han

beyond

han prep. "beyond" (compare the _postposition pella of similar meaning) (VT43:14)_

han

preposition. beyond

Derivations

• √HAN “add to, increase, enhance, enrich, honour (especially by gift); give” ✧ VT43/14

Element in

• Q. Átaremma i ëa han Eä “our Father who art in Heaven” ✧ VT43/14

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√HAN > han	[han]	✧ VT43/14

pella

beyond

pella "beyond", apparently a postposition rather than a preposition: Andúnë pella "beyond the West", elenillor pella "from beyond the stars" (Nam, RGEO:66, Markirya) In one version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien used pell' (evidently an elided form of pella) as a _preposition, but this version was abandoned (VT43:13)_

tar

beyond

tar (2) prep. "beyond" (FS)

ala

after, beyond

ala (5) prep. "after, beyond" (MC:221, 214; however, LotR-style Quenya has han and pella "beyond" and apa "after")

ava

outside, beyond

ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)

tar(a)

adverb. thither, thither; [ᴹQ.] beyond

Derivations

• ✶tad(a) “thither, thereto, to that” ✧ PE19/104

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶tad > tar	[tad] > [tað] > [tar]	✧ PE19/104

Variations

• tar ✧ PE19/104
• tăr ✧ VT49/11
• tăra ✧ VT49/11
• tamen ✧ VT49/33

simen

hither

simen adv. "hither" (VT49:33), símen "here" (FS; cf. sinomë in EO). Compare tamen.

simen

adverb. hither

tamen

thither

tamen adv. "thither" (VT49:33). Compare simen.

tamen

adverb. thither

tande

thither

tande adv. "thither" (MC:215; this is "Qenya")

lá

athwart, over, across, beyond

lá (2) prep. "athwart, over, across, beyond" (PE17:65), also used in phrases of comparison, e.g. "A ná calima lá B", A is bright beyond (= brighter than) B (VT42:32).

lá

preposition. beyond, over, across, athwart

Changes

• lá → lā “beyond” ✧ PE17/065

Derivations

• ✶lā̆ “beyond” ✧ PE17/065; PE17/065
  • √LAƷ “cross, pass over, go beyond” ✧ PE17/065
• √LAƷ “cross, pass over, go beyond” ✧ PE17/065; PE17/090; PE17/091

Element in

• Q. ambela “further still beyond, far away beyond” ✧ PE17/090
• Q. A (ná) calima lá B “A is brighter than B; (lit.) A is bright beyond B” ✧ PE17/090; PE17/090; PE17/091; VT42/32
• Q. caitas lá i sír “it is beyond the river” ✧ PE17/065
• Q. haila “far beyond” ✧ PE17/065
• Q. lanna “athwart, (to a point) beyond, athwart, (to a point) beyond, *across” ✧ PE17/065; PE17/065
• Q. núla “under [beyond]” ✧ PE17/065
• Q. olla “over [beyond]” ✧ PE17/065
• Q. palla “far beyond” ✧ PE17/065
• Q. pella “beyond (boundary or limit)” ✧ PE17/065

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶lā̆ > lá	[lā]	✧ PE17/065
✶laŋa > lā	[laŋa] > [laɣa] > [lā]	✧ PE17/065
√LAŊ > la	[laŋa] > [laɣa] > [lā]	✧ PE17/065
√ALA/LA > lá	[lā]	✧ PE17/090
√LAƷA > lá	[laɣa] > [lā]	✧ PE17/091

Variations

• lá ✧ PE17/065 (lá); PE17/065 (lá); PE17/065; PE17/090; PE17/090; PE17/091; VT42/32; VT44/04
• lā ✧ PE17/065; PE17/065
• la ✧ PE17/065

ar-

outside

ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17), "by" (PE17:169; in the same source the glosses "near, by, beside" were rejected). Cf. ara.

ettë

outside

ettë noun(and/or adv.?) "outside" (ET)

ava

adverb/adjective. *outer, [ᴹQ.] outside, beyond; outer, exterior

Derivations

• √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out”

Element in

• Q. Avallónë “Outer Isle” ✧ S/260

Variations

• ava ✧ S/260 (ava)

apo

after

apo prep. ?"after" (see apa #1) (VT44:36)

epe

after

nan

adverb. again

ara

outside, beside, besides

ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, besides" (AR2, VT49:57). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë "he is out", VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni > arni "beside me", astyë "beside you" (informal), allë "besides you" (formal), arsë "beside him/her", plural anwë > armë "beside us" (exclusive), arwë "beside us" (inclusive), astë > ardë "beside you" (plural), astë > artë "beside them"; dual anwet > armet "beside us (two)". (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-.) The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence "beside the" (VT49:24-25)

etsë

outside, exterior

etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)

apa

after

apa (1) prep. "after" (VT44:36), attested as a prefix in apacenyë and Apanónar, q.v. Variant ep- in epessë, q.v.; see epë for futher discussion. (According to VT44:36, apa was glossed "after" and also "before" in one late manuscript, but both meanings were rejected.) See also apa # 2 below. For Neo-Quenya purposes, apa should probably be ascribed the meaning "after", as in our most widely-published sources (compare Apanónar, "the After-born", as a name of Men in the Silmarillion). Variants pa, pá (VT44:36), but like apa these are also ascribed other meanings elsewhere; see separate entry. Apo (VT44:36) may be yet another variant of the word for "after".

ata

again

ata adv. "again", also prefix ata-, at- "back, again, re-; second time, double" (AT(AT), PE17:166, cf. ataquanta-, ataquetië) or "two" (PE17:166), also "ambi-" as in ataformaitë, q.v.

cata

after

lanna

athwart

lanna prep. "athwart" (PE17:65)

tanna

thither

tanna (2) pron. in allative "thither" (VT14:5, PE16:96; evidently to be understood as the allative of ta #2: "to that [place]"). Compare tar and locative tassë.

tanna

adverb. thither

Element in

• Q. i·oromandi tanna lendë “*the wood-spirits came thither” ✧ PE16/096
• Q. lendë tanna Nieliccilis “*thither came little Niéle” ✧ PE16/096

Elements

Word	Gloss
ta	“that, there, that, there, [ᴹQ.] it”

Variations

• tanna ✧ PE16/096; PE16/096

tarwë

cross, crucifix

tarwë noun "cross, Crucifix" (QL:89)

sir

hither

sir (2), also sira, adv. "hither" (primitive ¤sida, ¤sidā) (VT49:18)

sir(a)

adverb. hither

Derivations

• ✶sidā̆ “hither” ✧ VT49/18

Element in

• Q. úsir “on the contrary” ✧ VT49/18
• Q. lasir “rather the reverse” ✧ VT49/18

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶sidā̆ > sira	[sidā] > [siðā] > [siða] > [sira]	✧ VT49/18

Variations

• sîmen ✧ PE22/147
• sir ✧ VT49/18
• sira ✧ VT49/18
• simen ✧ VT49/33

tar

adverb. thither

PQ. thither

tar

thither

tar (1) adv. or technically pron. with old allative ending: "thither" (TA). This is ta #1 with the same allative ending -r (from primitive -da) as in mir "into". Compare tanna. According to VT49:11, tar may also appear in the logner form tara.

tara

thither

tara adv. "thither"; see tar #1.

atta

across, over, lying from side to side

atta (ata-) (4) prep. "across, over, lying from side to side" (VT49:32; it is not quite clear whether this is a Quenya word or not)

arta

across, athwart

arta (4) prep. "across, athwart" (LT2:335), perhaps rather olla in Tolkiens later Quenya.

athan

preposition. beyond

alae

interjection. (?) behold!

Uncertain meaning, but compare with Quenya ela! "imperative exclamation directing sight to an actually visible object" (WJ/362)

thar-

prefix. across, athwart, over, beyond

ab

preposition. after

Cognates

• Q. apa “after (of time)”

Derivations

• √PĀ/APA “touch; after, behind of place”

Element in

• ᴺS. abgen- “to foresee, expect”
• S. Abonnen “After-born” ✧ WJ/387
• ᴺS. abor “tomorrow, (lit.) after-day”
• S. aphad- “to follow”
• ᴺS. avnedhor “afternoon”

Variations

• Ab ✧ WJ/387 (Ab)

ab-

prefix. after, later

athra-

prefix. across

thar

adverb. across

adv. & prep. across. . This gloss was rejected.

thar-

across

_ pref. _across, over, properly 'athwart'. Original S. form þara-. See also the rejected glose in PE17:34.

taw

adverb. thither

Derivations

• ✶tad(a) “thither, thereto, to that” ✧ PE19/104

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶tad > tað > tā > taw	[tad] > [tā] > [tǭ] > [tau]	✧ PE19/104

Variations

• taw ✧ PE19/104

thar

athwart

(adverbial prefix) thar- (across, over, beyond)

thar

athwart

(across, over, beyond)

athar

beyond

1) *athar (across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation. 2) (adverbial prefix) thar- (across, athwart, over)

athar

beyond

(across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation.

thar

beyond

(across, athwart, over)

abonnen

afterborn

pl. Ebennin (archaic "Eboennin" = Ebönnin, WJ:387), Elvish name of Men as the "Secondborn" of Eru. – If ab can be used as an independent preposition, it is probably followed by soft mutation.****

eden

begun again

(new), pl. edin

ar

outside

(adv. prefix) ar- (without)the literal meaning of a word translated SPY (q.v.)

ar

outside

(without)

eth

adverb/adjective. outside

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ette “outside”

Derivations

• √ET “out, forth”

ab

after

#ab (only attested as a prefix, as in:)

ab

after

(only attested as a prefix, as in:)

ad

again

(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

ad

again

also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

hae

further

(adj.) hae (far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

hae

further

(far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

nev

hither

(adj. pref.) nev- (near, on this side). Also used as a preposition nef ”on this side of”.

nev

hither

(near, on this side). Also used as a preposition nef ”on this side of”.

athra

cross

(verb) #athra- (isolated from the gerund athrad "crossing") (i athra, in athrar), also athrada- (traverse) (i athrada, in athradar)

athra

cross

(isolated from the gerund athrad "crossing") (i athra, in athrar), also athrada- (traverse) (i athrada, in athradar)

athar

across

(preposition) *athar (beyond). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation. Also (as adverbial prefix) ath- (on both sides), athra-, thar- (athwart, over, beyond)

athar

across

(beyond). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation. – Also (as adverbial prefix) ath- (on both sides), athra-, thar- (athwart, over, beyond)

lañ

root. *beyond

lā̆

preposition/adverb. beyond

Derivations

• √LAƷ “cross, pass over, go beyond” ✧ PE17/065

Derivatives

• Q. lá “beyond, over, across, athwart” ✧ PE17/065; PE17/065

Element in

• ✶orlā “over” ✧ PE17/065
• ✶pelola “beyond (the boundary)” ✧ PE17/065

Variations

• laŋa ✧ PE17/065

thar

root. *across, beyond, [ᴹ√] across, beyond

Tolkien used a similar set of forms for “(a)cross” for Elvish throughout his life. The earliest of these was the unglossed root ᴱ√TARA⁽⁾ in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. tara- “cross, go athwart, cross rivers” and ᴱQ. tarwe “cross, crucifix” (QL/89). In QL Tolkien gave a Gnomish form tor, but the Gnomish Lexicon itself had derived forms like G. taru “cross; crossing”, G. trantha- “to cross” and G. trath “passage, ford” (GL69, 71). The forms G. adr(a)/ᴱQ. arta “lying athwart; situated on far side” are clearly related (GL/17).

There was another unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon: {ᴱ√SAŘA >>} ᴱ√SARA with derivatives like ᴱQ. sara- “saw”, ᴱQ. sarat “plank”, and ᴱQ. sarno “table” (QL/82). Gnomish forms G. sard “table” vs. G. thar- “saw (up)” may represent a blending with another root ✱ᴱ√ÞARA (GL/67, 71). However, Tolkien compared G. sard to G. thrad [< ✱s(a)rat-?] (GL/67), whereas G. thrad “a board, shelf” was deleted from underneath G. thar- (GL/71). Perhaps this means there was a conceptual shift of {ᴱ√SARA >>} ✱ᴱ√ÞARA, though G. thrad “plank, board, shelf” was retained undeleted elsewhere in the document (GL/73).

As a later entry to The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien gave the root ᴹ√THAR “across, beyond” serving as the basis for the names N. Thar-gelion (“Land beyond Gelion”) and N. Thar-bad with an unclear gloss, probably “Crossway” (Ety/THAR). The root √ÞAR appeared in a list of Sindarin words associated with Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959, where it served as the basis for words like S. athrad “crossing” and prefix S. athra- in words like S. athrabeth “conversation (interchange of words)” (PE17/14); in this note Tolkien specified that the root √ÞAR was not found in Quenya, but the root does appear to be an element in later Quenya words like the 1968 word Q. Mondósar “Oxford” (DTS/70).

Note that the root √THAR appeared a few times in Tolkien’s later writings with a different meaning: ᴹ√THAR “stand” in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s (PE22/126) and √THAR “vigour” (another Sindarin-only root) in an explanation of the name S. Thranduil in a list of roots from 1959 (D59: PE17/187).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume “across” is the main meaning of this root. However, I would ignore Tolkien’s 1959 statement that the root was not found in Quenya in order to salvage early words from ✱ᴱ√ÞARA, with the verbal sense “saw” = “(cut) across” and from this sense deriving words like “plank” and “table”.

Derivatives

• ✶aþra- “to cross (to and fro)” ✧ PE17/014
  • S. athra- “to cross (to and fro)” ✧ PE17/014
• ✶thara “across, over, (properly) athwart”
  • S. thar “across, athwart, over” ✧ PE17/034
• ᴺQ. essar- “to recross”
• ᴺQ. sar- “to cross”
• ᴺQ. sara- “to saw [wood]”
• ᴺQ. sarma “saw”
• ᴺS. sardh “table”
• S. thar “across, athwart, over” ✧ PE17/014
• ᴺS. thar- “to saw (up)”
• ᴺS. tharf “saw”

Element in

• ᴺQ. artaquet- “to converse, debate”
• ᴺQ. artaquetië “conversation”
• Q. Mondósar “Oxford”
• ᴺS. tharchol- “to translate, (lit.) carry-across”

Variations

• ÞAR ✧ PE17/014; PE17/188

en

root. again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond, again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond; [ᴹ√] yonder, over there

This root had a variety of senses in Tolkien’s writings, which may or may not be related. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, ᴹ√EN was glossed “yonder, over there” with the adverbial form ᴹQ. en “there, look yon (yonder)” (Ety/EN) and in this sense it was probably a later iteration of the early demonstrative root ᴱ√E “that by you”. This 1930s version of the root seems to be a “remote demonstrative” as opposed to ᴹ√TA “that” which seems to be a more ordinary demonstrative.

In verbal notes from the late 1940s and early 1950s, Q. en was connected to the future (PE22/120, 131), and in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s, Tolkien revised the gloss of primitive ✶en from “yonder” to “next, further, again” (PE21/70, note #4). In later notes Tolkien primarily emphasized the sense “again” with the glosses like “go on doing” in notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/167), and the glosses “again, once more” in a couple of different documents written in 1968 (VT47/15; VT48/25), though in one of these it was given the form √HEN “again”, probably a transient idea (VT41/16). This new meaning for √EN reflects the use of the prefix Q. en- for repetition, such as in enquantuva “shall refill” in the Q. Namárië poem (LotR/377).

It is not clear whether √EN retained the sense “yonder” in Tolkien’s later conception of it. In the aforementioned note where it was glossed “go on doing”, one of its derivatives was Q. en(a) “still” as in Q. quetir en “they still say” (PE17/167), referring to the past rather than the future. On the other hand, in rough notes written around 1968, Tolkien said “en- ‘again’ as [in] enquantuva is prob[ably] [?] ‘further, beyond’ [?in respect of time influenced by ? only in] Q. enta, only with verbs. [?root] ēn” (VT41/16). The words in brackets were added by Carl Hostetter as editorial additions or to indicate unclear text in the original, but the relatively clear glosses “further, beyond” show that at least in that moment, something like the 1930s meaning “yonder” of this root may have remained valid.

Derivatives

• ✶en “next, further, again, next, further, again; [ᴹ✶] yonder”
  • Q. en “then soon, (then) soon, [ᴹQ.] in that (future) case; there, yonder; look yon(der); far away; that, [ᴱQ.] that by you; thereupon”
• Q. en- “re-, again” ✧ VT41/16
• Q. en(a) “still” ✧ PE17/167
• ᴺS. en “then, [G.] that past, that by you, that already mentioned (by you)”
• S. ennas “there”
• S. eno “*still”

Element in

• √ENET “*one more” ✧ VT47/15; VT48/25
• Q. enquanta- “to refill” ✧ PE17/167
• Q. enquet- “to repeat, say again” ✧ PE17/167
• Q. enta “another, one more, another, one more; [ᴹQ.] that yonder, then (fut.); [ᴱQ.] that there (emphatic)”

Variations

• en- ✧ VT41/16 (en-)
• en ✧ VT41/16
• ēn ✧ VT41/16

ara

preposition and adverb. beyond, further than

Derivations

• √AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ PE17/147

Variations

• ara/ar/rā ✧ PE17/147

pelola

preposition and adverb. beyond (the boundary)

Derivatives

• Q. pella “beyond (boundary or limit)” ✧ PE17/064; PE17/065; PE17/092

Variations

• peth-la ✧ PE17/064
• pel(o)la ✧ PE17/065 (pel(o)la)
• pelo la ✧ PE17/092

ar

root. beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways

The root √AR has a long and complex history in Tolkien’s writing. For many years, it was the basis for the word ar “and”. Its earliest precursor was the root ᴱ√ARA or ᴱ√ƷARA in the Qenya Lexicon variously glossed “spread, extend sideways” or “wide places” (QL/32). The Gnomish derivatives of this root such G. garw “sown field” (GL/38) vs. ᴱQ. arwa made it clear the true primitive form was √ƷARA (in Gnomish, ʒ- &gt; g-). Some of the early derivatives of √ƷARA such as G. gar(th), ᴱQ. arda “place” were later transferred to the root ᴹ√GAR so they could retain this gar-/ar- distinction.

Of the derivations that remained under √AR, the most notable were ᴱQ. are “beside, along” and the conjunction ᴱQ. ar(a) “but” (QL/32). The latter changed in meaning to ar “and” by the end of the 1920s, for example in the Oilima Markirya poem. This carried into the 1930s paradigm for the root ᴹ√AR, as seen by its entry in The Etymologies with its derivatives ᴹQ. ara “outside, beside” (the basic sense of the root) and ᴹQ. ar “and” (Ety/AR²). The most common Noldorin word for “and” in this period was likewise ar (TAI/150; SD/128-129), and in prefixal form ar- “outside, beside” sometimes developed a privative sense “without”, most notably in arnediad (†arnoediad) “without reckoning, numberless” as in N. Nirnaith Arnediad “(Battle of) Unnumbered Tears” (Ety/AR², NOT) which in Sindarin became Nirnaeth Arnoediad.

In some etymological notes from the 1950s Tolkien retained the root form ara “alongside” (VT43/33), but there were already cracks forming in this system, forced by Tolkien’s decision that the Sindarin word for “and” was a rather than ar, a change that first appeared Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/182). By the late 1950s Tolkien was experimenting with new roots √AD(A) and √AS for the meaning “beside” and the derivation of Q. ar, S. a “and”; see those entries for later developments in this semantic space of “beside”.

As for the root √AR itself, it shifted in meaning to “beyond, further than” in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957, becoming the basis for “royal” roots like √ARAN “king” or √ARAT “noble” (PE17/147). In this revised meaning, it might still be able to retain a “privative” sense in Sindarin words like †arnoediad “unnumbered” (perhaps = “✱beyond numbering”), though it is also possible Tolkien simply never revisited the etymology of this Sindarin word.

Derivatives

• ✶ara “beyond, further than” ✧ PE17/147
• Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ SA/ar
• S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ SA/ar
• S. ar- “without; by; **beside, [N.] outside; [S.] without; by, beside, [G.] along with, compared with”

Element in

• √ARAN “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147
• √ARI “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147
• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/147
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147
• Q. Araman “Outside Aman, *Beside Aman” ✧ SA/ar
• S. arnoediad “unnumbered, without reckoning” ✧ SA/ar

Variations

• ar- ✧ SA/ar
• ara ✧ VT43/33

sidā̆

adverb. hither

Derivatives

• Q. sir(a) “hither” ✧ VT49/18

lañna

adverb. athwart

Derivations

• √LAƷ “cross, pass over, go beyond” ✧ PE17/065

Derivatives

• Q. lanna “athwart, (to a point) beyond, athwart, (to a point) beyond, *across” ✧ PE17/065

Variations

• laŋna ✧ PE17/065

athan

preposition. beyond

Element in

• N. Bronwe athan Harthad “Endurance beyond Hope” ✧ SD/062

Elements

Word	Gloss
ath-	“on both sides, across”

thar

preposition/prefix. across, beyond

Derivations

• ᴹ√THAR “across, beyond” ✧ Ety/THAR

Element in

• N. Tharbad “(?Crossway)” ✧ Ety/THAR
• N. Thargelion “Land beyond Gelion” ✧ Ety/THAR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√THAR > Thar-	[tʰar-] > [θar-]	✧ Ety/THAR

Variations

• Thar- ✧ Ety/THAR

thar-

prefix. across, athwart, over, beyond

ath-

prefix. on both sides, across

iath

preposition. across

Derivations

• ᴹ✶yatta “across” ✧ EtyAC/YAT
  • ᴹ√YAT “join” ✧ Ety/YAT

Element in

• N. iathrad “crossing, ford” ✧ EtyAC/YAT (iathrad)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶yatta > iath	[jatta] > [jattʰa] > [jaθθa] > [jaθθ] > [jaθ]	✧ EtyAC/YAT

athrada-

verb. to cross, traverse