face

(look, expression, countenance) (VT41:10)

till

point

till (i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, tine, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild. 5)

till

point

(i** dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, tine, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thill). Archaic †tild. 5)

tol

come

tol- (i dôl, i thelir). The present tense tôl is attested (WJ:254). MAKE COME, see FETCH

tol

come

(i dôl, i thelir). The present tense tôl is attested (WJ:254).

ui

ever

ui (always); also used as adj. ”everlasting, eternal”. Also as prefix, as in *uidafnen ”ever-closed) (WJ:341, where the spelling ”uidavnen” is used), pl. uidefnin

ui

ever

(always); also used as adj. ”everlasting, eternal”. Also as prefix, as in ✱uidafnen ”ever-closed) (WJ:341, where the spelling ”uidavnen” is used), pl. uidefnin

în

year

1) în, no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. ?íniath. 2) idhrinn (no distinct pl. form). LONG YEAR (Valian year) ennin. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

ú

without

(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad *”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

ú

without

u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad ✱”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

nírnaeth

tear-gnashing

; no distinct pl. form. 2) nîn; no distinct pl. form; pl. níniath. Note: nîn is also used as a noun ”tear” and as the pl. form of nên ”water”; there is also the possessive pronoun nín ”my”.

ai

interjection. hail!, hail, [ᴱN.] cry of pain or woe, [G.] oh!

and

adjective. long

aphed-

verb. to answer

arod

adjective. noble

cai

noun. hedge

cidinn

?. [unglossed]

cinnog

?. [unglossed]

glân

adjective. white, [bright shining] white; [N.] clear; [G.] pure, †bright; [ᴱN.] clean

herdir

noun. master

iand

adjective. wide

iavas

noun. autumn, autumn, *harvest (time)

maud

?. [unglossed]

mein

ordinal. first

minui

ordinal. first

neledh

cardinal. three

nim

adjective. white

nin

pronoun. me

nîn

noun. tear, tear; [ᴱN.] weeping

raew

noun. net

san

pronoun. that

thorn

adjective. steadfast

tûr

noun. master, [N.] mastery, victory, [ᴱN.] power [over others]; [S.] master

ui

adverb. ever

ýneg

cardinal. twelve

adbanna-

verb. to refill

adbannad(a)-

verb. to refill

cae

noun. earth

corod Reconstructed

noun. circle

ess

noun. name

fû Speculative

noun. path

lim

noun. fish

ni

pronoun. I

nî-

verb. was

ordolel

noun. tomorrow

sa

pronoun. that

sath

noun. part

taw

pronoun. that

na-

verb. to be

ui-

prefix. ever

an

preposition. to, towards, for

With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath

anann

adverb. long, for a long time

anann

adverb. long

adv. long. Cuio i Pheriain anann 'May the Halflings live long'.

and

adjective. long

ann

adjective. long

annon

noun. great door or gate

aphred

answer

_ n. _answer. Q. aquet. . This gloss was rejected.

arod

adjective. noble

arod

adjective. noble

adj. #noble.

arth

adjective. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted)

aur

noun. Poet

n. Poet. #sunlight, daylight. Q. aure.

bar

noun. dwelling, home

bar

noun. inhabited land

cae

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

cai

noun. hedge

can-

verb. to cry out, shout, call

cerin

noun. mound

daer

noun. bridegroom

dangweth

noun. answer, reply giving new information

dor

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

dôr

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

esta-

verb. to name

fain

noun/adjective. white

fain

noun/adjective. cloud

gûl

noun. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things)

gûl

noun. perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy

heb-

verb. to retain, keep, do not give away or release, keep hold of

herdir

noun. master

hîr

noun. master, lord

i

definite article. the

i

definite article. who

i

the

pl1. in _ art. _the.

idhrinn

noun. year

imp

cardinal. twelve

inib

cardinal. twelve

iâ

noun. gulf

iâ

noun. abyss, void

lad

noun. plain, valley

land

adjective. wide, broad

lefnar

noun. week (of five days)

lest

noun. girdle

lhaew

adjective. sickly, sick, ill

lim

noun. fish

lond

noun. narrow path or strait

lonn

noun. narrow path or strait

madu

?. [unglossed]

medui

adjective. last

minui

ordinal. first

mîdh

noun. dew

dew

nalla-

verb. to cry

nallon

verb. I cry

nan

preposition. of

nel

card

_ card. _three. Q. nelde. Fcan, canad, neledh

neled

cardinal. three

neledh

cardinal. three

neledh

cardinal. three

{ð}_ card. _three. Q. nelde. Fcan, canad, nel

nin

pronoun. me

nin

pronoun. me

_ pron. _me.

no

verb. be!

nêl

cardinal. three

nêl

cardinal. three

nîdh

noun. juice

juice

paich

noun. juice, syrup

panna-

verb. to fill

raef

noun. net

raef

noun. net

raew

noun. net

rind

noun. circle

ringorn

noun. circle

sadron

noun. faithful one

sír

adverb. today

sûl

noun. wind

tad

card

_ card. _two. Q. atta. Fnel, neledh

tad

card

card. two. . This gloss was rejected.

talf

noun. flat field, flat land

tolo

verb. come!

uilos

noun/adjective. always white, ever white as snow

uilos

noun/adjective. a small white everlasting flower also called simbelmynë or "evermind"

uin

preposition. of the

yneb

cardinal. twelve

yneg

cardinal. twelve

ýneg

cardinal. twelve

ad

re

also meaning "back, again, second"

ad

again

(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

ad

again

also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

ad

re-

(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "back, again, second"

aeg

point

(peak, thorn). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing".

aith

point of spear, spear point

(no distinct pl. form)

amar

earth

(archaic Ambar), pl. Emair

an

to the, for the

(for) + i (the).

an

to

(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

to

(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)

anann

long

(adverb, = "for a long time") anann

anann

long

and

long

(adjective) and (pl. aind),

and

long

(pl. aind)

and

gate

!and (door), pl. aind, coll. pl. annath. Note that and is more commonly the adj. "long".

and

gate

(door), pl. aind, coll. pl. annath. Note that and is more commonly the adj. "long".

angerthas

long rune-row

(and + certhas).

ar

without

(adv. prefix) ar- (outside)

ar

without

(outside)

arn

noble

(royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic ✱araud), pl. aroed.

arnediad

without reckoning

arnediad (unnumbered, numberless), pl. ?arnediaid. Since the word literally means ”without reckoning” (ar + nediad) it is unclear whether it would pluralize as a common adjective. Alternative form arneidiad (VT46:6).

arnediad

without reckoning

arnediad (unnumbered, numberless), pl. ?arnediaid if the word can be pluralized as a regular adjective. Since the word literally means ”without reckoning” (ar + nediad) it is unclear whether it would pluralize as a common adjective. Alternative form arneidiad (VT46:6).

arnediad

unnumbered

arnediad (without reckoning, numberless), pl. ?arnediaid. Since the word literally means ”without reckoning” (ar + nediad) it is unclear whether it would pluralize as a common adjective. Alternative form arneidiad (VT46:6).

arnediad

unnumbered

(without reckoning, numberless), pl. ?arnediaid. Since the word literally means ”without reckoning” (ar + nediad) it is unclear whether it would pluralize as a common adjective. – Alternative form arneidiad (VT46:6).

bach

thing

(article for exchange, ware) (i mach, o mbach), pl. baich (i mbaich).

bad

go

#bad- (i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.

bad

go

(i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.

basgorn

loaf

basgorn (i masgorn), pl. besgyrn (i mbesgyrn). Literally "round bread".

basgorn

loaf

(i masgorn), pl. besgyrn (i mbesgyrn). Literally "round bread".

bregedúr

wildfire

(i vregedúr), pl. bregedýr (i mregedýr)

brona

last

(survive) (i vrona, i mronar)

cai

hedge

cai (i gai, o chai), pl. cî (i chî);

cai

hedge

(i gai, o chai), pl. cî (i chî);

caraes

hedge of spikes

(i garaes, o charaes). No distinct pl. form except with article (i charaes).

corn

circle

(i gorn, o chorn), pl. cyrn (i chyrn). The word is also used as an adj. "circular, round, globed"

daer

noun. bridegroom

dambeth

answer

(i nambeth, o ndambeth) (response), pl. dembith (i ndembith)

dannas

autumn

(noun) dannas (i dhannas), pl. dannais (i nannais), also dant (i dhant) (fall, falling), pl. daint (i naint). (PM:135)

dannas

autumn

(i dhannas), pl. dannais (i nannais), also dant (i dhant) (fall, falling), pl. daint (i naint). (PM:135)

dar

stop

(verb, used intransitively in the LotR), dar- (i dhâr, i nerir) (halt). The imperative daro! is attested.

dar

stop

(i dhâr, i nerir) (halt). The imperative daro! is attested.

daur

stop

(noun) daur (i dhaur) (pause; also used = ”league”, a distance of about 3 miles / 4.8 kilometers), pl. doer (i noer), coll. pl. dorath

daur

stop

(i dhaur) (pause; also used = ”league”, a distance of about 3 miles / 4.8 kilometers), pl. doer (i noer), coll. pl. dorath

dilia

stop up

(i dhilia, i niliar), pa.t. diliant (VT45:9).

dôr

dwelling place

(i nôr, construct dor) (land, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413).

dôr

land

(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413)

echor

circle

(pl. echyr)

ecthel

point of spear, spear point

(pl. ecthil), literally "thorn point&quot

ecthel

spear point

(pl. ecthil), literally "thorn point”

ecthel

spear point

1) ecthel (pl. ecthil), literally "thorn point”, 2) thela (-thel), pl. ?thili, 3) aith; no distinct pl. form.

eilian

rainbow

(pl. eiliain). Archaic elianw (so the coll. pl. may be eilianwath).

esta

name

(verb.) esta- (call) (i esta, in estar)

esta

name

(call) (i esta, in estar)

fain

white

; no distinct pl. form.

gaud

device

gaud (i **aud) (contrivance, machine), pl. goed (i ngoed = i ñoed), coll. pl. godath **

gaud

device

(i ’aud) (contrivance, machine), pl. goed (i ngoed = i ñoed), coll. pl. godath

gildin

silver spark

gildin (i ngildin = i ñildin, o n**gildin = o ñgildin), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gildin** = i ñgildin). ”

grôd

underground dwelling

(i ’rôd, construct grod) (cave, delving, excavation), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414)

gwaew

wind

1) gwaew (i **waew) (storm), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaew), 2) sûl (i hûl), pl. suil (i suil**). Note: a homophone means ”goblet”.

gwaew

wind

(i ’waew) (storm), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaew)

gwî

net

1) gwî (i **wî) (web), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwî), 2) raef, no distinct pl. form except with article (idh raef), coll. pl. raevath. Note: raef has a side-form raew, but since this also means ”fathom”, raef may be preferred for clarity. 3) rem (mesh), pl. rim (idh rim), coll. pl. remmath**. Verb

gwî

net

(i ’wî) (web), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwî)

gûl

magic

(i ngûl = i ñûl, o n’gûl = o ñgûl, construct gul) (sorcery, necromancy, evil knowledge), pl. guil (in guil = i ñguil) (Silm:App, MR:250, WJ:383)

hadron

hurler of spears or darts

(i chadron, o chadron), pl. hedryn (i chedryn), coll. pl. hadronnath

heb

retain

heb- (i chêb, i chebir) (keep)

heb

retain

(i chêb, i chebir) (keep)

heron

master

(i cheron, o cheron) (lord), pl. heryn (i cheryn), coll. pl. heronnath. (VT45:22). Since the pl. heryn clashes with the fem. sg. heryn ”lady”, other words for ”lord, master” may be preferred.

hâl

fish

(noun) hâl (i châl, o châl, construct hal), pl. hail (i chail) (VT45:20); also lim (no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. limmath). Note: a homophone means ”clear, sparkling, light”.

hâl

fish

(i châl, o châl, construct hal), pl. hail (i chail) (VT45:20); also lim (no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. limmath). Note: a homophone means ”clear, sparkling, light”.

hûn

heart

(i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin)

ia

ago

ia, io

ia

ago

io

iavas

autumn

1) iavas, pl. iavais, coll. pl. iavassath; 2)

iavas

autumn

pl. iavais, coll. pl. iavassath

iaw

gulf

(cleft, ravine), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”.

idhor

thoughtfulness

. (Correction of idher in LR:361 s.v.

idhr

id

> idhor as the later forms.)

idhrinn

year

(no distinct pl. form).

imrad

path

(pass), pl. imraid.

ind

heart

(inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath.

ist

lore

ist (knowledge); no distinct pl. form.

ist

lore

(knowledge); no distinct pl. form.

iâ

gulf

1) iâ (chasm, void, abyss), pl. iai (LR:400, RS:437, Letters:383), 2) iaw (cleft, ravine), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”.

iâ

gulf

(chasm, void, abyss), pl. iai (LR:400, RS:437, Letters:383)

l

autumn

asbelin (”leaf-withering”), no distinct pl. form. Coll. pl. l**asbeliniath**.

lasbelin

autumn

lasbelin (”leaf-withering”), no distinct pl. form. Coll. pl. lasbeliniath.

lefnor

week

(of five days) *lefnor, pl. lefnoer

lefnor

week

pl. lefnoer

lâd

plain

(valley, lowland), construct lad, pl. laid

mîdh

dew

1) mîdh (i vîdh, construct midh), no distinct form in pl. except with article (i mîdh), 2) ross (construct ros) (foam, rain, spray [of fall or fountain]), pl. ryss (idh ryss). (Letters:282) Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.

mîdh

dew

(i vîdh, construct midh), no distinct form in pl. except with article (i mîdh)

n

that

added to a preposition, e.g. ben ”according to the”.  This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

nad

thing

1) nad (pl. naid), 2) bach (article for exchange, ware) (i mach, o mbach), pl. baich (i mbaich).

nad

thing

(pl. naid)

naith

spearhead

(gore, wedge, point, promontory); no distinct pl. form;

naith

point

(spearhead, gore, wedge, promontory); no distinct pl. form.

nand

wide grassland

(construct nan) (valley), pl. naind, coll. pl. **nannath **(VT45:36);

narthan

fire-sign

pl. **nerthain** (VT45:20)

nasta

point

(verb) nasta- (i nasta, in nastar) (prick, stick, thrust)

nasta

point

(i nasta, in nastar) (prick, stick, thrust)

naud

bound

(adj.) naud, pl. noed

naud

bound

pl. noed

naur

fire

1) naur (in compounds nar-, -nor) (flame, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath; 2) ûr (heat), pl. uir. Notice the homophone ûr ”wide”.

naur

fire

(in compounds nar-, -nor) (flame, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath

nauth

thought

nauth (pl. noeth, coll. pl. nothath);

nauth

thought

(pl. noeth, coll. pl. nothath);

nel

three, tri

;

nimp

white

(nim-) (pale); no distinct pl. form.

nod

bind

nod- (i nôd, i nedir) (tie), pa.t. likely *nunt since the root is __ (LR:378).

nod

bind

(i nôd, i nedir) (tie), pa.t. likely ✱nunt since the root is NUT (LR:378).

nêl

cardinal. three

nêl (note: a homophone means ”tooth”), also neled, archaic neledh.

nêl

three

(note: a homophone means ”tooth”), also neled, archaic neledh.

nínui

5~B5hJ adjective. tearful

Nîn (tear) + -ui (full, having that quality).

nîf

face

(construct nif) (front). No distinct pl. form.

nîr

tear

_(noun) _1) nîr (construct nir) (weeping). No distinct pl. form; coll. pl. níriath. Noun ”

nîr

tear

(construct nir) (weeping). No distinct pl. form; coll. pl. níriath. Noun ”

odlad

noun. week

orthor

master

(vb.) orthor (i orthor, in ertherir for archaic in örtherir) (conquer)

orthor

master

(i orthor, in ertherir for archaic in örtherir) (conquer)

pada

walk

(i bada, i phadar)

paich

juice

(i baich, o phaich) (syrup), pl. pîch (i phîch). The source (LR:382 s.v. PIS) cites the archaic form peich.

palan

over a wide area

(far off)

pann

wide

(i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with ✱pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity.

pân

all

(adj.) *pân, pl. pain (only attested in mutated pl. form phain, SD:128-31). Not to be confused with the noun pân ”plank”.

pân

all

pl. pain (only attested in mutated pl. form phain, SD:128-31). Not to be confused with the noun pân ”plank”.

raef

net

no distinct pl. form except with article (idh raef), coll. pl. raevath. Note: raef has a side-form raew, but since this also means ”fathom”, raef may be preferred for clarity.

rem

net

(mesh), pl. rim (idh rim), coll. pl. remmath. Verb

rind

circle

1) rind (construct rin; no distinct pl. form except with article: idh rind), coll. pl. rinnath. 2) corn (i gorn, o chorn), pl. cyrn (i chyrn). The word is also used as an adj. "circular, round, globed", 3) (outer ring or circle) echor (pl. echyr), 4) ringorn, pl. ringyrn (idh ringyrn)

rind

noun. circle

rind

circle

(construct rin; no distinct pl. form except with article: idh rind), coll. pl. rinnath.

ringorn

noun. circle

ringorn

circle

pl. ringyrn (idh ringyrn)