heru (also hér) noun "lord, master" (PM:210, KHER, LT1:272, VT44:12); Letters:283 gives hér (heru); the form Héru with a long vowel refers to God in the source where it appears (i Héru "the Lord", VT43:29). In names like Herumor "Black Lord" and Herunúmen "Lord of the West" (SA:heru). The form heruion is evidently a gen.pl. of heru "lord": "of the lords" (SD:290); herunúmen "Lord-of-West" (LR:47), title of Manwë. Pl. númeheruvi "Lords-of-West" (*"West-lords") in SD:246, a title of the Valar; does this form suggest that #heruvi is the regular plural of heru?
Quenya
*turúna
mastered
turúna
adjective. mastered
heru
lord, master
heru
noun. lord, master
Cognates
Derivations
Element in
- Q. Artaher “Noble Lord”
- Q. Ciryaher “*Ship Lord”
- ᴺQ. hérosto “capital city”
- Q. Herucalmo
- Q. Heru Imillion “Lord of the Rings” ✧ DTS/54
- Q. Herumor “*Black Lord” ✧ SA/heru
- Q. Herunúmen “Lord of the West” ✧ SA/heru
- Q. Heru órava omessë “Lord, have mercy on us” ✧ VT44/12
- ᴺQ. herwa “lordly”
- Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/29
- Q. Ondoher “*Stone Lord” ✧ PM/210
- Q. Ostoher “*City Lord”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶khēr > hēr [kʰēr] > [xēr] > [hēr] ✧ Let/282 ✶kherū > heru [kʰerū] > [xerū] > [herū] > [heru] ✧ Let/282 ✶kherū > heru [kʰerū] > [xerū] > [herū] > [heru] ✧ PE17/097 ✶khēr > hēr [kʰēr] > [xēr] > [hēr] ✧ VT41/09 Variations
- Heru ✧ DTS/54; VT44/12
- hēr ✧ Let/282; VT41/09
- hēr- ✧ PM/210
- Héru ✧ VT43/29
Malantur
lord, ruler
Malantur, masc. name. Apparently includes -(n)tur "lord, ruler". The initial element is unlikely to connect with the early "Qenya" element mala- "hurt, pain", and may rather reflect the root MALAT "gold" (PM:366): Malat-ntur > Malantur "Gold-ruler"? (UT:210)
-tur
suffix. master, lord, ruler, master, lord, ruler, [ᴹQ.] victor
Cognates
- S. -dor “*king, lord”
Derivations
- √TUR “dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power, dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power; [ᴹ√] victory; [ᴱ√] am strong” ✧ SA/tur
Element in
- Q. Axantur “*Master of Law”
- Q. Ciryatur “*Ship-master”
- ᴺQ. cöantur “householder, master of the house”
- Q. Falastur “Lord of the Coasts”
- Q. Fëanturi “Masters of Spirits” ✧ SA/tur
- Q. Malantur “?Golden Lord”
- ᴺQ. mandontur “jailer”
- Q. Minyatur “First-ruler” ✧ SA/tur
- ᴺQ. nóretur “governer, (lit.) country-ruler”
- ᴺQ. nossetur “patriarch, family head”
- ᴺQ. atartur “patriarch, (lit.) master-father”
- Q. Turambar “Master of Doom, Master of Fate” ✧ SA/tur
- Q.
Turondo“Lord of Stone”- ᴺQ. tuxantur “centurion”
- Q. Vëantur
Elements
Word Gloss turo “master, victor, lord” Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √tur > tur [tur] ✧ SA/tur Variations
- tur ✧ SA/tur
hér
lord
hér noun "lord" (VT41:9), also heru, q.v.
hér
noun. lord
tur-
wield, control, govern
tur- vb. "wield, control, govern" (1st pers. aorist turin "I wield" etc.), pa.t. turnë (TUR). The verb is elsewhere defined "master, conquer, win" (PE17:115), virtually the same meanings are elsewhere assigned to turu- #1, q.v.
tur-
verb. to master, conquer, dominate, win, to master, conquer, dominate, win; [ᴹQ.] to control, govern, *rule; to wield; [ᴱQ.] can, to be able
Cognates
- ᴺS. tor- “to win, have victory”
Derivations
- √TUR “dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power, dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power; [ᴹ√] victory; [ᴱ√] am strong” ✧ PE17/115
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √TUR > tur- [tur-] ✧ PE17/115
#turco
chief
#turco (1) noun "chief" (isolated from Turcomund "chief bull", Letters:423). Turco, masc. name, see Turcafinwë.
héra
chief, principal
héra adj. "chief, principal" (KHER)
turco
noun. chief
Derivations
- √TUR “dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power, dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power; [ᴹ√] victory; [ᴱ√] am strong”
Element in
- S. Turcomund “Chief of Bulls” ✧ Let/423
Variations
- Turco ✧ Let/423 (Turco)
turu-
master, defeat, have victory over
turu- (1) vb. "master, defeat, have victory over" (PE17:113, not clearly said to be Quenya, but the Q name Turucundo "Victory-prince" is listed immediately afterwards). Compare tur-; cf. also *turúna.
turu-
verb. to master, defeat, have victory over, to defeat, have victory over, master
Derivations
- √TUR “dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power, dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power; [ᴹ√] victory; [ᴱ√] am strong” ✧ PE17/113
Element in
- Q. a Túrin Turambar turún’ ambartanen “[O] master of doom by doom mastered” ✧ S/223; UT/138
- Q. Turucáno “Ruling Lord, *(lit.) Victory Commander”
- Q. Turukondo “Victory Prince” ✧ PE17/113
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √TUR > turu- [turu-] ✧ PE17/113
túrin
noun. lord
Derivations
- √TUR “dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power, dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power; [ᴹ√] victory; [ᴱ√] am strong”
Element in
- Q. i Túrin i Cormaron “the Lord of the Rings” ✧ Minor-Doc/1973-05-30
Variations
- Túrin ✧ Minor-Doc/1973-05-30
cundo
guardian
cundo noun "guardian" (PM:260), "lord" (PE17:117)
-na
suffix. slain
A shorter ending -na also occurs, e.g. nahtana "slain" (VT49:24); the example hastaina "marred" would suggest that *nahtaina is equally possible. In the example aistana "blessed" (VT43:30), -na may be preferred to -ina for euphonic reasons, to avoid creating a second diphthong ai where one already occurs in the previous syllable (*aistaina). In PE17:68, the ending -ina is said to be "aorist" (unmarked as regards time and aspect); the same source states that the shorter ending -na is "no longer part of verbal conjugation", though it obviously survives in many words that are maybe now to be considered independent adjectives. See -na #4.
-na
no longer part of verbal conjugation
-na (4), ending used to form passive participles as well as some adjectives and nouns; see -ina. According to PE17:68, the ending -na was "no longer part of verbal conjugation"; the derived words are thus considered independent adjectives (sometimes nouns) rather than regularly derived passive participles, the obvious etymological connection to certain verbal stems notwithstanding. Where adding the ending to a root would produce the combinations tn, pn, kn (cn), metathesis occurs to produce nt, (np >) mp, nc, as in nanca *"slain" for older ¤ndakna, or hampa "restrained, delayed, kept" vs. the root KHAP "retain, keep, detain". Following -l, the suffix -na turns into -da, as in yulda "draught, the amount drunk" for older yulna (this being an example of a noun being derived with this ending, though Tolkien might also explain yulda as containing a distinct ending -da [q.v.] denoting the result of a verbal action). The word *turúna "mastered" (q.v., only attested in elided form turún) would seem to be a passive participle formed from the verb turu- "master" (PE17:113), suggesting that in the case of U-stem verbs, their final -u is lengthened to ú when -na is added.
Vala
power, god, angelic power
Vala (1) noun "Power, God, angelic power", pl. Valar or Vali (BAL, Appendix E, LT2:348), described as "angelic governors" or "angelic guardians" (Letters:354, 407). The Valar are a group of immensely powerful spirits guarding the world on behalf of its Creator; they are sometimes called Gods (as when Valacirca, q.v., is translated "Sickle of the Gods"), but this is strictly wrong according to Christian terminology: the Valar were created beings. The noun vala is also the name of tengwa #22 (Appendix E). Genitive plural Valion "of the Valar" (FS, MR:18); this form shows the pl. Vali, (irregular) alternative to Valar (the straightforward gen. pl. Valaron is also attested, PE17:175). Pl. allative valannar *"to/on the Valar" (LR:47, 56; SD:246). Feminine form Valië (Silm), in Tolkiens earlier material also Valdë; his early writings also list Valon or Valmo (q.v.) as specifically masc. forms. The gender-specific forms are not obligatory; thus in PE17:22 Varda is called a Vala (not a Valië), likewise Yavanna in PE17:93. Vala is properly or originally a verb "has power" (sc. over the matter of Eä, the universe), also used as a noun "a Power" _(WJ:403). The verb vala- "rule, order", exclusively used with reference to the Valar, is only attested in the sentences á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!" and Valar valuvar "the will of the Valar will be done" (WJ:404). However, Tolkien did not originally intend the word Valar to signify "powers"; in his early conception it apparently meant "the happy ones", cf. valto, vald- (LT2:348)_. For various compounds including the word Vala(r), see below.
condo
noun. lord
Ingwë
chief
Ingwë masc. name, "chief", name of the "prince of Elves" _(PM:340, ING, WEG, VT45:18). Pl. Ingwer "Chieftains", what the Vanyar called themselves (so in PM:340, but in PM:332 the plural has the more regular form Ingwi). Ingwë Ingweron "chief of the chieftains", proper title of Ingwë as high king (PM:340)_. In the Etymologies, Ingwë is also said to be the name of a symbol used in writing: a short carrier with an i-tehta above it, denoting short i (VT45:18).
ingwë
masculine name. Chief
Lord of the first tribe of the Elves and the high king of Elvenkind (S/52, 62). His name is ancient and its original meaning is unclear, but it is sometimes translated as “Chief”, and is interpreted as a combination of the root √ING “first, foremost” and the suffix -wë common in ancient names (PM/340).
Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this character was first named ᴱQ. Ing, but this was soon changed to ᴱQ. Inwe (LT1/22). The form become ᴹQ. Ingwe in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/13, LR/214), and the derivation for Ingwë discussed above had already emerged in The Etymologies (Ety/ING, WEG).
Element in
- Q. Ingwë Ingweron “Chief of the Chieftains” ✧ PM/340
- Q. Ingwemar “*Ingwë Home”
- Q. Ingwi “People of Ingwë, Chieftains”
- Q. Ingwion “Son of Ingwë”
Elements
Word Gloss ING “highest, top, highest, top; [ᴹ√] first, foremost” -wë “ancient name suffix (usually but not always masculine)”
nanca
slain
nanca adj. *"slain" (PE17:68); see -na
herunauco
9V7J5.DaH noun. dwarf-lord, dwarven lord
*turúna passive participle "mastered", only attested attested in the elided form turún' (UT:138, apparently incomplete spelling turun in Silm ch. 21). The form may be understood as the passive participle of the verb turu- "master, defeat, have victory over" (PE17:113), the sole available example of a U-stem verb appearing in such a participle form. Compare -na #4.