arod

adjective. noble

adj. #noble.

arod

adjective. noble

d adj. noble. Q. arata. >> raud

arod

noble

1b _adj._noble. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

arod

adjective. noble

aradan

masculine name. *Noble-man

The Sindarin name of Malach (S/143), a combination of the prefix ar(a)- “noble” and the noun Adan “Man” (SA/ar(a), adan).

arador

masculine name. *Noble-lord

The 14th chieftain of the Dúnedain, grandfather of Aragorn (LotR/1038). The initial element of his name is the prefix ar(a)- “noble” and its final element might be -dor “lord”.

Conceptual Development: In the draft of Appendix A of the Lord of the Rings, his name was first given as Arv[or]eg (4th and 5th letters unclear), revised to Arador (PM/211).

aredhel

feminine name. Noble Elf

The commonly known name of Turgon’s sister (S/60) and mother of Maeglin (S/133). Her name is a compound of ar(a)- “noble” and Edhel “Elf”, and thus: “Noble Elf” (WJ/318). She was also (less commonly) known by the sobriquet Ar-Feiniel “White Lady” (S/60).

Conceptual Development: This character dates back to the earliest Lost Tales, first appearing as G. Isfin (LT2/165). At this early stage, her name meant “Snow-locks” or “Exceeding-cunning” (LTA2/Isfin). Tolkien kept this name for a long time, and it appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s as N. Isfin, a compound of N. ist “knowledge” and ON. phinya “skillful”, so: “✱Skillful Knowledge” (Ety/IS, Ety/PHIN).

Over time, this name lost any linguistic significance, until Tolkien became dissatisfied with it. Tolkien experimented with various alternate forms, first Íreth (MR/182), briefly Rodwen “High Virgin Noble” (WJ/317), and later either Aredhel or Ar-Feiniel (WJ/317). In the published version of The Silmarillion, Christopher Tolkien used both of the last two names, but elsewhere he admitted that the two names were in competition to replace Isfin, and that Aredhel seems to have been his father’s final choice (WJ/318).

To avoid the issue, this entry assumes that both Aredhel or Ar-Feiniel were sobriquets and that Íreth was her “true” Sindarin name, derived from her given name Q. Írissë. See S. Íreth for further discussion.

aredhel

proper name. Noble Elf

A term for the “Noble Elves”, the Sindar and Noldor, with the variant form Aerel (PE17/139, 141) and draft forms Edaeron, Edaerel, Aeriel (PE17/140). It is a combination of the prefix ar(a)- “noble” and Edhel “Elf”, with its variant using Ell “Elf” instead.

arminas

masculine name. ?Noble Tower

A Noldorin Elf of Angrod’s people (S/212). His name is apparently a combination of the prefix ar(a)- “noble” and the noun minas “tower”, though it is unclear why the second element was not lenited to ✱-vinas, as occurred in similar names like Arvegil. In a Discord chat on 2024-05-20, Parmandil suggested it might be a North Sindarin or Quenya name to explain the lack of lenition. Vyacheslav Stepanov suggested its initial element might instead be arn-, as in Argonath.

arothir

masculine name. Noble Lord

A name Tolkien considered as a replacement for Orodreth in some of his late writings from 1965 (PM/350). The name is a combination of arod “noble” and hîr “lord”. @@@ Etymology

arroch

masculine name. *Noble-horse

The name of Húrin’s horse (UT/70). The name is probably a combination of ar(a)- “noble” and roch “horse”.

arwen

feminine name. Noble Maiden

Beloved of Aragorn and first queen of reunited Gondor and Arnor (LotR/973). Her name was translated “Noble Maiden” in one of Tolkien’s letters (RC/205). The initial element of her name is the prefix ar(a)- “noble” and its final element is the suffixal form -wen of gwend “maiden”, common in female names. Its Quenya and Sindarin forms are identical (PE17/56).

Conceptual Development: Arwen’s name did not emerge until late in the Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s. She was first named N. Ellonel, but this was revised to Finduilas >> Amareth >> Emrahil before Tolkien finally settled on Arwen (SD/66).

brand

adjective. towering; tall and massive, towering, tall and massive, [N.] high; lofty, noble, fine

In notes from the 1950s or 60s the word brand, brann meant “towering; tall and massive” (PE17/22, 61). In these notes Tolkien said it was derived from √BARAT (PE17/22), but that root would probably produce ✱✱brant so I think it is more likely to be based on (or blended with) √BARAD. The Etymologies from around 1937 had N. brand, brann “lofty, noble, fine” derived from primitive ᴹ✶b’randā under the root ᴹ√BARAD (Ety/BARÁD). In a phrase from Thrór’s Map written in 1936, brann was translated “high”: lheben teil brann i annon ar neledh neledhi gar godrebh “five foot high the door and three may walk abreast” (TAI/150).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume brand was a blending of various ancient words meaning both “tall” and “noble”, so useable for either depending on context. I further assume it can only be used for “high, tall (and massive)” of things mostly of exceptional height, while of people it means “lofty, noble, fine”. For tall people I would probably instead use tond.

brandir

masculine name. *Noble Man

6th and last chief of the House of Haleth, who became the rival of Túrin (S/216). His name is a combination of brand “lofty, noble” and dîr “man”, hence: “✱Noble Man”.

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, his name was given as G. Tamar (LT2/101). In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s his name changed to N. Brandir and remained so thereafter (SM/129). In The Etymologies, this name was given as a compound of N. brann “lofty, noble” and N. dîr “man”, which is the source of the derivation given above (Ety/BARÁD, DER).

rodwen

feminine name. High Virgin Noble

A name Tolkien briefly considered for Turgon’s sister translated “High Virgin Noble” (WJ/317), a compound of the prefixal form rod- of raud “noble” with the lenited form of gwend “maiden”. It was ultimately replaced by Aredhel; see that entry for further discussion.

thinrod

masculine name. noble member of the Thindrim

A Sindarin name glossed “noble member of the Thindrim (Sindar)”, a combination of thind “grey” and the suffixal form of arod “noble” (VT41/9).

Aredhel

noun. high, noble elf

ar(a) (prefix “high, noble, royal”) + edhel (“elf”)

Gildor

noun. noble star

gîl (“star, bright spark”) + taur (“noble, king, lord”) The second element is only used poetically, as -dor often found in names [Etym. TĀ-].

aranarth

noun. noble king

aran (“king”) + arth (“lofty, noble”)

arwen

noun. royal, noble maiden

ar (prefix “high, noble, royal”) + gwend (“maiden, woman”)

Aredhel

'Noble-Elf'

{ð} n. 'Noble-Elf'. Afterwards including also the Exiled Noldor. >> edhel, Thinnedhel

Arodreth

noun. 'Noble endurance'

prop. n. 'Noble endurance'. >> arod, reth

aran

'high or noble person'

pl1. erain n. 'high or noble person', king, chief.

arodreth

proper name. Noble Endurance

A Sindarin name from a list of Sindarin words from around 1959 (PE17/182). It is a compound of either arod “noble” and reth- “endure”, hence “Noble Endurance”.

tarmund

masculine name. Noble Bull

A name coined by Tolkien as a possible Elvish name for a bull (Let/423). The initial element of the name is Quenya affix tar- “noble” and its final element is mund “bull”.

ar(a)-

prefix. noble, royal, high

arphen

noun. noble, knight

raud

adjective. noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent

Ara-

prefix. high, noble, royal

ar-

prefix. high, noble, royal

aran

noun. king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person, king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)

arphen

noun. a noble

arth

adjective. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted)

arwen

noun. noble woman

brann

adjective. towering, tall and massive, towering, tall and massive, [N.] high; lofty, noble, fine

rodwen

noun. high virgin noble

arn

noble

(adjective) 1) arn (royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic *araud), pl. aroed. 2) brand (high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind; 3) raud (eminent, high), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

arphen

noble

(noun, "a noble") 1) arphen, pl. erphin; 2) raud (eminent man, champion), pl.roed (idh roed), coll. pl. rodath.

raud

noble

(eminent, high), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed.  4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

ar

noble

(adjectival prefix) ar- (high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

ar

noble

(high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

arn

noble

(royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic ✱araud), pl. aroed.

arphen

noble

pl. erphin

brand

noble

(high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind

Finarfin

Noble [son of] Finwë

Finarfin's father-name was Arafinwë (Q: "Noble [son of] Finwë". His mother-name was Ingalaurë ("Inga-gold").

The name Finarfin is the Sindarin version of his father-name.

Finarfin is rare among the High Elves of the Undying Lands who did not leave and fall under the Doom of Mandos, in that he is known primarily by his name in Sindarin, a language indigenous to Middle-earth and not though to have been known or studied in Aman until after the Exiles were allowed to return at the end of the First Age, save the possibility that Sindarin was learned from the Elves of Beleriand who died and went to sojourn in the Halls of Mandos. Other such Amanya High Elves who stayed behind are primarily known by their Quenya or Telerin names. But both of Finarfin's brothers went into Exile, with the result that both were largely remembered by Sindarin names, and also Finarfin's name is structured very similarly to that of his brother Fingolfin. It is probably unlikely that Fëanor and Amras had the time to learn Sindarin before they died so soon after reaching Beleriand, but they fell under the Doom of Mandos nevertheless, making Finarfin the only known Amanya never under the Doom whose name is primarily known in its Sindarin form.

arwen

noble maiden

Arwen means "Noble Maiden" in Sindarin (from ara- = "noble" and gwenn = "maiden"). The Quenya form of her name is not entirely certain, but as just a name, it is grammatically possible to calque Arwen to Quenya as Aranwen using aran- and wendë, stem Aranwend-; compare masculine Aranwë), but Arwen itself is also coincidentally a valid Quenya synthesis (using ar-, stem Arwend-), meaning the possibility that Arwen's name is the same in Sindarin and Quenya. Her epessë, Undómiel, means "Evenstar", from Undómë "evening twilight" and el "star".

aranarth

masculine name. Aranarth

The 1st chieftain of the Dúnedain (LotR/1038). The initial element of his name is aran “noble”. The meaning of the final element is unclear. It might be related to the initial element of the name of the fallen realm Arthedain. David Salo suggested that the final element is ✱arth “noble”, cognate to Q. arta (GS/240, 341).

arwen

noble woman

(pl. erwin).****

arwen

noble woman

arwen (pl. erwin).:

arwen

noble woman

arwen (pl. erwin); CROWNED WOMAN (= queen): rîn, construct rin, no distinct pl. form except when article precedes (idh rîn). This is basically the adj. rîn ”crowned” used as a noun. Note: a homphone means ”remembrance”.

Arothir

noun. Arothir

noble lord; arod (“noble”) + hîr (“lord”) S equivalent of Q Artaher.

Finarfin

noun. Finarfin

the name probably has no meaning in S and is constructed in the way similar to Fingolfin; fin (reduced Finwë - his father's name) + ar (prefix “noble, royal”) + fin (reduced Arafinwë - his Quenya name)

raud

excellent

_ adj. _excellent, noble, eminent.

Aredhel

Aredhel

Aredhel's name in Valinor used to be Írissë. In Sindarin this name was Íreth. The name Aredhel means "Noble Elf" in Sindarin, and is probably an epessë acquired later.[source?] Note on pronunciation: Aredhel should be pronounced ar-eth-el (hard "th"), not ar-ed-hel.

Finarfin

Finarfin

Finarfin's father-name was Arafinwë (Q:"Noble [son of] Finwë", pron. N [ˌaraˈfinwe],V [ˌaraˈɸinwe]). His mother-name was Ingoldo, changed from the earlier Ingalaurë ("Inga-gold", pron.[ˌiŋɡaˈla͡ʊre]). The name Finarfin is the Sindarin version of his father-name. Finarfin is rare among the High Elves of the Undying Lands who did not leave and fall under the Doom of Mandos, in that he is known primarily by his name in Sindarin, a language indigenous to Middle-earth and not thought to have been known or studied in Aman until after the Exiles were allowed to return at the end of the First Age, save the possibility that Sindarin was learned from the Elves of Beleriand who died and went to sojourn in the Halls of Mandos. Other such Amanya High Elves who stayed behind are primarily known by their Quenya or Telerin names. But both of Finarfin's brothers went into Exile, with the result that both were largely remembered by Sindarin names, and also Finarfin's name is structured very similarly to that of his brother Fingolfin. It is probably unlikely that Fëanor and Amras had the time to learn Sindarin before they died so soon after reaching Beleriand, but they fell under the Doom of Mandos nevertheless, making Finarfin the only known Amanya never under the Doom whose name is primarily known in its Sindarin form.

arth

lofty

1. arth (noble, exalted), pl. erth, 2) brand (high, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind, 3) orchall (superior, eminent), pl. erchail (for archaic örchail), 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

arth

lofty

(noble, exalted), pl. erth

arth

exalted

1. arth (lofty, noble), pl. erth;

arth

exalted

(lofty, noble), pl. erth

arwen

Arwen

Arwen means "Noble Maiden" in Sindarin (from ara- = "noble" and gwenn = "maiden"). The Quenya form of her name is not entirely certain, but as just a name, it is grammatically possible to calque Arwen to Quenya as Aranwen (pron. [aˈranwen] using aran- and wendë, stem Aranwend-; compare masculine Aranwë), but Arwen itself is also coincidentally a valid Quenya synthesis (using ar-, stem Arwend-), meaning the possibility that Arwen's name is the same in Sindarin and Quenya. Her epessë, Undómiel, means "Evenstar", from Undómë "evening twilight" and el "star".

brand

lofty

(high, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind

brand

tall

(lofty, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind.

or

high

(adjectival pref.) or- (above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

or

high

(above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

raud

tall

(eminent, noble), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed. Also used as noun ”champion, eminent man, [a] noble”.

taur

lofty

(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

taur

tall

(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

Ara-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ar-, Arathorn

adaneth

noun. (mortal) woman

ar-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ara-, Arathorn

ara

noun. king

_ n. _king. 

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

bain

good

_ adj. _good, wholesome, blessed, fair (esp. of weather). . This gloss was rejected.

bess

noun. (young) woman

bess

noun. wife

brand

towering; tall and massive

1 _ adj. _towering; tall and massive. >> brann

brann

towering

_ adj. _towering, tall and massive. >> brand

gûr

noun. heart (in the moral sense), counsel

ma

adjective. good

_ adj. _good. Archaic and obsolete except as interjection 'good, excellent, that's right'.

maer

good

_ adj. _good.

maer

good

adj. good, proper, excellent. Q. mára good, proper, Q. maira excellent. >> mae-. This gloss was rejected.

maer

adjective. excellent

_ adj. _excellent. Q. maira admirable, excellent, precious. >> maer-, maeron

raud

lofty

adj. lofty. Q. rāta. >> arod, taer

taer

lofty

adj. lofty. Q. tāra.

taer

adjective. lofty

A Sindarin word for “lofty” mentioned as the equivalent of Q. tára “tall”, proof that the primitive form was ✶tagra < √TAƷ since aʒr &gt; air and then aer in Sindarin, but aʒr &gt; ār in Quenya (PE17/186).

Conceptual Development: The Etymologies of the 1930s had ON. tōra “lofty” as the equivalent of ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high” under the root ᴹ√TĀ/TAƷ (Ety/TĀ; EtyAC/TĀ), but due to differences in the primitive form in ᴹ✶tārā in the 1930s, this produced N. taur which blended with primitive ᴹ✶taurā < ᴹ√TUR to gain the senses “vast, mighty, overwhelming, awful; high, sublime” (Ety/TUR).

Earlier still, the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. dara “lofty” (GL/29) equivalent to ᴱQ. tára “lofty” (QL/87). In this period the root likely began with D, as in ✱ᴱ√DAHA, since in Early Qenya of the 1910s, primitive initial voiced stops were unvoiced [ᴱ✶d- > ᴱQ. t-].

adaneth

mortal woman

(pl. edenith), also firieth (pl. firith).

andrath

high pass

(literally "long climb"), pl. endraith.

aran

king

1. (king of a region) aran (pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural). 2) (king of a people) †taur (i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. _T_Ā to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

aran

king

(pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural).

bess

woman

bess (i vess, construct bes) (wife), pl. biss (i miss). The word etymologically means ”wife”, but the meaning was generalized.

bess

woman

(i vess, construct bes) (wife), pl. biss (i miss). The word etymologically means ”wife”, but the meaning was generalized.

dess

young woman

(i ness, o ndess, constuct des), pl. diss (i ndiss).

duinen

high tide

(i dhuinen), pl. duinin (i nuinin). (VT48:26).

gondrath

highway

(i ’ondrath) (street of stone, causeway), pl. gendraith (i ngendraith = i ñendraith). Archaic pl. göndreith. (WJ:340). Possibly the pl. can also be gondraith, without umlaut of the first element.

gwanur

kinsman

(i ’wanur) (brother), pl. gwenyr (in gwenyr). Note: a homophone of the sg. means ”pair of twins”.

gûr

heart

(i ’ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11).

hall

tall

(exalted); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

hall

exalted

hall (high); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

hall

exalted

(high); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

hûn

heart

1. (physical heart) hûn (i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin), 2) (inner mind) gûr (i **ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11). 3) ind (inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath. 4) nest (core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû**- apparently meaning ”heart”..

hûn

heart

(i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin)

ind

heart

(inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath.

maer

good

_(”useful” of things _ not of moral qualities) maer (lenited vaer, no distinct pl. form) (fit, useful). For ”good” as an adjective describing human qualities, the word fael ”fair-minded, just, generous” may be considered.

maer

good

(lenited vaer, no distinct pl. form) (fit, useful). For ”good” as an adjective describing human qualities, the word fael ”fair-minded, just, generous” may be considered.

mîn

towering

mîn (lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (isolated, first). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the numeral ”one”.

mîn

towering

(lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (isolated, first). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the numeral ”one”.

nest

heart

(core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû- apparently meaning ”heart”..

orchall

lofty

(superior, eminent), pl. erchail (for archaic örchail)

taur

king

(i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. TĀ to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

telu

high roof

(i delu, o thelu) (dome), pl. tely (i thely).

wen

maiden

in names means ”girl, maiden, virgin”.

Ara-

noble

Ara-, ar- a prefixed form of the stem Ara- "noble" (PM:344). In the masc. names Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername (amilessë, q.v.) of Fingolfin (PM:360, cf. 344), Arafinwë "Finarfin" (MR:230)

arato

noble

arato noun "a noble" (PE17:147), in PE17:118 given as aratō and there glossed "lord" (often = "king"). Cf. aráto. The form cited in the latter source, aratō with a long final vowel, is evidently very archaic (compare Enderō under Ender); later the vowel would become short. (PE17:118)

arquen

noble

arquen noun "a noble" (WJ:372), "knight" (PE17:147)

aracondo

masculine name. *Noble Prince

A name associated with Turgon in a set of notes exploring possibly etymologies of his name (PE17/113), possibly his mother-name since Sarafinwë is given as his father-name in the same notes, while Turukondo (from which Turgon is derived) is said to be his “title”. Its Sindarin cognate Argond is similar to the Sindarin form of the name of Fingolfin’s son Aracáno, so perhaps Aracondo is a precursor that name. Aracondo is a compound of ar(a)- “noble” and condo “prince”.

arafinwë

masculine name. *Noble Finwë

Father-name of Finarfin (PM/344) from which his Sindarin name was derived. It is a compound ar(a)- “high, noble” and the name of his father, Finwë.

aratan

masculine name. *Noble Man

Second son of Isildur (S/295), his name seems to be a compound of ar(a)- “noble” and Atan “man”.

arciryas

masculine name. *Noble Ship

Younger son of the 28th king of Gondor Telumehtar (LotR/1038), his name seems to be a combination of ar(a)- “noble” and cirya “ship”.

argol(do)

masculine name. Noble Noldo

A name attested only as an example of the phonetic rule that [[q|medial [ŋ] after a [n], [ŋ], [l], [r] became [g]]] (PE19/81). It seems to be a compound of ar(a)- “noble” and Noldo.

armenelos

place name. City of the Kings; *(lit.) Noble Heaven City

The capital city of Númenor. Tolkien glossed this name as the “City of the Kings” (UT/165), but the elements of the name appear to be ar- “noble”, menel “heavens” and the suffixal form -os of osto “city”. As such, its literal meaning seems to be “✱Noble Heaven City”, probably a reference to its location on the slopes of the mountain Meneltarma. The city’s Adûnaic name, Arminalêth, has a similar meaning.

Conceptual development: In the earliest stories of Númenor, the name of this city was given as ᴹQ. Númenos or Númar (LR/14). In the later versions of the story associated with “The Notion Club Papers”, its Quenya name was change to ᴹQ. Antirion (SD/347), but for the most part it was referred to by its Adûnaic name Arminalêth. In the drafts of the Akallebêth the Quenya name was Q. Tar Calimos (PM/145) before it was replaced by its final form Armenelos as in the published version of The Silmarillion.

In the index of Sauron Defeated, Christopher Tolkien incorrectly wrote that Armenelos replaced the name Arminalêth (SDI2/Arminalêth). He corrected this mistake on PM/145, where J.R.R. Tolkien’s notes clearly indicate that Armenelos was the Eldarin [Quenya] name of the city, coexisting with its Adûnaic name Arminalêth.

artaher

masculine name. Noble Lord

The Quenya name of S. Orodreth in some of Tolkien’s later writings (PM/346, 350). It is a compound of the prefixal form arta- of arata “noble” and heru “lord”.

Conceptual Development: His Quenya name was initially Artanáro, but this was changed to Artaresto, while Artanáro became the Quenya name of his son Gil-galad (PM/350). Later, the name was changed again to Artaher and its Sindarin form to S. Arothir, which was probably meant to replace S. Orodreth in The Silmarillion, although Tolkien did not get around to making those changes. The name Artaresto is more compatible with his Sindarin name Orodreth in the published version of The Silmarillion.

artamir

masculine name. *Noble Jewel

Eldest son of the Gondorian king Ondoher, killed in battle before he could claim the throne (LotR/1049). His name is a compound of the prefixal form arta- of arata “noble” and mírë “jewel”.

artanis

feminine name. Noble Woman

The father-name of Galadriel (UT/231, PM/346-7). This name is a compound of the prefixal form arta- of arata “noble” and nís “woman”.

artanáro

masculine name. *Noble Fire

The Quenya name of Gil-galad in some late notes of Tolkien (PM/350). This name is a compound of the prefixal form arta- of arata “noble” and nár “fire”. In earlier versions of these notes, this was the Quenya name of his father Orodreth, but that Quenya name was eventually revised to Artaher.

Aratan

noble adan

Aratan masc. name *"Noble Adan" (Silm)

Argol(do)

noun. Noble Noldo

Noble Noldo

Artaher

noble lord

Artaher (Artahér-) masc. name "noble lord" (Sindarin Arothir) (PM:346)

Artamir

noble jewel

Artamir masc. name *"Noble jewel" (Appendix A); cf. mírë.

Artanis

noble woman

Artanis fem. name "noble woman" (PM:347)

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

callo

noble man, hero

callo ("k")noun "noble man, hero" (KAL)

tarhildi

high-men, the noble followers

tarhildi, pl. noun "High-men, the Noble followers" (PE17:18), referring to the Dúnedain. Sg. perhaps #tarhil (with stem #tarhild-), cf. tarcil.

tána

high, lofty, noble

tána (meaning unclear, probably adj. "high, lofty, noble") (TĀ/TA3). Compare tára.

ar(a)-

prefix. noble, high

arata

adjective. high, noble, exalted, lofty

arquen

noun. noble, knight

artafindë

masculine name. *Noble [Golden] Hair

A “Quenyarized” form of Findrod’s father-name: Findaráto, with the adjectival element arta- first (PM/346).

artanga

masculine name. *Noble Iron

A “Quenyarized” form of Angrod’s father-name: Angaráto, with the adjectival element arta- first (PM/346).

arta

adjective. high, noble, exalted, lofty

aráto

noun. champion, eminent man, noble, lord, king

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

arcöa

noun. palace, (lit.) noble-house

arta

exalted, lofty

arta (1) adj. "exalted, lofty" (PM:354), "high, noble" (PE17:118, 147); cf. names like Artaher, Artanis.

órë

heart

órë (1) noun "heart" (inner mind), also name of tengwa #21 (Appendix E), "premonition" (VT41:13), "nearest equivalent of 'heart' in our application to feelings, or emotions (courage, fear, hope, pity, etc.)" (VT41:13). The órë apparently defines a person's personality, cf. the description of Galadriel in PM:337, that "there dwelt in her the noble and generous spirit (órë) of the Vanyar". Órenya "my heart" (VT41:11).

aran

noun. king

tar-

affix. high, high; [ᴹQ.] king or queen (in compounds)

A prefix (and sometimes suffix) meaning “high” as in Tarcil “High Man” or Tarmenel “High Heaven”. It is often used in reference to royalty and nobility, as in Tarumbar “King of the World” or Sorontar “Lord of Eagles”, as well as the names of Númenorean kings and queens. It is related to the adjective tára “high” based on the root √TĀ/TAƷ of similar meaning (Ety/TĀ).

-tar

king

-tar or tar-, element meaning "king" or "queen" in compounds and names (TĀ/TA3), e.g. Valatar; compare the independent nouns tár, tári. Prefix Tar- especially in the names of the Kings and Queens of Númenor (e.g. Tar-Amandil); see their individual names (like Amandil in this case), cf. also Tar-Mairon "King Excellent", title used by Sauron (PE17:183). Also in Tareldar "High-elves"; see also Tarmenel.

Amarië

good

Amarië fem. name; perhaps derived from mára "good" with prefixing of the stem-vowel and the feminine ending -ië (Silm)

Lindissë

woman

Lindissë fem.name, perhaps lin- (root of words having to do with song/music) + (n)dissë "woman" (see nís). (UT:210)

ala-

good

ala- (3), also al-, a prefix expressing "good" or "well" (PE17:146), as in alaquenta (q.v.) Whether Tolkien imagined this ending to coexist with the negative prefix of the same form (#2 above) is unclear and perhaps dubious.

aran

king

aran noun "king"; pl. arani (WJ:369, VT45:16, PE17:186); gen.pl. aranion "of kings" in asëa aranion, q.v.; aranya "my king" (aran + nya) (UT:193). Aran Meletyalda "king your mighty" = "your majesty" (WJ:369); aran Ondórëo, "a king of Gondor" (VT49:27). Also in arandil "king's friend, royalist", arandur "king's servant, minister" (Letters:386); Arantar masc. name, "King-Lord" (Appendix A); Arandor "Kingsland" region in Númenor (UT:165); the long form Arandórë appears as a name of Arnor in PE17:28 (elsewhere Arnanórë, q.v.) Othercompounds ingaran, Noldóran, Núaran, q.v.

aráto

champion, eminent man

aráto noun "champion, eminent man" (SA:ar(a) )

elwen

heart

elwen noun "heart" (LT1:255; rather hón or enda in LotR-style Quenya)

enda

heart

enda noun "heart", but not referring to the physical organ; it literally means "centre" (cf. endë) and refers to the fëa (soul) or sáma (mind) itself. (VT39:32)

halda

adjective. high, tall

haran

king, chieftain

haran (#harn-, as in pl. harni) noun "king, chieftain" (3AR, TĀ/TA3, VT45:17; for "king", the word aran is to be preferred in LotR-style Quenya). In a deleted entry in the Etymologies, haran was glossed "chief" (VT45:17)

hón

heart

hón noun "heart" (physical) (KHŌ-N); hon-maren "heart of the house", a fire (LR:63, 73; this is "Qenya" with genitive in -en, not -o as in LotR-style Quenya read *hon-maro?)

indo

heart, mood

indo (1) noun "heart, mood" (ID), "state" (perhaps especially state of mind, given the other glosses) (VT39:23), "mind, region/range of thought, mood" (PE17:155, 179), "inner thought, in fea as exhibited in character or [?personality]" (PE17:189). In another post-LotR source, indo is translated "resolve" or "will", the state of mind leading directly to action (VT41:13). Indo is thus "the mind in its purposing faculty, the will" (VT41:17). Indo-ninya,a word occurring in Fíriels Song, translated "my heart" (see ninya). In the compound indemma "mind-picture", the first element would seem to be indo.

mára

adjective. good

nissë

woman

nissë noun "woman" (NDIS-SĒ/SĀ, NI1, NIS, VT47:33); see nís. Note: nissë could apparently also mean "in me", the locative form of the 1st person pronoun ni, q.v.

nissë

noun. woman

ní

woman, female

†ní (2) noun "woman, female" (NI1, INI (NĒR ) ). Not to be confused with ní as a stressed form of the pronoun ni "I".

nína

woman

#nína (gen.pl. nínaron attested) noun "woman" (VT43:31; this word, as well as some other experimental forms listed in the same source, seem ephemeral: several sources agree that the Quenya word for "woman" is nís, nis [q.v.])

nís

woman

nís (niss-, as in pl. nissi) noun "woman" _(MR:213. The Etymologies gives _nis (or nissë), pl. nissi: see the stems NDIS-SĒ/SĀ, NI1, NIS (NĒR), VT46:4; compare VT47:33. In Tolkien's Quenya rendering of Hail Mary, the plural nísi occurs instead of nissi; this form is curious, since nísi would be expected to turn into *nízi, *_níri** (VT43:31). VT47:33 suggests that Tolkien at one point considered _niþ- as the older form of the stem, which etymology would solve this problem (since s from older þ does not become z > r). Even so, the MR forms, nís with stem niss-, may be preferred. - Compare †ní, #nína, nisto, Lindissë.

orna

adjective. high, lofty

orwa

adjective. high, lofty

An adjective appearing as orwa or orna “high, lofty” in notes from the mid-1960s (PE17/186), clearly based on √ORO “rise”. The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s has ᴱQ. orwa or orda “lofty” under the early root ᴱ√ORO (QL/70). See also tára “lofty, tall, high”.

taran

king

taran (1) noun "king", possibly ephemeral variant of aran, q.v. (PE17:186)

tá

high

tá 2) adj. "high" (LT1:264; there spelt tâ. This is hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, but cf. tára "lofty".)

tár

king

tár noun "king" (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes); the pl. tári "kings" must not be confused with the sg. tári "queen" (TĀ/TA3). Prefix tar-, compare -tar above. The normal Quenya word for "king" is aran, but compare Tarumbar.

tára

lofty

tára (1) adj. "lofty". (SA:tar, LT1:264, TĀ/TA3 (AYAK, TÁWAR), VT45:6), "tall, high" (WJ:417). Compare antara. Adverb táro in an early "Qenya" text (VT27:20, 26). The adj. tára is not to be confused with the continuative form of the verb #tar- "stand".

túr

king

túr, tur noun "king" (PE16:138, LT1:260); rather aran in LotR-style Quenya, but cf. the verb tur-. Also compare the final element -tur, -ntur "lord" in names like Axantur, Falastur, Fëanturi, Vëantur (q.v.)

túrion

palace

túrion (túriond-) noun "palace" (QL:95)

vardar

king

vardar noun "king" (LT1:273; rather aran in LotR-style Quenya)

wenci

woman, maiden

wenci ("k") noun, apparently a diminutive form of the stem wēn- "woman, maiden". It is possible that this is meant to be Common Eldarin rather than Quenya; if so the Quenya form would be *wencë (compare nercë "little man") (VT48:18)

eldatár

`Vm#1~C6 noun. elf-king, elfking, elven-king

herwa

adjective. lordly

aráta

adjective. noble

aráto

noun. *noble

arpenia

adjective. *noble

arpen

noun. noble (man)

rā/ara

root. noble, high, royal

An invertible root meaning “noble”, itself an extension of √AR (PE17/147). Given its widespread use, Tolkien did not define this root until quite late. Its first clear mention was in Notes on Names (NN) and Quenya Notes (QN), both from 1957. In NN, Tolkien introduced invertible √ARA/RĀ to give an explanation of the element rod in names like S. Rodon “Vala” and S. Finrod, where Tolkien said:

> S raud “tall, high, lofty, eminent”. √ARA, RĀ. Cf. Q aran “king”. Q arta “high” < árată. S raud < form (a)rā́tă (PE17/118).

Earlier in The Etymologies of the 1930s, the second element of N. Finrod was N. rhaud “metal” (Ety/RAUTĀ), whereas ᴹQ. haran/N. aran “king” was derived from ᴹ√ƷAR “have, hold” (Ety/ƷAR). As for the later root √ARA/RĀ, Tolkien gave a lengthier explanation in QN:

> √AR. ARI-, ARA/RĀ, ARAT/ARAN. Original sense probably seen in adverb/preposition ✱ara/ar/ra, beyond, further than. The stems ARI/ARAN/ARAT mean “good, excellent, noble” - differing from √MAN in stating that any one specimen is “good of its kind”, excels, without necessarily implying that others are bad or marred. Hence ari-, good as prefix, ar/ara/aran as prefixes of excellence especially in royal names, aran king. Q arta noble, arato a “noble”, ráta- excel, surpass. S aran, arod (arāta); or raud excellent, noble, eminent (PE17/147).

Thus all these roots, including the extensions √ARAN and √ARAT, were elaborations on the sense “beyond” from base root √AR. The simple root √AR itself had a lengthy conceptual history; see that entry for details. As for ARA/RĀ, the connection between these forms and nobility seems to be firmly established by the late 1950s and afterwards, with primitive element Ara- “noble” mentioned in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 (PM/344, 363 note #43), and numerous other mentions of derived forms in documents from this period.

aran

root. good, excellent, noble

An extended root in 1957 Quenya Notes based on √AR “beyond, further than”, √ARAN was glossed “good, excellent, noble” but was principally used for Q. aran, S. aran “king” (PE17/147).

ari

root. good, excellent, noble

An extended root in 1957 Quenya Notes based on √AR “beyond, further than”, √ARI was glossed “good, excellent, noble” but was principally used for the prefix Q. ari- (PE17/147). This prefix was glossed “good” in the 1957 Quenya Notes, but in notes on comparison (probably from the early 1960s) it was used as a superlative prefix (PE17/56-57). The corresponding S. superlative prefix seems to be ro- (PE17/147).

tā/taʒ

root. high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble

This root and ones like it were used for “high” things for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared as unglossed ᴱ√TAHA in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. tā “high; high above, high up”, ᴱQ. tahōra or tayóra “lofty”, and ᴱQ. tāri “queen”; it had a variant form ᴱ√TAʕA where the ʕ might be a malformed Y (QL/87). The corresponding forms in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon were G. dâ “high” and G. dara “lofty” (GL/29), indicating the true form of the root was ᴱ√DAHA, since initial voiced stops were unvoiced (d- > t-) in Early Qenya (PE12/17). Primitive forms like ᴱ✶dagá > ᴱN. dâ/ᴱQ. tá “high” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s indicates the root continued to begin with D for the following decade (PE13/141, 161).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave this root as ᴹ√TĀ/TAƷ “high, lofty; noble” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high”, ᴹQ. tári “queen” and N. taen “height, summit of high mountain” (Ety/TĀ). In Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 Tolkien gave the root as √TAG or Tā- “high”, and in notes from around 1967 Tolkien gave √TAƷ as the explanation of the initial element of Q. Taniquetil and contrasted it with √TĂR “stand” (PE17/186). In 1970 green-ink revisions to the Outline of Phonology (OP2), Tolkien wrote a marginal note giving √TAƷ > TĀ “high”, but this note was rejected with a statement “transfer to Gen. Structure. No [ʒ] existed in Eldarin” (PE19/72-73 note #22).

This last rejection seems to be part of Tolkien’s general vacillation on the nature and phonetic evolution of velar spirants in Primitive Elvish in 1968-70. For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume the root form was √TAH or √TAƷ > √TĀ as the basis for “high” words, much like √MAH or √MAƷ > ✶mā was the basis for “hand” words.

arat

root. good, excellent, noble

arn(a)-

prefix. noble, royal

arāt-chír

masculine name. Noble Lord

@@@ not an actual ancient form, but only representative of the sounds changes that might have occurred

arātā

adjective. high, lofty, noble

rāta

adjective. lofty, high, noble

manrā

adjective. good

nis

root. woman

This root first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√NIS “woman”, an extension of ᴹ√NĪ “female” (Ety/NIS). It also had a strengthened form ᴹ√NDIS, unglossed but apparently meaning “bride” based on its derivatives ᴹQ. indis/N. dîs of that meaning (Ety/NDIS). Unstrengthened ᴹ√NIS seems to have survived only in Quenya as the basis for ᴹQ. nis (niss-) “woman”, but this word was also blended with ✱ndis-sē to produce a longer form nisse of the same meaning.

In Tolkien’s later writings, both short Q. nís and longer nissë appeared as words for “woman” (MR/213; VT47/33) and Q. indis reappeared as well, though glossed “wife” (UT/8). As primitive forms, both unstrengthened √nis (VT47/33) and strengthened ✶ndī̆s “woman” also appeared in later writings, the latter given as the feminine equivalent of ✶[[p|n[d]ēr]] “man” (PE19/102).

tāra

adjective. high

brann

adjective. lofty, noble, fine; high

ar(a)-

prefix. noble, royal

brand

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

brandir

masculine name. *Noble-man

brann

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

bess

noun. (young) woman

bess

noun. wife

brand

adjective. high (in size)

brann

adjective. high (in size)

dess

noun. young woman

dî

noun. woman, lady

hall

adjective. exalted, high

hûn

noun. heart (physical)

taur

noun. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes)

In LotR/IV:IV, Frodo is called Daur, which might be the mutated form of this word

âr

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

âr

noun. king

kali

noun. woman

A noun translated “woman” (SD/434).

ârû

noun. king

A noun translated as “king” (SD/429). The Adûnaic word for “queen” is not attested, but could be a feminized form of this word, such as ✱ârî.

durin

masculine name. king

tûrac Archaic

noun. king