fel-

verb. fel-

#fel-, see felmë

felca

felca

felca, see felco

felehta

felehta

felehta, see felco

felmë

impulse, emotion

felmë noun "impulse, emotion" (VT41:19; this suggests a verb #fel- "to feel"). Compounded in fëafelmë, hroafelmë.

felco

noun. cave, mine, underground dwelling

A word for “cave, mine, underground dwelling” Tolkien considered in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957, derived from the root √PHELEK as a possible replacement for felya “mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwel[ling]” < ✶phelgā (PE17/118).

Neo-Quenya: I prefer the root form √PHELEG over √PHELEK (see that entry for details) and as a result prefer felya over felco.

felya

noun. mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwel[ling], mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwelling; [ᴹQ.] cave

A word for “mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwel[ling]” in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 with Sindarin cognate S. fela, both derived from ✶phelgā (PE17/118). In the same note Tolkien seemed to consider replacing it with felco “cave, mine, underground dwelling” from the root √PHELEK.

Conceptual Development: A similar word ᴹQ. felya “cave” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√PHELEG, with cognate N. fela (Ety/PHÉLEG). The latter form also appeared in notes from 1969 as S. fela “minor excavations, den”, again derived from ✶phelga indicating √PHELEK was a transient idea (NM/304).

Neo-Quenya: I prefer the root form √PHELEG over √PHELEK and thus would retain felya, but I would keep its 1957 meaning “mine, boring, tunnel” rather than adopting the 1969 Sindarin sense “den”.

felco

cave, mine, underground dwelling

felco noun "cave, mine, underground dwelling" (PE17:118); also felca, felehta

felu

bad magic

felu noun "bad magic" (QL:38)

felya

cave

felya noun "cave" (PHÉLEG), "mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwel[ling]" (PE17:118)

felca

adjective. [unglossed]

felehta-

verb. [unglossed], *to excavate, tunnel, mine

An untranslated form appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 derived from the root √PHELEG/PHELEK (PE17/118), possibly a verb derived from ✱phelektā- or ✱phelegtā-. The derivatives of this root had to do with mines and tunnels, so perhaps this verb meant “✱to excavate, tunnel, mine”.

felmë

noun. *impulse, emotion, *emotion, impulse

felminqua

adjective. passionate, full of feeling

fel-

verb. to feel (emotions)

aicanáro

masculine name. Fell Fire; Sharp Flame

The mother-name of Aegnor, from which his Sindarin name was derived (PM/346-7). Tolkien gave two distinct interpretations of this name: “Sharp Flame” (MR/323) and “Fell Fire” (PM/347). In both cases, the second element of the name was nár “fire, flame”, but the interpretation of the initial element aica shifted between “sharp” and “fell”. It is hard to say which of these two interpretations was preferred by J.R.R. Tolkien himself and Christopher Tolkien included both translations in the published version of The Silmarillion. See the entry for S. Aegnor for one possible interpretation.

Conceptual Development: In some late notes (VT41/14), J.R.R. Tolkien wrote this name as Ekyanāro “sharp flame” (S. Eignor). As suggested by Carl Hostetter (VT41/19, note #19), Tolkien seems to have (temporarily) shifted aica “sharp” (from the root ᴹ√AYAK) to ekya “sharp” (from the root ᴹ√EK), from which ᴹQ. ehte “spear” was also derived. This was perhaps a reversion to the earlier name N. Egnor (also derived from ᴹ√EK). However, Tolkien apparently abandoned these changes.

aica

adjective. fell, terrible, dire, fell, terrible, dire; [ᴹQ.] sharp

Aicanáro

sharp flame, fell fire

Aicanáro ("k") masc. name "Sharp Flame, Fell Fire"; Sindarized as Aegnor. (So in SA:nár and PM:345; MR:323 has Aicanár. VT41:14, 19 instead gives Ecyanáro_ as the Q form of Aegnor.)_

helma

skin, fell

helma noun "skin, fell" (SKEL), changed by Tolkien from halma (VT46:14)

aica

sharp

aica (1) ("k") adj. "sharp" _(AYAK) or "fell, terrible, dire" (PM:347; according to PM:363 seldom applied to evil things)_. In Aicanáro, q.v.

atalante

verb. collapsed

collapsed, fell down

atalta-

collapse, fall in

atalta- vb. "collapse, fall in" (TALÁT), weak pa.t. ataltanë "down-fell, fell down" in LR:47 and SD:247, but strong past tense atalantë "down-fell" in LR:56

lanta-

fall

lanta- (2) "fall" (DAT/DANT (TALÁT), Narqelion, VT45:26, VT49:54); lantar aorist tense pl. (Nam, RGEO:66); pl. pa.t. lantaner "fell" (pl.) (SD:246); lantier "they fell", a plural past tense of lanta- "fall" occurring in LR:47; read probably lantaner in LotR-style Quenya, as in SD:246. Also sg. lantië "fell" (LR:56); read likewise *lantanë? (The forms in -ier, -ië seem to be properly perfects.) Future tense lantuva, VT49:47. Participle lantala "falling" (with locative ending: lantalassë) in Markirya.

amya-

verb. [unglossed]

arra

adjective. [unglossed]

ataltare

noun. collapse

cairë

?. [unglossed]

cendë

point

cendë noun "point" (PE16:96)

cendë

noun. point

conta-

verb. [unglossed]

curuni

witch

curuni _("k")_noun "witch" (of the good magic) (LT1:269)

cúma

noun. [unglossed]

ecya

sharp

#ecya adj. "sharp" in Ecyanáro ("k") "Sharp Flame", masc. name, Sindarin Aegnor(VT41:14, 19). The Quenya form of Aegnor is elsewhere given as Aicanáro instead.

finca

noun. [unglossed]

fára

beach, shore

fára noun "beach, shore" (VT46:15)

hahta

noun. fence

fence, hedge

hendas

?. [unglossed]

hindo

noun. [unglossed]

hindë

noun. [unglossed]

holdë

noun. [unglossed]

hresta

noun. beach, shore

A word for “shore” (MC/221) or “beach” (MC/222) in the Markirya poem from the 1960s. Its etymology is unclear, but it might be related to S. ras(t) “cape, shore”.

Conceptual Development: In the earlier version of ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya from around 1930s, Tolkien used the word ᴱQ. ailin instead.

háro

?. [unglossed]

hórë

impulse

hórë noun "impulse" (KHOR), hórëa "impulsive" _(KHOR; VT45:22 confirms that "impulsive" is the correct gloss, misread "impulsion" in the Etymologies as printed in LR)_

lanta

fall

lanta (1) noun "a fall" (DAT/DANT (TALÁT) ), also lantë.

lanta-

verb. to fall, to fall; [ᴱQ.] to drop

lantar

fall

-r plural ending used on verbs with a plural subject (VT49:48, 50, 51), e.g. lantar "fall" in Namárië (with the plural subject lassi "leaves"), or unduláver as the pl. form of undulávë "licked down, covered" (PE17:72). The ending is sometimes missing where we might expect it; for instance, the verb tarnë "stood" has multiple subjects and yet does not appear as *tarner in PE17:71.

lantë

fall

#lantë (1) noun "fall" in Noldolantë, q.v. Also lanta.

lantë

noun. fall

The word lasselanta “leaf-fall, autumn” (LotR/1107) indicate the form this word should be lanta, which is how it appears in The Etymologies. However, the alternate lassewinta (PM/376) seems to be formed with the infinitive of the verb winta- rather than a noun, so perhaps lasselanta is a similar formation from the verb lanta- “to fall”.

The form lantë, appearing in Noldolantë “Fall of the Noldor” (S/87), more strongly resembles other Quenya nouns, which more often end in -e rather than -a. The noun atalantë “collapse, downfall” is a similar formation from the related verb [ᴹQ.] atalta-, though it could also be the past formation “downfallen” of this TALAT-stem verb.

lingi-

verb. [unglossed]

maica

sharp, piercing

maica (1) ("k")adj. "sharp, piercing" (SA:maeg), cf. hendumaica and the noun maica below.

maitya

?. [unglossed]

malsa

?. [unglossed]

melya-

verb. [unglossed], *to be in love

mentë

point, end

mentë noun "point, end" (MET)

naue

?. [unglossed]

nerca

sharp, angular

nerca adj. "sharp, angular" (PE17:55), variant nexa (reading uncertain).

nexa

sharp, angular

nexa adj. "sharp, angular" (PE17:55; the editor indicates that the reading is uncertain, so the variant nerca may be preferred.)

rotelë

cave

rotelë noun "cave" (LT2:347)

rotto

cave, tunnel

rotto noun "cave, tunnel" (VT46:12), "a small grot or tunnel" (PM:365)

sal-

verb. [unglossed]

sancë

hateful

sancë ("k")adj. "hateful" (LT2:341)

sélo

?. [unglossed]

sóla

?. [unglossed]

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

tilma

noun. point

tomba

noun. [unglossed]

tompë

noun. [unglossed], *pulse, beat

@@@ Neo-meaning “✱pulse, beat” suggested by Röandil on 2023-04-20

um(ba)-

prefix. [unglossed]

umbacarin

noun. [unglossed]

velicë

great

velicë ("k") adj. "great" _(LT1:254; probably not valid in Tolkien's later Quenya; in the context of the Etymologies it would have to be derived from _BEL, but it is stated that this stem was "not found in Q". Perhaps Tolkien rejected velicë because it was too similar to the Russian word that clearly inspired it.)

yonwa

fence, border, boundary

yonwa noun "fence, border, boundary" (PE17:43)

éna

?. [unglossed]

úpa-

verb. [unglossed]

þúna

?. [unglossed]

ertië

noun. union

séya-

verb. to seem

tevinqua

adjective. hateful

vëalta-

verb. to resemble

fela

noun. felya

n. Q. felya. phelgā  (the added vowel might be ō) << phelg-.

Felagun

noun. Felagun

prop. n.

Feleggund

noun. Feleggund

prop. n.

Felegund

noun. Felegund

prop. n.

fele

fele

feli

feli

Felagund

noun. Tolkien added the note "Don't like Felagund"

prop. n. Tolkien added the note "Don't like Felagund".

fela

noun. mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwelling; minor excavations, den, mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwelling; minor excavations, den; [N.] cave

A word for “mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwelling” in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957, but also explained in notes from 1969 as “minor excavations made by wild animals as dens or lairs” (NM/304). It was derived from primitive ✶phelgā (NM/304; PE17/118; Ety/PHÉLEG), and the final a in this word is the result of ancient ʒ (from g) become a when word-final after another consonant.

Abnormal Plural: This word has an abnormal plural form fili (NM/304; Ety/PHÉLEG): see the section on “Final a from ancient g” in the discussion of unusual plurals for more details.

Conceptual Development: This word was tied to the name of Felagund since its introduction in The Etymologies of the 1930s, where N. fela “cave” was derived from ON. phelga under the root ᴹ√PHELEG of the same meaning, already with the abnormal plural fili noted above (Ety/PHÉLEG). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957, Tolkien again had S. fela from ✶phelgā, but there the gloss was “mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwel[ling]” (PE17/118). In this note Tolkien considered instead S. feleg “cave, mine, underground dwelling” as the basis for the name Felagund, derived instead from √PHELEK (PE17/118).

In a note from 1959, Tolkien gave a completely different etymology of Felagund as a loan word from Khuzdul Felakgundu “Cave Hewer” (PM/352), and this was the etymology Christopher Tolkien gave in The Silmarillion index (SI/Felagund). In a note from 1969, however, Tolkien said instead that Felagund was a nickname meaning “den-dweller” (also used for badgers), and its initial element fela was again derived from ✶phelga or philga (NM/304), with a meaning as follows:

> It was used of minor excavations made by wild animals as dens or lairs, and also as temporary dwellings by wandering folk, Dwarvish or Elvish; it was usually distinguished from the larger caves of geological formation used and extended by stone-workers. It was thus naturally used of the “setts” of badgers (which seem to have existed in great numbers in parts of Beleriand).

In this 1969 note Tolkien again mentioned its abnormal plural fili < ✶phelgai.

Neo-Sindarin: Of the various meanings for this name, I prefer its 1957 sense “mine, boring, tunnel, underground dwelling”; its 1969 use for “den” (and felagund = “badger”) conflicts with the etymology of Felagund’s published in The Silmarillion. For “cave” I would use groth as in Menegroth “Thousand Caves” or feleg as a loan word from Khuzdul, and for “den” I would use torech as in Torech Ungol “Shelob’s Lair”.

felagund

masculine name. Lord of Caves; Hewer of Caves; Den Dweller

This name was adopted by Finrod as the founder and ruler of Nargothrond. The name was derived from a title given to Finrod by the Dwarves: Kh. Felakgundu “Cave-hewer”, Sindarized as Felagund (PM/352). Some Elves re-interpreted this name as Felagon “✱Fair-minded Lord” (PM/352).

Conceptual Development: The ruler of Nargothrond in the Lost Tales was G. Orodreth (LTA2/82, 123). Felagund emerged as the founder of Nargothrond in The Lays of Beleriand, at which point Orodreth became his younger brother (LB/80). In the drafts of these poems, this new character was named ᴱN. Felagoth, but this was soon revised to ᴱN. Felagund (LB/169).

Thereafter, the character’s name remained Felagund in Tolkien’s writings, and it always referred to the grandson of Finwë who ruled Nargothrond. The purpose and meaning of the name changed over time, however, as Tolkien adjusted the names of other characters in the legendarium. When the Felagund first appeared, Finrod was the name of his father rather than Felagund himself (LB/138, 222).

In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, his true name was changed to N. Inglor. Felagund became his surname or title, translated “Lord of Caverns” or “Lord of Caves”, referring to his lordship over Nargothrond (LR/116, 254). In this version, the name N. Felagund was a compound of fela “cave” and †cunn “prince” (Ety/KUNDŪ, Ety/PHÉLEG). There is evidence that the name Felagund retained this etymology during the writing of the 1st edition of The Lord of the Rings (PE17/118).

Sometime between the publication of the 1st and 2nd editions of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien revised the genealogy of the house of Finwë (MR/181 note §41-2). In the revised genealogy, Finarfin became the name of the youngest son of Finwë, while Finrod became the name of the eldest son of Finarfin and therefore Finwë’s grandson (PE17/118, MR/128 note §135). Sometime thereafter, Tolkien also revised the name’s etymology to its Khuzdul derivation, as noted above (S/114, PM/352, WJ/179).

The following table outlines the relationships of Felagund and his ancestors in early, middle and later iterations of the stories, as they appeared in the Lays of Beleriand (LB), Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s published in The Lost Road (LR) and the published version of The Silmarillion (S):

| |Early (LB)|Middle (LR)|Late (S)| |Grandfather|ᴱQ. Finwe|ᴹQ. Finwe|Q. Finwë| |Father|ᴱN. Finrod|N. Finrod|S. Finarfin| |Eldest Son|ᴱN. Felagund|N. Inglor Felagund|S. Finrod Felagund|

Even in its derivation from Kh. Felakgundu, the final element of Felagund’s name might still have been interpreted as †cund “prince, lord” by the Elves, as reflected in the translation “Lord of Caves” (S/61). The best evidence for this is that Tolkien said the name was sometimes Eldarized as Felagon, using the element -gon “lord” seen in the names of his cousins, Fingon and Turgon (PM/352). However, it is uncertain whether S. cunn/cund remained valid in Tolkien’s later conception of the language (see S. cund for discussion).

Finally, in notes from 1969, Tolkien consider yet another etymology for the name Felagund, giving it the meaning “den-dweller” (also a name for badgers) as a name given to him somewhat derisively by the sons of Fëanor referring to his tendency to hide away in Nargothrond (NM/304). In this scenario, the initial element was again S. fela “minor excavation”, though the meaning of the second element was unclear even to Elvish loremasters. However, in The Sillmarillion as published, Christopher Tolkien used the explanation that the name was given to Finrod by the Dwarves, based on notes on the name from 1959 and included in marginal notes in Tolkien’s copy of The Silmarillion itself (PM/352).

felagund

noun. den-dweller; brock, badger

A word for “brock, badger”, more literally “den-dweller”, appearing in 1969 notes as a late etymology for the name Felagund (NM/304). In this scenario, the name “den-dweller” was given to Felagund somewhat derisively by the sons of Fëanor referring to his tendency to hide away in Nargothrond (NM/304). However, in The Sillmarillion as published, Christopher Tolkien used the explanation that the name was given to Finrod by the Dwarves and meant “cave-hewer”, based on marginal notes from 1959 in Tolkien’s copy of The Silmarillion itself (PM/352).

Neo-Sindarin: Since I prefer the Silmarillion origin for the name Felagund, I would not use this word for “badger”. I would instead suggest a neologism ᴺS. eriab based on ᴱQ. oryat (oryap-).

feleg

noun. cave, mine, underground dwelling

A word for “cave, mine, underground dwelling” in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957, derived from the root √PHELEK, that Tolkien considered as an alternative to fela (< ✶phelgā) for the initial element of the name Felagund (PE17/118).

Conceptual Development: N. feleg “(animal’s) horn; steep mountain peak” appeared in a deleted entry in The Etymologies of the 1930s, but that seems unrelated.

Neo-Sindarin: In a note from 1959, Tolkien derived Felagund as a loan word from Khuzdul Felakgundu “Cave Hewer” (PM/352), and this was the etymology Christopher Tolkien gave in The Silmarillion index (SI/Felagund). I prefer this as the basis for Felagund’s name, and √PHELEG over √PHELEK as the ancient Elvish root. Nevertheless I think feleg “cave” may remain viable in Neo-Sindarin as a loan word from Khuzdul. The similarity of ancient Elvish PHELEG and Dwarvish radical ✱F-L-K may be a coincidence or the result of Avari influence on Ancient Dwarvish.

felagon

masculine name. *Fair-minded Lord

A “Sindarized” interpretation of the name Felagund, a combination of fael “fair-minded” and the suffix -gon “lord” (PM/352). See the entry for Felagund for further discussion.

Felagund

noun. lord of the caves

fela (“cave”) + cund (“prince”) [Etym. KUNDŪ-, PHÉLEG-] In PM:352 said to be of Dwarvish origin, deriving from felakgundu, felaggundu “cave-hewer”, Eldarized into Felagon; this explanation entered the Silmarillion Index.

Felegond

noun. on this name

prop. n. on this name, Tolkien notes "Is Felegond = of stone, or = kondo, lord" (PE17:118).

feleg

noun. cave

n. cave, mine, underground dwelling. Q. felco. Q.

Felagund

Felagund

From Khuzdul Felakgundu, "Hewer of Caves"

fela

cave

(pl. fili). In the Etymologies (LR:381 s.v. PHÉLEG) the name Felagund is said to include this word, but since Tolkien later re-explained this name as a borrowing from Dwarvish, some would consider fela as a word for ”cave” conceptually obsolete.

felaich

noun. splash

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo, a noun variant of ᴺS. felechia- “to splash”, derived from ✱phalas-yē. The final ch is a result of the sound whereby medial sy became chy, similar to S. laich < ✶lisyā.

felf

noun. feeling, sensation

fel-

verb. to feel (a sensation or emotion)

felechia-

verb. to splash

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo, inspired by ᴱQ. palasya- “splash, foam” (QL/72) updated to the later root √PHAL(AS), hence derived from primitive ✱phalasya-. The vowels would become e due to i-affection, and the consonant ch due to the sound change whereby medial sy became chy.

aegnor

masculine name. Fell Fire, Sharp Flame

Fourth son of Finarfin (S/61), variously translated “Fell Fire” and “Sharp Flame”. His name is an adaption of his Quenya mother name Aicanáro (PM/346). This name seems to be a compound of aeg “point” and the suffixal form -nor of naur “fire” (SA/nár).

Possible Etymology: His Quenya name was translated “Fell Fire”, from the element Q. aica “fell”, but Tolkien said that Aegnor was not a true Sindarin name, since there was no Sindarin word ✱✱aeg meaning “fell” (PM/347). Rather, a true translation of his name would be Goenor (PM/363).

There is, however, a Sindarin word aeg meaning “point; sharp, pointed, piercing”, attested in the name Aeglos “Snow-point” and in the word aeglir “range of mountain peaks” as in Hithaeglir “Misty Mountains”. Thus “Sharp Flame” might be a false etymology for this name. This alternate translation appeared in the Silmarillion Appendix (SA/nár) and some early writings from the 1950s (MR/323), but it may be that this was simply an earlier, rejected translation rather then a false etymology.

Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, his name was N. Egnor (SM/15, 88; LR/116, 223), and at this stage the initial element of his name was N. êg “thorn” from the root ᴹ√EK “spear” (Ety/EK, NAR¹). In draft notes associated with The Shibboleth of Fëanor, Tolkien considered changing this name to S. Eignor (VT41/19 note #19), but this seems to have been a transient idea.

goenor

masculine name. Fell Fire

The literal Sindarin translation of Q. Aicanáro, as opposed to the form he actually used: Aegnor. It is a combination of goe “terror, great fear” and naur “fire” (PM/363).

goeol

adjective. *fell, terrible, dire

delu

adjective. hateful, deadly, fell

Aegnor

Fell Fire

Aegnor's mother-name was Aikanáro, meaning "Fell Fire" in Quenya (from aica = "fell, dire", nár = "fire", and -o = pronominal suffix).

Like many mother-names, his name was prophetic, a reference to his valiance in battle. His father-name was Ambaráto, meaning "Champion of Doom" (from ambar = "doom" and aráto = "champion"). Aegnor is the Sindarin version of his mother-name.

delu

fell

1) delu (hateful, deadly), lenited dhelu; analogical pl. dely. Archaic delw (the only attested form). 2) goeol (terrible, dire), lenited oeol; pl. goeoel. Archaic *goeaul.

delu

fell

(hateful, deadly), lenited dhelu; analogical pl. dely. Archaic delw (the only attested form).

goeol

fell

(terrible, dire), lenited ’oeol; pl. goeoel. Archaic ✱goeaul.

gwadoras

noun. union, association, fellowship, society

A neologism for “union, association, fellowship, society” created by Paul Strack in 2018 to replace G. gadorwen and G. gados from the 1910s, it is an abstract formation from gwador “(sworn) brother, associated”. In 2022 Elaran proposed ᴺS. gwachonas instead based on ᴺS. gwachon and later S. hawn “brother”, but I prefer to retain the Noldorin forms for metaphorical (non-blood related) brothers; see ᴹ√TOR for further discussion.

delu

adjective. hateful, deadly, fell

govod

noun. companionship, living together; community, fellowship, *(orig.) eating-together

gwachonas

noun. union, association, fellowship, society

Aegnor

noun. Aegnor

fell fire; aeg (from Q aika “fell”) + naur (“flame”) S form of Q Aikanáro “sharp flame, fell fire”; the name was not true S, as there was no S adjective corresponding to Q “fell, terrible”, though aeg would have been its form if it had occurred.

aeg

noun. point

The adjective oeg "sharp, pointed, piercing" from Ety/349 is perhaps rejected: Tolkien later decided that no cognate of Quenya aica "fell, terrible, dire" was used in Sindarin, "though aeg would have been its form if it had occurred" (PM/347). On the other hand, we have words such as aeglos and aeglir , so there must be a noun aeg "point"

Aegnor

Aegnor

Aegnor's mother-name was Aikanáro (pron. [ˌa͡ɪkaˈnaːro]), meaning "Fell Fire" in Quenya (from aica = "fell, dire", nár = "fire", and -o = pronominal suffix). Like many mother-names, his name was prophetic, a reference to his valiance in battle. His father-name was Ambaráto (pron. [ˌambaˈraːto]), meaning "Champion of Doom" (from ambar = "doom" and aráto = "champion"). Aegnor is the Sindarin version of his mother-name.

delu

hateful

delu (deadly, fell), lenited dhelu; analogical pl. dely. Archaic delw (the only attested form).

delu

hateful

(deadly, fell), lenited dhelu; analogical pl. dely. Archaic delw (the only attested form).

falas

beach

1) falas (pl. felais) (shore, coast, strand, line of surf, foaming shore; the word was especially used of the western seaboard of Beleriand). (VT42:15) 2) faur (shore), pl. foer, coll. pl. forath (VT46:15)

falas

beach

(pl. felais) (shore, coast, strand, line of surf, foaming shore; the word was especially used of the western seaboard of Beleriand). (VT42:15)

grôd

cave

1) grôd (i **rôd, construct grod) (delving, excavation, underground dwelling), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414), 2) groth (i **roth) (delving, large excavation), pl. gryth (in gryth) (VT46:12), 3) rond (construct ron) (cavern, vault, vaulted ceiling, hall with vaulted roof), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath, 4) roth (delving, large excavation), pl. ryth, 4) gathrod (i **athrod), pl. gethryd (i ngethryd = i ñethryd), 5) fela (pl. fili). In the Etymologies (LR:381 s.v. PHÉLEG) the name Felagund is said to include this word, but since Tolkien later re-explained this name as a borrowing from Dwarvish, some would consider fela** as a word for ”cave” conceptually obsolete.

aeg

adjective. sharp, sharp, [N.] pointed, piercing

-il

point

suff. point, ending. >> niphredil, til

beleg

adjective. great, mighty

cail

noun. fence or palisade of spikes and sharp stakes

cidinn

?. [unglossed]

cinnog

?. [unglossed]

daer

adjective. great

daer

adjective. great, large

danna

fall

_ v. _fall. Q. lanta-.

danna-

verb. to fall

Written dant- in the Etymologies

danna-

verb. to fall

dant

noun. fall

ephel

noun. outer fence, encircling fence

erthad

gerund noun. union, uniting

falas

noun. beach, wave-beaten shore, line of surf

falas

noun. the western coast of Beleriand

falas

beach

1b n. beach, strand. >> Anfalas

flâd

noun. skin

flâd

noun. skin

A word for “skin” (or possibly “bark”) appearing only in the name S. Fladrif “Skinbark” (LotR/474).

gaeruil

noun. seaweed

groth

noun. cave, tunnel, large excavation

groth

noun. delving, underground dwelling

iath

noun. fence

iath

noun. fence

iâth

noun. fence

iâth

noun. fence

lant

noun. fall

madu

?. [unglossed]

maeg

adjective. sharp, piercing, penetrating, going deep in something

maud

?. [unglossed]

megor

adjective. sharp-pointed

negen

sharp

_ adj. _sharp, angular. Q. nerca, nexe. >> negn

negn

sharp

_ adj. _sharp, angular. Q. nerca, nexe. >> negen

rond

noun. cave roof

rond

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

roth

noun. cave

n. cave. Q. rondo.

sabar

noun. delved mine

The unmutated form is reconstructed from the place name Nornhabar, assuming that the second word is mutated in composition. Though habar as the regular form might be possible as well, in the Qenyaqetsa we find the root SAPA "dig, excavate" (PE/12:82), so it seems most likely that Tolkien re-used this old base, and that the underlying form in those names would indeed be sabar

til

point

n. point, ending. >> -il, niphredil

#dae

great

#dae (lenited nae, no distinct pl. form). Isolated from daedhelos "great fear". Note: Homophones mean "shadow, shade" and also "very, exceedingly".

aeg

sharp

1) aeg (pointed, piercing). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as noun "point, peak, thorn". 2) aig (no distinct pl. form). 3) laeg (keen, acute). No distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fresh, green”. 4) maeg (lenited vaeg; no distinct pl. form) (penetrating, going deep in). (WJ:337)

aeg

sharp

(pointed, piercing). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as noun "point, peak, thorn".

aeg

point

1) aeg (peak, thorn). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". 2) naith (spearhead, gore, wedge, promontory); no distinct pl. form. 3) nass (sharp end, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais. 4)

aeg

point

(peak, thorn). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing".

aig

sharp

(no distinct pl. form).

be

like

(as, according to) Followed by lenition? With article ben (followed by "mixed mutation" according to David Salo’s reconstruction)

beleg

great

beleg (mighty), lenited veleg, pl. belig

beleg

great

(mighty), lenited veleg, pl. belig

bilebra-

verb. to equal

bilebren

adjective. equable

bileutha-

verb. to make equal, equalize

biltha-

verb. to resemble, seem like; to seem likely, be probable

bilthadren

adjective. probable

bíleb

adjective. equal

cail

fence

(i gail, o chail) (palisade); no distinct pl. form except with article (i chail).

curunis

noun. witch

dae

great

(lenited nae, no distinct pl. form). Isolated from daedhelos "great fear". Note: Homophones mean "shadow, shade" and also "very, exceedingly".

daer

great

daer (large), lenited dhaer, no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means "bridegroom", but has a different lenited form.

daer

great

(large), lenited dhaer, no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means "bridegroom", but has a different lenited form.

danna

fall

(verb) ?danna- (i dhanna, i nannar), pa.t. dant, past participle ("fallen") dannen, pl. dennin.

danna

fall

(i dhanna, i nannar), pa.t. dant, past participle ("fallen") dannen, pl. dennin.

dant

fall, falling

(i dhant) (autumn), pl. daint (i naint), also (and maybe particularly when the meaning is "autumn") dannas (i dhannas), pl. dannais (i nannais) (PM:135)

dath

steep fall

(i dhath) (hole, pit, abyss), pl. daith (i naith) (VT45:8).

dû

nightfall

(i dhû) (night, dusk, late evening, darkness), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302)

ecthel

spear point

(pl. ecthil), literally "thorn point”

egnas

sharp point

(peak; literally "thorn-point"), pl. egnais, coll. pl. egnassaith.

eitha

prick with a sharp point

(stab, treat with scorn; insult) (i eitha, in eithar)

ephel

fence

(pl. ephil)

erthad

union

(pl. erthaid)

faur

beach

(shore), pl. foer, coll. pl. forath (VT46:15)

gaeruil

noun. seaweed

gothiol

adjective. similar

groth

cave

(i ’roth) (delving, large excavation), pl. gryth (in gryth) (VT46:12)

grôd

cave

(i ’rôd, construct grod) (delving, excavation, underground dwelling), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414)

helf

fur, fur coat

(i chelf, o chelf), pl. hilf (i chilf), coll. pl. helvath

heria

impulse, have an

(i cheria, i cheriar) (be compelled to do something, begin suddenly and vigorously, set vigorously out to do) (VT45:22)

iâd

noun. fence

iâth

fence

(noun) 1) iâth (construct iath, pl. iaith) (WJ:370, 378), also ?iâd (construct iad), pl. iaid. 2) lest (girdle, boundary), pl. list, 3) (outer/encircling fence) ephel (pl. ephil), 4) (with spikes and sharp stakes) cail (i gail, o chail) (palisade); no distinct pl. form except with article (i chail).

iâth

fence

(construct iath, pl. iaith) (WJ:370, 378), also ?iâd (construct iad), pl. iaid.

laeg

sharp

(keen, acute). No distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fresh, green”.

lant

fall

_(noun) _1) #lant (pl. laint, coll. pl. lannath). This is apparently a Quenya borrowing, dant being the native Sindarin word. Note: a homophone means ”clearing in forest”. 2) pend (i bend, o phend; construct pen) (declivity), pl. pind (i phind), coll. pl. pennath. 3)

lant

fall

(pl. laint, coll. pl. lannath). This is apparently a Quenya borrowing, dant being the native Sindarin word. Note: a homophone means ”clearing in forest”. 2) pend (i bend, o phend; construct pen) (declivity), pl. pind (i phind), coll. pl. pennath. 3)

lanthir

waterfall

(no distinct pl. form). Coll. pl. lanthiriath.

lest

fence

(girdle, boundary), pl. list

maecheneb

sharp-eyed

(lenited vaecheneb; pl. maechenib)

maeg

sharp

(lenited vaeg; no distinct pl. form) (penetrating, going deep in). (WJ:337)

megor

sharp-pointed

(lenited vegor, analogical pl. megyr); cited in archaic form megr (WJ:337)

ment

point

(at the end of a thing) ment (i vent), pl. mint (i mint), coll. pl. mennath.

ment

point

(i vent), pl. mint (i mint), coll. pl. mennath**. **

naith

point

(spearhead, gore, wedge, promontory); no distinct pl. form.

nass

sharp end

(point, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais** **

nass

point

(sharp end, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais.

nasta

point

(verb) nasta- (i nasta, in nastar) (prick, stick, thrust)

nasta

point

(i nasta, in nastar) (prick, stick, thrust)

othronn

fortress in a cave/caves

(pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (underground stronghold). Cited in archaic form othrond in the source (WJ:414).

pêl

fence, fenced field

(i bêl, construct pel) (enclosure, garth), pl. peli (i pheli), the latter forms reflecting the stem pele- (root PEL(ES), LR:380)

rafn

extended point at the side

(wing, horn), pl. raifn (idh raifn).

rhûd

artificial cave

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, rockhewn hall, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365)*

rhûd

mine

*rhûd (construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, artificial cave, rockhewn hall), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365).

rhûd

mine

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, artificial cave, rockhewn hall), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365)*.

rond

cave

(construct ron) (cavern, vault, vaulted ceiling, hall with vaulted roof), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath

roth

cave

(delving, large excavation), pl. ryth, 4) gathrod (i ’athrod), pl. gethryd (i ngethryd = i ñethryd)

sabar

mine

1) (delved mine) #sabar (i habar, o sabar), pl. sebair (i sebair). Isolated from the name Anghabar, ”iron mine”. The root _

sabar

mine

(i habar, o sabar), pl. sebair (i sebair). Isolated from the name Anghabar, ”iron mine”. The root SAPA ”dig, excavate” (QL:82) suggests that this -habar is a lenited form of ✱sabar. If the unlenited form is actually ✱habar, read: habar (i chabar, o chabar), pl. hebair (i chebair).

sui

like

(prep. ”as, like”) 1) sui (VT44:23), 2) #be (as, according to) Followed by lenition? With article ben (followed by "mixed mutation" according to David Salos reconstruction)

sui

like

(VT44:23)

tevren

adjective. hateful

thangail

shield fence

(shield wall). No distinct pl. form? (UT:281)

thela

spear point

(-thel), pl. ?thili, 3) aith; no distinct pl. form.

thora

fence

(verb) *thora- (the curious form ”thoro-” occurs in the primary source, LR:393 s.v. THUR). The passive participle thoren ”fenced, guarded, hidden” is cited (pl. thorin).

thora

fence

(the curious form ”thoro-” occurs in the primary source, LR:393 s.v. THUR). The passive participle thoren ”fenced, guarded, hidden” is cited (pl. thorin).

till

sharp horn

(i** dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds)  (tine, point, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thill). Archaic †tild.

till

sharp-pointed peak

(i** dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds)  (tine, point, sharp horn), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thill). Archaic †tild.

till

point

till (i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, tine, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild. 5)

till

point

(i** dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, tine, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thill). Archaic †tild. 5)

uil

seaweed

uil (no distinct pl. form). Also aeruil. No distinct pl. form. (In ”Noldorin” oeruil.)

uil

seaweed

(no distinct pl. form). Also aeruil. No distinct pl. form. (In ”Noldorin” oeruil.)

feleg

noun. (animal’s) horn; steep mountain peak

A deleted word in The Etymologies of the 1930s, the only derivative of the deleted root ᴹ√PHELEK “(animal’s) horn; steep mountain peak” and thus probably of similar meaning (EtyAC/PHELÉK). In later writings, S. feleg was a word for “cave”.

fela

noun. cave

felagund

masculine name. Lord of Caves

fela

noun. cave

halath

noun. skin, fell

delw

adjective. hateful, deadly, fell

delw

adjective. hateful, deadly, fell

helf

noun. fur, fur, *hide

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “fur” appearing beside N. heleth “fur, fur-coat”, both derived from the root ᴹ√SKEL (Ety/SKEL). Since N. helf seems to be the cognate of ᴹQ. helma “skin, fell”, I believe helf refers to both skin and fur together and hence = “✱hide”, whereas heleth refers to just the fur itself.

Conceptual Development: Various rejected forms appeared in The Etymologies, including halath “skin, fell” from an earlier version the root ᴹ√SKAL, revised to helath “skin, fell” before being deleted (EtyAC/SKEL). Possible precursors include ᴱN. gwadh “bark, skin, peel” vs. ᴱT. suada “hide” (PE13/146), and G. dafros “bark, skin, peel” (GL/29); see those entries for details.

falas

noun. beach, shore

beleg

adjective. great, mighty

beleg

adjective. great, large

beleriandren

proper name. Beleriandic

A Noldorin term for the Beleriandric language (PE22/36), a combination of Beleriand with the adjectival suffix -ren.

borth

?. [unglossed]

clei

?. [unglossed]

coen

?. [unglossed]

dant-

verb. to fall

Written dant- in the Etymologies

dant-

verb. to fall

daur

adjective. great, large

diragas

?. [unglossed]

ecthel

noun. point (of spear)

egnas

noun. sharp point

egnas

noun. peak

egthel

noun. point (of spear)

ephel

noun. outer fence, encircling fence

falas

noun. beach, wave-beaten shore, line of surf

falas

noun. the western coast of Beleriand

faur

noun. beach, shore

faur

noun. beach, shore

A word for “beach, shore” in The Etymologies of the 1930s from the root ᴹ√SPAR “strew, spread, ?scatter” (EtyAC/SPAR²). The status of this word is uncertain, as its root conflicts with ᴹ√SPAR “hunt, pursue” and other beach words appeared under ᴹ√PHAL “foam”. Derivatives of the latter root are probably to be preferred.

gathrod

noun. cave

gathrod

noun. cave

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “cave”, apparently a combination of N. gath “cavern” and ᴹ√ROT “tunnel” (Ety/GAT(H)). Its initial element also appeared in the name N. Doriath “Land of the Cave”, but in later writings S. Doriath was redefined as “Land of the Fence” with final element S. iath “fence” (WJ/370), so N. gathrod “cave” was probably abandoned.

heleth

noun. fur, fur-coat

helf

noun. fur

mauth

?. [unglossed]

ment

noun. point

ment

noun. point

menwed

?. [unglossed]

nass

noun. point, (sharp) end

nass

noun. angle or corner

nith

?. [unglossed]

nithrad

?. [unglossed]

níth

?. [unglossed]

oeruil

noun. seaweed

oeruil

noun. seaweed

The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. uil “seaweed” under the root ᴹ√UY, along with a longer form N. oeruil “seaweed” where the initial element was N. oer “sea” (Ety/UY).

Neo-Sindarin: In Tolkien’s later writings, the word for “sea” was typically gaear (or gaer in compounds), so I would update the longer form to ᴺS. gaeruil for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, as suggested in HSD (HSD).

porennin

?. [unglossed]

rhond

noun. cave roof

rhond

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

rhonn

noun. cave roof

rhonn

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

rond

noun. cave

telwen

?. [unglossed]

thela

noun. point (of spear)

thora-

verb. to fence

uil

noun. seaweed

uil

noun. seaweed

The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. uil “seaweed” under the root ᴹ√UY, along with a longer form N. oeruil “seaweed” where the initial element was N. oer “sea” (Ety/UY).

felakgundu

masculine name. Cave-hewer

felak

noun. a tool for cutting stone

felek

root. hew rock

gabil Reconstructed

adjective. great

aika-nār-

masculine name. Fell Fire

gayakā

adjective. *fell, terrible, dire

lemek

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Outline of Phonology from the early 1950s illustrating certain phonetic combinations (PE19/98), and therefore possibly not a “real” root.

phut

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root appearing in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) as an etymological variation of √PUT (PE18/90).

sal

root. [unglossed], *harp(ing), lyre

The unglossed root ᴱ√SALA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. salma “lyre, small harp” and ᴱQ. salumbe “harping, music” (QL/81). The root √SAL appeared again Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the early 1950s to illustrate the reformed perfect form of its verb Q. asálie (PE22/132), but since these later forms are unglossed it is unclear whether they have the same meaning (“✱harp(ing)”) as the earlier version of the root.

stuk

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in a rejected section of the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, serving to illustration certain phonetic developments: ✶stuknā > Q. thúna (PE19/86).

tig

root. [unglossed]

A root appearing in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as the basis for the verb Q. tinga- “go (for a long while)” (PE22/157). The etymology was marked with an “X” and so was probably a transient idea (PE22/157 note #70).

graw Reconstructed

root. [unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart

This root appeared as a primitive form grawa serving as the basis of the word Q. roa “bear” >> “dog” in notes on monosyllabic roots from 1968 (VT47/35); a Sindarin derivative S. graw “bear” appeared in other notes written around the same time (VT47/12). Patrick Wynne suggested that in the sense “bear” grawa might be connected to the root ᴹ√GRAWA “dark, swart” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/GRAWA).

ēruhīn udūbanim dalad ugrus

‽ fell under ‽horror‽shadow

The first draft of the 2nd phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/311). It differs from the final version only in grammar. The subject of the sentence seems to be a simple plural of #Êruhin, not in the subjective case. The verb might be inflected with the 3rd-person singular masculine suffix u- “he”, but this contradicts the plurality of the subject. Another explanation is that the verb is in the draft-perfect tense and the initial u- is an augment vowel. Either way, it is difficult to explain why it has the verbal suffix -nim instead of the usual plural suffix -m.

The word dalad “under” comes before the noun rather than as a suffix as is usual of later Adûnaic prepositions. The word it modifies seems to be the draft-dative case of the word ugru “shadow”, indicating that the objects of prepositions could be declined into various cases in the draft grammar.

asdi

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation (pronounced [azdi]) without giving its meaning (SD/421).

sapda

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation without giving its meaning (SD/421).

gáiala

adjective. *fell, terrible, dire

hacta, hatta

noun. fence

fence, hedge

tyaz-

verb. like

snǣs

noun. spear-head, point, gore, triangle

Original form not entirely clear; the stem is SNAS/SNAT (LR:387), not defined but evidently to be understood as a strengthened form of NAS "point, sharp end" (LR:374). A primitive plural form natsai is mentioned under SNAS/SNAT; snǣs may derive from something like snatsâ via snats, *snas. The shift of original a to long ǣ (presumably the same vowel as in English cat, but longer) is found in this word only, but there are several examples of e from a, see spenna, scella. Perhaps a became ǣ in stressed monosyllables where there was no following consonant cluster (as in nand).