Carl Hostetter suggested (VT31/16) that this may be a cognate of Q. nai “be it that”, since in combination with the future verb estathar it resembles the nai + future construct of the Quenya subjunctive. David Salo suggested instead (GS/228) that it might be a pronominal subject of the same verb, though with less conviction. This entry follows Carl Hostetter’s theory. @@@ In VT50/13 Carl Hostetter suggested an alternate theory, that this is a subjunctive passive voice marker, vs. indicative passive voice marker en.
Sindarin
en
preposition. of the
Changes
ani→ eni ✧ PE17/097en(n)a→ ena ✧ PE17/097Derivations
- ✶ān(a) “subjective genitive” ✧ PE17/097
Element in
- S. alae! ered en Echoriath, ered e·mbar nín “[?behold!] the mountains of Echoriath, the mountains of my home!” ✧ UT/040; UT/040; UT/054
- S. Bar-en-Danwedh “House of Ransom” ✧ S/203
- S. Bar-en-Nibin-noeg “House of the Petty Dwarves” ✧ UT/100
- S. Cabed-en-Aras “Deer’s Leap” ✧ UT/150
- S. Cirith Forn en Andrath “High-Climbing Pass of the North”
- S. Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn “Frodo and Sam, princes of the west” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
- S. Dor-en-Ernil “Land of the Prince” ✧ UT/245
- S. Haudh-en-Arwen “Ladybarrow”
- S. Haudh-en-Elleth “Mound of the Elf-maid” ✧ PE17/141; S/216
- S. Haudh-en-Ellas ✧ PE17/097
- S. Haudh-en-Ndengin “Hill of Slain, (lit.) Mound of the Slain”
- S. Haudh-en-Nirnaeth “Mound of Tears” ✧ S/197
- S. i mbair en Ndengin “the houses of the Slain” ✧ PE17/097
- S. mellyn enin Edhellion “*friends of the Elves” ✧ PE17/097
- S. Methed-en-Glad “End of the Wood” ✧ UT/153
- S. Narn en·Êl “*Tale of the Star” ✧ MR/373
- S. Narn e·Dant Gondolin ar Orthad en·Êl “*Tale of the Fall of Gondolin and the Raising of the Star” ✧ MR/373; MR/373
- S. Narn e·Dinúviel “Tale of the Nightingale” ✧ MR/373
- S. Narn e·mbar Hador “*Tale of the House of Hador” ✧ MR/373
- S. Narn e·’Rach Morgoth “Tale of the Curse of Morgoth” ✧ MR/373
- S. paeth e Ngolodhrim “*speech of the Noldor” ✧ PE17/126; PE17/126
- S. Roch-cheruin “Steed of the Lady” ✧ PE17/097
- S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23; VT50/23
- S. Taur e-Ndaedelos “Forest of the Great Fear” ✧ LotR/1134
- S. Taur-en-Faroth “*Forest of the Hunting”
- S. dagnir an Glaurung “slayer of Glaurung” ✧ PE17/097
Variations
- en ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/097; PE17/102; PE17/141; S/197; S/203; S/216; UT/040; UT/100; UT/150; UT/153; UT/245; VT50/23
- en· ✧ MR/373
- an ✧ PE17/097
- ena ✧ PE17/097
- ani ✧ PE17/097 (
ani)- en(n)a ✧ PE17/097 (
en(n)a)
en
pronoun. 1st sg pronoun
Variations
- en ✧ VT50/14
en
of the
en
article. of the (genitival article)
aen
adverb. should be; ?may it be that
Cognates
- Q. nai “maybe; be it that, may it be that; perhaps, it may be, there is a chance or possibility, maybe; be it that, may it be that; perhaps, it may be, there is a chance or possibility; [ᴱQ.] remoter possibility”
Element in
- S. edregol e aníra tírad i Cherdir Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen) Condir i Drann “in especial he desires to see Master Samwise (who should be called Fullwise) Mayor of the Shire” ✧ SD/129
- S. i·Veleglind i eithro en estar i·Chîn Húrin “*the Great Song that is also called the Children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/13
Variations
- en ✧ VT50/13
eneth
noun. name
ennas
adverb. there
Derivations
- √EN “again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond, again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond; [ᴹ√] yonder, over there”
Element in
- S. ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain “and he desires to greet there all his friends” ✧ SD/129
ennas
adverb. there, in that place
han
that
pl1. hain _pron. _that, the thing previously mentioned. Tolkien notes "hain = heinn (< san-)" (PE17:42). Im Narvi hain echant 'I Narvi made them'.
san
pronoun. that
Derivations
- ✶san- “that” ✧ PE17/042
Element in
- S. im Narvi hain echant “I, Narvi, made them” ✧ LotR/0305; PE17/042
him
adverb/adjective. ever, ever, [N.] enduring, continually; steadfast, abiding
Element in
- S. Himring “Ever-cold” ✧ S/123
Variations
- him ✧ S/123 (him)
ui
adverb. ever
Cognates
- Q. oi(o) “ever, everlastingly; an endless period, ever, everlastingly; an endless period, *aeon”
Derivations
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶oio > ui [oio] > [uio] > [ui] ✧ Let/278
ui-
prefix. ever
esta-
verb. to name
esta-
verb. to be called
Cognates
- ᴹQ. esta- “to name”
Derivations
- ᴹ√ES “indicate, name”
Element in
- S. edregol e aníra tírad i Cherdir Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen) Condir i Drann “in especial he desires to see Master Samwise (who should be called Fullwise) Mayor of the Shire” ✧ SD/129
- ᴺS. estannen “named, called”
- S. i·Veleglind i eithro en estar i·Chîn Húrin “*the Great Song that is also called the Children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/13
panna-
verb. to fill
-ian(d)
suffix. -land, country
A suffix meaning “-land” or “country” appearing often in the names of regions and countries along with its plural variant -ien(d) “-lands”, mentioned in a number of places in Tolkien’s later writings (Let/383; UT/318). In notes from the late 1950s Tolkien derived it from primitive ✶yandē “a wide region or country” from the root √YAN “wide”, which replaced another root √YON of similar meaning (PE17/42-43). In notes having to do with “large & small” words, probably from the late 1960s, Tolkien connected it instead to an apparent adjective S. iand “wide”, still derived from √YAN (PE17/115).
Conceptual Development: This suffix seems to have first appeared in ᴱN. Broseliand in the Lays of Beleriand of the 1920s, precursor to the name S. Beleriand and almost certainly inspired by the legendary medieval French forest Brocéliande. Tolkien used this suffix widely in names starting with Lord of the Rings drafts, but it seems he did not develop a clear etymology for the suffix until quite late. Tolkien himself mentioned the connection between this suffix and the French name Brocéliande in a 1967 letter (Let/383). It is thus an interesting case study in how Tolkien would gradually integrate elements inspired by real-world languages into his Elvish corpus.
Derivations
Element in
- S. Anórien “Sunlending, *(lit.) Sun-lands” ✧ PE17/042; PE17/042
- S. Beleriand “Country of Balar” ✧ PE17/029; PE17/037; PE17/042; PE17/042
- S. Cardolan “?Red Hill Land”
- S. Eryd-wethion “Mountains of the Region of Shadows” ✧ PE17/042
- S. Garthúrian “Hidden Realm”
- S. Ithilien “Land of the Moon” ✧ PE17/042; PE17/042; UT/318
- S. Lórien “*Golden Lands”
- S. Ossiriand “Land of Seven Rivers”
- S. Rochand “Rohan, Horse-country” ✧ Let/382; UT/318
- S. Rohan “Riddermark, (lit.) Horse-country”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶yandē > -iand [-jandē] > [-jande] > [-iande] > [-iand] > [-iann] > [-ian] ✧ PE17/042 ✶yandē > iend [-jandī] > [-jandi] > [-iandi] > [-iendi] > [-iend] > [-ienn] > [-ien] ✧ PE17/042 Variations
- -and ✧ Let/382; Let/383; UT/318
- an ✧ Let/383
- -ian ✧ PE17/037; PE17/042; PE17/043
- -iand(a) ✧ PE17/037 (-iand(a))
- -iand ✧ PE17/042
- -iann ✧ PE17/115
- (i)and ✧ PE17/170
gûr
noun. heart (in the moral sense), counsel
pathra
fill
pathra- (i bathra, i phathrar). Also panna- (i banna, i phannar), but pathra- may be preferred for clarity since panna- also means ”open, enlarge”.
sa
pronoun. that
Derivations
- ✶sa “3 sg. neuter [it], the thing, impersonal; this by me, [ᴱ√] demonstrative”
taw
pronoun. that
Derivations
- √TA “that, there, then; demonstrative”
taw
that
(demonstrative pronoun) ?taw. _Only the ”Old Noldorin” form tó is actually given in LR:389 s.v. _
en
of the
en-, e- (sg. genitival article): interjection
en
of the
en-, e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.
en
adverb. then, [G.] that past, that by you, that already mentioned (by you)
Derivations
- √EN “again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond, again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond; [ᴹ√] yonder, over there”
tass
1,D adverb. then, there
A Quenya-influenced neologism meaning "there, then, in that (place/time)", from Q. tassë.
eneth
name
(noun) eneth (pl. enith)
ennas
there
ennas (SD:128-31)
ess
noun. name
Cognates
- Q. essë “name”
esta
name
(verb.) esta- (call) (i esta, in estar)
ui
ever
ui (always); also used as adj. ”everlasting, eternal”. Also as prefix, as in *uidafnen ”ever-closed) (WJ:341, where the spelling ”uidavnen” is used), pl. uidefnin
ad
again
(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".
hûn
heart
1) (physical heart) hûn (i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin), 2) (inner mind) gûr (i **ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11). 3) ind (inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath. 4) nest (core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû**- apparently meaning ”heart”..
poss. art. of the.