Carl Hostetter suggested (VT31/16) that this may be a cognate of Q. nai “be it that”, since in combination with the future verb estathar it resembles the nai + future construct of the Quenya subjunctive. David Salo suggested instead (GS/228) that it might be a pronominal subject of the same verb, though with less conviction. This entry follows Carl Hostetter’s theory. @@@ In VT50/13 Carl Hostetter suggested an alternate theory, that this is a subjunctive passive voice marker, vs. indicative passive voice marker en.
Sindarin
en
article. of the (genitival article)
en
of the
en
preposition. of the
Changes
ani→ eni ✧ PE17/097en(n)a→ ena ✧ PE17/097Derivations
- ✶ān(a) “subjective genitive” ✧ PE17/097
Element in
- S. alae! ered en Echoriath, ered e·mbar nín “[?behold!] the mountains of Echoriath, the mountains of my home!” ✧ UT/040; UT/040; UT/054
- S. Bar-en-Danwedh “House of Ransom” ✧ S/203
- S. Bar-en-Nibin-noeg “House of the Petty Dwarves” ✧ UT/100
- S. Cabed-en-Aras “Deer’s Leap” ✧ UT/150
- S. Cirith Forn en Andrath “High-Climbing Pass of the North”
- S. Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn “Frodo and Sam, princes of the west” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
- S. Dor-en-Ernil “Land of the Prince” ✧ UT/245
- S. Haudh-en-Arwen “Ladybarrow”
- S. Haudh-en-Elleth “Mound of the Elf-maid” ✧ PE17/141; S/216
- S. Haudh-en-Ellas ✧ PE17/097
- S. Haudh-en-Ndengin “Hill of Slain, (lit.) Mound of the Slain”
- S. Haudh-en-Nirnaeth “Mound of Tears” ✧ S/197
- S. i mbair en Ndengin “the houses of the Slain” ✧ PE17/097
- S. mellyn enin Edhellion “*friends of the Elves” ✧ PE17/097
- S. Methed-en-Glad “End of the Wood” ✧ UT/153
- S. Narn en·Êl “*Tale of the Star” ✧ MR/373
- S. Narn e·Dant Gondolin ar Orthad en·Êl “*Tale of the Fall of Gondolin and the Raising of the Star” ✧ MR/373; MR/373
- S. Narn e·Dinúviel “Tale of the Nightingale” ✧ MR/373
- S. Narn e·mbar Hador “*Tale of the House of Hador” ✧ MR/373
- S. Narn e·’Rach Morgoth “Tale of the Curse of Morgoth” ✧ MR/373
- S. paeth e Ngolodhrim “*speech of the Noldor” ✧ PE17/126; PE17/126
- S. Roch-cheruin “Steed of the Lady” ✧ PE17/097
- S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23; VT50/23
- S. Taur e-Ndaedelos “Forest of the Great Fear” ✧ LotR/1134
- S. Taur-en-Faroth “*Forest of the Hunting”
- S. dagnir an Glaurung “slayer of Glaurung” ✧ PE17/097
Variations
- en ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/097; PE17/102; PE17/141; S/197; S/203; S/216; UT/040; UT/100; UT/150; UT/153; UT/245; VT50/23
- en· ✧ MR/373
- an ✧ PE17/097
- ena ✧ PE17/097
- ani ✧ PE17/097 (
ani)- en(n)a ✧ PE17/097 (
en(n)a)
en
pronoun. 1st sg pronoun
Variations
- en ✧ VT50/14
aen
adverb. should be; ?may it be that
Cognates
- Q. nai “maybe; be it that, may it be that; perhaps, it may be, there is a chance or possibility, maybe; be it that, may it be that; perhaps, it may be, there is a chance or possibility; [ᴱQ.] remoter possibility”
Element in
- S. edregol e aníra tírad i Cherdir Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen) Condir i Drann “in especial he desires to see Master Samwise (who should be called Fullwise) Mayor of the Shire” ✧ SD/129
- S. i·Veleglind i eithro en estar i·Chîn Húrin “*the Great Song that is also called the Children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/13
Variations
- en ✧ VT50/13
eneth
noun. name
ennas
adverb. there, in that place
ennas
adverb. there
Derivations
- √EN “again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond, again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond; [ᴹ√] yonder, over there”
Element in
- S. ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain “and he desires to greet there all his friends” ✧ SD/129
han
that
pl1. hain _pron. _that, the thing previously mentioned. Tolkien notes "hain = heinn (< san-)" (PE17:42). Im Narvi hain echant 'I Narvi made them'.
i
definite article. the
i
the
pl1. in _ art. _the.
i
article. the
@@@ enclytic Dagor-nuin-Giliath vs. Dagor-nui-Ngiliath
Cognates
- Q. i “the” ✧ PE17/066
Element in
- S. Aerlinn in Edhil o Imladris “*Holy Song of the Elves of Rivendell” ✧ RGEO/62
- S. aglar’ni Pheriannath “glory to the halflings”
- S. anglennatha i Varanduiniant erin dolothen Ethuil “will approach the Bridge of Baranduin on the eighth day of Spring” ✧ SD/129
- S. anno ammen sír i mbas ilaurui vín “give us this day our daily bread” ✧ VT44/24
- S. Annon-in-Gelydh “Gate of the Noldor” ✧ S/238
- S. aran Gondor ar Arnor ar Hîr i Mbair Annui “king of Gondor and Arnor and Lord of the Westlands” ✧ SD/129
- S. ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT44/24
- S. ar in Ellath epholar eno vi Eressai “*and the Elves (?remember) still in Eressëa” ✧ VT50/19
- S. Athrad i-Negyth “Ford of the Dwarves” ✧ WJ/338
- S. Bar-in-Mŷl “Home of the Gulls” ✧ WJ/379
- S. Bar-in-Gwael ✧ WJ/418
- S. Caras i-Ngelaidh “City of the Trees” ✧ PE17/060
- S. caro den i innas lin “thy will be done” ✧ VT44/24
- S. Celebrimbor o Eregion teithant i thiw hin “Celebrimbor of Hollin drew these signs” ✧ LotR/0305; PE17/044
- S. i Cirdh Daeron “*the Runes of Daeron” ✧ NM/164
- S. cuio i Pheriain anann “may the Halflings live long” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/102
- S. Dagor-nuin-Giliath “Battle-under-Stars” ✧ S/106
- S. Dor i Thuin
- S. Dúnad in Gyrth “Descent of the Dead” ✧ NM/364
- S. Echad i Sedryn “Camp of the Faithful” ✧ UT/153
- S. edregol e aníra tírad i Cherdir Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen) Condir i Drann “in especial he desires to see Master Samwise (who should be called Fullwise) Mayor of the Shire” ✧ SD/129; SD/129
- S. Ernil i Pheriannath “Prince of the Halflings” ✧ Let/425; LotR/0768; LotR/0807
- S. Gwaith-i-Mírdain “People of the Jewel Smiths”
- S. Haudh in Gwanûr “*Burial Mound of the Twins” ✧ LotR/1054
- S. i arben na megil and “Knight of the Long Sword” ✧ PE17/147
- S. i chîn Húrin “*the children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/18
- S. i glinn hen agorer Edain mi Velerian, ach hí in Ellath îr ed epholar “*this song Men made in Beleriand, but now the Elves alone (?remember) it” ✧ VT50/12; VT50/15; VT50/15; VT50/12; VT50/15
- S. i mbair en Ndengin “the houses of the Slain” ✧ PE17/097
- S. i·Veleglind i eithro en estar i·Chîn Húrin “*the Great Song that is also called the Children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/12; VT50/12
- S. Men-i-Naugrim “Dwarf Road, (lit.) Way of the Dwarves” ✧ NM/372; UT/280
- S. Narn i Chîn Húrin “Tale of the Children of Húrin” ✧ MR/373; S/198; UT/057
- S. naur dan i ngaurhoth “*fire against the wolf-horde” ✧ LotR/0299; PE17/039
- S. Nern in Adanath “Legendarium of the Fathers of Men” ✧ MR/373
- S. Nern in Edenedair “Legendarium of the Fathers of Men” ✧ MR/373
- S. Nîn-in-Eilph “Swanfleet, Waterlands of the Swans” ✧ NM/378
- S. no aer i eneth lín “hallowed be thy name” ✧ VT44/24
- S. ónen i-Estel Edain “I gave Hope to the Dúnedain” ✧ LotR/1061
- S. os i Veleglinn i edain agorer vi Veleriann “*from the Great Song that men made in Beleriand” ✧ VT50/18
- S. Ost-in-Edhil “Fortress of the Eldar” ✧ SA/edhel
- S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23; VT50/23
- S. Taur-i-Melegyrn “Forest of the Great Trees” ✧ WJI/Taur-i-Melegyrn
- S. Tawar-in-Drúedain “Drúadan Forest” ✧ UT/319
- S. Tol-in-Gaurhoth “Isle of Werewolves” ✧ UT/054
- S. tolo i arnad lín “thy kingdom come” ✧ VT44/24
Variations
- i ✧ Let/425; Let/448; LotR/0299; NM/164; NM/372; PE17/039; PE17/044; PE17/044; PE17/066; S/198; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; UT/280; VT44/24; VT50/12; VT50/18; VT50/18; VT50/23; WJ/338
- i- ✧ LotR/1061; LotR/1114
- in ✧ NM/364
- i· ✧ PE17/147
- ir ✧ VT50/23
nan
preposition. of
san
pronoun. that
Derivations
- ✶san- “that” ✧ PE17/042
Element in
- S. im Narvi hain echant “I, Narvi, made them” ✧ LotR/0305; PE17/042
uin
preposition. of the
him
adverb/adjective. ever, ever, [N.] enduring, continually; steadfast, abiding
Element in
- S. Himring “Ever-cold” ✧ S/123
Variations
- him ✧ S/123 (him)
ui
adverb. ever
Cognates
- Q. oi(o) “ever, everlastingly; an endless period, ever, everlastingly; an endless period, *aeon”
Derivations
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶oio > ui [oio] > [uio] > [ui] ✧ Let/278
ui-
prefix. ever
esta-
verb. to name
esta-
verb. to be called
Cognates
- ᴹQ. esta- “to name”
Derivations
- ᴹ√ES “indicate, name”
Element in
- S. edregol e aníra tírad i Cherdir Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen) Condir i Drann “in especial he desires to see Master Samwise (who should be called Fullwise) Mayor of the Shire” ✧ SD/129
- ᴺS. estannen “named, called”
- S. i·Veleglind i eithro en estar i·Chîn Húrin “*the Great Song that is also called the Children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/13
panna-
verb. to fill
-ian(d)
suffix. -land, country
A suffix meaning “-land” or “country” appearing often in the names of regions and countries along with its plural variant -ien(d) “-lands”, mentioned in a number of places in Tolkien’s later writings (Let/383; UT/318). In notes from the late 1950s Tolkien derived it from primitive ✶yandē “a wide region or country” from the root √YAN “wide”, which replaced another root √YON of similar meaning (PE17/42-43). In notes having to do with “large & small” words, probably from the late 1960s, Tolkien connected it instead to an apparent adjective S. iand “wide”, still derived from √YAN (PE17/115).
Conceptual Development: This suffix seems to have first appeared in ᴱN. Broseliand in the Lays of Beleriand of the 1920s, precursor to the name S. Beleriand and almost certainly inspired by the legendary medieval French forest Brocéliande. Tolkien used this suffix widely in names starting with Lord of the Rings drafts, but it seems he did not develop a clear etymology for the suffix until quite late. Tolkien himself mentioned the connection between this suffix and the French name Brocéliande in a 1967 letter (Let/383). It is thus an interesting case study in how Tolkien would gradually integrate elements inspired by real-world languages into his Elvish corpus.
Derivations
Element in
- S. Anórien “Sunlending, *(lit.) Sun-lands” ✧ PE17/042; PE17/042
- S. Beleriand “Country of Balar” ✧ PE17/029; PE17/037; PE17/042; PE17/042
- S. Cardolan “?Red Hill Land”
- S. Eryd-wethion “Mountains of the Region of Shadows” ✧ PE17/042
- S. Garthúrian “Hidden Realm”
- S. Ithilien “Land of the Moon” ✧ PE17/042; PE17/042; UT/318
- S. Lórien “*Golden Lands”
- S. Ossiriand “Land of Seven Rivers”
- S. Rochand “Rohan, Horse-country” ✧ Let/382; UT/318
- S. Rohan “Riddermark, (lit.) Horse-country”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶yandē > -iand [-jandē] > [-jande] > [-iande] > [-iand] > [-iann] > [-ian] ✧ PE17/042 ✶yandē > iend [-jandī] > [-jandi] > [-iandi] > [-iendi] > [-iend] > [-ienn] > [-ien] ✧ PE17/042 Variations
- -and ✧ Let/382; Let/383; UT/318
- an ✧ Let/383
- -ian ✧ PE17/037; PE17/042; PE17/043
- -iand(a) ✧ PE17/037 (-iand(a))
- -iand ✧ PE17/042
- -iann ✧ PE17/115
- (i)and ✧ PE17/170
gûr
noun. heart (in the moral sense), counsel
i
that
(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. gyrth i chuinar ”dead that live [cuinar]”, Letters:417). Sometimes i (+ soft mutation) is used in the singular as well. – The form ai (following by lenition) occurs in the phrase di ai gerir ✱”those who do” (VT44:23). Possibly it is a form of the relative pronoun that is used when the previous word ends in -i. Whether ai is both sg. and pl. is unclear; in its one attestation it is followed by a plural verb that is lenited.
i
definite article. who
o
from
(od), followed by hard mutation; with article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by mixed mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366) Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning” (q.v. for this meaning of ”of”). 2) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 3)
pathra
fill
pathra- (i bathra, i phathrar). Also panna- (i banna, i phannar), but pathra- may be preferred for clarity since panna- also means ”open, enlarge”.
pathra
fill
(i bathra, i phathrar). Also panna- (i banna, i phannar), but pathra- may be preferred for clarity since panna- also means ”open, enlarge”.
sa
pronoun. that
Derivations
- ✶sa “3 sg. neuter [it], the thing, impersonal; this by me, [ᴱ√] demonstrative”
taw
that
(demonstrative pronoun) ?taw. _Only the ”Old Noldorin” form tó is actually given in LR:389 s.v. _
taw
pronoun. that
Derivations
- √TA “that, there, then; demonstrative”
taw
that
. Only the ”Old Noldorin” form tó is actually given in LR:389 s.v.
en
of the
e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.
en
of the
e- (sg. genitival article)
en
of the
en-, e- (sg. genitival article): interjection
en
of the
en-, e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.
en
adverb. then, [G.] that past, that by you, that already mentioned (by you)
Derivations
- √EN “again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond, again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond; [ᴹ√] yonder, over there”
eden
begun again
(new), pl. edin
n
that
added to a preposition, e.g. ben ”according to the”. This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.
tass
1,D adverb. then, there
A Quenya-influenced neologism meaning "there, then, in that (place/time)", from Q. tassë.
eneth
name
(noun) eneth (pl. enith)
eneth
name
(pl. enith)
ennas
there
ennas (SD:128-31)
ennas
there
(SD:128-31)
ad
re
also meaning "back, again, second"
an
to the, for the
(for) + i (the).
ess
noun. name
Cognates
- Q. essë “name”
i
the
: Singular i (+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see THAT). Apparently ”the” sometimes appears as a suffix -n added to a preposition, e.g. be**<u>n</u>** ”according to <u>the</u>”. This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.
i
the
(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. – The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see
ind
heart
(inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath.
uin
from the, of the
.
esta
name
(verb.) esta- (call) (i esta, in estar)
esta
name
(call) (i esta, in estar)
nest
heart
(core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû- apparently meaning ”heart”..
ui
ever
ui (always); also used as adj. ”everlasting, eternal”. Also as prefix, as in *uidafnen ”ever-closed) (WJ:341, where the spelling ”uidavnen” is used), pl. uidefnin
ui
ever
(always); also used as adj. ”everlasting, eternal”. Also as prefix, as in ✱uidafnen ”ever-closed) (WJ:341, where the spelling ”uidavnen” is used), pl. uidefnin
ad
again
(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".
ad
again
also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".
gûr
heart
(i ’ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11).
hûn
heart
1) (physical heart) hûn (i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin), 2) (inner mind) gûr (i **ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11). 3) ind (inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath. 4) nest (core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû**- apparently meaning ”heart”..
hûn
heart
(i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin)
poss. art. of the.